1

Md. Masud Parvez

Assistant Professor
M.Phil from BUET
M.S from SUST
B.Sc from SUST
 CREDIT: 3 CREDIT HOURS
MARKS DISTRIBUTION
ATTENDANCE AND PERFORMANCE: 15 (15%)
ASSESSMENTS (QUIZZES) : 60 (60 %)
MIDTERM ASSESSMENTS: 45 (45%)
TOTAL = 120 POINTS/MARKS
Reference Book: Fundamentals of Physics (10th Edition)
Written by Halliday, Resnick and Walker

Book chapter Chapter name

no
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
5 Force and Motion-I
6 Force and Motion-II
7 and 8 Kinetic Energy and Work
And Conservation of Energy
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum
10 Rotation
11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum
 x2 x1
One dimension

Y
(x1, y1 , z1) (x2, y2 , z2)
Y 1 (x, y) 1 2
r1 r2
r
X
X
Two dimension Z Three dimension
To describe the motion of a particle
in space, we must first be able to
describe the particle’s position.
Consider a particle that is at a point
P at a certain instant. The position
vector 𝒓 of the particle at this
instant is a vector that goes from
the origin of the coordinate system
to the point P (as shown in the
figure). The Cartesian coordinates
x, y, and z of point P are the x-, y-,
and z-components of vector
𝒓 .Using the unit vectors we can
write

𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠
During a time interval ∆𝑡 the particle
moves from 𝑃1 , where its position
vector is 𝑟Ԧ1 to 𝑃2 , where its position
vector is 𝑟Ԧ2 .The change in position (the
displacement) during this interval is

∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1

∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧2 𝑘෠ − 𝑥1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧1 𝑘෠

∆𝑟Ԧ = (𝑥2 −𝑥1 )𝑖Ƹ + (𝑦2 −𝑦1 )𝑗Ƹ + (𝑧2 −𝑧1 )𝑘෠

∆𝑟Ԧ = ∆𝑥𝑖Ƹ + ∆𝑦𝑗Ƹ + ∆𝑧𝑘෠

Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity:
If a particle moves through a displacement ∆𝑟Ԧ in a time interval ∆t, then its average
velocity 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 is

𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏 ∆𝒓
𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 = =
𝒕 𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 ∆𝒕
Instantaneous velocity (simply, velocity 𝒗) is the limit of
the average velocity as the time interval approaches zero,
and it equals the instantaneous rate of change of position
with time. That is ∆𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝒗 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
The magnitude of the vector 𝒗 at any instant is the speed of the particle at that
instant. The direction of 𝒗 at any instant is the same as the direction in which
the particle is moving at that instant.
Note: At every point along the path, the instantaneous velocity vector is
tangent to the path at that point.

❑ Create a particle’s position vector as a function of time and evaluate its

(instantaneous) velocity vector.

𝑟(𝑡)
Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠
We have the definition of velocity vector, 𝒅𝒓
𝒗=
𝒅𝒕
𝒅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝒗= ෠
(𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘) = 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒋Ƹ + 𝒌 ෡ = 𝑣𝑥 𝒊Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑣𝑧 𝒌
෡
𝒅𝒕 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The magnitude of the instantaneous
velocity vector 𝒗 —that is, the speed—is
given in terms of the component
𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑣𝑧 by the Pythagorean relation:

𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑧2

The adjacent Figure shows the situation

when the particle moves in the xy-plane.
In this case, z and 𝑣𝑧 are zero. Then the
speed (the magnitude of 𝑣)Ԧ is

𝑣= 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2

The direction of the instantaneous velocity is given by the angle 𝜶 (the

Greek letter alpha) in the figure.
𝑣𝑦 And 𝑣𝑦
tan 𝛼 = 𝛼= tan −1
𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥
Home Work
 If a body’s (or particle’s) velocity changes from 𝑣Ԧ1 to 𝑣Ԧ2 in time interval ∆𝑡 , its
average acceleration during ∆𝑡 is
𝑣Ԧ2 − 𝑣Ԧ1 ∆𝑣Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ∆𝑡
If ∆𝑡 approaches to zero about some instant, then in the limit 𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 approaches
the instantaneous acceleration (or acceleration) at that instant; that is,
∆𝑣Ԧ 𝑑 𝑣Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
❑ Create a particle’s velocity vector as a function of time and evaluate its
(Instantaneous) acceleration vector.
෡
𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑣𝑥 𝒊Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑣𝑧 𝒌
𝑑 𝑣Ԧ 𝑑 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝑎Ԧ = = ෡
𝑣𝑥 𝒊Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑣𝑧 𝒌 = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘෠
A positron undergoes a displacement ∆𝑟Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ + 6𝑘෠ , ending with the
෠ in meters. What was the positron's initial position
position vector 𝑟Ԧ = 3𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘,
vector?
Answer:
We have ∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ − 𝑟Ԧ1

𝑟Ԧ1 = 𝑟Ԧ − ∆𝑟Ԧ = 3𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘෠ − 2𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ + 6𝑘෠ = 3𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘෠ − 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ − 6𝑘෠

𝑟Ԧ1 = −2𝑖Ƹ + 6𝑗Ƹ − 10𝑘෠

A particle moves so that its position (in meters) as a function of time (in
෠ Write expressions for (a) its velocity and (b) its
seconds) is 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑡 2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑡𝑘.
acceleration as functions of time.

Answer:
We have 𝑑𝑟Ԧ
𝑣Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑡 2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑡𝑘෠ = 0 + 8𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ = 8𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
𝑑𝑡

Again, we have
𝑑𝑣Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
𝑎Ԧ = 8𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ = 8 𝑗Ƹ + 0 = 8 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑗Ƹ
𝑑𝑡
 Example: Polar Orbiting Satellite

A satellite is in a circular polar orbit around Earth at an altitude of 400 km—

meaning, it passes directly overhead at the North and South Poles. What is
the magnitude and direction of the displacement vector from when it is
directly over the North Pole to when it is at −45° latitude?

Figure shows the surface of Earth and a circle that represents the orbit of
the satellite. Although satellites are moving in three-dimensional space,
they follow trajectories of ellipses, which can be graphed in two
dimensions. The position vectors are drawn from the center of Earth, which
we take to be the origin of the coordinate system, with the y-axis as north
and the x-axis as east. The vector between them is the displacement of the
satellite. We take the radius of Earth as 6370 km, so the length of each
position vector is 6770 km.
Figure : Two position vectors are drawn from the center of Earth, which is the
origin of the coordinate system, with the y-axis as north and the x-axis as
east. The vector between them is the displacement of the satellite.
Significance
Plotting the displacement gives information and meaning to the unit vector
solution to the problem. When plotting the displacement, we need to include
its components as well as its magnitude and the angle it makes with a
chosen axis—in this case, the x-axis.

Figure : Displacement vector with components, angle, and magnitude.

Note that the satellite took a curved path along its circular orbit to get from
its initial position to its final position in this example. It also could have
traveled 4787 km east, then 11,557 km south to arrive at the same location.
Both of these paths are longer than the length of the displacement vector.
In fact, the displacement vector gives the shortest path between two points
in one, two, or three dimensions.

Many applications in physics can have a series of displacements. The total

displacement is the sum of the individual displacements, only this time, we
need to be careful, because we are adding vectors. We illustrate this
concept with an example of Brownian motion.
Figure shows a skier moving with an acceleration of 2.1 m/s2 down a slope
of 15° at t = 0. With the origin of the coordinate system at the front of the
lodge, her initial position and velocity are

What are the x- and y-components of the skier’s position and velocity as
functions of time?
What are her position and velocity at t = 10.0 s?
Figure : A skier has an acceleration of 2.1 m/s2 down a slope of 15°. The origin of the
coordinate system is at the ski lodge.
The origin of the coordinate system is at the top of the hill with y-axis
vertically upward and the x-axis horizontal. By looking at the trajectory of
the skier, the x-component of the acceleration is positive and the y-
component is negative. Since the angle is 15° down the slope, we find