Mi lcvjrfcj ms ie lcsjiufcöb lmi getrcgjbcj lm ijs mspjsjs mb vcle.

\ei lcsjiufcöb
fjrrmspjblm e ube bmfmsclel pråftcfe> ie jhsmrvefcöb lmgumstre qum, lmbtrj lm ub fcmrtj
bûgmrj lm fesjs, ijs ljs mspjsjs j ubj lm miijs bj lmsmeb gås fjbtcbuer ie ubcöb qum mi
getrcgjbcj dehçe fjbse`relj. Mxcstm eiiç ub ambögmbj sjfcjiö`cfj, vmrcacfelj mb tjlj
gjgmbtj y qum sm pumlm fjbsteter. (Hãbehmbt, 8??6, p. 5=6)
_ere Mbrcqum Qersc, mi lcvjrfcj ms ube cbstctufcöb lmi lmrmfdj lm aegcice qum fjbscstm mb
ie lcsjiufcöb lmacbctcve y tjtei lmi vçbfuij fjbyu`ei, rmstctuymblj e ijs mxföbyu`ms su
fepefclel pere fjbtremr getrcgjbcj. (8?55, p. 653)
Hmbkegçb E`ucier mbtcmblm
Hmbkegçb mbtcmblm pjr lcvjr
lcvjrfcj,
fcj, ei rjgpc
rjgpcgcmb
gcmbtj
tj lmi vçbfuij getrcgjbce
getrcgjbceii qum
fjbfiuym mi getrcgjbcj, fjbvcrtcãbljsm ijs mxföbyu`ms, lmslm mi pubtj lm vcste im`ei,
mb mxtreõjs mbtrm sç y pjr ij tebtj qumleblj fele ubj lm miijs mb eptctul lm fjbtremr
bumvj
bumvj gegetrcg
trcgjbc
jbcj,
j, mb fjbsm
fjbsmfu
fumbf
mbfce
ce fms
fmsebl
ebljj tjles
tjles ies jhi
jhic`e
c`efcj
fcjbms
bms y lmrmfd
lmrmfdjsjs
mgmr`mbtms lm ie cbstctufcöb. (8?51, p. 834)
Mb scgpims peiehres, Fjrbmkj Fdåvmz, lmacbm ei lcvjrfcj, fjgj equmi trågctm gås j
gmbjs ietj, pjr mi qum ijs föbyu`ms jhtcmbmb ie lmfierefcöb lm qum su getrcgjbcj de
tmrgcbelj y lm qum pumlmb, mb fjbsmfumbfce, fjbtremr jtrj. (5333, p. 686)
Mb humbe fumbte, mbtmblmgjs pjr lcvjrfcj, e equmiie cbstctufcöb lmi lmrmfdj lm aegcice
qum pjbm acb ei vçbfuij getrcgjbcei y e tjljs ijs lmrmfdjs y jhic`efcjbms mgmr`mbtms
lm tei ubcöb, pjr dehmrsm cbfurrclj mb ube feusei prmvcste pjr imy, pmrgctcãbljim e ijs
mxföbyu`ms fjbtremr bupfces bumvegmbtm.
6. Mi lcvjrfcj rmgmlcj y mi lcvjrfcj sebfcöb
Vjb ljs ijs scstmges cgpmrebtms mb ie im`csiefcöb ubcvmrsei; mi lcvjrfcj sebfcöb y mi
lcvjrfcj rmgmlcj. Ie lcamrmbfce sustebfcei mbtrm eghjs rmsclm mb qum mb mi lcvjrfcj
sebfcöb ie feuse lmi fjbaicftj ms ie feuse lmi lcvjrfcj, gcmbtres qum mi lcvjrfcj rmgmlcj
mbtcmblm qum mi fjbaicftj ms mb sç gcsgj ie feuse lmi lcvjrfcj, scb qum cbtmrmsm ies
feuses j rmspjbsehims lmi fjbaicftj. (Fehmiij Getegeie, 8??5, p. <?6)
Mb mi lcvjrfcj sebfcöb, ubj lm ijs föbyu`ms de fjgmtclj ub eftj fuipjsj qum sm
mbfumbtre prmvcstj bjrgetcvegmbtm. Mb feghcj mb mi lcvjrfcj rmgmlcj, sjb ijs prjpcjs

föbyu`ms
rmiefcöb scbqucmbms
cblcfer lm
ubegutuj
feuseiefumrlj lmfclmb
mspmfçacfe, qum bj
pulcmblj pumlmbube
cbvjfersm fjbtcbuer gås fjb bc
feusei `mbãrcfe, ie
dehmr eftuelj fjb fuipe.
Ei lcvjrfcj sebfcjbeljr sm im lmbjgcbe teghcãb suhkmtcvj j lm fuipe lm ubj lm ijs
föbyu`ms. Mb tebtj, mi lcvjrfcj rmgmlcj j lm feuseims jhkmtcves, sm sustmbte mb ie
rupture lm ie vcle getrcgjbcei, qum sm vmrcacfe e trevãs lmi efumrlj lm ijs föbyu`ms pere
su fjbfiuscöb, j pjr fmsm mamftcvj lm ie fjbvcvmbfce lurebtm ub iepsj lm tcmgpj, j pjr
ube feusei `mbãrcfe qum cgpcle ie fjbvcvmbfce, e ie qum sm im lmbjgcbe lcvjrfcj
qucmhrm. (Fehmiij Getegeie, 8??5, p. <?6)
Ies feuseims lmi lcvjrfcj mb bumstrj FF sjb mb su geyjrçe suhkmtcves, (ert. 666,
feuseims lm ie 5 e ie 5?) mstj ms pjr fuipe lm ubj lm ijs föbyu`ms y mb su gcbjrçe
jhkmtcves, (ert. 668, feuseims 55 y 58) ms lmfcr, scb fuipe lm ie pertms, pjr gutuj efumrlj
j feusei lm tcpj `mbãrcfj.
<. Feuseims lm lcvjrfcj
Lm fjbajrgclel fjb mi ertçfuij 6<3 lmi FF;
Ertçfuij 6<3.- Feuseims lm lcvjrfcj
_umlm lmgeblersm mi lcvjrfcj pjr ies feuseims smõeieles mb mi Ertçfuij 666, cbfcsjs lmi
5 ei 58.

Ies feuseims smõeieles mb mi ertçfuij 666 sjb ies sc`ucmbtms;

 Mi eluitmrcj.
 Ie vcjimbfce açscfe j pscfjiö`cfe, qum mi kumz eprmfcerå sm`ûb ies fcrfubstebfces.
 Mi etmbtelj fjbtre ie vcle lmi föbyu`m.
 Ie cbkurce `revm, qum de`e cbsjpjrtehim ie vcle mb fjgûb.
 Mi ehebljbj cbkustcacfelj lm ie fese fjbyu`ei pjr gås lm ljs eõjs fjbtcbujs j
fueblj ie lurefcöb sugele lm ijs pmrçjljs lm ehebljbj mxfmle e mstm piezj.
 Ie fjblufte lmsdjbrjse qum de`e cbsjpjrtehim ie vcle mb fjgûb.
 Mi usj dehctuei m cbkustcacfelj lm lrj`es eiufcbö`mbes j lm sustebfces qum
pumleb `mbmrer
`mbmrer tjxcfjgebçe, sseivj
eivj ij lcspums
lcspumstj
tj mb mi Ertçfuij 6<0.
 Ie mbamrgmlel `revm lm trebsgcscöb smxuei fjbtreçle lmspuãs lm ie fmimhrefcöb
lmi getrcgjbcj.
 Ie djgjsmxueiclel sjhrmvcbcmbtm ei getrcgjbcj.
 Ie fjblmbe pjr lmictj ljijsj e pmbe prcvetcve lm ie ichmrtel geyjr lm ljs eõjs,
cgpumste lmspuãs lm ie fmimhrefcöb lmi getrcgjbcj.
 Ie cgpjschciclel lm defmr vcle mb fjgûb, lmhclegmbtm prjhele mb prjfmsj
kulcfcei.
 Ie smperefcöb lm dmfdj lm ijs föbyu`ms lurebtm ub pmrçjlj cbcbtmrrugpclj lm
ljs eõjs. Lcfdj piezj smrå lm fuetrj eõjs sc ijs föbyu`ms tuvcmsmb dckjs
gmbjrms lm mlel. Mb mstjs fesjs bj smrå lm epicfefcöb ij lcspumstj mb mi
Ertçfuij 66=.
Ies feuseims sjb fjbluftes ebtckurçlcfes qum etmbteb fjbtre ie pez fjbyu`ei. Ms tjlj
eftj u jgcscöb, ljijsj j fuipjsj, cgputehim ei föbyu`m qum leõe ie fjbacebze y rmspmtj
getrcgjbcei,
smperefcöb lmpmrgctcmblj
fumrpjs j mi ei föbyu`m(Qersc
lcvjrfcj. cbjfmbtm utciczerie8?55,
Xjspc`icjsc, fjgjp.sustmbtj
680) pere rmqumrcr ie
Ms bmfmsercj qum ie fuipe pumle smr rmprjfdele e ubj lm ijs mspjsjs y qum mste tmb`e
rmiefcöb fjb ies jhic`efcjbms rmsuitebtms lmi getrcgjbcj; ube fuipe qum smrçe, pjr
mkmgpij, puregmbtm prjamscjbei bj pjlrçe betureigmbtm rmsuiter mb hmbmacfcj lm ubj lm
ijs föbyu`ms fjgj feusei lm lcvjrfcj. (Hãbehmbt, 8??6, p. 50?)
Vm`ûb mi gmb
Vm`ûb gmbfcj
fcjbel
beljj kur
kurcst
cstee are
arebf
bfãs,
ãs, ie aei
aeite
te ei lmhmr
lmhmr lm aclmic
aclmiclel
lel,, mxprms
mxprmsegm
egmbtm
btm
mstehimfcle mb su Fölc`j Fcvci, fjbstctuym ub fjgpjrtegcmbtj susfmptchim lm fjbstctucr
ube vcjiefcöb lm ies jhic`efcjbms lmrcveles lmi getrcgjbcj, ms lmfcr ub eftj fuipehim.
Ijs lmhmrms lm aclmiclel y escstmbfce (ert. 844) y lm fjdehctefcöb (ert. 843) teghcãb
ajrgeb pertm lm bumstrj jrlmbegcmbtj befcjbei y sjb fjbsclmreljs lmhmrms y lmrmfdjs
qum befmb lmi getrcgjbcj.
Fjgj sm de rmamrclj mi getrcgjbcj `mbmre ube smrcm lm lmhmrms fjgj sjb; ie aclmiclel,
fjdehctefcöb, escstmbfce, pertcfcpefcöb y fjjpmrefcöb mb mi `jhcmrbj lmi dj`er y rmspmtj
gutuj. Mstjs, fueblj sm vmb eamfteljs, `mbmreb ub lmhcictegcmbtj j ie rupture lmi
vçbfuij fjbyu`ei. (Qersc Xjspc`icjsc, 8?55, p. 684)
Vcb bmfmsclel lm smr fetm`örcfjs, sc`ucmblj ei prjamsjr Qersc, ijs lmhmrms cbfugpicljs
`mbmreb ies sc`ucmbtms fesueims;

_esmgjs e ehjrler ei`ubes lm ies feuseims qum, e bumstrj kucfcj, rmsuiteb ies gås
cgpjrtebtms.
Xmperefcöb lmi föbyu`m cbjfmbtm
E tmbjr lmi ertçfuij 6=5 lmi FF;

Ertçfuij 6=5.- Xmperefcöb lmi föbyu`m cbjfmbtm

Vc ijs dmfdjs qum deb lmtmrgcbelj mi lcvjrfcj fjgprjgmtmb `revmgmbtm mi im`çtcgj
cbtmrãs pmrsjbei lmi föbyu`m cbjfmbtm, mi kumz pjlrå fjbfmlmrim ube suge lm lcbmrj pjr
fjbfmptj lm rmperefcöb lmi leõj gjrei.
Mi _imbj Kurcslcffcjbei Xm`cjbei lm Aegcice, fjrtms supmrcjrms lm Feiiej, Feõmtm, Icge
y Icge Bjrtm, rmeiczelj mb Icge, mi lçe ?0-?3-8??0, efjrlö pjr ubebcgclel;
Ie cblmgbczefcöb rm`uiele pjr mi ertçfuij 6=5 lmi FF ms mxfiuymbtm fjb rmiefcöb e ie
mstehimfcle pjr mi ertçfuij 6<=-E lmi FF., ei mbfjbtrersm cbsfrctes mb ljs scstmges lm
lcvjrfcj lcamrmbtms fjgj sjb mi lcvjrfcj sebfcöb mb mi prcgmr fesj y mi lcvjrfcj rmgmlcj
mb mi sm`ublj fesj, rmfjbjfcmblj qum sm trete lm ube pjsture dçhrcle lmi im`csieljr lm ie
Imy 80<3=.
Mi leõj gjrei pumlm jfurrcr mb tjlj fesj lm lcvjrfcj, pmrj mspmfceigmbtm fueblj ie
feusei qum lcj jrc`mb aum ie cbkurce `revm, ie fjblmbe pjr lmictj, ie fjblufte lmsdjbrjse
lmsdjbrjse
j mi elu
eluitm
itmrcj
rcj.. Ie imy bj gmbfc
gmbfcjbe
jbe,, scb rezöb suacf
suacfcmb
cmbtm
tm mb bumstr
bumstrjj fj
fjbfm
bfmptj
ptj,, ie
pjschciclel lm rmperefcöb lmi leõj getmrcei, qum pumlm jfurrcr sjhrm tjlj mb ijs fesjs
lm smvcf
smvcfce,
ce, etm
etmbte
btelj
lj fjbtr
fjbtree ie vcl
vcle,
e, ehe
eheblj
bljbj
bj lmi dj`er,
dj`er, usj lm mstup
mstupmae
maefcm
fcmbtm
btms,
s,
mbamrgmlel vmbãrme `revm y fjblmbe prcvetcve lm ie ichmrtel. (Fjrbmkj Fdåvmz, 5333, p.
6<8)
Mbtmblmgjs qum sc ies feuseims lm lcvjrfcj sjb fjbsclmreles fjbluftes ebtckurçlcfes j
fuipjses pmr sm, mb prcbfcpcj tjles lmhmrçeb `mbmrer ube cblmgbczefcöb e aevjr lmi
föbyu`
föbyu`mm pmrkul
pmrkulcfe
cfelj.
lj. Bj jhsteb
jhstebtm,
tm, fjbsc
fjbsclmr
lmregj
egjss qum ijs fes
fesjs
js qum bj `mb
`mbmre
mreråb
råb
eutjgåtcfegmbtm,
eutjgåtcfegm btm, scbj lmpmblmrå lmi fesj mb fjbfrmtj, ube jhic`efcöb cblmgbczetjrce e
fer`j lmi föbyu`m fuipehim smråb;
Ie djgjsmxueiclel
djgjsmxueiclel sjhrmvcbcmbtm ei getrcgjbcj ((ert.
ert. 666, cbfcsj 3).
Ie cgpjschciclel lm defmr vcle mb fjgûb, lmhclegmbtm prjhele mb prjfmsj kulcfcei (ert.
666, cbfcsj 55).
Ie smperefcöb lm dmfdj lm ijs föbyu`ms lurebtm ub pmrçjlj cbcbtmrrugpclj lm ljs eõjs.
Lcfdj piezj smrå lm fuetrj eõjs sc ijs föbyu`ms tuvcmsmb dckjs gmbjrms lm mlel (ert.
666, cbfcsj 58).
Ie smperefcöb fjbvmbfcjbei, lmspuãs lm trebsfurrcljs ljs eõjs lm ie fmimhrefcöb lmi
getrcgjbcj (ert. 666, cbfcsj 56).
0. _ãrlcle lm `ebebfceims pjr mi föbyu`m fuipehim
Mstehimfm mi ertçfuij 6=8 lmi FF;
Ertçfuij 6=8.- _ãrlcle lm `ebebfceims pjr mi föbyu`m fuipehim
Mi föbyu`m lcvjrfcelj pjr su fuipe pmrlmrå ijs `ebebfceims qum prjfmleb lm ijs hcmbms
lmi jtrj.
Mi feråftmr pubctcvj qum rmvcstm mste lcspjscfcöb sm mxpicfe pjr sç sjij. Vmrçe crrctebtm qum
mi föbyu`m fuipehim prmtmblcmre jhtmbmr hmbmacfcj lm ijs hcmbms lmi cbjfmbtm, fueblj bj
supj fugpicr sus lmhmrms gjreims y im`eims, mstj ms, fueblj rjgpcö fjb su fjblufte ie
çbtcge fjgubclel lm vcle m cbtmrmsms sjhrm ie qum sm auble mi rã`cgmb lm `ebebfceims
(Fjrbmkj Fdåvmz, 5333, p. 6<6)
Xmfjrlmgjs qum mb mi rã`cgmb lm sjfcmlel lm `ebebfceims pumlm dehmr hcmbms prjpcjs
lm fele föbyu`m y hcmbms lm ie sjfcmlel (ert. 6?5) Msteblj piesgeljs ijs hcmbms
prjpcjs lm fele
fele föbyu`m mb mi ertçfuij 6?8 y ijs hcmbms sjfceims
sjfceims mb mi ertçfuij
ertçfuij 65?.
Xmpårmsm qum equç bj sm trete lm ijs `ebebfceims sjhrebtms ium`j lm ie icquclefcöb, scbj
lm equmiijs qum prjvcmbmb lm ijs hcmbms prjpcjs lmi jtrj, pums fjgj sehmgjs mi hcmb
prjpcj pmrtmbmfm e su tctuier, pmrj sc msm hcmb prjpcj `mbmre rmbtes, arutjs j prjluftjs,
mses rmbtes, y lmgås ye bj sjb hcmbms prjpcjs scbj sjfceims, y pjr mblm lmhmråb
pmrtmbmfmr e ijs ljs, scb mgher`j sc mi föbyu`m ms fuipehim, bj im fjrrmspjblmrå msjs
`ebebfceims, qum mb mstm fesj smråb ijs arutjs j rmbtes qum `mbmrerjb ijs hcmbms prjpcjs
lmi föbyu`m cbjfmbtm. (E`ucier Iiebjs, 8?51, p. 6?6)
Fehm prmfcser qum ie bjrge bj tmblrçe smbtclj ei`ubj sc ms qum ijs föbyu`ms mstuvcmrjb
hekj mi rã`cgmb lm smperefcöb lm petrcgjbcjs,
petrcgjbcjs, m cbfiusj hekj ub rã`cgmb lm sjfcmlel lm
`ebebfceims,
`ebebfceim s, mb löblm bj deye hcmbms prjpcjs (Çlmg).
Lcfdj mb jtrjs peiehres, pere qum jpmrm mi ertçfuij 6=8 ijs föbyu`ms lmhcmrjb dehmr
fjbtreçlj bupfces ium`j lm dehmr msfj`clj fjgj rã`cgmb petrcgjbcei getrcgjbcei mi lm
sjfcmlel lm `ebebfceims pmrj elmgås lmhmråb lm mxcstcr lmbtrj lm mstm rã`cgmb tebtj
hcmbms prjpcjs fjgj hcmbms sjfceims. S ms sjhrm msjs hcmbms prjpcjs, qum prjlufmb
arutjs j rmbtes, qum sm epicferå ie sebfcöb ei föbyu`m fuipehim.
dttps;//iplmrmfdj.pm/lcvjrfcj-aegcice-lmrmfdj-fcvci/