Question-1

Define nutrition? What are the different modes of nutrition?

Solution:
Nutrition is the process of intake, as well as utilization of nutrients by an organism. The
different modes of nutrition are saprophytic nutrition, parasitic nutrition and holozoic
nutrition.
Question-2
What is the mode of nutrition in fungi?
Solution:
Saprophytic nutrition is the mode of nutrition that is seen in fungi.

Question-3
Name the pigment, which can absorb solar energy.
Solution:
Chlorophyll is the pigment, which can absorb solar energy.
Question-4
Name the two stages in photosynthesis.
Solution:
The two stages in photosynthesis are
(i) Light reaction and
(ii) Dark reaction.
Question-5
Name the factors, which affect photosynthesis.
Solution:
The factors which affect photosynthesis, are light, water, temperature, humidity, age of
the leaf and carbon dioxide.
Question-6
Define a herbivore and a carnivore.
Solution:
The animals that feed only on plants are called herbivores.
The animals that feed only on flesh are called carnivores.
Question-7
How does amoeba engulf its food?
Solution:
Amoeba engulfs its food by extending pseudopodia. This process is known as
Phagocytes.
Question-8
Name the parts of the digestive system of a grasshopper.
Solution:
The parts of digestive system of a grasshopper are pharynx, salivary glands, hepatic
caeca, malpighian tubules, ileum, colon, rectum and anus.
Question-9
What are the functions of the liver and the pancreas?
Solution:
The liver secretes bile, which contains bile pigments and bile salts. The bile secreted by
the liver cells is normally stored in the gall bladder, until needed in the duodenum.
Pancreas lie parallel to and beneath the stomach. It is a large gland, which secretes
digestive enzymes as well as the hormones, insulin and glucagons. Both bile and
pancreatic juice enter duodenum through a common duct. Bile emulsifies fat present in
the food. Pancreatic juice contains trypsin, for digesting proteins and pancreatic
amylase for the breakdown of starch.
Question-10
Define breathing.
Solution:

Breathing is a process by which organisms inhale oxygen. The inhaled oxygen gets
diffused into the blood and the carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses back into the
alveoli from where it is exhaled.

Question-11
How is respiration different from breathing?
Solution:
Respiration is a complex process, which includes breathing, the mechanism of
exchange of gases,oxygen and carbon dioxide and oxidation of digested food occurring
in the cells in order to release energy. The main outcome of respiration is the release of
energy through oxidation of simple food molecules such as glucose.
Question-12
In which kind of respiration is more energy released?
Solution:
In aerobic respiration more energy is released.
Question-13
Which part of the roots is involved in exchange of respiratory gases?
Solution:
Root hair is the part of the root which is involved in exchange of respiratory gases.
Question-14
What are (i) stomata and (ii) lenticels?
Solution:
(i) Stomata are tiny apertures found on the surface of the leaf, which regulate the
exchange of respiratory gases and transpiration.
(ii) Lenticels are the raised pores in the woody plants that allow the exchange of gases
between the atmosphere and the internal tissues.
Question-15
Give two points of differences between respiration in plants and respiration in
animals.
Solution:
The respiration in plants differ from respiration in animals in two respects, they are
(i) There is minimal transport of gases from one part of the plant to another, unlike the
animals.
(ii) Plant respiration occurs at a much slower rate than animal respiration.
Question-16
Name the respiratory organs of
(i) fish
(ii) mosquito
(iii) earthworm
(iv) dog
Solution:
The respiratory organs of
(i) fish – gills
(ii) mosquito – tracheoles
(iii) earthworm – skin
(iv) dog – lungs.
Question-17
Solution:
The oxygen rich air enters through openings called spiracles situated on the sides of the
body of an insect. Spiracles open into tracheal system. Trachea branch into tracheoles,
which reach the cells. Thus, every cell gets oxygen directly. Carbon dioxide released by
cells moves out through the spiracles.
Question-18
From where do the following take in oxygen?
(i) prawn (ii) rat.
Solution:
(i) Prawns take in oxygen that is dissolved in water.
(ii) Rat takes in oxygen from the atmosphere.
Question-19
State the function of epiglottis.
Solution:
Epiglottis prevents the food from entering into the trachea.
Question-20
Solution:
The walls of trachea do not collapse when there is less air in it, because, they are
supported by rings of cartilage.
Question-21
Solution:
Nutrition is the sum of all those activities which are concerned with ingestion, digestion,
absorption of digested food, egestion, oxidation of simple food to produce energy for
growth, development and maintenance of living organism.
Question-22
Solution:
Energy is required by an organism even during sleep because various biological
processes keep on occurring in its body.
Question-23
Define photolysis.
Solution:
The phenomenon of breaking down of water in the illuminated chloroplast is known as
photolysis.
Question-24
What are the living organisms that cannot make their own food called?
Solution:
The living organisms that cannot make their own food called heterotrophs.
Question-25
What are chemotrophs?
Solution:
Chemotrophs are organisms, which do not require light. They manufacture their food
from inorganic substances in the presence of energy derived from the oxidation of
simple inorganic compounds of iron, sulphur, etc.
e.g. bacterium Nitrosomonas.
What is compensation point?
Solution:

The compensation point is the amount of light on the light curve where the rate of
photosynthesis exactly matches the rate of respiration.
At this point, the uptake of CO2 through photosynthetic pathways is exactly matched to
the respiratory release of carbon dioxide, and the uptake of O2 by respiration is exactly
matched to the photosynthetic release of oxygen. This point is reached during early
mornings and late evenings.

Other than chlorophyll, which other pigment is necessary for photosynthesis?

Solution:
Carotenoids are the pigments, which are necessary for photosynthesis other than
chlorophyll. Carotenoids are yellow, orange, red or brown pigments, which absorb
sunlight and pass this energy on to chlorophyll for the purpose of photosynthesis. Thus,
the carotenoids themselves do not carry out photosynthesis but help in photosynthesis.
Question-28
Where does digestion begin?
Solution:
Digestion begins from the mouth.
Question-29
What is the name given to the process of using the absorbed food for producing
energy?
Solution:
The name given to the process of using the absorbed food for producing energy is
assimilation.
Question-30
What happens to visible light of the Sun when it falls on chlorophyll?
Solution:
Visible light of the Sun consists of seven colours, namely, violet, indigo, blue, green,
yellow, orange and red. Out of these lights of different wave lengths, chlorophyll
absorbs mainly blue, violet, red and orange lights but does not absorb the green light. It
is due to the reflection of green light by the chlorophyll that the plant looks green in
colour.