Sum`s Igcivicu

D@O@L@H

VS@GC@UIV@VI JOVSU@O

NLJH;

G@D@ ; KZD@UGI

GID ; N0@0 07 152

OJL@V ;@

CNVJG ; Y@DIG V.Qc.,D.Vf.

KZUZV@G B@UD@VI

B@OZLS@V B@UD@VI

ZGIRJUVIS@V H@LZ NLJN

OJGC@UI

5151
 O@S@ QJGM@GS@U

@lh`dculill`h puji syuour ojh`cir`t @ll`h V]S cjgm`g sjm`l` giod`t

c`g hic`y`h-Gy` sjhigmm` d`o`l`h igi c`p`t cisjljs`io`g cjgm`g tjp`t w`otu.
Vh`l`w`t sjrt` s`l`d sjdnm` sjg`gti`s` tjrfur`ho`g ojp`c` G`ei Duh`dd`c
V@]. D`o`l`h igi cieu`t cjgm`g d`osucugtuo djdjguhi tum`s Vt`gc`ris`si
E`h`g Ne`t @l`d.
Vjhueugm`g cjgm`g pjgyjljs`i`g d`o`l`h igi, cjgm`g r`s` rjgc`h
pjgulis cis`dp`io`g r`s` tjrid`o`sih y`gm sjtulus-tulusgy` sjdnm` `d`l e`io
c`ri sjdu` pih`o djgc`p`t p`h`l` y`gm ejrlip`t m`gc` c`ri @ll`h V]S.@dig.
Qjgulis djgy`c`ri e`hw` d`o`l`h igi j`uh c`ri o`t` sjdpurg` nljh
o`rjg` itu, oritio c`g s`r`g y`gm sib`tgy` djde`gmug c`ri sjdu` pih`o s`gm`t
cih`r`po`g mug` pjgyjdpurg``g d`o`l`h igi `m`r c`p`t djdejrio`g d`gb``t.

Ojgc`ri, 53 D`rjt 5151

Qjgulis

ii
 C@BS@U IVI
H@L@D@G KZCZL........................................................................................................... i
O@S@ QJGM@GS@U...................................................................................................... ii

C@BS@U IVI..................................................................................................................... iii

E@E I QJGC@HZLZ@G.................................................................................................0
@. L`t`r Ejl`o`gm......................................................................................................... 0
E. Uudus`g D`s`l`h...................................................................................................5
F. Suju`g....................................................................................................................... 5
E@E II SIGK@Z@G QZVS@O@....................................................................................3
@. Qjgmjrti`g c`g Suju`gVt`gc`ris`si.....................................................................3
E. Qjgmjrti``g Jostr`o................................................................................................3
F. Q`r`djtjr-Q`r`djtjr Vt`gc`rJostr`o.................................................................3

E@E III QJGZSZQ............................................................................................................ 7

@. Ojsidpul`g............................................................................................................... 7
E. V`r`g......................................................................................................................... 7
C@BS@U QZVS@O@....................................................................................................... 8

iii
 E@E I
QJGC@HZLZ@G
@. L`t`r Ejl`o`gm

Igcngjsi` ciojg`l sje`m`i gjm`r` y`gm djdilioi ojo`y``g h`y`ti

tjrejs`rojcu` sjtjl`h Er`zil, c`g djdpugy`i e`gy`o tudeuh`g ejroh`si`t ne`t.
Oj`gjo`r`m`d`g igi djrup`o`g dnc`l pntjgsi`l ugtuo pjgmjde`gm`g ne`t e`ru.
Ejre`m`i pjgjliti`g c`g pjgmjde`gm`g y`gm djd`gb``to`g ojd`ju`g tjognlnmi
jum` cil`ouo`g sje`m`i up`y` pjgigmo`t`g dutu c`g oj`d`g`g prncuo y`gm
cih`r`po`g c`p`t ljeih djgigmo`to`g ojpjrf`y``g tjrh`c`p d`gb``t ne`t e`h`g
`l`d tjrsjeut.
Ne`t tr`cising`l cieu`t c`l`d ejgtuo jostr`o o`rjg` `c` ejejr`p`
t`g`d`g ne`t tic`o l`mi pr`otis jio` cimug`o`g c`l`d ejgtuo e`h`g utuh

(sidplisi`). Jostr`o tjrsjeut eis` c`l`d ejgtuo jostr`o ojrigm, jostr`o ojgt`l c`g
jostr`o f`ir y`gm prnsjs pjdeu`t`ggy` cisjsu`io`g cjgm`g e`h`g `otib y`gm
cio`gcugm sjrt` d`osuc pjgmmug``ggy`, `p`o`h cieu`t djgj`ci sjci``g c`l`d
ejgtuo o`psul, t`eljt, f`ir`g ne`t c`l`d, pil, c`g l`ig-l`ig. Jostr`o tjrsjeut
h`rus pul` tjrst`gc`ris`si ugtuo djgj`dig dutu c`g oj`d`g`ggy`.
V`igtibio`si j`du y`gm `o`g cil`ouo`g p`c` j`du ci Igcngjsi`
djgmh`ruso`g e`h`g ugtuo pjdeu`t`g j`du y`gm ejrup` jostr`o d`upug
sidplisi` h`rus cil`ouo`g uji pr`oligisgy` c`g st`gc`rcis`sigy` ugtuodjdpjrnljh
e`h`g ne`t `l`d y`gm ejrdutu. E`h`g e`ou ne`t y`gm ejr`s`l c`ri l`h`g

pjrt`gi`gd`upug c`ri t`g`d`g li`r o`gcugm`g e`h`g oid`gy` tic`o c`p`t cij`dig
sjl`lu ongst`g o`rjg` `c`gy` ejre`m`i v`ri`ejl y`gm c`p`t djdpjgm`ruhi
judl`h
c`g o`gcugm`g e`h`g oidi` c`ri t`g`d`g tjrsjeut. Vjl`ig ituo`gcugm`g sjgy`w`
oidi` y`gm ejrt`gmmugm j`w`e tjrh`c`p rjspng einlnmis h`rus djdpugy`i
spjsibio`si oidi`. Nljh o`rjg` itu cil`ouo`g st`gc`ris`si jostr`o ugtuo djgj`dig
dutu c`g ou`lit`s.

0
E. Uudus`g D`s`l`h
Uudusus`g d`s`l`h p`c` d`o`l`h igi y`itu;
`. @p` y`gm cid`osuc cjgm`g st`gc`ris`si c`g tuju`ggy`>

e. @p` y`gm cid`osuc cjgm`g jostr`o>

f. @p` s`j` p`r`djtjr st`gc`ris`si jostr`o>
F. Suju``g
Suju``g c`ri d`o`l`h igi y`itu;
`. Zgtuo djgmjt`hui pjgmjrti``g c`ri st`gc`ris`si c`g tuju`ggy`.
e. Zgtuo djgmjt`hui pjgmjrti``g jostr`o.
f. Zgtuo djgmjt`hui p`r`djtjr st`gc`ris`si jostr`o.

5
 E@E II
SIGK@Z@@G QZVS@O@

@. Qjgmjrti`g c`g Suju``gVt`gc`ris`si

Vt`gc`rcis`si `c`l`h sjr`gmo`i`g p`r`djtjr, prnsjcur c`g f`r`
pjgmuour`g y`gm h`silgy` djrup`o`g ugsur-ugsur tjro`it p`r`cimd` dutu
ojb`rd`si`g, dutu c`l`d `rti djdjguhi sy`r`t st`gc`r (oidi`, einlnmi, c`g
b`rd`si), tjrd`suo j`dig`g (e`t`s-e`t`s) st`eilit`s sje`m`i prncuo ojb`rd`si`g
ududgy`. Qjrsy`r`t`g dutu jostr`o tjrciri c`ri ejre`m`i p`r`djtjr st`gc`rc
udud c`g p`r`djtjr st`gc`r spjsibio (H`rtigi,5102).
Suju`g c`ri st`gc`rcis`si i`l`h ugtuo djgj`dig e`hw` prncuo `ohir ne`t
(ne`t, jostr`o `t`u prncuo jostr`o) djdpugy`i gil`i p`r`djtjr tjrtjgtu y`gm

ongst`g c`g citjt`po`g (cir`gf`gm c`l`d bnrdul`)tjrljeih c`hulu. Vidplisi`

sje`m`i prncuo h`sil pjrt`gi`g `t`u pjgmudpul`g tudeuh`g li`r
(wilcfrnp).
Vt`gc`ris`si cil`ouo`g `m`r c`p`t cipjrnljh e`h`g e`ou y`gm sjr`m`d y`gm
`ohirgy` c`p`t djgj`dig jbjo b`rd`onlnmi t`g`d`g tjrsjeut (@g`d coo., 5103).

E. Qjgmjrti``g Jostr`o
Jostr`o `c`l`h sjci``g pjo`t y`gm cipjrnljh cjgm`g djgmjostr`osi z`t
`otib c`ri sidplisi` g`e`ti `t`u sidplisi` hjw`gi djgmmug`o`g pjl`rut y`gm
sjsu`i, ojduci`g sjdu` `t`u h`dpir sjdu` pjl`rut ciu`po`g c`g d`ss` `t`u

sjreuo y`gm tjrsis` cipjrl`ouo`g sjcjdioi`g higmm` djdjguhi e`ou y`gm tjl`h
citjt`po`g (Cjpojs UI, 0995). @c` ejejr`p` jjgis jostr`o y`ogi; jostr`o f`ir,
jostr`o ojgt`l c`g jostr`o ojrigm. Jostr`o f`ir jio` h`sil jostr`osi d`sih eis`
citu`gm, ei`s`gy` o`c`r `ir ljeih c`ri 31%. Jostr`o ojgt`l jio` djdilioi o`c`r `ir
`gt`r` 5-31%. Jostr`o ojrigm jio` djgm`gcugm o`c`r `ir our`gm c`ri 5%
(H`rtigi,5102).
B`otnr y`gm djdpjgm`ruhi jostr`o y`itu b`otnr einlnmi c`g b`otnr oidi`.
B`otnr einlnmi djliputi; spjsijs tudeuh`g, lno`si tudeuh, w`otu pjd`gjg`g,
pjgyidp`g`g e`h`g tudeuh`g, udur tudeuh`g c`g e`mi`g y`gm cimug`o`g.

Vjc`gmo`g b`otnr oidi` y`itu ; b`otnr igtjrg`l (jjgis sjgy`w` `otib c`l`d e`h`g,

3
ondpnsisi ou`lit`tib sjgy`w` `otib, ondpnsisi ou`gt`tib sjgy`w` `otib, o`c`r tnt`l
r`t`-r`t` sjgy`w` `otib) c`g b`otnr jostjrg`l (djtncj jostr`osi, pjre`gcigm`g
uour`g `l`t jostr`osi, uour`g ojojr`s`g c`g ojojrigm`g e`h`g, pjl`rut
y`gm

cimug`o`g c`l`d jostr`osi, o`gcugm`g lnm`d ejr`t, o`gcugm`g pjstisic`)

(Cjpojs UI, 5111).
Vjl`ig b`otnr y`gm djdpjgm`ruhi jostr`o, `c` b`otnr pjgjgtu dutu
jostr`o y`gm tjrciri c`ri ejejr`p` `spjo, y`itu ; ojs`hih`g t`g`d`g, mjgjtio,
ligmougm`g tjdp`t tudeuh, pjg`de`h`g e`h`g pjgcuougm pjrtudeuh`g, w`otu
p`gjg, pjg`gm`g p`sf` p`gjg, tjognlnmi jostr`osi, tjognlnmi pjgmjgt`l`g c`g
pjgmjrigm`g jostr`o, c`g pjgyidp`g`g jostr`o (H`rtigi, 5102).

F. Q`r`djtjr-Q`r`djtjr Vt`gc`r Jostr`o

Q`r`djtjr-p`r`djtjr st`gc`r jostr`o tjrciri c`ri p`r`djtjr spjsibio c`g

p`r`djtjr gng spjsibio.
0. Q`r`djtjr spjsibio Jostr`o (Cjpojs UI, 5111)
Qjgjgtu`g p`r`djtjr spjsibio `c`l`h `spjo o`gcugm`g oidi` ou`lit`tib c`g
`spjo ou`gtit`tib o`c`r sjgy`w` oidi` y`gm ejrt`gmmugm j`w`e
l`gmsugm tjrh`c`p `otivit`s b`rd`onlnmis tjrtjgtu. Q`r`djtjr spjsibio
jostr`o djliputi ;
`. Icjgtit`s (p`r`djtjr icjgtit`s jostr`o) djliputi ; cjsoripsi t`t` g`d`, g`d`
jostr`o (mjgjrio, c`m`gm, p`tjg), g`d` l`ig tudeuh`g (sistjd`tio` ent`gi),

e`mi`g tudeuh`g y`gm cimug`o`g (ridp`gm, c`ug cse) c`gg`d` Igcngjsi`

tudeuh`g.
e. Nrm`gnljptis ; p`r`djtjr nrm`gnljptio jostr`o djliputi pjgmmug``g
p`gf`igcjr` djgcjsoripsio`g ejgtuo, w`rg`, e`u, r`s` mug`pjgmjg`l`g
`w`l y`gm sjcjrh`g` sj-nejjotib dugmoig.
f. Vjgy`w` tjrl`rut c`l`d pjl`rut tjrtjgtu ; djl`ruto`g jostr`o cjgm`g
pjl`rut (`lonhnl/`ir) ugtuo citjgtuo`g judl`h l`rut`g y`gm icjgtio cjgm`g
judl`h sjgy`w` o`gcugm`g sjf`r` mr`vidjtrio. C`l`d h`l tjrtjgtu c`p`t
ciuour sjgy`w` tjrl`rut djdejrio`g m`de`r`g `w`l judl`h sjgy`w`

o`gcugm`g.
3
c. Zji o`gcugm`g oidi` jostr`o ;
0) Qnl` Ornd`tnmr`d
Qnl` ornd`tnmr`d cil`ouo`g sje`m`i `g`lisis ornd`tnmr`bi sjhigmm`

djdejrio`g pnl` ornd`tnmr`d y`gm oh`s. Ejrtuju`g ugtuo djdejrio`g

m`de`r`g `w`l ondpnsisi o`gcugm`g oidi` ejrc`s`ro`g pnl`
ornd`tnmr`d (OLS, OFOS). (Cjpojs, 5111).
5. Q`r`djtjr Gng Vpjsibio Josr`o (Cjpojs UI, 5111)
Qjgjgtu`g p`r`djtjr gng spjsibio jostr`o y`itu pjgjgtu`g `spjo oidi`,
diorneinlnmi c`g bisis y`gm `o`g djdpjgm`ruhi oj`d`g`gongsudjg c`g
st`eilit`s (V`ibucig jt`l, 5100). Q`r`djtjr gng spjsibio jostr`o djgurut
euou “Q`r`djtjr Vt`gc`r Zdud Jostr`o Sudeuh`g Ne`t” (Cjpojs UI,
5111), djliputi ;

`. O`c`r @ir
Q`r`djtjr o`c`r `ir `c`l`h pjgmuour`g o`gcugm`g `ir y`gm ejr`c`
cic`l`d e`h`g, y`gm ejrtuju`g ugtuo djdejrio`g e`t`s`g digid`l
`t`urjgt`gm tjgt`gm ejs`rgy` o`gcugm`g `ir c`l`d e`h`g (Cjpojs
UI,5111).
e. O`c`r `eu
Q`r`djtjr o`c`r `eu `c`l`h e`h`g cip`g`so`g p`c` tjdpjr`tur
cid`g`sjgy`w` nrm`gio c`g turuggy` tjrcjstruosi c`g djgmu`p. Vjhigmm`
tigmm`l ugsur digjr`l c`g nrm`gio, y`gm djdejrio`g
m`de`r`g

o`gcugm`g digjr`l igtjrg`l c`g jostr`o y`gm ejr`s`l c`ri prnsjs `w`l
s`dp`i tjrejgtuogy` jostr`o. Q`r`djtjr o`c`r `eu igi tjro`it cjgm`g
ojdurgi`g c`g ongt`dig`si su`tu jostr`o (Cjpojs UI, 5111).
f. O`c`r `eu tic`o l`rut `s`d
@eu y`gm cipjrnljh c`ri pjgjt`p`g o`c`r `eu p`c` pjgjt`p`g o`c`r `eu
y`gm tic`o l`rut c`l`d `s`d ojtio` cil`ruto`g cjgm`g pjl`rut `s`d.
c. Fjd`r`g Lnm`d Ejr`t
Q`r`djtjr fjd`r`g lnm`d ejr`t `c`l`h pjgjgtu`g o`gcugm`g lnm`d ejr`t
c`l`d su`tu jostr`o, sjhigmm` c`p`t djdejrio`g j`dig`g e`hw` jostr`o

5
 tic`o djgm`gcugm lnm`d ejr`t tjrtjgtu (Hm, Qe, Fc, cll)djljeihi e`t`s
y`gm tjl`h citjt`po`g o`rjg` ejre`h`y` e`mi ojsjh`t`g(Cjpojs UI,
5111).
j. Q`r`djtjr Fjd`r`g @bl`tnosig

Q`r`djtjr fjd`r`g `bl`tnosig djrup`o`g p`r`djtjr y`gm

djgjtuo`g`c`gy` `bl`tnosig cjgm`g djtncj Ornd`tnmr`bi L`pis Sipis
(OLS). Suju`g c`ri p`r`djtjr igi `c`l`h djdejrio`g j`dig`g e`hw`
jostr`o tic`o djgm`gcugm fjd`r`g j`dur djljeihi e`t`s y`gm citjt`po`g
o`rjg` ejrpjgm`ruh p`c` st`eilit`sjostr`o c`g `blntnosig y`gm ejre`h`y`
e`mi ojsjh`t`g.
b. Q`r`djtjr Fjd`r`g Diorne`
Q`r`djtjr fjd`r`g diorne` cimug`o`g ugtuo djgjgtuo`g (icjgtibio`si)
`c`gy` diorne` y`gm p`tnmjg sjf`r` `g`lisis. Suju`g c`ri p`r`djtjr igi

`c`l`h ugtuo djdejrio`g j`dig`g e`hw` jostr`o djgm`gcugm diorne`

p`tnmjg c`g tic`o djgm`gcugm diorne` gngp`tnmjg djljeihi e`t`s y`gm
citjt`po`g o`rjg` ejrpjgm`ruh p`c` st`eilit`s jostr`o c`g ejre`h`y`
(tnosio) e`mi ojsjh`t`g.
Qjrsy`r`t`g p`r`djtjr gng spjsibio jostr`o sjf`r` udud
citugjuoo`g p`c` S`ejl ejriout;

2
 E@E III
QJGZGZSZQ
@. Ojsidpul`g

Ojsidpul`g d`o`l`h igi `c`l`h sje`m`i ejriout;

`. Vt`gc`rcis`si c`p`t cicjbigisio`g sje`m`i prnsjs pjgj`dig`g prncuo `ohir
(sidplisi`, jostr`o `t`u prncuo hjre`l) `m`r djdpugy`i gil`i p`r`djtjr
tjrtjgtu y`gm ongst`g c`g citjt`po`g tjrljeih c`hulu. Suju``g cil`ouo`g
st`gc`ris`si `m`r c`p`t cipjrnljh e`h`g e`ou y`gm sjr`m`d y`gm `ohirgy`
c`p`t djgj`dig jbjo b`rd`onlnmi t`g`d`g tjrsjeut.
e. Jostr`o c`p`t cicjbigiso`g sje`m`i sjci``g pjo`t y`gm cipjrnljh cjgm`g
djgmjostr`osi z`t `otib c`ri sidplisi` g`e`ti `t`u sidplisi` hjw`gi
djgmmug`o`g pjl`rut y`gm sjsu`i, ojduci`g sjdu` `t`u h`dpir sjdu`

pjl`rut ciu`po`g c`g d`ss` `t`u sjreuo y`gm tjrsis` cipjrl`ouo`g

sjcjdioi`g higmm` djdjguhi e`ou y`gm tjl`h citjt`po`g.
f. Q`r`djtjr st`gc`rsis`si jost`ro tjre`mi djgj`ci cu`, y`itu p`r`djtjr spjsbio
c`g gng spjsibio. Q`r`djtjr spjsibio sjpjrti uji nrm`gnljptif, uji o`gcugm`g
oidi` jostr`o, o`c`r sjgy`w` l`rut jt`gnl c`g l`ig-l`ig. Q`r`djtjr gng spjsibio
djliputi uji o`c`r `eu, uji o`c`r `ir c`g l`ig-l`ig.
E. V@U@G
Cieutuho`g s`r`g c`g oritio y`gm sib`tgy` djde`gmug c`ri pjde`f`
sjhigmm` c`p`t djde`gtu c`l`d ojsjdpurg``g d`o`l`h igi.

7
 C@BS@U QZVS@O@

@g`d V., Duh`dd`c Yusr`g., @lbrjc S., Gurlig` I., @hd`c O., U`d`c`gil,
Duh`dd`c Vul`id`g [., 5103, Vt`gc`ris`si Jostr`o Jtil @sjt`t O`yu
V`grjmn (Lug`si` `d`r` El`gfn), Ngligj Kurg`l nb G`tur`l Vfijgfj,
Rnl.5(3).

Cjp`rtjdjg Ojsjh`t`g Ujpuelio Igcngjsi`,5111. “Q`r`djtjr Vt`gc`r Zdud

Jostr`oSudeuh`g Ne`t,” Jcisi I, Cirjotnr`t Kjgcjr`l Qjgm`w`s`g Ne`t
c`g D`o`g`g, Cirjotnr`t Qjgm`w`s`g Ne`t Sr`cising`l, K`o`rt`.

Cjp`rtjdjg Ojsjh`t`g UI, 0995, D`tjri` Djcio` Igcngjsi` Kilic IR, Cirjotnr`t
Kjgcr`l Qjgm`w`s`g Ne`t c`g D`o`g`g ; K`o`rt`

H`rtigi C., 5102, O`r`otjris`si Vidplisi` c`g Jostr`o, VOUIQVI, B`oult`s B`rd`si
ZDQ.