College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Module 1 : The Indefinite Integral and Basic Integration Formulas

Course Title : Integral Calculus
Course Number : MATH 122
Course Description : The course introduces the concept of integration and its application to
some physical problems such as evaluation of areas, volumes of revolution, force
and work. The fundamental formulas and various techniques of integration are
taken up and applied to both single variable and multi-variable functions. The
course also includes tracing of functions of two variables for a better appreciation
of the interpretation of the double and triple integral as volume of a three-
dimensional region bounded by two or more surfaces.

Total Learning Time : 3 hours lecture per week

Pre-requisites : Calculus 1
Overview : Integration is simply defined as the inverse of differentiation or sometimes
called antiderivative. Many of the important applications of calculus depend on this
operation.

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this chapter students should be able to:
1. Learn about the indefinite integral
2. Learn the Basic Integration Formulas
The Indefinite Integral
From differential calculus, we already know that by differentiation, a derivative or
differential can be obtained from a given function. But, if the differential is given, how can
the function be found? For example, what function has the derivative of 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 ? from the
previous lessons, we may know the answer for this question is x3. But that is not the only
possible answer since the derivative of a constant is zero, so we can also have answers such
as:

𝑥4 + 5
𝑥 4 − 10

Thus we see that there is no exact answer. So if we let C be any constant, we may write
𝑥 4 + 𝐶 as our general answer.

The function 𝑥 4 + 𝐶 is called the antiderivative or the integral of 4x3.To denote the
process of integration, the symbol ∫ is used. So for example, to integrate the function of
3x2dx the statement “the integral of 4x3 can be written symbolically as

∫ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 𝐶

And since C has no exact value, this expression is called the indefinite integral.

Basic Integration Formulas

1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
2. ∫(𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑛+1
4. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝐶 where, n ≠ 1
𝑑𝑢
5. ∫𝑢 = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶

Example 1: Evaluate ∫(6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
∫(6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥
= 6 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
6𝑥 3 4𝑥 2
= 3 + 𝐶1 − 2 + 𝐶2 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶3
= 2x3 – 2x2 + 5x + (C1 + C2 +C3)
= 2x3 – 2x2 + 5x + C

*where C = C1 + C2 + C3 so the integral can be simply written symbolically as:

∫(6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥
6𝑥 3 4𝑥 2
= 3 − 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
= 2x3 – 2x2 + 5x + C
Example 2: Evaluate ∫(2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥

Solution: ∫(2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥

= 4 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 6 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 3 6𝑥 2
= 3
+ 2
+ 2𝑥 + 𝐶
4𝑥 3
= + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
3

Problem Set
Evaluate the following:
1. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
6
2. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥

4 2
4. ∫ (𝑥 3 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫(𝑥 − 2)3 𝑑𝑥

6. ∫ 𝑥(√𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

(𝑥+4)
7. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

3
8. ∫(4 √𝑥 − 2𝑥√𝑥)𝑑𝑥

9. ∫(5𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥

10. ∫(𝑥 3/2 + 2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥

𝑥+4
11. ∫ ( 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

12. ∫(1 + 3𝑡)𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

13. ∫(2𝑡 2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑡

3
14. ∫ 12𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

1
15. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥