Operating principle of resistance temperature sensor (RTD sensor)
The operating principle of the resistance temperature detector (RTD) sensor is to convert the temperature
being measured into electrical resistance. When the temperature at the measurement end of the RTD sensor
changes, a resistance will appear at the other end of the sensor. This forms the basis for measuring
temperature with the RTD sensor. By measuring that resistance value, we can infer the temperature value.
Thermocouple sensor
The thermocouple sensor, also known as a thermocouple, is an important and widely used device in the field
of temperature measurement.
The operating principle of the thermocouple sensor is based on the Seebeck effect. When two different
metals are welded together at their junction (measuring junction), it creates a voltage (electromotive force).
When the temperature at the junction changes, this temperature difference causes the movement of electrons,
leading to the creation of voltage across the ends of the thermocouple sensor wires.
Operating principle of capacitive pressure sensor:
The operating principle of a capacitive pressure sensor involves two electrodes separated by a space
containing air or a dielectric material. When the surrounding pressure changes, this pressure affects the
sensor membrane, altering the distance between the two electrodes. This change in distance alters the
capacitance of the capacitor formed by the two electrodes.
Operating principle of ultrasonic sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic sensing device used to measure the distance to a target object by
emitting ultrasonic waves, which are then converted into an electrical signal when the reflected sound is
received. The sensor system continuously emits sound waves at a fast, strong propagation speed. When these
sound waves encounter an obstacle, such as a solid or liquid surface, they produce reflected wave patterns.
The sensor device receives these reflected waves, analyzes them, and accurately determines the distance
from the sensor to the obstacle.
Operating principle of relay
The operating principle of a relay is based on the concept of electromagnetism. This means that when an
electric current passes through the relay's coil, it generates a magnetic field. This magnetic field exerts a
force on a lever, causing it to move and either close or open the electrical contacts. This movement
changes the operational state of the relay, allowing it to control a circuit by turning it on or off.
Operating principle of solenoid valve
The operating principle of a solenoid valve is based on the use of an electromagnetic field. When electric
current is supplied to the coil, it generates a strong magnetic field that pulls the iron core, overcoming the
spring force, thus opening the valve. Conversely, in the closed valve state, the electric current to the coil
is interrupted. When this happens, the compressed spring forces the valve to close. This system allows for
the control of fluid flow electronically, enabling precise and quick opening or closing of the valve in
response to electrical signals.
Operating principle of pneumatic valve
When electric power is supplied, the current flows into the coil. The copper wire inside the coil generates
a magnetic field. This magnetic field creates a force that is transmitted through a connecting shaft to the
valve body. The magnetic force is strong enough to overcome the spring force and impacts the valve
core, causing it to move. Depending on whether the valve is normally closed or normally open, the core
will retract or extend, respectively, changing the state of the valve gate.
When the power is cut off, the magnetic field is not generated, allowing the spring force to move the valve
core back to its original position, thus closing or opening the valve depending on whether it is normally
closed or normally open. This mechanism allows for the automatic control of fluid flow in response to
electrical signals.
A transistor is a device that operates based on applying a DC voltage to the junction region, known as the activation
voltage. The operating principle of the transistor is built according to two modes: forward bias and reverse bias,
corresponding to NPN and PNP types. When applying a DC source UCE to the E and C terminals, it is necessary to ensure
that the (+) terminal is connected to the C terminal and the (-) terminal is connected to the E terminal. To activate the
transistor, first apply a DC source UBE through a switch, limiting the current flowing through both B and E terminals,
with the (+) terminal connected to the B terminal and the (-) terminal connected to the E terminal. When the switch is
turned on, both C and E terminals have voltage, but no current flows through CE (IC = 0). When the switch is closed, the
P-N junction is forward biased, creating a current from the (+) terminal of the UBE source, through the switch, through R,
through the BE junction, and back to the (-) terminal, forming the IB current. When the IB current appears, the IC current
flows through the CE junction, causing the bulb to light up. The IC current is much stronger than the IB current.
formular: IC = β.IB
IC là dòng chạy qua mối CE , IB là dòng chạy qua mối BE, β là hệ số khuếch đại của transistor
Principle of differential pressure sensor
A differential pressure sensor has two pressure inputs marked as (+) and (–), corresponding to High and
Low, respectively. The higher pressure is connected to the (+) side and the lower pressure to the (–) side.
Inside the differential pressure sensor, there is a membrane layer containing electrodes arranged neatly.
When this membrane is deformed, it leads to changes in the voltage across these electrodes. The
deformation of the membrane will shift left or right depending on the magnitude of the pressure applied,
which corresponds to either a positive or negative differential pressure. This value represents the pressure
difference between the high and low pressure inputs. The differential value is then converted into an
electrical current ranging from 4 to 20mA, depending on the settings configured by the user for the
pressure sensor.
Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor (cảm biến áp suất sử dụng điện trở)
The working principle of the piezoresistive sensor is based on the deformation of the membrane structure
(when pressure is applied) being converted into an electrical signal through piezoresistive elements
embedded on it. The pressure to be measured is sensed by the silicon chip through the membrane and
silicone oil. The chip is powered through an insulated glass feedthrough and connecting wires. The output
pressure signal is measured in millivolts (mV). This pressure signal is then temperature-compensated and
amplified into a corresponding voltage (V) or current (mA) output signal. When the membrane layer is
deformed or bent, the piezoresistors change their value. In piezoresistive pressure sensors, the Wheatstone
bridge based on silicon is used as the measuring element. It expands minimally under pressure, changing
resistance in this way, which is typically referred to as the piezoresistive effect.
Operating principle of the motor
In an electric motor, a magnetic field is established either by permanent magnets or electromagnets. Inside
the magnetic field, there is a loop of which are part of an armature or rotor. When electric current flows
through these conductors, a magnetic force is exerted on them. According to the Lorentz force law, when a
current-carrying conductor is placed within a magnetic field, it experiences a force that is perpendicular to
both the direction of the current and the magnetic field. This force is what causes the rotor to turn in the
motor. The force acts on the sides of the conductive loop, causing it to spin around its axis.
DC Motor.
DC motors are also known as 1-way motors that operate with 1-way current, carrying average weight
loads. DC motor has two main parts: Stator and Rotor. The stator of a DC electric motor is usually 1 or
more pairs of permanent magnets, or electromagnets.The rotor has a coiled wire and is connected to a DC
power source. Another important part of the DC motor is the rectifier, its main task is to change the
direction of the current while the rotation of the rotor is continuous. custom. The rotor housing normally
consists of a commutator and a commoner that is in contact with the commutator.
AC motor
AC motor is an alternating current electric motor that operates with alternating current, can withstand large
loads and is very suitable for electric treadmills for gyms, meeting all exercise needs on treadmills. . AC
motors also include two main parts: Stator and Rotor. The stator consists of coils of three electrical phases
wound on iron cores arranged on a circular rim to create a rotating magnetic field. The rotor has a
cylindrical shape, it acts like a coil wound on a steel core.
Principle of operation of PWM
PWM, which stands for Pulse Width Modulation, is a technique used to adjust the voltage supplied to a
load by varying the width of square wave pulses. This variation in pulse width changes the voltage across
the load. PWM operates by periodically turning the power supply to the load on and off. When the switch
(often referred to as a gate) is open, the full voltage is applied to the load. When the switch is closed, the
load is disconnected from the voltage. Thus, during the cycle of the switch opening and closing, the load
receives the full voltage at times, partial voltage at other times, and no voltage at all at certain intervals.
Photoresistor working principle:
A photoresistor operates on the principle of photoconductivity, which is based on the photoelectric effect
in semiconductors. When stimulated by photons of light, electrons can be ejected from molecules,
becoming free electrons and leaving behind positively charged holes. Therefore, in conditions without
stimulation, a photoresistor typically has a very high resistance, up to several megaohms (MΩ).
Nguyên lý nút nhấn
When you press a button, it makes contact with a stationary contact point, changing the state of the
connection. In some cases, users need to hold the button down or press it repeatedly for the device to
function. For other types of buttons, a latch mechanism keeps the button in the open position until the user
presses it again. This allows for different types of control, depending on the design and intended use of the
button in various electronic devices or systems.