20 MARKS

SPARLAN
-
-
SPARTAN
- SPARTAN
-
-
 SPARTAN
Y --
-

#
SPARTAN
-
-
I
SPARAN
 SPARTAN
->
* -
 IONIC +1-1 ->
ELECTRO

METAL Nall VALENCY

METAL + NON
2
+ =
1
CATION + ANION

MyCla
CHEMICAL BOND COVALENT H2 H-H
MUTUAL SHARING 02 0::0

COORDINATE
DATIVE BOND
MUTUAL SHARING X
-
-

[Ek Tafal MN. nt=H3N -> 4-

"
COVALENCY covalentnd
=>

No.
of
bonds
formed by an atom
Ch
⑮
- PC5 a
NH3 N P-C
n in a
/
↳
At
↑- F

Nut
min SFJ
FysF
5 -
0
= F
 Y dwis Vossel
OCTET RULE Approach
atom should have 8 electrons in
Every
*

H2-> duplel
-

outmost except
orbit -
-

MAJOR DRAWBACKS
HYPOVALENT
*
COMPOUNDS HYPERVALENT
**
ODD e-
*

COMPOUNDS
-

<8 SPECIES
e SF6
2> 8
PC5
,
NO2
Becz, BF3, Bly
-
-

↳ De 0

- Be-u N
rich
·

electron
ne-electron
int ↓ 30
↳ Fe
FAVOURABLE
CONDITIONS IONIC BOND

METAL I NON METAL M -> M+ +e-

de
L NM+e--> NM-
CATION ANSON
d ↓ M+ NM-
⑪ ②
Low IE
High DegH
alter alw
of
Four
High Lattice
Energy- and anion
cation
 age-Dominating
e

LE a
dual
BORN
size HABER

+1 -
1 +2 =
1 3
+ -
1 CYCLE
< L
LE8- Nach
MgUa All3 THERMO
+3 -
1 +3 =
2
+
3 -
3

<Al03 < AlN CHEMISTRY

LE: -
AlFs
I
1 1
1)+Nat
-

3
1 - + +
1
7
+ -

LE8- Nat NaCl NaBe

COVALENT BOND HERO HEERA LAAL
-
-

BOND
*

LENGTH BL8- HF CHU CHBr<HI

Distance bw nucleus ⑧ ⑧

BL!-c-4C 2) ==
C
atoms
Both
of -
Bt
↓
FORCE
MAX
BOND
*

ORDER N2 N= N B0 3
=

Bonds
No.
of 03
BO = 1.5-> RESONANCE

42 H-4 BO 1
=

RESONANCE +MOT
02 0 = 0 BO = 2
 VVVVIMD
BOND
* ANGLE8 -

-
-

B
↳ b/w 2 Bands
H
Angle -
--

I
FACTORS 8 -

u
-
-

i) BA x
on
on central atom

ii) BAx EN
of
central atom

iii) BA x 1
EN
of surrounding atom
& CHy > ↑iM3 7 H28:
0 Lone Pain I Love Pain a Love
Pain
109°28" ↳ 107 ↳ 1040

·Hz
is pai
>
I Lone Pair

t Hyj: 7 H25:
I Love pair 2 Lone Pain
:F ouz
·

22P
0 0
2 LP
- I /
CA =
Oxygen
CA=
onygen F F C -
y no Ouz small
size
Large
0 0 size
H
/
in a a
small

size
HAALAT
*
BADAL DIYE

BOND
WEAK*
-

REPULSION
BOND STRENGTH >
08

-7Moth 78: e
⑧

*
&

04

so ..

B %- U2> Brz 7 F27 12

↓
small
repulsion
sige
VALENCE BOND THEORY COVALENT
BOND
-
-

*Orbitals
overlap
↳
Hay filled
and
opposite-

spen
More the extent
of overlapping
*

stronger
is the loud
 of
Extent
x closeness to a dictional
-- non

Overlapping Nucleus Nature

P, d,
directional
-

Directoral
y-
IS-IS 7 21 x1 7 38 31
y
-
-

1 -
1 2 2 - 3 -
3

21- 28 S 21 2P < 2P-2P

-
-

2 2 -
2 -
2 2 2 -

ND-ND ND - D D - D
 POSITIVE OVERLAPPING Same
->
Sign
overlap
- - -

Eft-f---- +
--

- - -

Ef: -----

- - -

fft--------
I
 NEGATIVE OVERLAPPING E OPPOSITE
SIGN
- - -

Ef- ---- -

OVERLAP

I -

C
A I
--------------

ZERO OVERLAPPING

-...fir. ----
 v

- ------
Py
-
- -
2 ANIS
-
-

OVERLAPPING A
Pu
Py
+ ZERO
=>

of unfaired
Be
No. e-=
No.
NOTWA 8
of
-

--
--
AXIAL/HEAD ON OVERLAPPING
Orbitats into
nuclear anis
overlap along i
*

INA
is
0 Bond
formed
-
-
**

s-orbital
*

always-anial
Ma
-
11
-

-
11 H Del 4-y--
-----
H 11 -
1s
F2
F is 2122p5 N(*1*-> 2P

F 2122P5
is
↓1->20

-...... Pz -
Pz
INA
↳
-

z
-
-
-

avis

0 BOND
-
-
PARALLEL/LATERAL OVERLAPPING
Orbitals above and below
overlap
*

nuclear
into anis

aloud is
*

I-orbital
formed loud
form
*
never is

First loud
always
* is o

↓
AXLAG
- -

- -
 02 2P
↳ -

0 "282 CPY
Is *K-P COU
20y
-X

2Px
O isas 204 d4d 11->2P <Py

a
->
2P

.
2Py
. . . .

e
ZERO
Z anis OVERLAP

-
-
 * *
⑧ BOND a BOND
0
Formed
Formed
*

by
anal
-
*
by parallel
-
-

overlapping
↑

overlappey -

existence inistence
IndependentH-4
*
-
No

0 0
=
independent
10 17

possible
STRONGER
*

WEAKER
*

↳ ↳
Overlapping Overlapping
strong Kangor
 0 BOND a BOND

allowed
Overlapping
* allowed *
Overlapping
P P-d
A -
S -P P
z
-

z PP Py-By
Free rotation
*

possible A Free rotation

not

*
possible
↳ BOND BREAK
-
--
HYBRIDISATION AND USEPR MOST
IMPORTANT
atomic orbitals
Interminingof pure
*
↳ s, P, d
--

-
overlas
Number
of hybrid stmentyoud
*

->
-

orbitats
Number
of
atomic

I fly
nshell
*
used-
Orbitals
-> -shell
in
half
filled
HOW TO CALCULATE
* HYBRIDISATION
*
STERRACNUMBER
SN
=

I(V+M-C+A)
valence in central
atom
v No.
of
=

M No.
=

of
monovalent atoms (H, F, c, Br, 1)
Cations
C=
charge
A Amionic
Charge
=
 of Ip
BP No.
STERRIC NUMBER= No.
of
+

SN
↓
SN 2
=
-> SP
Only - a Bond
plays
=3 sp
-
-
no role in

sp3
=4 -

Hybridisation
5
=

-> sp3d No. Band No.

of of
=

sp3d"
/

=6-
surrounding
-

7 -> sp3d3 alon

Eine
LP 0
=

perfect

Sree
e

cometry-shape then

Gadbd

⑤Hybridisation
shape => BP+ LP
 HYB GEOMETRY SHAPE STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE

linear
1) BeCa SN =

112+2) Linear Ex
-Be- c

SP 0 180°
=

SN= 2

BP 2 LP0
=
=

3) BF3 SN =
13+ Trigonal
3)

sp2Plane
FF
Trigonal
I Plane
=3 12
F
BP 3 LP 0
3
=
=
 HYB GEOMETRY SHAPE STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE

o0<120
116+0) Trigonal
·

3) SO2 SN =
Bent/shape -
Plauen or
3Sp2
=

0 0
2 T

BP 2=
<P 1= angular 20 12P
+

sp

↳CHY SN=114+4) Tetrahedral Tetrahedral H

I
C
sp3
4
-- n
=

BP 4 LP 0
⑥- 1098"
=
=
 HYB GEOMETRY SHAPE STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE

5) NH3 (5+3) Fetratudrat ·

*

SN=1 Pyranudab
-

-
-

4
=
Sp3 H

3BP ILP 0 < 10928"

6) 420 SN=16+2) Tetrahedral

-
Bent
or
O

=4 sp3 vshafe or n y
10928"
&BP 2LP Angular 0<
 I I sipeper
HYB GEOMETRY SHAPE STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE
E

-ouesil-a+ zugeamen
E)
·o

5BP OLP

- 1200
at ene
c -

U 0 90
axial e-
equatorial
&(a
->

↳ 3 in number
P-
e
cl
↳ short
Long
↳
240-180 ↳ Weak ↳
strong
B ENT's RULE

More
*
EN atom
goes
to cial
position
PCzF2 PFzC2
F E
u
a I
I

P F
P-
-

ch
/
/ a
I
C
F
 I u/gendereI I
HYB GEOMETRY SHAPE STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE
0
F
·SF
sin= * F
--
4BP ILP
=
BENT * ↳p
always
on
equitional
RULE
=
 HYB GEOMETRY SHAPE STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE

[7 3)
9) CF3
Trigonal T-shape
I
SM=
+

I
&
5
Befysamidal
=>

C -
F
spid
3BP 22P
0
F

118+2) Trigonal
F
10) XeFz SN = Lineal
&
Ve
=5
sp3d Bipyramidal ⑧
2BP 3LP I
 HYB GEOMETRY SHAPE STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE

1) SFC SN=116+1)2
Octahedral Otahedral
F
F

-F
or I

sped
6
= S
"F
-

Sq. Bifgandit
Spigigd
F I
GBP OLD
F

No axial ⑫ - a
No
equi ③ - 180
 HYB GEOMETRY SHAPE STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE

I
Sx=t(7
12) SFF
+ 5) Otabedial
-
-
Square
!
F
I
I -
F

6sp3d or
Banudal Ce

.
=

IF
C

59. Bipyrandl 1
SBP 12p

13) NeFy (8th) Ortahidial

F
Si =
I or Square F-
=6
Sped" Sq. BiPyramidal Planer
↳BP GLP
F. "F
 MOMENT E
DIPOLE
St S-
--
- -d H- C
SY
⑰ ⑦ -

9 q
->

M =
qxd
-

quanbly
-> vector
 More electronegativity
the
-

More
dipole moment

> H-Br> H-1

M:-H-F7 H-c

HAALAT BADAL DIVE

REASON

c -x(- Brc 1 M
qxd
=

C-F -

SHAAN
DAR
-
- C
M 8 -
C-a> c-F > C- Br > C -

distance dominate
 St S-

Polar molecule M =0 H -
c

Now Polar molecule (Y 0 a c

-
=

↳ Bella &
BUs BUCF
8 -
S-
6- Gt 6- u c
6-
1 St S- ↳ 61
c -
B - c
&B -
C ↑B -
F

14
-Y 1
MY 0
S-
C / Sic
F0
=

M0 =
&NH3 7 NF3 E --
-

s A "I
SUBSTRACT
--

Sty E
+ e
St

- Dipole moment
always towards
PUzFa PUaF3

& Can Cady Challa CryU

 u

-F F u
F
u

-
I
-
1 O I 7 10 Ix 7 10 1
- - -
ORTHO META Ice
0 60 =
0 120°
=

PARA 0 180°
=

My and M2 Met x 1
O
Mrt=I+
2MM2cosd

&4 => cosd => Mnet d

 Dipole moment?
⑦ Afflicationof -

i) to detrmine is
polar
whether a molecule or

not
M 0 > Non Polar
=
=

y 0 Polar
ii) to
find
" ionic character in
in
covalent band
-given ques
% sonic
character-area
is
one
a

-> axd
NOO= No covalent +% ionic -
-
DON-

me? loud distance is 1.34A,

Calculate the M
of If
calculate ionic character
charge=4.6x10 esu and

=1.004. 18 'esucm
if experimental of
value M
O

4.8x18em=1
d 1.34 A
=

G
=

Debye
1.34 x10 m M qxd
=> =

10-8
d 1.34 x cm
=4.8x10xN08
=

=6.4x 10-8 esucm

=
6.4D
% Joni
character-yo
16.7%
-> X 100
·i) configurationof
Electronic cation

having psuedo gas configuration

Cations
* nobel

has more covalent character

psuedo nobel
gas configuration
nobel
gas configuration
 -> Individual atom
FORMAL CHARGE
CHARGE

el
FC valence --
=

(Non Bonding e-]-1[Bonding

SPARTAN TRICK

·Eng. o
--
--

A
of
aut
w*Ys
=

⑧ 02 6
=
-

(2 47
+

0
=

03 6
=
-

[1 67
+ =
- 1
g SO3
0
6 6
= -
(6 07
+

11
O
=

S
* Yo
 #
D RAWBACKS OF VBT -
Ouy
-
-

behavious
could not
*

explain paramagnetic
Ox -
of MOI
MOT
->

explain fractional
Bond Ordu
-

could not
-

could
* not
explain stabilityof molecule
A
MOT
-
--
MOLECULAR ORBLLAL THEORY

Molecular orbitats
* -
MIXER Molecular
- >

Orbital
Atomic
0 x ⑧
A
** orbital

Molecular Auti
Bonding Molecular
Bonding
BMO Orbital Orbitel ABMO

atomicorbitals molecular orbitats

of
No.
of
* No.
-

2 atomic 2 molecular orbital

->
abitat
I BMO
↓
Y ABMO
Molecular orbital-2
* or more nuclei
-> nucleus
Electronic
configuration- Aufbau Rule
-
-
*

↳
Hurd'srule
↳ Pauli's inclusion
primifes
2CAO(Linear
* Combination
of
Orbital
Atomic
C
A and B YMo=YA I YB
NA MB
* BONDING MOLECULAR ORBITAL
⑪
Formed
*

by interference
constructive

overlap
↳ Wave

YBMO =
YA+ YB

B B
I A I I

- ->

B BMO
-
-
Lower
*
energy
--
More
*
slabelly
in
increases
e

electron densely rigi

*
 MOLECULAR ORBITAL
A ANTI BONDING
⑬O
Formed
*
by interference
destructive

YABMO =
YA-MB

I I I
-
--
-

ABMO
-
->
Higher eugy
*

-
Lower
*
slabelly
decreases in blw
electron
*

density region
a nuclei
 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
A
electrons 14
CASEI8-No. of
-11 * I1 02s o* Gs (n2Pn=22py) 62P2 (a*2Pn=*2py) *aPy

CAE: -No. of electrons (14

-11 * in 02s o* Gs 62P2 (2P=22py) (**2Pn=*2py) *aPy

Bond Ordu= (ND-Na)
I
e-in BMO
Nb No.
of
=

E in ABMO
Na No.
of
=

B0 > 0 => molecule exist

BOO => molecule does not exist

 molecule
Stability
of
More Bo
*
> More
stability
BO is same, then lessee in ABMO
*
If -
more
slabelly
 re-
Ha=>
&

B0 (Ny-Na)
Nb 2 1
=

-18
=

0) 0
#
Na 0
1(2
= =
-
=

=> le- h==>

& 3e-
↳4,
·N 2
Is" Nb = 61 * Is
0
1 =

Na 0
=

Na 1 =

B0
1(1 0) 0.5 B0
1(2-1) =
=
- =
=

0.5
Stability
-
8 -

H2] Het > Ha-

HAALAT BADAL DIYE

sunfaird => Para

-
-

Ba lloet
-is * s0282 o*s x2Pn=a2Py"

Nb 6 =

4/4
Na 4
=

a orbital

0 H
B0
1(6 n) =
= -

a Bond -Banch
-
-
-
Ge
· is * Is02s"* s2 a2P=a2Py2
aoibital
Nb 8 =

***
ur-m*Boud
Na 4 =

BO (8 4) 2
=

I
= -

H
2 a Bond
-

-
O2
-
--
case -

siso* is 02s *S62P22(a2P=a2py4

x*2Pn=x*2Py"

x*2Pn ↑/*
*
x*
2Py I
unfaied
Palamagnetic
SPARTAN TRICK
-
-

BOC * BE
BO
-

No.
of
102-
e
- A
11e- 1.5
- >

12e- -> 2
13e- ->
2.5 EXCEPT 8-
-
-

14e - 3
Cot => > 6+ 8-1
15 -> 2.5
16 e - 2
-) 13e-

17e- -> 105 BO 3.5 =

162 -- D
-02 =>
B08-
162
--

02> 02 > 027027022

-

·=> 152
Oct 14- B2t <o2t O2 <O2 <O

Ox=) H7e

O2> 100
-

D
-Arrange
in
increasing
order
of
B0:-

CN- 02 Ot
↳
d d
6 7+
+
1
d
13-
=Me 16t
3.5B0
3 B0 2B0

O2 <CN-<40+
 #
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A
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