Starters

• Need
• Starters are used to reduce initial high current

Why motor draws high current during starting?

At start Back emf is zero, Ia is large

Types of Starter:
• Two point starter
• Three point starter
• Four point starter
Induction Motor Construction
Squirrel-Cage Rotor
Another Squirrel-Cage Rotor
Wound-Rotor
Rotating magnetic field

Balanced Stator windings of RYB in IM

Supply voltage waveform at stator windings of IM

Stator winding
Synchronous Speed

• Ns = synchronous speed (r/min)

• the speed of the rotating magnetic flux
• where
• fs = frequency of the 3-Φ supply
• Ns = synchronous speed
• P = number of poles formed by the stator winding
• Ns = 120fs/P (revolution per min)
Slip

• Ns = synchronous speed of the rotating flux

• Nr = speed of the rotor
• slip speed = Ns-Nr
• slip = s = (Ns-Nr) / Ns
• % slip = s x 100%
• solving for Nr ,
• Nr = Ns(1-s)
Effect of slip on rotor voltage.

• For a squirrel-cage rotor,

• >Er = 4.44NfrΦmax = 4.44NsfBRΦmax

• at blocked rotor, s=1 (Standstill conditions

• >EBR = 4.44NfBRΦmax => Er = sEBR
Single phase induction motors
The stator of a single phase induction motor is wound with single phase
winding. When the stator is fed with a single phase supply, it produces
alternating flux (which alternates along one space axis only). Alternating
flux acting on a squirrel cage rotor can not produce rotation,
only revolving flux can. That is why a single phase induction motor is
not self starting.

To make it self-starting, it can be temporarily converted into a two-phase

motor while starting. This can be achieved by introducing an additional
'starting winding' also called as auxiliary winding.
 Synchronous Motors and Generators
• Construction
• Stator identical to that of a three-phase induction motor – now called the
“armature”
• Energize from a three-phase supply and develop the rotating magnetic field
• Rotor has a DC voltage applied (excitation)
• Rotor could be a permanent-magnet type

• Operation
• Magnetic field of the rotor “locks” with the rotating magnetic field – rotor turns
at synchronous speed
Synchronous Motors (continued)

Two types of Synchronous machines (Based on rotor construction )

• Salient pole SM – Projected poles-low speed-Hydro power plant (pp)
• Non-salient pole SM- Cylindrical poles-High speed-Thermal pp
Salient-Pole Rotor
Excitation Windings
Synchronous Generator
(Or)
Alternator
Alternator (Salient pole type) -Construction
Equivalent circuit of alternator

VT = Ef + IajXs