Preliminary Examination [ MODEL ANSWER ]

Std: Science (12th) Subject: Biology Time: 3 Hours

Date : Max Marks: 70
Section A (MCQ & VSA 1 MARKS Questions)

Q.1 Select and write the correct answer: 1

0

( A (d)
i ns
) .

( A (a)
ii ns
) .

(i A (c)
ii ns
) .

(i A (c)
v ns
) .

( A (d)
v ns
) .

( A (b)
v ns
i) .

(v A (a)
ii) ns
.

(vi A (b)
ii) ns
.

(i A (b)
x ns
) .

( A (b)
x ns
) .

Q.2 Answer the following: 8

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 ( A When Earth originated, it was a rotating cloud of hot gases and cosmic dust called Nebula.
i ns
) .

( A Genetic engineering deals with alteration of genetic material (DNA and RNA).
ii ns
) .

(i A Asexual method by formation of spores, is the common method followed by them.

ii ns
) .

(i A Spiders: because it respires by book lungs while others by Gills.

v ns
) .

( A testosterone
v ns
) .

( A It is a type of interaction where one species is benefited while the other remains unaffected.
v ns
i) .

(v A Thyroid
ii) ns
.

(vi A Unleaded petrol does not compose of the lead compound which produces harmful gases. So it
ii) ns does not emit harmful gases into the environment and helps in preventing health diseases like
. bronchitis, asthma and lung diseases.

Section B (SA I - 2 MARKS EACH)

Attempt any Eight: 1

6

Q.3 A 1. DNA packaging is the process of tightly packing of the DNA molecule to adjust into the
ns nucleus of a cell
. 2. In Eukaryotes, well organised nucleus has DNA associated with Histone and Non-histone
proteins.
3. The histone proteins organise themselves to make histone octamer.

Q.4 A 1. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease.

ns 2. It is caused by one kind of bacteria called Treponema pallidum.
. 3. The main symptoms are:
primary lesion called chancre at the site of infection.
Chancre is formed on external genitalia, skin rashes and mild fever.
Inflamed joints, loss of hair paralysis, Degenerative changes occur in the heart and brain.

Q.5 A 1. The heart is able to generate cardiac concentration independent of nervous input.
ns 2. So, the human heart is called as myogenic.
. 3. The human heart can generate its own rhythm with the help of specialized muscles.

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 4. A specialised cardiac musculature is called as nodal tissue.
5. The human heart is also called as autorhythmic.

Q.6 A 1. The medulla oblongata connects our brain and our spinal cord with most of our sensory and
ns motor fibres either crossing into the brain or finishing at this level.
. 2. Injury to the medulla oblongata may stop important activities such as heartbeat, respiration
which results in death.
3. It controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat, rate of respiration secretion of saliva and
peristalsis.

Q.7 A Wings of butterfly and bat are analogous but not homologous.
ns Wings of butterfly (insects) and of birds look superficially alike but they are not anatomically
. similar structures though they perform similar functions.

Q.8 A In the process of rDNA technology if two separate restriction enzymes are used to cut vector and
ns donor DNA, then there is a problem that both host and vector DNA will cut at different sites. As
. every restriction enzyme have specific restriction site. If same RE are used then both host and
vector DNA will have same cohesive, sticky, staggered ends, or blunt ends.

Q.9 A
ns
.

Q.1 A A- Emergent layer

0 ns B- Canopy
. C- understorey
D- shrub layer

Q.1 A Biopiracy is defined as ‘theft of various natural products and then selling them by getting
1 ns patent without giving any benefits or compensation back to the host country’.
. In short, it is unauthorized misappropriation of any biological resource and indigenous
knowledge.

Q.1 A Sympathetic nervous system controls body activities during fight, fright situations. It activates the
2 ns release of hormones adrenaline and nor-adrenaline due to which the heart beat increased, hands
. and feet become cold.

Q.1 A 1. The first factor is the constant temperature and climate.

3 ns 2. The polar regions have a severe climate which makes it extremely hard for animals to survive in
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 . such extreme climatic conditions.
3. The tropical forest has a stable ecosystem as well as suitable climatic condition.
4. The tropical region has a favourable reproductive and environment for animal and species to
thrive.

Q.1 A Different properties of a vector are:

4 ns 1. A vector should have the ability of independent replication so that as the vector replicates, a
. large number of copies of the DNA insert will be formed.
2. A vector should be able to easily introduce into host cells.
3. A vector should have marker genes for antibiotic resistance.
4. It must contain unique cleavage site in one of the marker genes for restriction enzyme.
5. It should have at least suitable control elements like promoter, operator, ribosomal
binding sites, etc.

Section C (SA II - 3 MARKS EACH)

Attempt any Eight: 2

4

Q.1 A 1. The process of evolution which results in transformation of original species to many different
5 ns varieties is called Adaptative Radiation.
. 2. Best example is Darwin's Finches. He noticed during his visit to Cralpagos Islands, the
American main land species of bird was the original one from which they mirated to different
islands of Cralpagos.
3. These adapted to different environmental condition of these islands.
4. From original seed eating feature to many forms with altered beak evolved into insectivorous
ones.
5. Another example is Australian Marsupials. In Australia, many Marsupial mammals evolved
from common ancestor.

Q.1 A 1. Biogas is a mixture of methane-CH₄ (50-60%), carbon dioxide-CO ₂(30-40%), Hydrogen

6 ns sulphide-H₂S(0-3%) and other gases (CO, N₂, H₂) in traces. Biogas is highly inflammable and is
. used as a source of energy.
2. Most used models of biogas plants are KVIC and IARI. The digester used for biogas production
is called Biogas Plant.
3.Biogas plant using cattle dung as a raw material, and it consists of digester and gas holder.
Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion process which involve three steps:
• Hydrolysis/Solubilization: In this primary stage cattle dung is mixed with water in equal
proportion to make slurry which is then fed into the digester. Here anaerobic hydrolytic bacteria
(e.g. Clostridium, Pseudomonas) hydrolyze carbohydrates into simple sugars, proteins into amino
acids and lipids into fatty acids.
• Acidogenesis: In this stage, facultative anaerobic, acidogenic bacteria and obligate anaerobic
organisms, convert simple organic material into acids like formic acid, acetic acid, H ₂ and CO ₂.
• Methanogenesis: This is last stage in which anaerobic Methanogenic bacteria like
Methanobacterium, Methanococcusconvert acetate, H₂ and CO ₂ into CH ₄, CO ₂ and H ₂O and
other products.

Q.1 A 1. The nucleus of each microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis or reduction division to develop
7 ns four haploid nuclei, this process is called microsporogenesis.
. 2. The four nuclei are arranged tetrahedrally and soon get enclosed with cell walls, these are called
micro spores or pollen grains.
3. Pollen grains are non-motile, haploid, unicellular body with single nucleus.
4. Pollen grains marks the beginning of male gametophyte.

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 5. It undergoes first mitotic division to produce bigger naked vegetative cell and small thin walled
generative cell.
6. The second mitotic division is concerned with generative cell only and gives rise to two non-
motile male gametes
7. The pollen grains are shed from the anther at these two celled stages.

Q.1 A 1. Veins are thin walled, mostly superficial vessels which carries blood from the organs towards
8 ns the heart.
. 2. Except for the pulmonary veins or other veins of the body carries deoxygenated blood towards
the heart.
3. As per nature’s rule each and everything has an attraction towards gravity. So the blood also
travels from the upper side of the body towards the lower side.
4. The pumping force of the ventricles moves blood through the arteries.
5. The breathing movements exert pressure on the chest veins, the valves in the larger veins keep
the blood from flowing backward, and the skeletal muscles' contraction all help the blood in veins
to move.
6. The muscles in your legs help transport blood back to your heart.
7. It carries a deoxygenated blood
8. The veins in your legs also have valves to help this process and prevent blood from flowing
back down towards your feet.

Q.1 A Walter Sutton along with Theodor Boveri proposed Chromosome Theory of inheritance. This
9 ns theory identifies chromosomes as the carries of genetic material.
. Postulates of Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance :
1. Chromosomes are present in pairs in somatic cells.
2. During gametes formation homologous chromosomes pair, segregate and assort independently
during meiosis. Thus each gamete contains only one chromosome from a pair.
3. Nucleus of gamets contains chromosomes, which carry all hereditary traits.
4. Male and Female gametes (sperms and eggs) carry all the heredity traits. They are link between
parents and offsprings.
5. The fusion of haploid male gamete and haploid female gamete, restores the diploid number of
chromosomes of the species.

Q.2 A 1. Thyroid gland dysfunction can result in hyper or hypo activity of the thyroid.
0 ns 2. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is functionally inadequate.
. 3. symptoms of hypothyroidism include brittle fingernails, thinning of hair, puffy eyes, weakness,
and Constipation.
4. Hyperthyroidism is caused by increase in the levels of thyroid hormones.
5. This increases metabolic rate, sensitivity, sweating, flushing, rapid respiration, bulging of
eyeballs and effects various physiological activities.
6. Atrophic thyroids may be viewed as the later stages of autoimmune hypothyroidism in which
there is minimal residual thyroid tissue.
7. The effects are fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, depression, and dry skin.

Q.2 A Mutation is sudden heritable change in the genotype. In mutation breeding, desirable mutation are
1 ns induced in crop plants with the use of physical or chemical mutagens.
. 1. Natural (physical) mutagen are :
High temperature, high concentration of CO₂, X rays, UV rays.
2. Chemical mutagens are :
i. Nitrous acid, EMS (Ethyl-Methyl-Sulphonate), Mustard gas, Colchicine, etc.
ii. Seedlings or seeds are irradiated by CO-60, exposed to UV bulbs, X-ray machines, etc.
iii. Mutagens cause gene mutations and chromosomal abbrations.
iv. The treated seeding are then screened for resistance to disease/pests, high yield, etc. e.g.

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 Jagannath variety of rice, NP 836 variety of wheat (rust resistant), Indore -2 variety of cotton
(resistant to bollworm), Regina-II variety of cabbage (resistant to bacterial rot), etc.

Q.2 A
2 ns
.

Q.2 A 1. Three outbreeding devices that flowering plants have developed are self- incompatibility
3 ns production of unisexual flowers and dichogamy.
. 2. Self- incompatibility - it is a genetic method to prevent pollen from fertilizing ovules of the
same flower by inhibiting their germination on stigma or pistil.
3. Production of unisexual flower- in this case the female and male parts will be present on
different plants, so, self-pollination is not possible to occur.
4. Dichogamy- In this device, anthers and stigmas mature at different times in a bisexual flower.
So, self-pollination is not possible to occur.

Q.2 A 1. Breathe through the nose is always adventitious because the nose contains three regions namely
4 ns Vestibule, Respiratory part, and Olfactory or sensory chamber each region has its unique features.
. 2. The nose has a pair of slit like openings called external nares or nostrils for entry of air into the
nasal cavity.
3. The nasal cavity is divisible into right and left nasal chambers by mesethmoid cartilage.
4. The vestibule has hair for filtering the air and trapping the dust and suspended particles in the
inhaled air.
5. The respiratory part is a thin walled highly vascular part for warming and moistening the
inhaled air.
6. The Olfactory or sensory chamber uppermost part is lined by olfactory epithelium for the
detection of smell.

Q.2 A Disorder of thyroid gland are caused due to hypersecretion and hyposecretion of thyroid
5 ns hormones.
. 1. Hyperthyroidism : Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. It is caused by increases in the levels
of thyroid hormones. This increases metabolic rate, sensitivity, sweating, flushing, rapid
respiration, bulging of eye balls, and affects various physiological activities.
Graves disease (Exopthalmic goiter) : Hyperthyroidism in adults , is characterized by protruding
eyeballs, increased BMR and weight loss. Increased BMR produces a range of effect like
increased heartbeat, increased BP, higher body temperature, nervousness, irritability, tremor of
figure and bulging eyeballs.
2. Hypothyroidism : It is caused by deficiency of thyroid hormones or removal of thyroid gland.
(Thyroidectomy).
a. Cretinism : Hyposecretion in infants leads to cretinism. A cretin has reduced BMR and low
oxidation. They are short saturated because the skeleton fails to grow. They are mentally retarded.
They show dry skin, thick tongue, prolonged neonatal jaundice, lethargy and constipation. This
can be treated by early administration of thyroid hormones. The certin shows stunted physical
growth delayed puberty and mental retardation.
b. Myxoedema : It is the deficiency of thyroid hormones in adults. It is characterized by a peculiar
thickening and puffiness of skin and subcutaneous tissue particularly of the face and extremities.
Patient lacks alertness, intelligence. The patients suffers from slow heart rate, low BP always
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 feeling cold, low body temperature and retarded sexual development.
c. Simple goiter : (Iodine deficiency goiter) Iodine is needed for synthesis of thyroid hormone. If
there is deficiency of Iodine in the diet, it cause enlargement of thyroid gland leading to simple
goiter. This disease is common in hilly areas. Addition of iodine to table salt prevents this disease.
Size of the thyroid gland is increased but total output of thyroxine is decreased.

Q.2 A 1. Phenylketonuria is an inborn metabolic disorder caused due to deficiency of phenylalanine

6 ns hydroxylase enzyme.
. 2. Phenylketonuria is caused due to recessive autosomal genes.
3. When recessive genes are present in homozygous condition, phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme
is not produced.
4. This enzyme is essential for conversion of amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine.
5. Due to absence of this enzyme, phenylalanine is not converted into tyrosine.
6. Hence, phenylalanine and its derivatives are accumulated in blood and cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF).
7. It affects development of brain and causes mental retardation.
8. Excess phenylalanine is excreted in urine, hence this disease is called phenylketonuria.

Section D (SA II - 4 MARKS EACH)

Attempt any Three: 1

2

Q.2 A The menstrual cycle is divided into four phases, namely:

7 ns 1. Menstrual phase: The beginning of each cycle is taken as the first day when menses or loss of
. blood takes place. It lasts for approximately 5 days.
The blood in the menstrual discharge does not clot due to presence of fibrinolysin.
Menstrual phase occurs when an ovulated egg does not get fertilized and it is thereby shedout
along with the menstruum.
Endometrium of uterus breaks down under the effect of prostaglandins released due to decreased
level of progesterone and estrogen.
During menses, the blood, tissue fluid, mucus, endometrial lining and the unfertilized oocytes is
discharged through vagina. Also, the endometrial lining becomes very thin i.e. about 1 mm.
During these five days, many primordial follicles develop into primary and few of them into
secondary follicles under the effect FSH.

2) Proliferative phase/ Follicular phase/ Post menstrual phase : This phase is the duration between
the end of menstruation and release of ovum (ovulation).
Duration of this phase is more variable than other phases. Generally, it extends from 5th and 13th
day of menstrual cycle.
Generally, out of 6 to 12 secondary follicles that proceed to develop, only one develops into a
Graafian follicle (mature follicle), while the rest of the follicles degenerate (atresia).
The stimulation for proliferation of new follicles is influenced by GnRH which stimulates release
of FSH.
The developing secondary follicles secrete the hormone estrogen.
Endometrium begins to regenerate under the effect of estrogen. Regeneration also involves
formation of endothelial cells, endometrial or uterine glands and network of blood vessels.In this
phase thickness of endometrium reaches 3-5 mm.
3) Ovulatory phase : It is the shortest phase of menstrual cycle.
It involves rupturing of the mature Graafian follicle and release of ovum (secondary oocyte) into
the pelvic cavity; usually on 14th day of menstrual cycle.
Rapid secretion of LH by positive feedback mechanism causes the mature follicle to rupture.
Ovulation may be accompanied by mild or severe pains in lower abdomen.

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 4) Secretory phase/Luteal phase : It is the phase between ovulation and beginning of the next
menses.
This phase is the longest phase. It lasts for 14 days i.e. from 15th to 28th day of the cycle.
After release of secondary oocyte, remaining tissue of Graafian follicle transforms into corpus
luteum under the effect of LH.
The corpus luteum releases hormone such asprogesterone, estrogen and inhibin.
The ovulated egg may get fertilized within 24 hours.
In the absence of fertilization : Corpus luteum can survive for only two weeks and then
degenerates into a white scar called corpus albicans.
In case of fertilization : The embryo is implanted, there is secretion of human chronic
gonadotropin (hCG), which extends the life of corpus luteum and stimulates its secretory activity.
Presence of hCG in blood and urine is an indicator of pregnancy. In absence of fertilization, next
menstrual cycle begins.
Under the influence of progesterone and estrogen, the endometrial glands grow, become coiled
and start uterine secretions.
Endometrium becomes more vascularized and thickens up to 8-10 mm. Inhibin stops secretion of
FSH.
These changes are necessary for fertilization and subsequent implantation.

Q.2 A 1. There are two pathways involved in water absorption namely the apoplast pathway, and the
8 ns symplast pathway.
. 2. Water is absorbed sequentially by root hair cells through imbibition, diffusion, osmosis.
Consequently, the cell becomes turgid.
3. The turgor pressure of cells increases with a decrease in DPD value. However, the immediately
adjacent cortical cell inner to it, has more DPD value, because its Osmotic pressure is more.
4. The cortical cell will suck water from the turgid root hair cell, and becomes turgid. Now the
flaccid root hair cells absorb water from the soil.
5. Water from the turgid cortical cell is sucked by the inner cortical cell, and the process goes on.
A gradient of suction pressure (DPD) is developed from cells of epiblema to the cortex of the root.

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 Immediately the moment of water across the root is occurring through loosely assembled cortex
cells which is further followed by endodermis, and finally by pericycle.
6. Absorption of water is a continuous process; a sort of hydrostatic pressure is developed in living
cells of the root. This is called root pressure.
7. Due to root pressure, water from pericycle is not only forced into the xylem, but also conducted
upwards against the gravity.
8. Apoplast pathway: When some amount of water passes across the root through the cell wall, and
the intercellular spaces of cortical cells of the root, it is then called the apoplast pathway. This
pathway occurs up to endodermis.
9. Symplast pathway/ transmembrane pathway: When water passes across from one living cell to
other living cells through plasmodesmata, then it is called the symplast pathway.

Q.2 A 1. Translation is the mechanism in which codon of mRNA are translated and specific amino acids
9 ns in a sequence from a polypeptide on ribosomes.
. 2. Process of translation requires amino acids, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, ATP, Mg ⁺⁺ ions,
enzyme elongation, translocation and release factors.
3. About 20 different types of amino acid available in the cytoplasm are known to form proteins.
4. DNA controls synthesis of proteins having amino acids in specific sequence. This control is
possible through transcription of mRNA. Genetic code is specific for particular amino acid.
5. RNAs serve as intermediate molecules between DNA and protein.
6. Ribosomes serve as site for protein synthesis. Each ribosome consist of large and small
subunits. These subunits occur separately in cytoplasm. Only during protein synthesis, in presence
of Mg⁺⁺ ions these two subunits get associated together.
Mechanism of translation (Synthesis of polypeptide chain) :
It involves three steps initiation, elongation and termination :
A. initiation :
i. Activation of amino acids is essential before translation initiates.
ii. Amino acid is activated by utilizing energy from ATP molecule. Then it binds with amino acid
binding site of tRNA and forms of tRNA – amino acid complex.
iii. Small subunit of ribosome attaches to the mRNA at 5’ end.
iv. Initiator codon, AUG is present on mRNA which initiates the process of protein synthesis.
v. Initiator charged tRNA (with activated amino acid methionine) binds with initiation codon
(AUG) by its anticodon (UAC) through hydrogen bonds.
vi. It carries activated amino acid methionine (in eukaryotes) or formyl methionine (in
prokaryotes).
vii. It occupies the P site of ribosome and the A-site is vacant.
viii. Now the large subunit of ribosome joints with the smaller subunit that requires Mg⁺⁺ ions.

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 B. Elongations :
i. During this process activated amino acids are added one by one to first amino acid (methionine).
ii. Addition of Amino acid occurs in 3 steps cycle –
iii. Codon recognition – Amino acyl tRNA molecule enters the ribosome at A-site.
Anticodonbinds with the codon by hydrogen bonds.
iv. Amino acid on the first initiator tRNA at P-site and amino acid on tRNA at A-site join by
peptide bond. Here enzyme Ribozyme acts as a catalyst. At this time first tRNA at ‘P’ site is
kicked off.
v. Translocation- The t-RNA at A-site carrying a dipeptide at A-site moves to the P-site. In
translocation, both the subunits of ribosome move along in relation to tRNA and mRNA. Hence
tRNA carrying dipeptide now gets positioned at ‘P’ site of ribosome, making ‘A’ site vacant. Then
next charged tRNA molecule carrying amino acid will received. During this process, first
uncharged tRNA is discharged from E-site.
D. Termination and release of polypeptide :
i. Towards the 3’ end of mRNA, there is a stop codon (UAA/UAG/UGA). It is exposed at the A-
site.
ii. It is not read and joined by anticodon of any tRNA.
iii. The release factor binds to the stop codon, thereby terminating the translation process.
iv. The polypeptide is now released in the cytoplasm.
v. Two subunits of ribosome dissociate and last tRNA is set free in the cytoplasm.
vi. mRNA also has some additional sequences that are not translated and are referred as
untranslated regions (UTR).
vii. The UTRs are present at both 5’-end (before start codon) and at 3’-end (after stop codon).
They are required for efficient translation process.
viii. Finally, mRNA is also released in the cytoplasm. It gets denatured by nucleases immediately.
Hence mRNA is short – lived.

Q.3 A 1. The habits such as smoking, taking drug or alcohol are more likely to be taken up at a young
0 ns age, more during adolescence.
. 2. Curiosity, need for adventure and excitement, experimentation is the initial causes of
motivation.
3. Some youngsters start taking alcohol and drug to overcome some negative emotions such as
stress, to accept disappointments and failures as a part of life, Depression, frustration, etc.
4. Depending upon the relationship with parents or to other conditions the adult gets influenced by
their parents or their friends. Because of the same age group, the chances of following their friends
are more.
5. The most common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse among youth include drop in
academic performance, unexplained absence from school/college, lack of interest in personal
hygiene, withdrawal, isolation, depression, fatigue, aggressive and rebellious behavior,
deteriorating relationships with family and friends, loss of interest in hobbies, change I sleeping
and eating habits, fluctuations in weight, appetite, etc.
6. Treatment such disorders are always preferred by a non-pharmacological approach with due
respect to the rights of children.
7. WHO has recommended evidence based guidelines under the mental health Gap Action
Programme (mhGAP).
8. One can protect them without forcing them beyond his /her capacities in studies, sports and
other activities.
9. Education and Counselling of child to face problems, and stress, to accept disappointments and
failures as a part of life.
10. Channelize the energy of child in sports, studies and other constructive activities so that we
will try to engross them in those activities.
11. By identify the situations that push an adolescent towards use of drugs or alcohol, and to take
remedial measures well in time.

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 12. In this regard, the parents and the teachers have a special responsibility.

Q.3 A 1. It can be defined as uptake of mineral by the plant body.

1 ns 2. Many of minerals found in the soil are charged particles which cannot pass across the cell, while
. absorbed actively with the expenditure energy.
3. Minerals can also be absorbed passively without expenditure of energy.
4. It is independent of water absorption.
5. It can research by active, passive and Donnan equilibrium method.
Passive Absorption
1. Movement of mineral ions into the root occurs by diffusion.
2. Molecules or ions diffuse from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower
concentration.
3. The movement of mineral ions into root cells as a result of diffusion is without expenditure of
energy is called passive absorption.
4. Passive absorption can take place by direct ion-exchange, in direct ion-exchange mass flow and
Donnan equilibrium.
Donnan equilibrium
1. This absorption does not require any energy.
2. The Donnan equilibrium is based on assumption that certain negatively charged ions, after their
entry into the cell, become fixed on the inner side of the cell membrane and cannot diffuse outside
through the cell membrane.
3. It requires additional mobile cations are to balance these fixed anions. The concentration of
cations becomes more due to accumulation.
4. The passive absorption of anions/ cations from cell exterior against their own concentration
gradient in order to neutralize the effect of cations/ anions is called Donnan equilibrium.
Active Absorption
1. In active absorption the uptake of minerals is takes place against gradient.
2. It is energy dependent i.e. it requires expenditure of energy by the absorbing cell. The energy is
derived from respiration and is supplied through ATP.
3. When the roots are deprived of oxygen, they show a sudden drop in active absorption of
minerals.

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