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Monitoring Report on the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of

Sustainable Collection and Extraction of Sand, Gravel and Stones (SG&S) from
Various Rivers of Banke District, N...

Technical Report · June 2014

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1545.7122

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 Monitoring Report of
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of
Sustainable Collection and Extraction of Sand, Gravel and Stones (SG&S) from Various Rivers of Banke District

June, 2014

Muguwa Khola site 1 at Hariharpur- Photo coutesy: Tenzing Chogyal Sherpa

Rapti Khola site 1 at Binauna VDC- Photo courtesy: Priyanka Shakya

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Environment Management Section Department of Environmental Science
Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local and Engineering, School of Science
Development, Government of Nepal Kathmandu University,
Singhadurbar, Kathmandu Kavre, Dhulikhel

i
ABBREVIATIONS:

DDC District Development Committee

EIA Environment Impact Assessment
EPA Environment Protection Act
EPR Environment Protection Rule
EMP Environment Management Plan
ESN Environment Services Nepal
IEE Initial Environment Examination
MoLD Ministry of Local Development
VDC Village Development Committee
ZOI Zone of Influence

i
Executive Summary
Sand, Gravel and Stones are one of the major sources for the construction of roads, buildings and other
purposes, which play a vital role in the socio-economic and infrastructural development of the community
as well as the nation. Alongside that, it is also a good source of revenue for the local bodies. Hence, the
District Development Committee (DDC) has allowed the extraction of SG& S from the rivers of Banke
district after IEE has been approved by MoFALD; as mandated by EPA1996, EPR1997 and Natural
Resources Committee of the Constituent Assembly (CA). DDC is supposed to plan, implement and
monitor the IEE report for sustainable extraction and environmental conservation.

A Third Party monitoring of IEE report is a strategic plan developed by MoFALD to safeguard the
environment with proper implementation of the IEE report. To do so an unbiased party beyond the
stakeholders of the program is necessary, so, students of Kathmandu University have been selected for
this program. Kathmandu University has incorporated this as part of its course ENVS 438, which carried
2 credits. Six students were divided into two groups and they studied the IEE reports “Initial
Environmental Examination of Sustainable Collection and Extraction of Boulder, Gravel and Sand from
various rivers in Banke District” and “Initial Environmental Examination of Sustainable Collection and
Extraction of Boulder, Gravel and Sand from Rapti river in Banke District” and verified the situation in
field.

The major rivers proposed in the IEE reports include: Rapti, Dunduwa, Khairi, Muguwa, Man and
Jhijhari River: All the rivers are ephemeral type rivers, no water flow was observed during the field visit
except Rapti. The proposed areas for extraction include Kachanpur, Phattepur, Hariharpur, Kamdi,
Sonpur, Hardhwa, Manikapur, Udrapur, Mahadevpuri, Baijapur, Binauna VDCs. Many of the areas within
in these VDCs fall in ZOI and are under the high risk of flood and bank erosion. The permissible amount
of sand, gravel and boulder that can be extracted from above mentioned river is 93,683 m3. Rapid
extractions are being done in Hariharpur in the bank of Muguwa River. Same way Hempur and Dhalaiya
sites of Rapti river are falling towards excessive extraction points. As mentioned in IEE report extraction
activities in Khairikhola is restricted since it lies in Buffer zone of Banke National Park. But these
activities are said to be shifted to SikhariDadha near the KhairiKhola which is though not mentioned in
the IEE report.

Construction of dams and river training activities for the protection of floodplains are focused just in
Dahliya sites. Distance from the upstream and downstream of the bridge is complied. Whereas parameter
such as untouched distance between floodplain and river channel, spoil management, vehicular emission
of polluting air, dust, noise, and occupational safety issues are not complied. In addition to that,
excavators are being used in Muguwa Khola, which is also not in compliance with the IEE report as well
as the EPA.

Revenue collection in DDC Banke is found to be smooth. Revenue has been able to influence the overall
development of the district. The employment opportunity has also been increased in the locality which
has boosted the economy of local people. The adverse impacts like river bank cutting, air pollution,
impact on aquatic animals etc has occurred due to the extraction activity. The mitigation measures like
river training, dam construction, community forest formation program has been implemented for the
conservation of the environment.

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... ii

1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 RATIONALE OF STUDY ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 NEED AND OBJECTIVE OF MONITORING............................................................................................. 4
2. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 4
2.1 Study Area ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 METHODS ............................................................................................................................................ 6
3. BASELINE MONITORING .......................................................................................................................... 10
4. COMPLIANCE MONITORING ................................................................................................................... 12
4.1 Complied: ...................................................................................................................................... 13
4.2 Non-Complied ............................................................................................................................... 15
4.3 REVERSAL ACTION ............................................................................................................................. 18
Short Term:.......................................................................................................................................... 18
Long Term:........................................................................................................................................... 18
5. IMPACT MONITORING:............................................................................................................................ 19
5.1 PHYSICAL MONITORING .................................................................................................................... 19
6.0 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING.................................................................................................................... 23
6.1 MITIGATION MEASURES:................................................................................................................... 24
7. SOCIO- ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING ....................................................... 25
ADVERSE IMPACT .................................................................................................................................... 25
7.1 MITIGATION MEASURES:................................................................................................................... 28
8.0 PROVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .................................................................................. 29
8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN: ......................................................................................... 29
8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION COST................................................................................................ 30
8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING....................................................................................................... 31
8.4 MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY ......................................................................................................... 31
8.5 MONITORING PARAMETERS.............................................................................................................. 32
8.6 MONITORING COST ........................................................................................................................... 33

iii
 8.7 RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS .................................................................................................................. 33
9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... 34
9.1 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 34
9.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 34
Lists of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 35
Table 1.1 Summary of land use pattern around ZoI ................................................................................ 35
1.1.1 Land use pattern (biophysical) in ZoI of Rapti River ................................................................... 35
1.1.2 Land use patter (Socio- economic ) in ZoI of Rapti River ........................................................... 35
1.1.3 Land use pattern (bio- physical) ZoI of Muguwa River .............................................................. 36
Table 1.2 Population and household of ZoI............................................................................................. 36
2.0: MONITORING FORMAT .................................................................................................................... 37
BASELINE MONITORING .......................................................................................................................... 10
COMPLIANCE MONITORING ................................................................................................................... 12
Physical Impacts ...................................................................................................................................... 15
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................... 16
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 18
BENEFICIAL IMPACTS............................................................................................................................... 19
Table 3.1 Framework for Monitoring: ..................................................................................................... 44
4.0 Revenue Generation from the sediments extracted:........................................................................ 44
5.1 List of the contact person: ................................................................................................................ 44
FIGURES:.................................................................................................................................................. 45
PLATES ..................................................................................................................................................... 45
PLATE 1.1 LOCATION OF RAPTI RIVER MONITORED FOR EXTRACTION OF RIVER SEDIMENTS: .............. 45
Rapti river site (1-6)............................................................................................................................. 45
Rapti river site (7-10) .......................................................................................................................... 46
Plates 1.2: ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Muguwa Khola site (1-3): ........................................................................................................................ 46
ROUTES TAKEN DURING THE FIELD VISITS. ............................................................................................. 47
PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SITES: .................................................................................................................... 47
SITE 1 AND 2: PHATTEPUR ...................................................................................................................... 47
SITE: HARDAWA....................................................................................................................................... 48

iv
SITE: HARIHARPUR RIVER: MUGUWA KHOLA .................................................................................. 48
SITE: HEMPUR ......................................................................................................................................... 49
SITE: DHALAIYA........................................................................................................................................ 49

v
List of Tables

Table 1.2: Salient features of the project....................................................................................................... 3

Table 2: Impact Categories Used In Impact Monitoring.............................................................................. 10
Table 3: Baseline Monitoring ...................................................................................................................... 11
Table 4: Extraction amount ......................................................................................................................... 12
Table 5:Complied Variables ........................................................................................................................ 14
Table 6: Non Complied Variables ................................................................................................................ 16
Table 7: Physical monitoring ....................................................................................................................... 19
Table 8: Beneficial impacts .......................................................................................................................... 22
Table 10: Adverse impact ............................................................................................................................ 23
Table 12: Beneficial impacts ........................................................................................................................ 27
Table 14: Environment Management Plan .................................................................................................. 29
Table 15: Environment Mitigation Cost...................................................................................................... 30
Table 16: Monitoring Responsibility .......................................................................................................... 31
Table 17: Monitoring Parameters ................................................................................................................ 32
Table 18: Monitoring cost ........................................................................................................................... 33

vi
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Sand, Gravel and Stones are one of the major sources for the construction of roads, buildings and
other purposes. These activities play a vital role in the infrastructural as well as the socio-
economic development of the nation. Alongside that, it is also a reliable source of revenue for the
local bodies. Hence, the District Development Committee (DDC) has allowed the extraction of
SG& S from the rivers of Banke district. An Initial Environmental Examination of these
activities has been mandated according to EPR and LSGR to address the environmental impacts
and the mitigation measures to prevent them. In addition to that, Environmental monitoring has
also been mandated to be conducted within two years from the project implementation by the
responsible agencies and respective DDCs. However, a Third Party Monitoring can be an
important tool to provide unbiased assessments of the effectiveness of the report and the
performance of the responsible agencies of Environmental monitoring. Hence in continuation of
the initiative taken two years back, the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local
Development(MoFALD) along with Department of Environment Science and
Engineering(DESE), Kathmandu University has conducted a third party monitoring of the
proposal the sand, gravel and boulders extraction from the Chure areas of Nepal. This monitoring
was incorporated into the DESE's course i.e. ENVS 438 which carries two credits. Kathmandu
University students were able to get an internship program to participate in a third party
monitoring program of the sustainable extraction of sand, gravel and sediment from the various
rivers of Churia areas of Nepal as a result of the collaboration between the Ministry of Federal
Affairs and Local Development and Department of Environment Science and Engineering. This
monitoring has been incorporated as part of our course ENVS 438. This monitoring work
weighted 2 credits of final year course plan.

The Churia range is made up of geologically very young sedimentary rocks such as mudstones,
shale, sandstones, siltstones and conglomerates, which is outermost mountain range spreading
from east to west of Nepal. There are large numbers of sand and gravel based industries which
has opened new opportunities for poor people. So, with increased pressure on the churia areas
has led to deforestation, over consumption of natural resources and haphazard extraction of sand,
gravel, stone beyond the permissible limit. This has led environmental problems like change on
river morphology, bank-cutting, flooding and land degradation.

The major rivers the DDC of Banke has proposed to extract and collect boulder, gravel and sand
sustainable order from the rivers; Rapti. Dundwa, Man, Jhijhari, Muguwa and KhairiKhola. The
geological process eventually causes the depositions of boulder, gravel and sand along the river
banks and this leads to river side bank erosion meandering and shifting of river courses which
leads to the flood related disasters. So in order to reduce the adverse impact sustainable and
environmental friendly extraction and collection activities should be carried out in the regular
1
basis. The local authority mainly DDC is collecting revenue from the extraction of boulder,
gravel and sand from the rivers and by collecting the material local people are running their life.
Even though due to this activity, local people may face flood, soil erosion, landslide, river bank
cutting in the rainy season and air, water and sound pollution in nearby settlement areas. The
adverse impact in nearby forest areas also occur due to the lack of maintenance as well as
haphazard use of access road, which also leads of aesthetic beauty.

As per the schedule 1, relating to other mines extraction up to 300 cubic meter sand and gravel
per day, the EPR suggested carrying out the IEE for the river basins/ areas. This study will help
to understand the actual scenario to the concern authority and plan the future activities thorough
initial impacts of the problems resulted by the extraction of sand and gravel. Similarly according
to the Rule 13 of EPR the concerned agency is also responsible for the environmental monitoring
and evaluation activities and for issuing the necessary directives to the proponent to implement
environmental protection measures. Hence, DDC is working under the approved policy and
guidelines of Government of Nepal. Local self- Governance Act 2055 authorizes the DDC
planning and implementation of local infrastructure development. According to the Act,
responsibility to reduce and mitigate natural as well as anthropogenic hazard should be taken by
DDC.

The proponent, District Development Committee Office Banke has entitled the IEE Report
“Initial Environmental Examination of Sustainable Collection and Extraction of Boulder, Gravel
and Sand from rivers in BankeDistrict”.The Local Self Governance Act 2055 has also mandated
DDC to raise revenue through utilization of natural resources for the overall development of the
district. The details of proponent are as follows:

Table 1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS

Project Type SG&S Extraction

Proponent of project District Development Committee (DDC), Nepalgunj,

Banke
Tel: 977-81-520195/96, 520330/31 Fax: 977-81-520196

Institution responsible for Environmental Services Nepal Pvt.Ltd ,Kupondole,

preparing IEE report Lalitpur

E-mail: info@esn.com.np

Contractors Tribhuvan Lal Yadav

2
The proponent is responsible to carry out Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the
proposed proposal. Environmental Services Nepal (ESN) Pvt. Ltd. will provide necessary

Table 1.2: Salient features of the project

S.N. Salient Features Various rivers of Rapti river

Banke
A. Proposal Region:
1. Development Region Mid-Western Mid-Western
Development Development
Region Region
2. Zone Bheri Bheri
3. District Banke Banke
4. Terrain Terai Plain Area Terai Plain Area
5. Altitude 150-200m 150-200m
6. Climate Tropical Tropical
7. Soil Alluvium Soil Alluvium Soil
8. Main Water Bodies Rapti river, Rapti river
DunduwaKhola,
MuguwaKhola,
JhijhariKhola,
Man Khola,
KhairiKhola
9 River type Perennial and Perennial
Ephemeral
10. Type of materials to be collected Sand, gravel and  Pebble and Sand
Boulder
11. Collection month/ period (year) Throughout the Throughout the year
year except rainy except rainy season
season
12. Collection/ extraction method Labor based with Labor based with
use of simple use of simple hand
hand tools, tools, equipment and
equipment and vehicles like truck
vehicles like truck and tractor
and tractor
B Affected VDCS due to proposal implementation

13.1 Along Rapti River Kachanapur,

Mahadevpuri,
Baijapur,
Binauna, Fattepur,
Kamdi
13.2 Along DunduwaKhola Manikapur, NA
Kamdi
13.3 Along Man Khola Sonpur, Udrapur NA
3
 13.4 Along jhijhariKhola Mahadevpuri NA
13.5 Along MuguwaKhola Kachanapur NA
13.6 Along KhairiKhola Kachanapur NA
14 Collection/ Extraction Period 2 Year from IEE 1 year from IEE
Approval Approval
(Source Table 1 and 2: IEE Study on Various Rivers; IEE report study on Rapti river)

1.2 RATIONALE OF STUDY

It is of utter importance to examine the environmental impacts, both beneficial and adverse, of
the proposed project, and to recommend and propose mitigation measures to prevent, minimize
or mitigate such impacts. An IEE of the proposed extraction from rivers is necessary in order to
assess the environmental consequences of the extraction in the proposed sites and to suggest
appropriate, practical and site specific mitigation as well as enhancement measures.
As per the EPR-1997 of Nepal, it is mandatory to conduct a monitoring, after two years of
implantation, of any project for which the IEE has been approved for implementation, in order to
monitor whether or not the suggestions included in the IEE report have been implemented. In
addition to this, monitoring of the implemented project ensures the relevance of the proposed
mitigation and enhancement measures. Hence, the compliance monitoring of the project needed
to be carried out.

1.3 NEED AND OBJECTIVE OF MONITORING

The overall objective of the study is to prepare Monitoring Report of Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE) of Sustainable Collection and Extraction of Boulder, Gravel and Sand
from various rivers in Banke District. The specific objectives are as follows:

 To assess how effectively and efficiently the reports are being implemented.

 To explore the challenges in terms of policy, institutions and programs for effective
implementation of the IEE reports in the field.

 To analyze the issues related to the Churia.

 To provide the practical and relevant recommendation to the concerned authority.

2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Study Area
Banke is one of the districts of Mid- Western Development region and falls in Bheri zone. It
ranges from 127.50m to 1290m amsl and is divided into 3 major parts: 1. Terai plain region 2.
Northern Bhabhar Region 3.Chure Region.

4
The geographical position of banke district 270 51’ to 280 20’ Nand 810 29’ to 820 08’ E with total
area of 2, 25,836 hectrei.e 2,258 sq.km. The total East –West length of the district is 84km and
North-South breadth is around 40 km.

There are three types of climate in the district: tropical in south, subtropical in middle and
temperate in north. The total population of the district is 391,803 out of that female are51.15%.

Fig 2.1 Map of Banke District

Fig 2.2 Location of the sites

5
The monitoring of the IEE report was carried out in different 15 sites of three rivers i.e. Rapti,
Muguwa and Khairi Khola. Both Muguwa and Khairi are ephemeral rivers and they flow into the
much bigger Rapti river which is a perennial river. There are 11 sites in Rapti river, 3 sites in
Muguwa River and 1 site in Khairi river. The details of the sites are given below.

Fig 2.2 Location of the sites

Fig 2.3 Rapti river site(1-6)

6
 Fig 2.4 Rapti River sites (7-10)

FIg 2.5 Muguwa River sites (1-3)

7
Table 2: Site Location of the Project Sites

S.No River Sites Surrounding VDCs Distance from Nepalgunj

1 Rapti Site 1 Kamdi &Phattepur VDCs ~ 15km
Site 2 Kamdi &Phattepur VDCs ~ 15km
Site 3 Phattepur VDCss ~ 16km
Site 4 Phattepur VDCs ~ 16km
Site 5 Phattepur VDCs ~ 18km
Site 6 Phattepur ,Baijapur VDCs ~ 18km
Site 7 Binauna,Baijapur VDCs ~ 20km
Site 8 Binauna ,Baijapur VDCs ~ 20km
Site 9 Binauna , BaijapurVDCs ~ 24km
Site 10 Binauna VDC ~ 24km
Site 11 Binauna VDC ~ 24km
2 Muguwa Site 1 Mahadevpuri VDC ~ 25 km
Site 2 Mahadevpuri, Kachanapur VDCs
Site 3 Mahadevpuri, Kachanapur VDCs
3 Khairi Site 1 Kachanapur VDCs ~40 km
(Source IEE report 2012 )

2.2 METHODS
IEE Third Party Monitoring has been carried out as a two Credit course of B.Sc. in
Environmental Science and B.Tech. in Environmental Engineering of Kathmandu University. 96
hours is invested by each student. The Study team (Team Leader- AagyaPokhrel, Members-
TenzingChogyal Sherpa and Srijana Lama) visited Nepalgunj on 18th April, 2014 and carried
out a 2 days Field Observations. Dr. NawarajKhatiwada has supervised and guided us during the
measurements and observations in the field. A short sequential task description of the study
conducted is as following:

1. Orientation:
A brief orientation was provided by the representatives from Ministry of Federal Affairs
and Local Development (MoFALD) at the Mini Auditorium, Kathmandu University. The
event was addressed by ChakraPani Sharma (Under Secretary), Ek Raj Sigdel
(Environmental Specialist), Nokhi Ram Oli (Section Officer), Raghu NathMahat (Section
Officer), Prof. Dr. Subodh Sharma (HOD, DESE, KU), Mrs. SabitaAryalKhanna
(Assistant Professor, KU) with the participation of students from B.Sc. in Environmental
Science and B.Tech. in Environmental Engineering where the objectives and other related
issues were discussed.

2. Classroom Discussion:

8
The study started with a review of related materials and studying of the IEE reports. This
was followed by the preparation and practice of monitoring checklist for field-level data
collection along with the selection of three member teams to carry out the monitoring for
each IEE reports. A thorough study of the IEE report was carried out next and the
Environmental Monitoring Checklist (Annex) under the section “IEE report” was filled
out in the classroom. After the aforementioned tasks were completed preparations were
made for the field visits.

3. Preparation of Checklist:
To monitor the extraction of sand, gravel and boulder the checklist was prepared.(the
details of the checklist are in the Annex section)

4. Briefing:
The monitoring team organized a briefing session with the DDC officers informing them
about our purpose of arrival before starting out the monitoring study and field
observation.

5. Observation, inspection and measurements:

Field Work was carried out which involved observing the site and making inspection
accordingly. During observation, physical, biological and Socio-economic parameters
were focused. The observation was done through site seeing. Similarly, measurements
were taken on the depth and dimension of the extraction pits and width of the river. The
field work was preceded by a briefing and followed by de-briefing at DDC, Dhangadi.
The field observations and works were carried out during the third week of April.

6. Interview and Inquiry:

The locals and laborers working at the excavation sites were interviewed. Most of the
questions were based on the checklist provided for monitoring.

7. Debriefing

After the completion of monitoring study, the findings of our study was shared with
DDC officers and proponent and recommendation from them was taken as well.

8. Data Analysis and Interpretation:

The primary and secondary data collected using above methods were analyzed to arrive
at quantitative as well as qualitative estimates required to draw conclusions and make
relevant recommendations.For the analysis of the amount of sand and gravel that has
been extracted from the sites the capacity of the tractor is taken in account (1 tractor =
4m3). Also, a simpler scoring method was used for the determination of the level of
impact created based on National EIA Guidelines 1993 as follows:
9
 Table 3: Impact Categories Used In Impact Monitoring

Nature Categories Score given Basic of classification

Magnitude High (H) 60 Observation on magnitude
(M) Medium (M) 20 and reversibility of impact.
Low (L) 10
Extent (E) Regional(R) 60 Beyond the watershed
Local (Lo) 20 Close to project area/ within
watershed.
Site specific (Ss) 10 Confined to project area
Duration (D) Long term (Lt) 20 > 20 years
Medium term (Mt) 10 3 to 20 years
Short term (St) 5 < 3 years

9. Preparation of reports:
Data analysis and interpretation was followed by the preparation of monitoring report as
per the provided format.

10. Report Presentation:

After the preparation of the reports, the findings were presented before the Supervisors,
Coordinators and their feedbacks were collected. Similarly, the report was also presented in
the Seminar on IEE monitoring in Districts organized by Department of Environmental
Science and Engineering and Ministry of Federal Affair and Local Development.

11. Report Finalization and Submission

All the feedbacks and suggestion were incorporated and corrections were made and a final
report was prepared and submitted.

3. BASELINE MONITORING
The location of our site includes Kachanapur, Mahadevpuri, Baijapur, Binauna, Phattepur,
Kamadi, Manikpur, Sonpur, Udrapur VDC. As mention in IEE Report, extraction is done from
the floodplain areas but from the public consultation is came to know that some of the places
extraction is done from flowing river channel also. The permissible extractable amount is 93,683
cubic meter per year. Bank erosion, river cutting are the ongoing activities in the floodplains.

10
Table 4: Baseline Monitoring

SN BASELINE MONITORING OBSERVATIONS REMARKS

PARAMET
ERS RAPTI RIVER VARIOUS RIVERS

1 Locations of Baijapurand Kachnapur,

sites (x,y,z), Binauna VDCs Mahadevpuri,Baijapur,
nearby village Binauna,Phattepur, Kamadi,
and ward no. Extraction from Manikpur, Sonpur, Udrapur
Khairi Khola in
Baijapur VDC

2 Place from Floodplain Sometime even sand is Due to the lack of

where sand extracted from flowing water awareness among the
and gravel is channel and even in the people and stakeholder.
collected distance provided by EPA from
(floodplain, water channel to floodplain
dry river bed, extraction has been carried out.
within water
course)
3 Status of Straight channel River bank cutting has occurred Dam construction
Floodplain and meandering in some of the places like activities and changing
Area and Dhalaiya, Sindhaniyaghat. in the direction of the
ongoing downstream river channel has been
activities done.
4 Identification Extraction stopped Banke National Park, Due to the existing
of in site where Sindhaniyaghat, bridge along the
Environmenta KachanapurVDC(Samshergunj) Nepalgunj- Baghauda
l sensitive vegetation is , Agaiya. Road, Agaiya where
area (flood affected head work of Sikta
Prone Zone, Irrigation lies and
Slope failure, Unstable bank Kachanapur VDC is
landslide, much more severe to
bank cutting, Morphology bank erosion.
erosion areas) changed

Road damaged

5 Status of Royal Bengal Tiger, Asiatic Due to the presence of

nearby forest Elephant, Four- horned Banke National Park and
wildlife Antelope and Giant Hornbill it is prime tiger habitat.
(presence of
endangered
sps.)
6 Permissible 15-20 tractors of 5 93,683 meter cube per year. Recommended by DDC.
Extractable m3 capacity X 2
Amount
(Annual)
11
 trips per day

7 Purpose of Increase revenue of To support local people People are benefitted,

Extraction DDC livelihood, to meet the market and mutual
need of construction material, understanding between
to collect revenue for the the local people and
development of district. contractor, DDC.
8 Name of the Rapti Jhimruk, Mari khola – Rapti River has not change
stream that Muguwa, Khairi khola,Rapti direction of flow or river
eventually khola courses.
flows

4. COMPLIANCE MONITORING
During the field visit the mitigation measures recommended by the IEE report have been
incorporated or not were observed. The arrangements regarding the use of the land for materials
storage and materials collection, excavation and transportation activities were observed. The
amount of material that is being extracted in various sites is as follows:

Table 5: Extraction amount

RIVER SITE COLLECTION PIT DEPTH (m) Complia

AMOUNT(m3/day) nce(C or
NC)
RAPTI Sindhaniyaghat C
 Site 1 48 0.3-0.7
 Site 2 No extraction
Hempur C
 Site3 120 0.5-0.7
 Site 4 120 0.5-0.7
 Site 5 120 0.5-0.7

Dahliyha NC
 Site 6 260 1.0-1.5
 Site 7 260 1.0-1.5
 Site 8 260 1.0-1.5

12
 MUGUWA Site 1 No extraction ( this - C
area has been closed)

Site 2 256 0.5-2.5 NC

Site 3 No extraction - C

KHAIRI Site 1 No extraction since it - C

is a buffer zone

4.1 Complied:
The IEE report has recommended many factors and conditions which has to be complied by the
contractors and the DDC. We visited different extraction sites mentioned in the IEE report. We
found that the extraction amount was below the recommended quantity as given by EPA. Many
community forest programs and awareness generation programs for the conservation of the flora
and fauna in the influence zone were being conducted. As proposed by the IEE report, the
extraction activities has led to the increment of the construction of road but it is not in a proper
condition right now. In Sindhaniyaghat, 500m distance in the upstream and downstream of the
river from the bridge has been maintained. In addition to that, the untouched width between

13
floodplain and river channel has been maintained in most of the site except in Dahlaiya. For the
maintenance of embankment, dam construction, river training has been done in Dahlaiya.

Table 6:Complied Variables

1 River Compliance IEE Report Actual Remarks

monitoring

1.1 Various Untouched width 50 m away from In most of the sites Compliance
rivers(Rapti, between Floodplain river except in all sites
Muguwa and and river Channel DhalaiyaExtractin except
Khairi Khola) is being carried out dhalaiya
within 15m

1.2 Distance from 500 m away from 500m distance has Compliance
bridge to extraction the bridge been maintained in in sites 1 and
site both the upstream 2
and downstream of
theSindhaniyaghat
bridge

1.3 Collection Upto 300m3/day In all of the sites Compliance

/excavation amount excavation is less in all sites
per day than 300m3/day

1.4 Rapti river Excavation Hand picking True

methods
Limited
mechanical
excavation

1.5 Influence zone No forest clearing True

fauna and flora
safeguard No poaching True

Loss of habitat for True

fishes

1.6 Spoil management Dumpsite not True

necessary

1.7 Access road Earthen roads Present

environment
Transport during Day and night
day
Done
Road maintenance

14
 1.8 Fuel and lubricant Regular True
spillage maintenance of
vehicles

1.9 Communication Telecommunicatio True

facilities n

2.0 Extraction period 9 months, not done Done throughout

in rainy season the year,
including rainy
season

2.1 Maintenance of Bank not to be True

embankment disturbed

2.2 Alternative Stop in rainy Done in rainy

analysis season season

Mechanical Done
excavation
Done
Labor intensive
technology use

4.2 Non-Complied
During the field visit we found that there were several variables which were not in compliance
with the recommendations given by the IEE report. We observed that the management of the
spoils was not being done. The health and Sanitation facilities like drinking water, first aid kits,
latrines etc to workers had not been provided. Despite the rules given by EPA the use of
excavator was seen in Muguwa khola but in other site manual and simple hand tools were used.
Occupation Safety measures like helmet, masks, protective goggles, gloves etc. were not
provided to the workers. Similar lily, water Rescue devices, Emergency Vehicles, warning
devices were not available for workers in the extraction site. Plantation program has not been
done. As recommended by EPA extraction can be done whole year except in rainy season but we
come to know that extraction is done in the rainy season also.

15
Table 7: Non Complied Variables

1 River Compliance monitoring IEE Report Actual

1.1 Various rivers Health and sanitation Must be provided Not provided
Facilities to workers
(Rapti, Muguwa and
1.2 Khairi Khola) Use of Excavators for Prohibited the use Use of 3 excavators in
excavation of excavators Muguwa khola

1.3 Occupational Safety Should be Not provided

measures provided

1.4 Spoil Management Should be No proper spoil

properly managed management
and disposed

1.5 Collection amount 150 cu. m/day ~171 cu. m/day

1.6 Collection area Site 1:Phattepur 1. Extraction

stopped
Site 2: Baijapur
2. Shifted to Khairi
Site 3:Binauna Khola

3. Extraction zone

1.7 Excavation depth 0.65m Average depth: ~ 0.7

m, ranging from
0.3m to 1m

1.8 Rapti river Untouched width 5 km or 1.5 hr Not true

between collection area walking distance
and river bank from LIA Bank extraction

1.9 Influence zone fauna Fuel wood False

and flora safeguard discouraged

2.0 Spoil management Filling of pits Absent

2.1 No. of workers 135 persons/day Not true

16
2.2 Health and sanitation Safe drinking Not provided
water for
workers Not provided

Pit toilet

2.3 Occupational health Awareness Not conducted

safety measures campaign
Only medicines are
First aid provided

Absent

Emergency Only masks

rescue

Protected
Clothing

2.4 Emergency vehicles Not mentioned None

2.5 Workers training Life skills Not provided

trainings

2.6 Organization of To be provided Not done

environmental
awareness programs

2.7 Type of fuel provided Fuel wood, Not provided

to workers for cooking kerosene and
other cooking
fuel

2.8 Maintenance of Not mentioned No prohibited area

prohibited area for present
collection

2.9 Relocation of affected Not mentioned Not required

structures

3.0 Pollution mitigation Not operated in Not followed

measures water flowing
zones

Provision of

17
 toilets

Prevention of
fuel leakage

3.1 Public consultation and Not mentioned Not done

grievance handling

3.2 Adequacy and To be done Not completely

appropriateness of followed
implementation of
mitigation measures

4.3 REVERSAL ACTION

Short Term:
For the sustainable extraction of the sand and gravel from the sites some of the protection
measures need to be complied. Some of the short measures are as follows:

 Use of heavy tools for extraction should be strictly prohibited and action should be taken.

 Kerosene should be provided to the workers so that which reduces pressure on forest.

 Temporary pit latrines should be made which reduces the sanitation problem.

 Workers should be provided with occupational safety measures.

 Warning devices, Water rescue devices, emergency vehicles should be provided.

Long Term:
In order to protect the environment some of the long term measures need to be followed by
DDC and contractors. The long term measures are as follows:

 Awareness generation program.

 Bioengineering techniques should be adopted to reduce the bank cutting problem.

 Selection of the proper site should be done for the stockpiling.

 Plantation should be done to compensate the trees which have been cut down.

 Extraction during rainy season should be strictly prohibited.

 Proper site should be selected for the spoil management.

18
 5. IMPACT MONITORING:
5.1 PHYSICAL MONITORING
During the physical monitoring we came to know that during the construction of roads there is
generation of dust which affects the local people. Any activities were not done for the spoil
management and disposal. In many places noise pollution problems have occurred due to the
extraction activities in the night time. Stockpiling of collected/ extracted material has created
blockage road (see table 2.3).

Table 8: Physical monitoring

Adverse Various Rivers Rapti river Remarks

Impacts Magn Extent Duration Impac Ma Ext Dur Imp
itude ts gnit ent atio acts
ude n
Due to site L(10) SS(10) ST(5) D
clearance &IS(25
)
Due to the M(20) SS(10) ST(5) D& Since road passes through
access road IS(25) forest areas which leads to
construction illegal hunting of animals
and noise and air pollution
also.
Change in H(60) SS(10) ST(5) D Due to excavation of sand,
Topography, &S(75) gravel and boulder in the
Geo- topography and geo-
morphology morphology of the river.
Change in land L(10) SS(10) ST(5) D &IS Proposed sites lie on the
use (25) river channel.
Impacts due to L(10) SS(10) ST(5) D & IS Lack of facilities provided
spoil handling (25) by the concerned authority.
and disposal
On slope H(60) SS(10) ST(5) S Heavy extraction has
stability, (75) occurred in some place
sedimentation, like MuguwaKhola.
soil erosion,
bank cutting and
flooding
Change in River H(60) L(20) ST(5) ID & Extraction of sand,
Hydrology and S(85) boulders, and gravels from
Morphology river in unsustainable
other natural basis.
resources e.g.
Water springs,
well etc.
Impact on water No No No No River water use system
quality in effects effects effects effects will not have any
downstream and (0) (0) (0) (0) significant change due to
19
water use extraction.
system.
Impact due to M(20) SS(10) ST(5) D& IS Even extraction of
noise and (25) material and transportation
vibration is done in night time also.
Impact due to L(10) SS(10) ST(5) D& IS In Hempur, Dhalaya
stockpiling of (25) suitable places have been
collected/ determined for stockpiling.
extracted
materials
Impact on air L(10) SS(10) ST(5) D& IS No occupational safety
quality due to (25) measures have been used
dust emission by workers and use of
and vehicle heavy equipment’s during
movement extraction.
Impacts due to H(60) SS(10) ST(5) D& IS Small roads are
heavily loaded (75) constructed through forest
vehicles for areas for the collection of
transportation of materials.
construction
materials
Decline in L(10) SS(10) ST(5) D& S Lack of proper
aesthetic value (25) management of different
and visual activities involve in
impact extraction and
transportation of sand,
boulders and gravels.

1.1 Impact due to site clearance:

For the site clearance, some plants, bushes, grasses needed to be removed. The removal had a
direct impact but it was quite insignificant. Similarly, it was low in magnitude, site specified
and will last for only a short period of time.

1.2 Impact due to the access road construction:

Since, most of the access roads are not in good conditions. So, for the proper transportation
and proper access of the site the existing roads must be repaired, maintained or constructed.
Due to the access road construction many impacts were seen. The impacts were direct but
quite insignificant. In terms of magnitude the impacts were medium, site specific and short-
term. Since the roads pass through the forest areas it has led to illegal hunting of animals and
noise and air pollution also.

1.3 Change in Topography, Geo-morphology

Due to the excavation of sand, gravel and boulder there have been changes in the topography
and geo- morphology of the river as excavation of stable sediments can lead to
20
 destabilization of slopes. Therefore, there have been frequent slope failures and embankment
instability in many of the fragile areas. The impacts are direct and quite significant and are
high in magnitude, site specific and short term.

1.4 Change in land use

Most of proposed excavation sites lie near the river channel. So, there hasn’t been any loss or
degradation of productive land. The impacts seen are low, site specified and short term.

1.5 Impacts due to spoil handling and disposal

After the excavations are done there are a lot of spoils which need to be managed and
disposed of properly but these spoils were not mismanaged in most of the sites. The spoils
were disposed haphazardly in the river which has result in change in water flow. In addition
to that, due to open defecation and urination on the river bank there can be serious negative
impacts upon river the impact is low, site specific and short term.

1.6 On slope stability, sedimentation, soil erosion, bank cutting and flooding

Due to heavy extractions and excavations of stable sediments from river channels ( specially
in Muguwa Khola) there can be destabilization of the slopes, chance of floods in the future
due to bank cutting. The impacts are high, site specific and short term.

1.7 Change in River Hydrology and Morphology

Due to the uncontrolled and haphazard disposal of sediments and stockpiling of the materials
results in the obstructions of flow hence changes the flow regime. The bank cutting has also
resulted the meandering of the river. The impact is high, local and short term.

1.8 Impact on water quality in downstream and water use system.

Since the river is far from the settlement areas, people are not using the river water for
drinking purpose and different other activities like washing, bathing etc. River water use
system will not have any significant change due to extraction.

1.9 Impact due to noise and vibration

Many species of birds and animals live in forests nearby the extraction sites. The noise and
vibration affects the birds and animals and also causes pollution and health hazards to the
local people and workers. The extraction of material and transportation is done in night time
also which causes a lot of disturbances. The impact is medium,site specific and short term.

1.10 Impact due to stockpiling of collected/ extracted materials

21
 The uncontrolled and haphazard stockpiling of the extracted materials has resulted in the
obstruction of flow and movements hence changes the flow regime of the river. This has also
caused a lot of disruption in the traffic and has led to the degradation of the vegetation of
pasture lands. But in sites like Hempur, Dhalaya suitable places have been determined for
stockpiling. The impact is direct but insignificant, low, site specific and short term.

1.11 Impact on air quality due to dust emission and vehicle movement

Access road from river valley is used during material transportation which is a gravel road.
During the material transport, there is emission of dust that has deteriorated the air quality.
And also due to uncontrolled and haphazard disposal of sediments and stockpiling of the
materials, sediments are transported by wind during the spring seasons that causes dust
pollution and health hazard to the local people and workers. The impacts are low, site
specific and short term.

1.12 Impacts due to heavily loaded vehicles for transportation of construction materials

During the material transport, there is emission of dust and noise pollution which can cause
the health hazard to the people. The impact is low, local and short term. Movement of
vehicles thorough forest areas causes negative effect upon forest vegetation and wildlife.
The impacts are high, site- specific and short –term.

1.13 Decline in aesthetic value and visual impact

Open and haphazard stockpiling of extraction materials, destruction of pasture land, river
embankment cutting etc. can decline the aesthetic value of the area and results negative
visual impacts. The impacts are low, site- specific, short- term

Table 9: Beneficial impacts

SN Beneficial Various Rivers Rapti River Remarks

Impacts Magnitude Extent Duration Magnitude Extent Duration

1.1 Control in L(20) SS(10) ST(05) =35(low

flooding and significant)
haphazard
deposits of
spoils
1.2 Impact due M(20) L(20) LT(20) =60(M.
to access significant)
road

22
1.1 Control in flooding and haphazard deposits of spoils:

Dam construction and river training has been done in Dhaliyha due to the awareness among the local
people and support from the concerned authority. The impact is low, site specific and short term.

1.2 Impact due to access road:

For the transportation of the materials, access roads are constructed up to the extraction sites. The access
roads are beneficial for the local people as it provides transportation facilities and boost up local
economy. The impact is medium, local and long term

MITIGATION MEASURES:
The adverse impact caused by the extraction activities can be reduced by the implementation of the
mitigation measures. The mitigation measures are as follows:

 Bio- engineering techniques should be used to minimize the slope instability.

 Proper site selection and management of spoils should be done.

 Prohibit using horn at sensitive areas and use of the silencer to reduce the noise pollution.
 Regular maintenance of embankment and regular supervision of sites should be done in
order to reduce the vibration in the embankment due to the increase vehicular movement.
 Loading must be according to the capacity in the vehicles to reduce the rate of accident
and route degradation.

6.0 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING

In Dahaliya, the untouched distance between the river channel and floodplain was not maintained
as recommended by EPA which leads to the destruction of habitat of aquatic animals. The
awareness among the people and formation of community forest has decreases the illegal hunting
and poaching problem.

Table 10: Adverse impact

Adverse Various Rivers Rapti River Remarks

Impacts Magni Extent Dur Impa Mag Exte Dura Impa
tude atio cts nitud nt tion cts
n e
Vegetation due - - - - No vegetation are
to clearance for present around the
the proposed proposed site.
activities
Forest and L(10) SS Shor D& Vehicle
forest product (10) t- S transportation
23
 term (25) occurs through the
(5) forest areas.
Protected Presence of
species of Flora community forest
and Fauna and and restriction of
other extraction in a
wildlife/bird buffer zone.
Aquatic Habitat High L(20) LT(2 ID& Even extraction is
and Life (60) 0) S done from the river
(100) channel in some of
the areas.

1.1 Vegetation due to clearance for proposed activities:

The extraction is going on the flood plains so, clearance of the vegetation in the project site was not
observed.

1.2 Forest and forest product:

For the transportation of the extracted materials the vehicular movement has occurred through the
forest areas so, which has led to impact on forest and forest products. The impact is low, site specific
and short term.

1.3 Aquatic Habitat and Life:

In some of the river extraction was also done through the main river channel which was known
through the public consultation. The impact is high, local, long term.

6.1 MITIGATION MEASURES:

The adverse impact caused by the extraction activities can be reduced by the implementation of the
mitigation measures. The mitigation measures are as follows:

 In order to minimize the cutting of trees and vegetation compensatory plantation of tress should
be done

 To minimize the disturbance to wildlife and aquatic habitat extraction should be done only in day
time and workers should be made aware about it.

 To minimize the cutting of tress for the collection of firewood, kerosene should be provided for
cooking purpose.

 Proper sanitation facilities should be provided to the workers in order to minimize the open
defecation which pollutes the water.

 Awareness program should be conducted in order to make workers aware about the environment
conservation.

24
7. SOCIO- ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
MONITORING
No effect on the private land and properties such as houses, farm sheds and other structures. Since most of
the workers were local change in social structure, tradition, cultural practices has not occurred. Due to the
extraction activities livelihood of many people has been enhanced.

Various rivers Rapti river Remarks

ADVERSE
IMPACT
Ma Extents Duratio Impa Mag Ex Dur Imp
gnit n cts nitud ten atio acts
ude e ts n

Gender and Equal participations of

vulnerable groups women workers,
ethnic groups in
extraction.
Occupational L(20) ST(5) D& Due to the lack of
health and safety MI occupational safety
(15) measures.
Sanitation and Lack of temporary pit
solid waste latrine and drinking
water facility.
Access road, M SS(10) ST(5) D &IS Due to the unmanaged
people’s (20) (35) road and heavily
movement and loaded vehicles.
traffic
management due
to operational
activities
Loss of private L SS(10) ST(5) D& Due to flooding, river
land and (10) IS bank cutting.
properties such as (25)
houses, farms etc
Existing physical Running of the vehicle
infrastructure at the night leads to
facilities like the noise pollution and
bridge, water for the transportation
supply and of the materials small
sanitation facility, foot trails are
irrigation system, disturbed.
foot trail bridges
and social
25
services.
Change in social Since most of the
structure, workers are local there
traditional and is no change in social
cultural practices, structure, traditional
and rituals of the and cultural practices.
rural people due
to the exposition
to outside
workforce.
Law and order/ M L(20) ST(5) D Problems related to
social crime in the (20) (45) social conflicts are
proposal area due being solved by DDC.
to the large
workforce.
Impact due to - - - -
proposal site
infrastructure
development
Religious, cultural - - - -
and historical
sites
Migration of - - - Most of the workers
laborers are local people.
Livelihood of M SS(10) ST(5) D& Extraction site has
local people. (20) IS support income
(35) activities of local
people.
Nearby human M(2 L(10) ST(5) D& Extraction of the night
settlement 0) IS time which disturbs
(35) the local people.
Conflict in - - - Rs 150 should be paid
revenue/ income to community forest
sharing per a trip by a tractor.
mechanism
Use of other - - - - No impacts on the use
natural resources of other natural
resources.

26
Table 11: Beneficial impacts

Benefici Rapti river Various rivers

al
impacts Magnitud Extent Imp Magnitude Extent Duratio Impacts
e acts n
Boost of M(20) L(20) MT (20) Significant(60)
local
economy
Increase M(20) SS (10) MT (10) 40( M significance)
is
business
opportuni
ty to
local
people
Revenue High (60) Local(20) short Significant(85)
generatio term
n to (5)
DDC/VD
C/Munici
pality
(amount/
year)
Employ Medium Local(20) long 60(M significant)
ment (20) term
opportuni (20)
ties and
income
generatio
n
Other Medium Local(20) Medium 50 (M significant)
benefits (20) term
to the (10)
local
people
due to
the
proposal
impleme
ntation

1.1 Boost of local economy:

Local market has been developed and shift from the sustenance level farming to market based
agriculture has occurred.

1.2 Increase is business opportunity to local people:

27
 Food and tea shops, small scales groceries has been established due the awareness raising program
and support provision to local entrepreneur.

1.3 Revenue generation to DDC/VDC/Municipality (amount/year):

Every year Rs. 1,32,00,000/- revenue is collected by the DDC Banke.

1.4 Employment opportunities and income generation:

Employment opportunities to about 1200 families and positive impact to the 8000 people in indirect
basis and worker has been provided with at least Nrs 200-250 per a day.

1.5 Other benefits to the local people due to the proposal implementation:

Sustainable harshness and conservation of natural resources has occurred through the awareness
program conducted in the locality.

7.1 MITIGATION MEASURES:

The adverse impact caused by the extraction activities can be reduced by the implementation of the
mitigation measures. The mitigation measures are as follows:

 First aid facility at sites with health treatment arrangement, contingency planning, proper drinking
water and toilet facility for extraction crew to minimize the risk of accidents, health risks, and
emergency situation.

 Restoration or relocation of affected infrastructures to reduce the damage of irrigation canal,

forest and community infrastructure.

 Arrangement of routes, safety signs, safety training to reduce the increase chances of accidents
during operation of vehicle.

 Awareness program should be conducted for the development of employment opportunity

28
8.0 PROVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN:
Baseline monitoring, Compliance monitoring and Impact monitoring should be effectively
carried out in order to manage the environment in a sustainable way. A summary of parameters,
issues, indicator, method, procedures etc. are provided in the following table:

Table 12: Environment Management Plan

S.N. Types Parameters/Issues/ Indicators Procedure/ Method Responsible

Authority
1 Baseline Condition of flood plain area Site inspection and DDC with
Monitoring field survey at DSCO
collection and
excavation sites
2 Stability of slope condition, Site observation and DDC with
bank erosion and condition discussion with local DSCO
people
3 Forest condition and wildlife Discussion with DDC with
movement forest user’s group, DFO
local people and
district forest office
4 Compliance Incorporation of environmental Review of proposed DDC
monitoring considerations mentioned in the operation schedule
tender documents
5 Contractor’s arrangements Site observation DDC
regarding excavation /
extraction methods and
management, material deposits
and storage, processing
methods and operation methods
6 Impact Disturbance of slopes, river Site observation DDC with
Monitoring bank and flood plain areas DSCO
7 Levels of air, water and sound Site observation, DDC
pollution sampling, and
consultation with
local people
8 Condition of local forest and Site observation and DDC with
wildlife movement discussion with forest DFO
29
 user’s group and local
people
9 Status of fishes and their Observation and DDC
disturbance consultation with
local people
10 Water and Sanitation Site observation and DDC
consultation with
local people
11 Socially undesirable activities Discussion with local DDC with
people and local DAO
police
12 Public health Discussion with local DDC with
people and health DPHO
worker in local health
institution
13 Access road Observation of access DDC
road to the collection
sites from road head
14 Change in land use Observation and DDC with
discussion with local VDC
people
(Source: IEE Study on Sustainable Collection/ Extraction of Boulders, Gravel, Aggregate and
Sand from Various Rivers)

8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION COST

Mitigation cost includes a various physical infrastructure construction and awareness raising programs
which is implemented in coordination with contractors. During proposal implementation monitoring
indicators and schedules should be planned. During the field visit we come to know that the cost that has
been separated for Occupational Health and Safety measures, Plantation has not been properly utilized.

Table 13: Environment Mitigation Cost

S.N. Measures Estimated Cost NRs.

1 Environmental awareness program 100,000
2 Bio- engineering and plantation in 500,000
environmental sensitive areas within ZoI
3 Maintenance of approach road and river 800,000
training works in the affected area
4 Demarcation (Benchmarking and 30,000
pegging)of collection sites
5 Occupational Health and safety measures 100,000
for the workers
6 Technical Monitoring cost 1,60,000
7 Central level Monitoring Cost 50,000
TOTAL 17,40,000

30
8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
During this phase, the following parameter has been monitored over the specified period. The specific
monitoring task includes:

 Verify and quantify the occurrence of settlement along the river side resulting encroachment
and hindrance of traffic on the road.

 Verify and quantify the adequacy of the executive river training works for bank protection
and erosion control.

 Verify all the activities for decommissioning work sites and rehabilitation to their former
functional stage, as applicable. This refers also to deposition sites, quarry sites, and borrow
pits, and propose rectifying measures as needed.

 Verify and quantify the courses of any environmental degradation caused by project activities,
their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the identification of
responsibilities and costs.

 Monitor, by utilizing structured checklists and questionnaires, accidents in the access road
and extraction sites, identifying causes and develop corrective measures.

 Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, pasture land,
induced/accelerated logging, and illegal extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade
and disturbance to wildlife and over fishing.

8.4 MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY

Depending upon type and size of proposal, monitoring reports should be produced at regular time
intervals by monitoring team or unit. In every 2 years proposal has to be renewed, the monitoring team
has prepared a monitoring report which will be submitted to MoFALD and DDC. Based on this report,
DDC will plan for future project activities. Proponent’s responsibility is the overall environment
monitoring. The roles of these institutions are following

Table 14: Monitoring Responsibility

SN Institution Role and Responsibilities

1 Ministry of Local As the concerned line ministry, it is responsible for review
Development and final approval of ToR and study reports of IEEs, and for
managing environmental monitoring. Environment
Management Section (EMS), within MLD is mandated with
overall environmental responsibility from the Ministry.
2 DDC Banke DDC has overall responsibility for the Proposal
implementation at district level. DDC Banke is responsible
for ToR preparation, commissioning IEE studies, and
carrying out mitigating works as well as environmental

31

3 District Forest Office and
District Soil Conservation
Office
4 Village Development
Committees
5 Contractors
` Institution
1 Ministry of Local
Development
2 DDC Banke
3 District Forest Office and
District Soil Conservation
Office
4 Village Development
Committees
5 Contractors
8.5 MONITORING PARAMETERS
Table 15: Monitoring Parameters
Monitoring Sector
Soils, landslide, Erosion, Waste management
Bio- engineering/ River training
monitoring.
DFO and DSCO, in coordination with DDC, can play
crucial role for monitoring to forest condition, bank
condition, soil erosion, floodplain condition, and landslide
and flood prone areas.
It coordinates with DDC for the implementation of the
proposed proposal and related issues among beneficiaries
and institutions at VDC level.
They are responsible for the collection, extraction and
transportation and collection of revenue from related
activities.
Role and Responsibilities
As the concerned line ministry, it is responsible for review
and final approval of ToR and study reports of IEEs, and for
managing environmental monitoring. Environment
Management Section (EMS), within MLD is mandated with
overall environmental responsibility from the Ministry.
DDC has overall responsibility for the Proposal
implementation at district level. DDC Banke is responsible
for ToR preparation, commissioning IEE studies, and
carrying out mitigating works as well as environmental
monitoring.
DFO and DSCO, in coordination with DDC, can play
crucial role for monitoring to forest condition, bank
condition, soil erosion, floodplain condition, and landslide
and flood prone areas.
It coordinates with DDC for the implementation of the
proposed proposal and related issues among beneficiaries
and institutions at VDC level.
They are responsible for the collection, extraction and
transportation and collection of revenue from related
activities.
Parameters selected for monitoring
 Number, location and extent of slope
failures
 Cause analysis for such failure:
natural/man-made
 Area (ha)of land, forest and properties
affected
 No’s and extent of gully erosions and
pavement failures
 Sites and Suitability for safe disposal of
wastes and garbage.
 No’s and plant species selected for bio-
32

Water pollution, water resources and their
use: surface water, irrigation water, drinking
water
Wildlife/ habitat disturbance
Impacts on forest resources
Socio-economic development near road
alignment
engineering, disaggregated by protective
function
 Effectiveness of river training works.
 No’s and extent of water logging at operative
and/or decommissioned construction site
 Water pollution incidents due to unsafe
disposal of waste and spoil analyzing effects
on local fisheries
 No’s and extent of road accidents inflicting
wildlife
 Records of illegal timber extraction and
wildlife killing cases
 Observations and handling of invasive species
 Use of firewood at construction camps
 Demographic, economic and education data
 No’s and extent of new settlements
 Change in migration pattern and type
 No’s and extent of new business
 No’s and extent of new services and utilities
 Change in livelihood measures
 Changes in level of empowerment among
locals and specially among female population

8.6 MONITORING COST

The monitoring is required in order to study whether the recommended measures by the IEE report has been
complied or not. The monitoring cost is as follows:
Table 16: Monitoring cost

S.N. Description Days Rate NRS. Amount NRS. Remarks

1 Team leader, 6 5,000 30,000 2 times/year
Environmental Specialist
2 Water resource expert 6 5,000 30,000
3 Geologist 6 5,000 30,000
4 Socio-economist 6 5,000 30,000
5 Support staff 10 1,000 10,000
6 Transportation LS 15,000 15,000
7 Report preparation LS 15,000 15,000
TOTAL 1,60,000

8.7 RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS

District Development Committee (DDC), Banke has the main responsibility for the IEE monitoring. For
the implementation of EMP technical support from other line governmental agencies can be taken by the
DDC. The MoFALD and DDC are the institutions directly involved in the IEE monitoring of this project.

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9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
9.1 CONCLUSIONS
The environmental impacts caused by the project implementation were studied by the help of Primary and
Secondary data available. Existing environmental scenario of the extraction sites, the relevance of the
proposed mitigation measures and their implementation is included in the report. Both beneficial and
adverse impacts on the physical, biological, cultural and social environment can be seen as a result of
extraction. Most of the adverse effects were site- specific and short term. From extraction of sand, gravel
and stones for DDC has collected revenue for the development of the district and local people are
economically benefited, provides the support in order to boost up their economy. However, the EPR
recommended guidelines have also not been followed and even the adverse impacts due to project
implementation have not been mitigated effectively which might leads to serious environment problems.

9.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
 DDC should keep the record of amount of material extracted from the proposed site.

 Consultation with local community should be done about the extraction of sand, gravel and
boulder by contractor and DDC.

 A certain portion of revenue collected should be allocated for the development of Zone of
Influence by DDC.

 The monitoring during different phase of operation of the proposal is necessary and the team for
monitoring should be formulated by DDC.

 Proper site selection should be done for the stockpiling by contractors.

 Proper spoil management techniques should be followed.

 Proper safety measures training should be provided to the workers by the contractors.

 The extraction depth for the pit should not exceed more than 0.6m

 Distance of 25m away from the river channel to river bank should be declared as no extraction
zone by DDC.

 Excavators should not be used for the extraction purpose since their use is also prohibited by the
verdict of Supreme Court.

 It is recommended that proper means be used by the DDC to ensure that the EPR recommended
standards are maintained during operation

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Lists of Tables
Table 1.1 Summary of land use pattern around ZoI
1.1.1 Land use pattern (biophysical) in ZoI of Rapti River

S.N. Land use Area(Square meter)

1 Cultivation 140472298.7

2 Forest 278172244.6

3 Grassland 4897697.33

4 Bush area 21776159.48

5 River deposition 18388902.63

6 Barren land 597185.8

7 Water bodies 6009428.27

1.1.2 Land use patter (Socio- economic ) in ZoI of Rapti River

S.N. Land use Area (Square meter)

1 Buildings 82788.73

2 Cultivation 217606362.6

3 Forest 744694900

4 Orchards 870565.5689

5 Bush area 49444843.79

6 River deposition 25780837.71

7 Barren land 1643864.605

8 Water bodies 5171504.459

9 Grassland 6809234.36

10 Ponds/lake 205643.2197

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1.1.3 Land use pattern (bio- physical) ZoI of Muguwa River

S.N. Land use Area (Square meter)

1 Cultivation 6053716.23

2 Forest 73202484.90

3 Grassland 895322.01

4 River deposition 3216019.97

5 Water bodies 774484.40

Source: From IEE Report June 2012(Table 1.1.1, 1.1.2 and 1.1.3)

Table 1.2 Population and household of ZoI

S.N. Affected VDCs Total Population Total HHs Remarks

1 Kachanpur 6921 1109 Directly affected VDC

from Rapti,
MuguwaKhola, and
KhairiKhola

2 Mahadevpuri 6300 1025 Directly affected VDC

from Rapti and
JhijhariKhola

3 Baijapur 9798 1067 Directly affected from

Rapti

4 Binauna 6122 633 Directly affected from

Rapti River

5 Phattepur 13654 1776 Directly affected from

Rapti River

6 Kamdi 8085 1291 Directly affected VDC

from DunduwaKhola

7 Manikapaur 7351 1173 Directly affected VDC

from DunduwaKhola

8 Sonpaur 7023 1073 Directly affected VDC

from Man Khola

9 Udrapur 8030 1007 Directly affected VDC

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 from Man Khola

Total 73284 10154

(Source: DDC Banke Profile, 2064 BS)

2.0: MONITORING FORMAT

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38
39
40
41
42
43
Table 3.1 Framework for Monitoring:
Time schedule for April, 2014

S.N. Activities 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st

1. Departure from
Kathmandu
2. Briefing and visit
to Phattepur VDC
3. Meeting contractor
4. Field visit
5. Debriefing
6. Departure from
Nepalgunj

4.0 Revenue Generation from the sediments extracted:

S.N. Activities Price
1. Revenue collected by DDC Rs. 1,32,00,000/-
2. Price of the sand per m3 Rs. 3 /-
3. Price of the rock per m3 Rs. 3/-
4. Price of the mixed gravel, sand, boulder Rs. 5/-
5. Cost for one trip Rs. 1500/-
6. Amount of revenue collected by community forest Rs. 150 per trip

5.1 List of the contact person:

S.N Name Post Phone no.
1. GayanendraDhakal LDO 9851095255
2. TribhuvwanYadavlal Contractor 9748012096
3. TirthaPoudel Worker at DDC office 9858029343
4. Umesh Shah Local people
5. Ramesh Yadav Local people

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FIGURES:

MAP OF NEPAL SHOWING NEPALGUNJ

PLATES:

PLATE 1.1 LOCATION OF RAPTI RIVER MONITORED FOR

EXTRACTION OF RIVER SEDIMENTS:
Rapti river site (1-6)

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Rapti river site (7-10)

Plates 1.2:

Muguwa Khola site (1-3):

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ROUTES TAKEN DURING THE FIELD VISITS.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SITES:

SITE 1 AND 2: PHATTEPUR RIVER: RAPTI KHOLA

Sand being loaded into the tractor Questionnaire survey with the drivers

Measurements of the pits Measurement of pits

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SITE: HARDAWA RIVER: KHAIRI
KHOLA

No extraction at the site Questionnaire with the locals

SITE: HARIHARPUR RIVER: MUGUWA KHOLA

Excavators being used at the site Excavated pits

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SITE: HEMPUR RIVER: RAPTI
KHOLA

Heaps of sands and gravel surrounding vegetation

SITE: DHALAIYA RIVER: RAPTI KHOLA

Questionnaire with the contractor Tractors being used at the site

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 `

Pits being dug for excavation Female workers also present

50

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