ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS

Allowable Tensile Stress

A. For gross areas of members at sections where are no holes.
Allowable tensile stress ¿ 0.60 F y
B. For sections where there are holes for bolts or rivets.
Allowable tensile stress¿ 0.60 F u
Where: F y =¿minimum yield stress in MPa
F u=¿specified minimum tensile strength in MPa

Allowable capacity of a tensile member with bolt or rivet holes permitted by the NSCP
specifications is equal to the smaller of the following two values
1) T¿ 0.60 F y A g
2) T¿ 0.50 F u A e

Where:
A g=¿ gross area of a member at any point which is determined by summing the product
of the thickness and the gross width of each element as measured normal to the axis of
the member
Ae =¿ actual affective net area
Ae =U A n
u=¿reduction coefficient
An =¿net area

For pin-connected members:

A. Tension
F t ¿ 0.45 F y on the net area of pin hole
B. Bearing stress on the projected area of the pin.
On contact area of milled surface and ends of fitted bearing stiffness, on projected
area of pins in reamed, drilled of bored holes.
F p ¿ 0.90 F y

For expansion rollers and rockers

F p= ( F 137.8
y−89.6
) 0.66 d
Where: d = diameter of roller or rocket in mm and F p is in Newton per linear
millimetre.
Net Areas
Net areas refer to the gross-section area of a member minus any holes and notches.
The gross area of a member at any point shall be determined by summing the product of the
thickness and the gross width of each element as measured normal to the axis of the members.
For angles, the gross width shall be the sum of the widths of the legs the thickness. The area of
the holes subtracted is rectangular and equals the diameter of the hole times the thickness of
the metal. The width of a bolt or rivet hole shall be 1.6mm greater than the nominal dimension of
the hole as shown on the table.
For example:
Diameter of bolts = 20mm
Standard diameter of 20mm = 21mm
Diameter of hole = 21 + 1.6
Diameter of hole = 22.6mm
Example:
Determine the net area of the 10mm x 200mm plate for the butt joint connection shown if the
diameter of bolts is 20mm
Dh=¿nominal hole dimension + 1.6mm
Nominal hole dimension for 20mm from table is
21mm
Dh=21+1.6
Dh=22.6 mm

Net area= [ 200−2 ( 22.6 ) ] 10

2
Net area=1548 mm < 0.85 A g
Net area<0.85 A g
2
0.85 ( 200 ) ( 10 )=1700 m m

Effect of Staggered Holes in Computation of Net Areas

In riveted connections, if space is not available for a single line of connectors, it may be
necessary to use more than one line. If this is the case, it is therefore necessary to stagger them
in order to provide as large net area as possible at any one section to resist the load
Section 502.3.2 NSCP specifies that for a chain of holes extending across a part in any
diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by deducting from the gross
width the sum of the diameter or slot dimensions of all holes in the chain, and adding, for each
gage space in the chain the quantity.

Where:
S = longitudinal center to center spacing (pitch) of any consecutive holes in mm.
g = transverse center to center spacing (gage) between fastener gage lines in mm.

Example
Compute the net area of the riveted connection shown if the thickness of the plate is 12
mm. Diameter of rivets = 20 mm
Nominal hole diameter for 20mm rivets = 21

Diameter of hole = nominal hole diameter + 1.6

Diameter of hole = 21 + 1.6
Diameter of hole = 22.6 mm

Considering route ABCD: (2 holes only)

( 50 )2
Net width = 300−2 ( 22.6 ) +
4 ( 175 )
Net width = 258.37

Considering route ABECD: (3 holes)

( 75 )2 ( 25 )2
Net width = 300−3 ( 22.6 ) + +
4 ( 100 ) 4 ( 75 )
Net width = 248.35mm

Use smaller net width = 248.35mm

Net area=248.35(12)
2
Net area=2980.2mm
Net area<0.85 A g
2
2980.2<0.85 ( 300 ) ( 12 )=3060 mm

Staggered Rivets in Angular Section

When holes are staggered on two legs of an angle, the gage length g to be used in the
2
S
expression is obtained as:
4g
 t t
g=g 1− + g2−
2 2
g=g 1+ g 2−t

where g1 and g2 are gage distances for the location of holes depending on the length of the legs
of the angle.
Original gages of holes in angular section.
g=g 1+ g 2−t

g=56 +62−12
g=106
Table 2.6 Standard Gages for Angular Sections