Shor

tNot
esonLi
ngui
sti
cs

Thesci
ent
if
icst
udyofhumanspeechi
ncl
udi
ngt
heuni
ts,
nat
ure,
str
uct
ureandmodi
fi
cat
ion
ofl
anguage.
(Mer
ri
am Webst
erDi
cti
onar
y).

Li
ngui
sts:

Thesear
epeopl
ewhost
udyl
i
ngui
sti
cs.

Thepar
tofl
i
ngui
sti
cst
hati
sconcer
nedwi
tht
hest
ruct
ureofl
anguagei
sdi
vi
dedi
ntoa
numberofsubf
iel
ds:

*
Phonet
ics*-t
hest
udyofspeechsoundsi
nthei
rphy
sical
aspect
s

*
Phonol
ogy
*-t
hest
udyofspeechsoundsi
nthei
rcogni
ti
veaspect
s

*
Mor
phol
ogy
*-t
hest
udyoft
hef
ormat
ionofwor
ds

*
Synt
ax*-t
hest
udyoft
hef
ormat
ionofsent
ences

*
Semant
ics*-t
hest
udyofmeani
ng

*
Pragmat
ics*-t
hest
udyofl
anguageuse

Asi
def
rom l
anguagest
ruct
ure,
otherper
spect
ivesonl
anguagear
erepr
esent
edi
n
speci
ali
zedori
nter
disci
pli
nar
ybr
anches:

-
Dial
ect
ology

-
Comput
ati
onal
Lingui
sti
cs

-
Neur
oli
ngui
sti
cs

-
Appl
i
edl
i
ngui
sti
cs

-
Languageacqui
sit
ion

-
Psy
chol
i
ngui
sti
cs
-
Soci
oli
ngui
sti
cs

-
Lingui
sti
cant
hropol
ogy

-
Gener
ati
vel
i
ngui
sti
cs

-
Cogni
ti
vel
i
ngui
sti
cs

-
Comput
ati
onal
li
ngui
sti
cs

-
Descr
ipt
ivel
i
ngui
sti
cs

-
Hist
ori
cal
li
ngui
sti
cs

-
Compar
ati
vel
i
ngui
sti
cs

-
Ety
mol
ogy

-
Sty
li
sti
cs

-
Prescr
ipt
ion

-
Cor
pusl
i
ngui
sti
cs

-
Neur
oli
ngui
sti
cs

-
Par
ali
ngui
sti
c

-
Bil
i
ngui
sti
cs

*
Whati
sPhonet
ics?
*

Ther
ear
e*t
hreet
ypes*oft
hest
udyoft
hesoundsofl
anguage.

*
Acoust
icPhonet
ics*i
sthest
udyoft
hephy
sical
proper
ti
esofsounds.

*
Audi
tor
yPhonet
ics*i
sthest
udyoft
hewayl
i
stener
sper
cei
vesounds.
*
Art
icul
ator
yPhonet
ics*i
sthest
udyofhowt
hev
ocal
tract
spr
oducet
hesounds.Thi
s
ar
ti
cl
ewi
l
lonl
ydescr
ibear
ti
cul
ator
yphonet
ics.

Thedi
scr
epancybet
weenspel
l
ingandsoundsl
edt
othef
ormat
ionoft
he*
Int
ernat
ional
Phonet
icsAl
phabet(
IPA.
)*Thesy
mbol
susedi
nthi
sal
phabetcanbeusedt
orepr
esental
l
soundsofal
lhumanl
anguages.

*
Phonol
ogy
*

Def
ini
ti
on:

Phonol
ogyi
sthest
udyofhowsoundsar
eor
gani
zedandusedi
nnat
ural
languages.

Thephonol
ogi
cal
syst
em ofal
anguagei
ncl
udes

*
ani
nvent
oryofsoundsandt
hei
rfeat
ures,
and

*
rul
eswhi
chspeci
fyhowsoundsi
nter
actwi
theachot
her
.

Phonol
ogyi
sjustoneofsev
eral
aspect
sofl
anguage.I
tisr
elat
edt
oot
heraspect
ssuchas
phonet
ics,
mor
phol
ogy
,sy
ntax
,andpr
agmat
ics.

Her
eisani
l
lust
rat
iont
hatshowst
hepl
aceofphonol
ogyi
nani
nter
act
inghi
erar
chyofl
evel
s
i
nli
ngui
sti
cs:

*
Compar
ison*

(
Phonol
ogyandphonet
ics)

Phonet
ics:
Ist
hebasi
sforphonol
ogi
cal
anal
ysi
s.

Phonol
ogy
:Ist
hebasi
sforf
urt
herwor
kinmor
phol
ogy
,sy
ntax
,di
scour
se,
andor
thogr
aphy
desi
gn.

Phonet
ics:
Anal
yzest
hepr
oduct
ionofal
lhumanspeechsounds,
regar
dlessofl
anguage.

Phonol
ogy
:Anal
yzest
hesoundpat
ter
nsofapar
ti
cul
arl
anguagebydet
ermi
ningwhi
ch
phonet
icsoundsar
esi
gni
fi
cant
,and

expl
aini
nghowt
hesesoundsar
eint
erpr
etedbyt
henat
ivespeaker
.

Ther
ear
e44t
radi
ti
onal
sounds(
IPA)

wor
d-soundsorphonemes.

Engl
i
shcont
ains19v
owel
sounds—5shor
tvowel
s,6l
ongv
owel
s,3di
pht
hongs,
2'oo'
sounds,
and3r
-cont
rol
l
edv
owel
sounds—and25consonantsounds.

*
The5Shor
tVowel
Sounds*

Thef
iveshor
tvowel
soundsi
nEngl
i
shar
ea,
e,i
,o,
andu.

shor
ta:
and,
as,
andaf
ter

shor
te:
pen,
hen,
andl
end

shor
ti:
itandi
n

shor
to:
topandhop

shor
tu:
underandcup

Remembert
hatt
hesesoundsar
enotnecessar
il
yindi
cat
iveofspel
l
ing.

Not
ethatt
heabov
ewor
dsal
lcont
aint
hev
owel
whosesoundt
heymakebutt
hisi
snot
al
way
sthecase.

Awor
dmi
ghtsoundasi
fitcont
ainsacer
tai
nvowel
thati
snott
her
e.Exampl
esofwor
ds
whoseshor
tvowel
soundsdonotcor
respondwi
tht
hei
rspel
l
ingar
ebusyanddoes.

*
The6LongVowel
Sounds*

Thesi
xlongv
owel
soundsi
nEngl
i
shar
ea,
e,i
,o,
u,andoo.
l
onga:
makeandt
ake

l
onge:
beetandf
eet

l
ongi
:ti
eandl
i
e

l
ongo:
coatandt
oe

l
ongu(
pronounced"
yoo"
):musi
candcut
e

l
ongoo:
gooanddr
oop

Exampl
esofwor
dswhosel
ongv
owel
soundsdonotcor
respondwi
tht
hei
rspel
l
ingar
ethey
,
t
ry,
frui
t,andf
ew.

*
TheR-
Cont
rol
l
edVowel
Sounds*

Anr
-cont
rol
l
edv
owel
isav
owel
whosesoundi
sinf
luencedbyt
hert
hatcomesbef
orei
t.
Thet
hreer
-cont
rol
l
edv
owel
soundsar
ear
,er
,andor
.

ar
:bar
kanddar
k

er
:her
,bi
rd,
andf
ur

or
:for
k,por
k,andst
ork

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
hatst
udent
spaycl
oseat
tent
iont
otheersoundi
nwor
dsbecausei
tcanbe
cr
eat
edbyanr
-cont
rol
l
ede,
i,oru.Thesev
owel
sar
eal
ltr
ansf
ormedi
ntot
hesamesound
whenanri
sat
tachedt
otheendoft
hem.Mor
eexampl
esoft
hisi
ncl
udebet
ter
,fi
rst
,and
t
urn.

*
The18ConsonantSounds*

Thel
ett
ersc,
q,andxar
enotdenot
edbyuni
quephonemesbecauset
heyar
efoundi
not
her
sounds.Thecsoundi
scov
eredbyksoundsi
nwor
dsl
i
kecr
ust
,cr
unch,
andcr
eat
eandbys
soundsi
nwor
dsl
i
kecer
eal
,ci
ty,
andcent(
theci
sfoundi
nthespel
l
ingoft
hesewor
dsonl
y
butdoesnothav
eit
sownphoneme)
.Theqsoundi
sfoundi
nkwwor
dsl
i
kebackwar
dand
Kwanza.Thexsoundi
sfoundi
nkswor
dsl
i
keki
cks.

b:
bedandbad

k:
catandki
ck

d:
doganddi
p

f
:fatandf
ig

g:
gotandgi
rl

h:
hasandhi
m

j
:j
obandj
oke

l
:l
idandl
ove

m:
mopandmat
h

n:
notandni
ce

p:
panandpl
ay

r
:ranandr
ake

s:
sitandsmi
l
e

t
:toandt
ake

v
:vanandv
ine

w:
wat
erandwent

y
:yel
l
owandy
awn

z:
zipperandzap
TheBl
ends

Bl
endsar
efor
medwhent
woort
hreel
ett
erscombi
net
ocr
eat
eadi
sti
nctconsonant
-sound,
of
tenatt
hebegi
nni
ngofawor
d.I
nabl
end,
thesoundsf
rom eachor
igi
nal
let
terar
est
il
l
hear
d,t
heyar
ejustbl
endedqui
ckl
yandsmoot
hlyt
oget
her
.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ecommon
exampl
esofbl
ends.

bl
:bl
ueandbl
ow

cl
:cl
apandcl
ose

f
l:f
lyandf
li
p

gl
:gl
ueandgl
ove

pl
:pl
ayandpl
ease

br
:br
ownandbr
eak

cr
:cr
yandcr
ust

dr
:dr
yanddr
ag

f
r:f
ryandf
reeze

gr
:gr
eatandgr
ound

pr
:pr
izeandpr
ank

t
r:t
reeandt
ry

sk:
skat
eandsky

sl
:sl
i
pandsl
ap

sp:
spotandspeed
st
:st
reetandst
op

sw:
sweetandsweat
er

spr
:spr
ayandspr
ing

st
r:st
ri
peandst
rap

*
The7Di
graphSounds*

Adi
graphi
sfor
medwhent
woconsonant
scomet
oget
hert
ocr
eat
eanent
ir
elynewsound
t
hati
sdi
sti
nct
lydi
ff
erentf
rom t
hesoundsoft
hel
ett
ersi
ndependent
ly.Thesecanbef
ound
any
wher
einawor
dbutmostof
tent
hebegi
nni
ngorend.Someexampl
esofcommon
di
graphsar
eli
stedbel
ow.

ch:
chi
nandouch

sh:
shi
pandpush

t
h:t
hing

t
h:t
his

wh:
when

ng:
ring

nk:
rink

Remember
,t
her
ear
etwosoundst
hatt
hcanmakeandbesur
etopr
ovi
depl
ent
yof
exampl
es.

*
Dipht
hongsandOt
herSpeci
alSounds*

Adi
pht
hongi
sessent
ial
l
yadi
graphwi
thv
owel
s—i
tisf
ormedwhent
wov
owel
scome
t
oget
hert
ocr
eat
eanewsoundi
nasi
ngl
esy
ll
abl
east
hesoundoft
hef
ir
stv
owel
gli
desi
nto
t
hesecond.Thesear
eusual
l
yfoundi
nthemi
ddl
eofawor
d.Seet
hel
i
stbel
owf
or
exampl
es.

oi
:oi
landt
oy

ow:
owl
andouch

ey
:rai
n

Ot
herspeci
alsoundsi
ncl
ude:

shor
too:
tookandpul
l

aw:
rawandhaul

zh:
visi
on