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DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

PPP-PTS-4333/092023/14

GENERAL STUDIES

ENVIRONMENT - 3
Time Allowed: One Hour Maximum Marks: 100

INSTRUCTIONS

1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD CHECK THAT
THIS TEST BOOKLET DOES NOT HAVE ANY UNPRINTED OR TORN OR MISSING PAGES OR ITEMS,
ETC. IF SO, GET IT REPLACED BY A COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET.
2. Please note that it is the candidate’s responsibility to encode and fill in the Roll Number carefully
without any omission or discrepancy at the appropriate places in the OMR Answer Sheet. Any
omission/discrepancy will render the Answer Sheet liable for rejection.
3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the test booklet in the Box provided
alongside. DO NOT write anything else on the Test Booklet.
4. This Test Booklet contains 50 items (questions). Each item is printed in English. Each item comprises four
responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case you
feel that there is more than one correct response, mark the response which you consider the best. In any case,
choose ONLY ONE response for each item.
5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See directions in the
Answer Sheet.
6. All items carry equal marks.
7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer Sheet in response to various items in the Test Booklet, you have to
fill in some particulars in the Answer Sheet as per instructions sent to you with your Admission Certificate.
8. After you have completed filling in all your responses on the Answer Sheet and the examination has concluded,
you should hand over to the Invigilator only the Answer Sheet. You are permitted to take away with you the
Test Booklet.
CO
9. Sheets for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end.
10. Penalty for wrong answers:
S.

THERE WILL BE PENALTY FOR WRONG ANSWERS MARKED BY A CANDIDATE IN THE OBJECTIVE
TE

TYPE QUESTION PAPERS.

(i) There are four alternatives for the answer to every question. For each question for which a wrong answer
NO

has been given by the candidate, one-third of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted as
penalty.
(ii) If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given
DF

answers happens to be correct and there will be same penalty as above to that question.
(iii) If a question is left blank, i.e., no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for that
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question.
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DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

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1. Consider the following statements: Select the correct answer using the code given
below:
1. Predictable environment
(a) 1, 2, and 3 only
2. The complex relationship amongst
species (b) 1, 3, and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
3. Niche similarity amongst species
(d) 1, 2, and 4 only
4. More insolation

How many of the above can enhance the 4. Consider the given statements:
biodiversity of the Earth?
1. Both Community reserves and
(a) Only one Conservation Reserves are the outcome
of the original Wild life Protection Act,
(b) Only two 1972.
(c) Only three 2. They act as buffer zones to or connectors
and migration corridors between
(d) All four established protected areas.

RE
3. First Conservation Reserve of India was
2. Consider the following statements: established in Tamil Nadu.
1. Reason for loss of Biodiversity is How many of the above statements is/are
promotion of vegetarianism. correct?
2. Biodiversity hotspots are the region with (a) Only one
O
high species richness and low degree of
(b) Only two
endemism.
(c) All three
3. India has four biodiversity hotspots i.e.
Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, Nicobar (d) None
SC
region and Eastern Himalayas.
5. Which type of activity is/are allowed in the
How many of the above statements is/are Core Zone of a Biosphere Reserve?
correct?
1. Research and educational activities
(a) Only one
2. Forestry
(b) Only two 3. Sampling for scientific investigations
GS

(c) All three Select the correct answer using the code given
below:
(d) None
(a) 1 and 3 only
3. Bio-invasion may be considered as a form of (b) 2 and 3 only
CO
biological pollution and significant component
(c) 3 only
on global change and one of the major causes of
(d) No activity is allowed here
S.

species extinction. Which of the following are

the characteristic features of Invasive species
TE

that make them so successful? 6. Arrange the following regions into the
decreasing order of the floral endemism:
1. Relatively large amounts of DNA in their
NO

cell nuclei 1. Eastern Himalaya and north-eastern

region
2. Specialist in distribution
2. North-western Himalaya
DF

3. Possessing characteristic features like

3. Andaman & Nicobar Islands
“pioneer species” in varied landscapes
4. Peninsular India including Western and
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4. Long flowering and fruiting periods Eastern Ghats

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Select the correct answer using the code given 3. National parks are declared by the
below: Central Government whereas, wildlife
sanctuaries are declared by the state
(a) 4-1-2-3
governments.
(b) 4-3-1-2
How many of the above statements is/are
(c) 3-4-1-2 correct?
(d) 1-4-2-3 (a) Only one
(b) Only two
7. Consider the following statements regarding
Snow leopard (c) All three

1. International Snow Leopard Day came (d) None

into being with the adoption of the
Bishkek Declaration. 10. Which of the following statements regarding
2. It is the National Heritage Animal of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme
Pakistan and Afghanistan. (MAB) program is incorrect?

3. Hemis National Park is the Snow Leopard (a) It aims to establish a scientific basis

RE
capital of the world. for the improvement of relationships
between people and their environments.
How many of the above statements is/are
correct? (b) MAB combines both the natural and social
sciences to improve human livelihoods
(a) None and to safeguard natural and managed
(b) Only one O ecosystem.

(c) Only two (c) The World Network of Biosphere Reserves

also includes the Trans-boundary sites.
(d) All three
(d) MAB-related activities are financed by
member states, but not by the private
SC
8. Consider the following statements: sector.
1. They are the smallest sea turtles of
India. 11. Consider the following statements regarding
2. An event, known as the arribada, is the National Biosphere reserve program of
exhibited by these species on the Indian India:
Coast. 1. It was launched in 1972, a year after the
launching of the UNESCO MAB.
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3. They are listed as endangered under the

Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 2. A financial assistance is given in 90:10
and CITES. ratios to the North Eastern Region
Which of the following species is being States and three Himalayan states
described above? and in the ratio of 60:40 to other states
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for maintenance, improvement and
(a) Green turtles development of certain items.
(b) Hawksbill turtles 3. The State Government prepares the
S.

(c) Leatherback turtles Management Action Plan which is

approved and monitored by Central MAB
TE

(d) Olive Ridley turtles Committee.

How many of the above statements is/are
NO

9. Consider the following statements: correct?

1. National Parks enjoy a greater degree of (a) Only one
protection than the wildlife sanctuaries.
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(b) Only two

2. A national park can be created for a
particular species whereas the wildlife (c) All three
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sanctuary is not primarily focused on a

(d) None
particular species.
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12. With reference to the Cartagena Protocol, Select the correct option using the codes given
consider the following statements: below:

1. It was adopted as a supplementary (a) 3 and 4 only

agreement to the Convention on Biological (b) 1 and 3 only
Diversity at the Rio Summit, 1992.
(c) 1 and 4 only
2. It seeks to protect biological diversity
from the potential risks posed by the (d) 2 and 4 only
trans-boundary movements of the living
modified organisms resulting from 15. Consider the following statements regarding
modern biotechnology. the Greater one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros
unicornis):
3. It establishes an advance informed
agreement procedure for ensuring 1. It has been categorized as ‘Critically
that countries are provided with the Endangered’ according to the IUCN- Red
Data Book.
information necessary to make decisions
before agreeing to the import of such 2. It is the least populated rhino in the
organisms into their territory. world.

RE
4. As is a legally binding protocol it can 3. Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam
even alter the rights and obligations of has the highest density of this species.
governments under the World Trade How many of the above statements is/are
Organization. correct?
How many of the above statements is/are (a) Only one
correct?
O (b) Only two
(a) Only one
(c) All three
(b) Only two
(d) None
SC
(c) Only three
16. Which of the following statements is incorrect
(d) All four
regarding ‘Red Vanda’?

13. To qualify a region as a biodiversity hotspot: 1. It is included in the Schedule-VI of the

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
1. It must have at least 1,500 vascular
2. It is found in Sikkim.
plants as endemics.
GS

Select the correct option using the codes given

2. It must have lost over 70 % of the original
below:
habitat.
(a) 1 only
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(b) 2 only
(a) 1 only
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(c) Both 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
S.

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 17. Regarding Bio-piracy, consider the following
TE

statements:
14. What are the Constitutional provisions in Statement-I:
NO

India to protect Biodiversity? It refers to the appropriation of traditional

1. Article 48 knowledge of biodiversity by outsiders and
companies.
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2. Article 48A
Statement-II:
3. Article 50
It includes fraudulent patenting of biological
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4. Article 51A resources for profit.

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Which one of the following is correct in respect
of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
correct and Statement-II is the correct
explanation for Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
are correct and Statement-II is not the
correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-
II is correct
(d) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II
is incorrect
21. Consider the following statements regarding
18. This biosphere reserve of India is located at
the southernmost end of the Western Ghats.
It consists mostly of tropical forests. Three
(a) Genetic diversity is the result of mutations
accumulated over the generations.
(b) Genetic diversity at species level results
in success of the species in surviving
environmental changes.
(c) Genetic diversity in a species always
helps to increase biodiversity of the
region inhabited by that species.
(d) Sexual mode of reproduction helps
to increase and maintain the genetic
diversity in a population.
the measurement of biodiversity:
1. Species richness measures the number of
species found in a community.

RE
wildlife sanctuaries, Shendurney, Peppara
2. Species evenness measures the relative
and Neyyar, are located in this reserve. The
abundance of species at a given site.
reserve is home to Kani tribe of Tamil Nadu
and Kerala. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Which of the following biosphere reserve has (a) 1 only
these characteristics? O (b) 2 only
(a) Nilgiri
(c) Both 1 and 2
(b) Agasthyamalai
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) Gulf of Mannar
SC
(d) Silent valley 22. Consider the following statements:
1. Temperate or polar areas harbor more
19. Which of the following statements is/are species than Tropics.
incorrect regarding Global Eco-regions?
2. Latitudinal gradients and Species-area
1. Global Eco-regions is a science-based Relationship describes the Pattern of
global ranking of the Earth’s most Biodiversity.
GS

biologically outstanding terrestrial,

Which of the statements given above is/are
freshwater, and marine habitats.
correct?
2. It is developed by WWF scientists, in
(a) 1 only
collaboration with regional experts
around the world. (b) 2 only
CO
Select the correct answer using the code given (c) Both 1 and 2
below:
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
S.

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only 23. Consider the following statements:
TE

(c) Both 1 and 2 1. Global 200 is a list of 200 ecoregions

identified by IUCN.
NO

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

2. Temperate evergreen Forest are
commonly found along the eastern
20. Number of variants of the same gene present margins of continents.
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in same or different individuals of any species

accounts for genetic diversity. Which one of 3. Canopy forming is unique feature
the following is incorrect regarding genetic of Equatorial Forest and lead to the
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diversity? undergrowth of young fauna.

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How many of the above statements is/are 27. Consider the following statements about
correct? Chinese Pangolin:
(a) All three 1. It is found only in India and Southern
(b) Only one China.

(c) Only two 2. It is included in Schedule IV of the

Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
(d) None
3. It has the appearance of a scaly
24. Consider the following statements: anteater.

1. Kovai Manjack, recently in news is Which of the statements given above is/are
endemic to South East Asia. correct?
2. India harbors more endemic species of (a) 1 and 2 only
plants than any other region of world
except Australia. (b) 3 only

Which of the above statements is/are correct? (c) 1, 2 and 3

(a) 1 only (d) 1 only

RE
(b) 2 only
28. Which of the following statements is/are correct
(c) Both 1 and 2 regarding IUCN Green status of Species?
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
1. It assesses the recovery of species’
populations and measures their
25. Consider the following statements regarding conservation success.
White-bellied Heron:
O
2. The IUCN Green List Standard has a set
1. It is found in the foothills of eastern
of seventeen criteria categorized under
Himalayas in India.
four components.
2. It has been listed as Critically
SC
Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Select the correct option using the code given
below:
3. It is also found in Nepal and
Bangladesh. (a) 1 only
How many of the above statements is/are (b) 2 only
incorrect?
(c) Both 1 and 2
(a) Only one
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
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(b) Only two

(c) All three 29. Consider the following statements:
(d) None 1. Predators help in maintaining species
diversity in a community.
CO
26. Consider the following statements:
2. Predation acts as ‘conduits’ for energy
1. Namdapha Flying Squirrel is found in transfer across trophic levels.
Western Ghats.
S.

3. Nicotine and opium are chemical

2. The squirrels are nocturnal and is compounds produced by plants to attract
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critically endangered on the IUCN red

grazing animals.
list.
Which of the statements given above is/are
NO

Which of the statements given above is/are

incorrect? correct?

(a) 1 only (a) 1 only

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(b) 2 only (b) 1 and 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 only
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(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) 1, 2 and 3

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30. Consider the following pairs: 33. Consider the following statements:
Type of Diversity Examples A: Although the forest is considered a
natural ‘climax’ community in ecological
1. Genetic diversity Mangroves Forests successions, many grasslands ‘halt’ the
and Rain Forests succession process making grasses a
2. Species diversity Greater amphibian ‘climax ‘community.
species in Western R: Grasses once becoming dominant in any
Ghats than the region, inhibit the growth of tree sapling
Eastern Ghats at a very early stage by competition for
3. Ecosystem Different varieties of resources, this leads to the halt of the
diversity Mango found in India succession process in grasslands.
Select the correct answer using the following
How many of the above pairs is/are correctly
code:
matched?
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the
(a) Only one
correct explanation of A.
(b) Only two
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the
(c) All three correct explanation of A.

RE
(d) None (c) A is correct but R is incorrect.
(d) Both A and R are incorrect.
31. Which of the following factors are responsible
for enriching the Biodiversity? 34. Consider the following statements about
1. Creation of protected Areas Asiatic Cheetah:

2.
3. Intensive and monoculture farming
O
Introduction of Invasive alien species Statement-I:
Asiatic cheetah was wiped out from India in
1960s, is now only found in Iran.
4. Rewilding specific areas
Statement-II:
SC
5. Building Green Infrastructure
They are categorized as critically endangered.
Select the correct answer using the code given
Which one of the following is correct in respect
below:
of the above statements?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
(b) 2, 3 and 5 only correct and Statement-II is the correct
explanation for Statement-I
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
GS

(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II

(d) 1, 4 and 5 only are correct and Statement-II is not the
correct explanation for Statement-I
32. Pioneer species mostly invade a bare area, (c) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-
during primary succession in water. Which II is correct
CO
among the following acts as pioneer species?
(d) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II
1. Small phytoplanktons is incorrect
S.

2. Rooted-floating angiosperms
35. Which of the following pairs regarding the
3. Reed-swamp
TE

types of forest and their related characteristics

4. Marsh-meadow is/are correctly matched?
NO

Select the correct answer using the code given 1. Boreal forest – Thin podzol
below: soils

(a) 1 only 2. Temperate forests – Broad-leafed

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deciduous trees
(b) 2 and 3 only
3. Tropical Forest – Restricted
(c) 1 and 4 only undergrowth of
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(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 flora

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Select the correct answer using the code given 38. Consider the following statements:
below: Statement-I:
(a) 1 only Humans require resources to survive and
grow, and many of those resources are
(b) 2 and 3 only
being extracted from the environment in an
(c) 1 and 3 only unsustainable manner.

(d) 1, 2 and 3 Statement-II:

36. With respect to the Biodiversity, consider the
following statements:
1. Genetic diversity is essential for a healthy
breeding of population of species.
2. Species diversity can be measured
through its richness, abundance and
their types.
Increased movement and trade have resulted
in the introduction of invasive species, which
are regarded as one of the most serious threats
to biodiversity.
Which one of the following is correct in respect
of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
correct and Statement-II is the correct
explanation for Statement-I

RE
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
3. Diversity hotspots are areas poor in
are correct and Statement-II is not the
species diversity. correct explanation for Statement-I
How many of the above statements are (c) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-
correct? II is correct
(a) Only one (d) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II
O is incorrect
(b) Only two

(c) All three 39. How many of the following given below
constitute the major threats to biodiversity?
SC
(d) None
1. Invasive species

37. Norman Myers was a British environmentalist 2. Pollution

known for his work on environmental refugees 3. Over-exploitation
and expertise in biodiversity. Which of the
4. Habitat loss
following is/are the characteristics of hotspots,
according to him? Select the correct answer using the codes given
GS

below.
1. Areas having more than 1,500 species of
(a) Only one
endemic vascular plants.
(b) Only two
2. Areas that have lost at least 30 percent of
their original natural vegetation. (c) Only three
CO
3. Areas where extensive introduction of (d) All four
exotic species have made the indigenous
S.

species extinct. 40. With reference to the National Animal of

India, consider the following statements:
TE

4. Areas with 70% endangered species.

Statement-I:
Select the correct answer using the codes given The Royal Bengal Tiger is found throughout
NO

below. the country including in the north-western

region and also in the neighbouring countries,
(a) 1 only
Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh.
DF

(b) 2 and 3 only Statement-II:

(c) 1, 2 and 3 only ‘Project Tiger’ was launched in 1973, to check
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the dwindling population of tigers in India.

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
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Which one of the following is correct in respect Select the correct answer using the codes given
of the above statements? below.

(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are (a) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D
correct and Statement-II is the correct
(b) 1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4- B
explanation for Statement-I
(c) 1-D,2-B, 3-C, 4-A
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
are correct and Statement-II is not the (d) 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A
correct explanation for Statement-I
43. Consider the following statements:
(c) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-
II is correct Statement-I:

(d) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II Bio-piracy can lead to genetic contamination
is incorrect of native species through hybridization with
introduced species.
41. Regarding the criteria for critically endangered Statement-II:

RE
species as per IUCN Red List, consider the
This genetic mixing can result in loss of genetic
following statements:
diversity and can make native species more
1. When the species have a limited vulnerable to diseases and environmental
geographical range. changes.

2. Very limited or small population of less Which one of the following is correct in respect
than 50 adult individuals. of the above statements?

3.
O
Whether the population has decreased or
will decrease by more than 80% for the
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
correct and Statement-II is the correct
last three generations or 10 years. explanation for Statement-I
SC
4. There is a high possibility of extinction (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
in the wild. are correct and Statement-II is not the
correct explanation for Statement-I
How many of the above statements is/are
(c) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-
correct?
II is correct
(a) Only one
(d) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II
GS

(b) Only two is incorrect

(c) Only three

44. With respect to species found in India, consider
(d) All four the following:
CO
1. Lantana
42. Match the following pairs
2. Carrot grass
Mass Extinction Impacts
S.

1. Ordovician- A. Dinosaurs were 3. Water hyacinth

TE

Silurian killed 4. Cynodon

2. Devonian B. Only marine
How many of the above is/are not an invasive
NO

Invertebrates species?
were killed
(a) Only one
3. Permian C. Most vertebrates
DF

were killed (b) Only two

4. Triassic D. Marine species (c) Only three
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died out
(d) All four
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45. Consider the following statements regarding 47. Sometimes new species are created when a
indicator species: group within a species separates from other
members of its species and develops its own
Statement-I:
unique characteristics. This process is known
Indicator species serve as a measure of the as:
environmental conditions that exist in a
(a) Evolution
particular location.
(b) Speciation
Statement-II:
(c) Vegetative Growth
Lichens are capable to indicate air pollution,
water pollution, heavy metals as well as (d) Mutation
radioactive particles.

Which one of the following is correct in respect 48. Consider the following objectives of the IUCN
of the above statements? Green Status of Species:

(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are 1. Provide a standardised framework for
correct and Statement-II is the correct measuring species recovery.

RE
explanation for Statement-I 2. Recognise conservation achievements.
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II 3. Highlight species whose current
are correct and Statement-II is not the conservation status is dependent on
correct explanation for Statement-I continued conservation actions.
(c) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement- 4. Forecast the expected conservation
II is correct
O impact of planned conservation action.
(d) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II 5. Elevate levels of ambition for long-term
is incorrect species recovery.
SC
46. Consider the following statements regarding How many of the above-mentioned is/are
keystone species: incorrect?

1. Keystone species have low functional (a) Only three

redundancy. (b) Only four
2. This means that if the species were to (c) All five
GS

disappear from the ecosystem, any other

species would be able to fill its ecological (d) None
niche.
49. With reference to the UNESCO’s Man and the
3. The ecosystem would be forced to
Biosphere (MAB) Programme, consider the
CO
radically change, allowing new and
following statements:
possibly invasive species to populate the
habitat. 1. The MAB programme is an
S.

intergovernmental scientific programme

4. They are animals that have a huge
that aims to establish a scientific basis
TE

influence on food webs.

for enhancing the relationship between
How many of the above statements is/are people and their environments.
NO

correct?
2. The main MAB governing body is the
(a) All four International Coordinating Council
of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB)
DF

(b) Only one

Programme.
(c) Only two
3. It consists of 34 Member States elected by
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(d) Only three UNESCO’s annual General Conference.

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How many of the above statements is/are 2. The Pink pages are used for those species
incorrect?
that were formerly endangered but have
(a) Only one now recovered to a point where they are
(b) Only two no longer threatened.
(c) Only three
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(d) None
(a) 1 only
50. With respect to the IUCN publication, consider
the following statements: (b) 2 only

1. The Green pages in this publication (c) Both 1 and 2

include the critically endangered
species. (d) Neither 1 nor 2

RE
™™™™™

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SC
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Space for Rough Work

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IAS Prelims - 2024

PPP-PTS-4333/092023/14

GENERAL STUDIES

ENVIRONMENT - 3

Answer Key

Q. 1 (c) Q. 11 (b) Q. 21 (c) Q. 31 (d) Q. 41 (d)

Q. 2 (d) Q. 12 (b) Q. 22 (b) Q. 32 (a) Q. 42 (c)

Q. 3 (b) Q. 13 (c) Q. 23 (c) Q. 33 (c) Q. 43 (a)

Q. 4 (b) Q. 14 (d) Q. 24 (b) Q. 34 (b) Q. 44 (a)

CO
Q. 5 (c) Q. 15 (a) Q. 25 (a) Q. 35 (d) Q. 45 (b)

Q. 6 (a) Q. 16 (b) Q. 26 (a) Q. 36 (b) Q. 46 (d)

S.

Q. 7 (d) Q. 17 (a) Q. 27 (b) Q. 37 (a) Q. 47 (b)

TE

Q. 8 (d) Q. 18 (b) Q. 28 (c) Q. 38 (b) Q. 48 (d)

NO

Q. 9 (a) Q. 19 (d) Q. 29 (b) Q. 39 (d) Q. 49 (a)

Q. 10 (d) Q. 20 (c) Q. 30 (a) Q. 40 (c) Q. 50 (d)

DF
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1. Correct Option: (c) Supplementary Notes

Explanation: Biodiversity Hotspots

 Option (c) is correct

Supplementary Notes
Biodiversity
 Some important reasons that influence the
pattern of Biodiversity are as follows:
 Speciation which is needed for species
diversification
 A relatively more constant and
predictable environment that
promotes niche specialization and lead
to greater species diversity.
 More insolation contributes to
higher productivity, in turn, contribute

RE
indirectly to greater diversity.
 The more complex ecosystem
provides more food web i.e. many
entry points for any organism.
This, in turn, sustains the greater L3: Real Challenge
biodiversity.
O
 Niche similarity is not good, promotes 3. Correct option: (b)
high competition and leads to loss of
Explanation:
biodiversity.
 Option (b) is correct
L2: Approachable
SC
Supplementary Notes

2. Correct Option: (d) Invasive Species

 An alien plant also referred to as exotic,
Explanation: introduced, foreign, non-indigenous or non-
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The main native, is one that has been introduced by
reason for Biodiversity loss is destruction humans intentionally or otherwise through
of habitat as the transformation of the human agency or accidentally from one
GS

natural areas determines not only the loss
of the plant species but also a decrease in
the animal species associated with them.
Other threat to biodiversity are invasion
of alien species, climate change,
Deforestation, Increasing Wildlife
Trade, Desertification etc.
region to another. An alien plant that has
escaped from its original ecosystem and is
reproducing on its own in the regional flora
is considered a naturalized species.
CO
 The global extent and rapid increase
in invasive species is homogenising the
world’s flora and fauna and is recognized as
S.

a primary cause of global biodiversity loss.

 Statement 2 is incorrect: Biodiversity
Bio-invasion may be considered as a form
TE


hotspots are the region with high species of biological pollution and significant
richness and high degree of endemism. component on global change and one of the
NO

Norman Myers in 1988 coined the term major causes of species extinction.
Biodiversity Hotspots as a biogeographic
region characterized by both plant endemism Characteristic features of Invasive
and Habitat loss. species
DF

 Invasive species possess characteristic

 Statement 3 is incorrect: India has
features like “pioneer species” in varied
4 Biodiversity Hotspots i.e. Eastern landscapes, tolerant of a wide range of soil
.P

Himalayas, Indo Burma region, Western and weather conditions, generalist in

Ghats, Sundaland. Nicobar Group of region distribution, produces copious amounts of
W

is considered under Sundaland. seed that disperse easily, grows aggressive

W

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root systems, short generation time, 5. Correct Option: (c)

high dispersal rates, long flowering
and fruiting periods, broad native range,
abundant in native range.
 Preliminary data from one interesting
study shows that invasive species are
likely to have relatively small amounts
of DNA in their cell nuclei. Apparently,
the cells in these plants are able to divide
and multiply more quickly and consequently
the entire plant can grow more rapidly than
species with higher cellular DNA content.
This gives them a leg up in disturbed sites.
L3: Real Challenge
4. Correct Option: (b)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Both and
community reserves and Conservation
Explanation:
 Option (c) is correct
Supplementary Notes
The Core Zone
 A core zone secures legal protection and
management and research activities (such
as sampling) that do not affect natural
processes and wildlife are allowed.
 Destructive sampling for scientific
investigations is prohibited.
 Strict nature reserves and wilderness
portions of the area are designated as core
areas of BR. The core zone is to be kept free
from all human pressures external to the
system.
L2: Approachable

RE
Reserves are the outcome of the amendment
to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 in
2002. 6. Correct Option: (a)
Supplementary Notes Explanation:
Conservation reserves and community  Option (a) is correct
reserves of India
Supplementary Notes

O
Statement 2 is correct: Conservation
reserves and community reserves in India Floral Endemism in India
are terms denoting protected areas of India  Floral Endemism is the phenomenon of
which typically act as buffer zones to flower species being unique to a defined
or connectors and migration corridors
SC
geographical area. Its measure defines the
between established national parks, wildlife
diversity of species at any location.
sanctuaries and reserved and protected
forests of India.  In India, the sequence of floral endemism is
(in decreasing order):
 Such areas are designated as conservation
areas if they are uninhabited and completely  Peninsular India including western
owned by the Government of India but and Eastern Ghats (about 2,600
used for subsistence by communities and species).
community areas if part of the lands is
Eastern Himalaya and north-eastern
GS


privately owned.
region (about 2,500 species).
 These protected area categories were first
introduced in the Wildlife (Protection)  North-western Himalaya (about 800
Amendment Act of 2002 − the amendment species).
CO
to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.  Andaman & Nicobar Islands (about
These categories were added because of 250 species).
reduced protection in and around existing
or proposed protected areas due to private L2: Approachable
S.

ownership of land, and land use.

7. Correct option: (d)
TE

 Statement 3 is correct:
Tiruppadaimarathur conservation
reserve in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu Explanation:
NO

was the first conservation reserve  All statements are correct

established in 2005.
 The State Government may notify any
Supplementary Notes
community land or private land as a
DF

Snow leopard
Community Reserve, provided that the
members of that community or individuals  International Snow Leopard Day came into
concerned are agreeable to offer such areas being with the adoption of the Bishkek
.P

for protecting the fauna and flora, as well as Declaration.

their traditions, cultures and practices. It is the National Heritage Animal of
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L3: Real Challenge Pakistan and Afghanistan.
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 Hemis National Park is the Snow Leopard
capital of the world.
 India has been conserving snow leopard
and its habitat through the Project Snow
Leopard (PSL).
 India is also party to the Global Snow
Leopard and Ecosystem Protection (GSLEP)
Programme since 2013.
 In India, it inhabits the higher Himalayan
and trans-Himalayan landscape in the five
states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and
Arunachal Pradesh.
L3: Real Challenge
8. Correct option: (d)
Explanation:
 Option (d) is correct
Supplementary Notes
Olive Ridley Turtles
 India’s coastal waters contain 4 species of
sea turtles, all listed as endangered under
O
the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
and CITES.
 These include the green, hawksbill,
leatherback and olive ridley, with the
SC
ridleys being the smallest in size.
 The olive ridleys are also the only species
exhibiting the phenomena of mass nesting
in India and the Indian mass nesting
population of olive ridleys is globally the
largest rookery.
In a nocturnal spectacle spanning a
GS

few nights, tens of thousands of Olive
Ridley turtles lay over a million eggs
ashore in the event known as the
arribada.
 These turtles undertake a long distance
migration from the offshore waters of Sri
Lanka via Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
to nest in large numbers along the beaches
of Odisha.
 However, while direct threats like poaching
for trade or consumption have largely
been eliminated for the species in India,
they continue to face indirect threats
from fisheries (bycatch mortality), coastal
development (loss of nesting beaches),
climate change (altered physiology and
habitat) and marine debris (entrapment,
ingestions, infiltration in food chain).
L3: Real Challenge
4 PPP-PTS-4333/092023/14
9. Correct Option: (a)
Explanation:
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Wildlife
sanctuary can be created for a particular
species whereas the national park is not
primarily focused on a particular species.
 Statement 3 is incorrect: The Wild
Life (Protection) Act, 1972 provides for
the declaration of National Parks by the
State Government in addition to wildlife
sanctuaries but Central Government may
also declare, under certain conditions.
Supplementary Notes
Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks
National parks and wildlife sanctuaries

are protected natural habitats, declared by
the government of a country according to
RE
the regulations from the IUCN (The World
Conservation Union) to preserve the wildlife
through the conservation of ecosystems.
It is important for people to understand
the differences and similarities between a
national park and a wildlife sanctuary.
The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 provides

for the establishment of Protected Areas
in India. There are different categories of
protected areas which are managed with
different objectives for the larger motive of
conservation.
 The Wild Life (Protection) Act (WPA) of 1972
provided for the declaration of National
Parks by the State Government in addition
to the declaration of wildlife sanctuaries.
 National Parks are declared in areas that
are considered to be of adequate ecological,
geomorphological and natural significance
although within the law, the difference in
conservation value of a National Park from
that of a sanctuary is not specified in the
CO
WPA 1972.
 The Central Government may also declare,
Wild Life Sanctuary and National Park
S.
under certain conditions.
Differences
TE
 National Parks enjoy a greater degree of
protection than sanctuaries.
NO
 Certain activities which are regulated in
sanctuaries, such as grazing of livestock,
are prohibited in National Parks.
DF
 Wildlife sanctuary can be created for a
particular species whereas the national
.P
park is not primarily focused on a particular
species.
W
L3: Real Challenge
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10. Correct Option: (d)
Explanation:
 Option (d) is correct
Supplementary Notes
UNESCO MAB program
 Launched in 1971, UNESCO’s Man and
the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an
Intergovernmental Scientific Programme
that aims to establish a scientific basis for
the improvement of relationships between
people and their environments.
 MAB combines the natural and social
sciences, economics and education to
improve human livelihoods and the
equitable sharing of benefits, and to
safeguard natural and managed ecosystems,
thus promoting innovative approaches to
economic development that are socially and
culturally appropriate, and environmentally
sustainable.
 MAB is funded through the regular
budget of UNESCO and mobilizes funds-
in-trust granted by Member States,
bilateral and multilateral sources,
and extra-budgetary funds provided
O
by countries, the private sector and
private institutions.
 MAB-related activities are nationally
financed. The Programme can grant seed
SC
funding to assist countries in developing
projects and/or to secure appropriate
partnership contributions.
 The World Network of Biosphere Reserves
currently counts 701 sites in 124 countries all
over the world, including 21 transboundary
sites.
The first biosphere reserve of the world was
GS

established in 1979.
L2: Approachable
11. Correct Option: (b)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The scheme is
being implemented by Government of India
since 1986.
Supplementary Notes
National Biosphere reserve program
 The Biosphere Reserve Programme is
guided by UNESCO Man and Biosphere
(MAB) programme as India is a
signatory to the landscape approach
supported by MAB programme.
 A scheme called Biosphere Reserve
is being implemented by Government
of India since 1986, in which financial
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PPP-PTS-4333/092023/14
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assistance is given in 90:10 ratio to the
North Eastern Region States and three
Himalayan states and in the ratio of
60:40 to other states for maintenance,
improvement and development of
certain items.
 The State Government prepares the
Management Action Plan which is
approved and monitored by Central
MAB Committee.
 Presently, there are 18 notified
biosphere reserves in India of which
12 are in MAB.
L3: Real Challenge
12. Correct Option: (b)
Explanation:
RE
 Statement 1 is incorrect: As a
supplementary agreement to the Convention
on Biological Diversity, it was adopted in
2000 and entered into force in 2003.
 Statement 4 is incorrect: Although it is
a legally binding protocol, the agreement
does not alter the rights and obligations
of governments under the World Trade
Organization (WTO) or other existing
international agreements.
Supplementary Notes
Cartagena Protocol
 The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
is a legally binding protocol to the
Convention on Biological Diversity
is an international treaty governing
the movements of living modified
organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern
biotechnology from one country to another.
It was adopted on 29 January 2000 as a
supplementary agreement to the Convention
on Biological Diversity and entered into
CO
force on 11 September 2003.
 It establishes an advance informed
agreement (AIA) procedure for ensuring
S.
that countries are provided with the
information necessary to make informed
TE
decisions before agreeing to the import of
such organisms into their territory.
NO
 The Protocol contains reference to a
precautionary approach and reaffirms
the precaution language in Principle 15
of the Rio Declaration on Environment
DF
and Development. The Protocol also
establishes a Biosafety Clearing-House to
facilitate the exchange of information on
.P
living modified organisms and to assist
countries in the implementation of the
W
Protocol.
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 It was named in honour of Cartagena,
Colombia, where negotiations were expected
to conclude in February 1999. One year
later, on January 29, 2000, the Protocol was
finalized and adopted in Montreal, Canada
by unanimous consent with 135 countries
present.
 The Protocol includes a clause that makes
clear the Parties’ intent that the agreement
does not alter the rights and obligations
of governments under the World Trade
Organization (WTO) or other existing
international agreements.
L3: Real Challenge
13. Correct Option: (c)
Explanation:
 Both statements are correct
Supplementary Notes
Biodiversity Hotspots
 Norman Myers, a British Ecologist,
developed the concept of Hot spots in
1988 to designate priority areas for in situ
conservation. According to him, the hot spots
are the richest and the most threatened
O
reservoirs of biodiversity on the earth.
 To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot, a
region must meet two strict criteria:
 It must have at least 1,500 vascular
SC
plants as endemics — which are to say,
it must have a high percentage of plant
life found nowhere else on the planet. A
hotspot, in other words, is irreplaceable.
 It must have 30% or less of its original
natural vegetation. In other words, it
must be threatened.
L2: Approachable
GS
14. Correct Option: (d)
Explanation:
 Option (d) is correct
Supplementary Notes
Constitutional provisions in India to
protect Biodiversity
 Under Article 48A of the Indian
Constitution, it is stated that the State
shall endeavour to protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard the forests
and wild life of the country.
 Article 51A of the Constitution of India
specifies fundamental duties of every citizen.
It is the duty of every citizen of India: to
cherish and follow the noble ideals which
inspired the national struggle for freedom;
to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity
and integrity of India; to value and preserve
6 PPP-PTS-4333/092023/14
the rich heritage of the composite culture; to
protect and improve the natural environment
including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life,
and to have compassion for living creatures;
and to strive towards excellence in all
spheres of individual and collective activity
so that the nation constantly rises to higher
levels of endeavour and achievement.
L1 : Elementary
15. Correct Option: (a)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: It is listed as
Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Javan rhinos
and Sumatran rhinos are the least populated
rhinos.
Supplementary Notes
RE
Greater one-horned rhinos (Rhinoceros
unicornis)
 The Greater one-horned rhino (or “Indian
rhino”) is the largest of the rhino species.
 It is commonly found in Nepal, Bhutan, and
Pakistan and in Assam, India. It is confined
to the tall grasslands and forests in the
foothills of the Himalayas.
 Out of an estimated 2,645 in Assam,
Kaziranga has 2,413 rhinos, according to
the Rhino census 2018.
 Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary (102) shelters
the highest density of Indian rhinos in the
world.
 It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN
Red List.
 Javan rhinos and Sumatran rhinos are
the least populated rhinos.
L3: Real Challenge
16. Correct Option: (b)
CO
Explanation:
 Statement 2 is incorrect: It is found in
S.
Manipur, Assam, Andhra Pradesh
TE
Supplementary Notes
Red Vanda
NO
 Red vanda is a type of Indian orchid
species.
 It is included in the Schedule-VI of the
DF
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, whose
cultivation, Collection, extraction, trade, etc
are prohibited.
.P
 It is found in Manipur, Assam, Andhra
Pradesh.
W
L1 : Elementary
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17. Correct Option: (a)
Explanation:
 Both statements are correct
Supplementary Notes
Biopiracy
 It is often assumed that traditional
knowledge is in public domain and the
local communities have no claims over
it. Hence, such knowledge can be easily
misappropriated.
 Biopiracy here refers to the appropriation
of traditional knowledge of biodiversity by
outsiders and companies and it includes
fraudulent patenting of such biological
resources for profit.
 Some examples of biopiracy in India
Turmeric: In 1995, two NRIs in the US

were awarded a patent for the wound-
healing property of turmeric. India’s
Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research contested the patent on the
argument that the medicinal properties
of turmeric were known to Indians since
centuries. The patent was cancelled.
 Basmati
O
Rice: In 1997, the US firm
Rice Tec obtained patents for Basmati
Rice line and grains, arguing that they
invented the variety. Due to massive
SC
protests, some of their claims were
rejected.
 Neem: In 1994, the European Patent
Office awards a patent to the US firm,
W.R. Grace for a method of controlling
fungi on plants by the aid of Neem oil.
NGOs and Indian farmers successfully
contested this patent.
GS
 It is not always easy to fight against
biopiracy. In this era of globalization, it
is important to record all such traditional
and local knowledge of biodiversity.
L2: Approachable
18. Correct Option: (b)
Explanation:
 Option (b) is correct
Supplementary Notes
Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve
 The Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve
is located in the southernmost end of the
Western Ghats.
Western Ghats and incorporates peaks

towering 1,868 m above sea level. Consisting
mostly of tropical forest, the site is home
to 2,254 species of higher plants including
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PPP-PTS-4333/092023/14
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about 400 that are endemic. It is also a
unique genetic reservoir of cultivated
plants, in particular cardamom, jamune,
nutmeg, pepper and plantain. Three wildlife
sanctuaries, Shendurney, Peppara and
Neyyar, are located in the site, as well as
the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger reserve.
 The reserve is home to Kani tribes from both
Tamil Nadu and Kerala, which number in
total approximately 30,000 inhabitants. The
community uses a wide variety of biological
resources for sustenance but is rarely
involved in their commercialization
L2: Approachable
19. Correct Option: (d)
Explanation:
 Both statements are correct
RE
Supplementary Notes
Global Eco-regions
 Developed by WWF scientists, in
collaboration with regional experts around
the world, the Global Ecoregions is a
science-based global ranking of the Earth’s
most biologically outstanding terrestrial,
freshwater, and marine habitats.
 It provides a critical blueprint for biodiversity
conservation at a global scale. It is the first
comparative analysis of biodiversity to
cover every major habitat type, spanning
five continents and all the world’s oceans.
 The aim of the Global Eco regions analysis
is to ensure that the full range of ecosystems
is represented within regional conservation
and development strategies, so that
conservation efforts around the world
contribute to a global biodiversity strategy.
L2: Approachable
20. Correct option: (c)
CO
Explanation:
 Option (c) is correct
S.
Supplementary Notes
Genetic diversity
TE
 Genetic diversity refers to any variation in
the nucleotide, gene, chromosome or whole
NO
genome of the organism.
 According to Williams and Humphries, it is
the currency of diversity.
DF
 Approximately 1 billion of genes have
been recognised from all the species on the
earth.
.P
 Genetic diversity is the key for the survival
of any species with changing environmental
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factors.
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 Two major sources of genetic diversity are
mutation and sexual reproduction (meiotic
cell division).
 Genetic diversity in a species ensures the
success of only that particular species which
may impact other species in the region
either positively or negatively.
 For example, in ongoing global pandemic
due to mutation there are several variants
of SARS-CoV-2 are formed which is good for
the survival and propagation or the virus
but it is detrimental for the hosts (in this
case human). Further mutation may turn it
in to deadlier or help in diversify the host
species.
L2: Approachable
21. Correct Option: (c)
Explanation:
 Both statements are correct
Supplementary Notes
Measurement of biodiversity
 Diversity mainly includes two different
O
aspects: species richness and evenness.
 Species richness is the number of
species. It is the simplest measure of
diversity and does not consider differences
SC
in species relative abundance.
 Species evenness is the similarity
in species relative abundance in a
community captures another aspect of
diversity by determining diversity as a
standardized index of relative species
abundance.
 The relationship between species richness
GS
and evenness can vary with change in key
ecological processes such as competition,
predation, and succession, each of which
can alter proportional diversity through
changes in evenness without any change in
species composition.
L2: Approachable
22. Correct Option: (b)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: In general,
species diversity decreases as we move away
from the equator towards the poles. With
very few exceptions, tropics (latitudinal
range of 23.5° N to 23.5° S) harbour more
species than temperate or polar areas.
Tropics are also known as optimum Biome.
 Statement 2 is correct: Both describes
the Pattern of Biodiversity.
8 PPP-PTS-4333/092023/14
Supplementary Notes
Pattern of Biodiversity
 Latitudinal gradients: it is the most
RE
well- known being the latitudinal gradient
in diversity. The diversity of Plants and
Animals are uneven throughout the world.
 Species-Area relationships: German
naturalist and geographer Alexander von
Humboldt observed that within a region
species richness increased with increasing
explored area, but only up to a limit. The
relation between species richness and area
for a wide variety of taxa turns out to be a
rectangular hyperbola. But, if you analyse
the species-area relationships among very
large areas (continents), the slope of the line
would be much steeper
L2: Approachable
23. Correct Option: (c)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The Global 200
is the list of ecoregions which is identified by
World Wildlife Fund (WWF) as priorities
CO
for conservation. These ecoregions include
those with exceptional levels of biodiversity,
such as high species richness or endemism,
S.
or those with unusual ecological or
evolutionary phenomena.
TE
 Statement 2 is correct: The temperate
evergreen forests are located in the mid
NO
latitudinal coastal region. They are
commonly found along the eastern margin
of the continents e.g. in south east USA,
DF
South China and in South East Brazil. They
comprise both hard and soft wood trees like
oak, pine, eucalyptus, etc.
.P
 Statement 3 is correct: Equatorial Forest
are found in such Tropical Zones which
W
receives more than 200 cm rainfall. They
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are also called evergreen forest. The thick
canopies of the closely spaced trees do not
allow the sunlight to penetrate inside
the forest even in the day time. All plants
struggle upwards (epiphytes) for sunlight
resulting in a peculiar layer arrangement.
L3: Real Challenge
24. Correct Option: (b)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Kovai Manjack
is a shrub endemic to Coimbatore. The
species is known as Sirunaruvili in Tamil
& is classified as Critically Endangered.
The shrub with creamy white flowers and
orange berries was first discovered in 1938
by K Cherian Jacob. The leaves of the
plants have Antioxidant activity and
phytochemical constituent. Threat to this
shrub is Human Interference particularly
rapid Urbanization and anthropogenic
activities.
 Statement 2 is correct: India harbors
O
more endemic species of plants than any
other region of world except Australia.
About 33% of Flowering plants are endemic
to India. The reason for great endemism
SC
is its Geographic Location and different
climatic conditions (Himalayas in North,
sea on three sides of peninsular region).
L2: Approachable
25. Correct Option: (a)
GS
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is correct: The white-
bellied heron also known as the imperial
heron or great white-bellied heron, is a
large heron species living in the foothills
of the eastern Himalayas in northeast
India and Bhutan to northern Myanmar.
 It inhabits undisturbed rivers
and wetlands.
 Statement 2 is correct: It has been listed
as Critically Endangered on the IUCN
Red List since 2007, because the global
population is estimated at less than 300
mature individuals and threatened by
habitat loss and human disturbance.
Statement 3 is incorrect: It is locally
 
extinct in Nepal and in Bangladesh.
L2: Approachable
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PPP-PTS-4333/092023/14
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26. Correct Option: (a)
Explanation
 Statement 1 is incorrect: It is
endemic to Arunachal Pradesh in northeast
India.
 Statement 2 is correct: The squirrels are
nocturnal and is critically endangered on
the IUCN red list.
 It is known from a single specimen collected
in 1981 in Namdapha National Park.
Supplementary Notes
Namdapha flying squirrel
 Its range of the Namdapha flying squirrel
may be restricted to a single valley and it
is threatened by poaching of animals for
food from within the park, and possibly
RE
by habitat destruction.
 It is among the 25 “most wanted lost”
species that are the focus of Global Wildlife
Conservation’s “Search for Lost Species”
initiative.
 Like other flying squirrels, the most
distinctive feature of this species is the
furred, muscular membrane that extends
along the sides of the body, from the front
limbs to the hind legs.
 The Namdapha flying squirrel inhabits
temperate broadleaf forests.
L2: Approachable
27. Correct Option: (b)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The Chinese
pangolin is found in the Himalayan foothills
in Eastern Nepal, Bhutan, Northern India,
and North-East Bangladesh and through
Southern China.
CO
 Statement 2 is incorrect: In India, it has
been given the highest level of protection as
it is included in Schedule I of the Wildlife
S.
Protection Act 1972.
Supplementary Notes
TE
Chinese Pangolin
NO
 The pangolin, also called scaly anteater, is
an elongated, armor-plated insectivore of
the order Pholidota.
DF
 The Chinese pangolin has the appearance of
a scaly anteater.
It is adaptable to a wide range of habitats
.P
including primary and secondary tropical
forests, limestone and bamboo forests,
W
grasslands and agricultural fields.
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 Once known to be found in large numbers, its
population is rapidly declining in its range
due to habitat loss and rampant poaching
for its skin, scales, and meat.
L2: Approachable
28. Correct Option: (c)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is correct: It assesses
the recovery of species’ populations and
measures their conservation success.
 Statement 2 is correct: The IUCN Green
List of Protected and Conserved Areas
Standard (IUCN Green List Standard)
describes a set of seventeen CRITERIA
categorized under four COMPONENTS,
accompanied by 50 indicators.
Supplementary Notes
IUCN Green status of Species
 The overarching objective of the IUCN Green
List Programme is to increase the number of
protected and conserved areas that deliver
successful conservation outcomes through
effective and equitable governance and
O
management.
 IUCN began to shape the concept for a
Green List of Protected Areas in 2008.
 At the 2012 World Conservation Congress,
SC
four IUCN Resolutions supported the
development of an IUCN Green List for
Protected and Conserved areas.
L2: Approachable
29. Correct Option: (b)
Explanation:
GS
 Statement 1 is correct: Predators
help in maintaining species diversity in
a community, by reducing the intensity of
competition among competing prey species.
For example, in the rocky intertidal
communities of the American Pacific
Coast the starfish Pisaster is an important
predator. In a field experiment, when all
the starfish were removed from an enclosed
intertidal area, more than 10 species of
invertebrates became extinct within a year,
because of interspecific competition.
 Statement 2 is correct: Predation is
nature’s way of transferring to higher
trophic levels the energy fixed by plants.
They keep prey populations under control.
 Statement 3 is incorrect: Nicotine and
opium are chemical compounds produced
by plants as a defence against grazing
herbivores. Because of these chemicals,
animals avoid eating these plants. A wide
10
variety of chemical substances that are
extracted from plants on a commercial scale
(nicotine, caffeine, quinine, strychnine,
opium, etc.,) are produced by them actually
as defences against grazers and browsers.
L3: Real Challenge
30. Correct Option: (a)
Explanation:
 Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Mangrove
Forests and Rain forests are example of
ecosystem diversity. Ecosystem diversity
refers to the diversity at the ecosystem level.
India, for instance, with its deserts, rain
forests, mangroves, coral reefs, wetlands,
estuaries, and alpine meadows has a greater
ecosystem diversity than a Scandinavian
country like Norway.
RE
 Pair 2 is correctly matched: Species
diversity refers to the diversity at the species
level. The fact that the Western Ghats have
a greater amphibian species diversity than
the Eastern Ghats is an example of species
diversity.
 Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Genetic
diversity – A single species might show
high diversity at the genetic level over its
distributional range. Different varieties
of Mangoes found in India is an example
of Genetic diversity. India has more than
50,000 genetically different strains of rice,
and 1,000 varieties of mango.
L2: Approachable
31. Correct Option: (d)
Explanation:
Option (d) is correct

Supplementary Notes
Enhancing the Biodiversity
CO
 Protected areas should be designated
and effectively managed to protect the
ecosystem and the organisms living there.
Today, protected areas across the globe
S.
cover around 15 percent of our land, about
10 percent of the coastal and marine areas
TE
within national jurisdiction, and 3.4 percent
of our oceans.
NO
 Invasive alien species are non-native
plants or animals that are introduced
accidentally or deliberately into an ecosystem
where they are not normally found, with
DF
serious negative consequences for that
ecosystem. An example illustrating the
detrimental impact of invasive alien species
.P
is the case of the yellow-legged hornet,
native to South East Asia and introduced
W
through horticultural trade in 2005.
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 Agriculture had a tremendous impact on
biodiversity. Intensive and monoculture
farming depletes soil nutrients but it
also strips the cultivated land from a
range of organisms that help fight the
spread of pests. Sustainable agriculture
practices support integrating biodiversity in
various ways including in terms of diversity
of crops, traditional agriculture techniques
to control pests and increase productivity
as well as ensuring that farmed land is
made up of a diverse mix of grazing land,
crop land, orchards, wetlands and managed
forests.
 Rewilding, or re-wilding, activities are
conservation efforts aimed at restoring
and protecting natural processes and
wilderness areas. For instance, in 2013 eight
European bison were released into the wild
in the Bad Berleburg region of Germany,
an area where they had been extinct for the
last 300 years.
 Green infrastructure is an approach that
seeks to marry modern development
and infrastructure projects with
biodiversity conservation. If when we
make plans for building roads, railways
O
and bridges we assess the impacts for
local biodiversity and adapt our plans to
minimize those, this will go a long way to
helping increase biodiversity. For example,
in urban areas properly designed parks,
SC
urban gardens, green roofs and walls can
contribute to biodiversity.
L3: Real Challenge
32. Correct Option: (a)
Explanation:
GS
 Option (a) is correct
Supplementary Notes
Ecological succession
 Ecological succession is the process that
describes how the structure a biological
community (that is, an interacting group of
various species in a desert, forest, grassland,
marine environment, and so on) changes
over time.
 Primary succession on rocks: These are
usually lichens which are able to secrete
acids to dissolve rock, helping in weathering
and soil formation. These later pave the way
for some very small plants like bryophytes,
which are able to take hold in the small
amount of soil.
Succession that begins in new habitats or

lifeless areas that are uninfluenced by pre-
existing communities are called Primary
succession.
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 Small Phytoplankton are the pioneers
that conducts primary succession in water.
 Phytoplanktons are gradually replaced with
time by rooted-submerge plants, rooted-
floating angiosperms followed by free-
floating plants, then reed-swamp, marsh
meadow, scrub and finally the trees.
 Secondary Succession is that follows the
disruption of a pre-existing community that
existed in the same ecosystem.
 The climax again would be a forest. With
time the water body is converted into land.
L2: Approachable
33. Correct Option: (c)
Explanation:
 Statement R is incorrect: Grasses
RE
being a very successful family of the plant
kingdom, give fierce competition to any
other family but most of the grasses are
not perennial so they cannot inhibit the
succession merely by competition. Grasses
attract two most important factors that are
largely responsible for the halt of succession
in many grasslands; frequent grazing and
frequent fire.
Supplementary Notes
Succession in Grasslands
 Forests are the natural, original “climax”
vegetation in nearly all of Southeast Asia, but
Imperata grasslands are now widespread.
When forests are disturbed by logging, shifting
agriculture, or burning, Imperata often
takes over. Imperata’s seeds are blown far
and wide, and they can grow on wet or dry,
fertile or infertile soils. Once established,
the grass is a very flammable fuel. Even
three days without rain can dry out the
grass enough to carry a fire, burning both
the grass and nearby forest vegetation. Fire
CO
stimulates both flowering and immediate
regrowth of Imperata’s, rhizomes. At the
same time, fire damages or kills forest
S.
vegetation. If fires are frequent, Imperata
will gradually become more dominant. It
TE
often forms monocultures except for a few
scattered fire-resistant trees and shrubs,
or it is part of mixed grasslands with other
NO
fire-adapted grasses. This is called a “fire
climax.”
Imperata grasslands also persist because
DF

many other species have difficulty competing
with Imperata for water, nutrients, and
light. Some species are also affected by the
.P
toxic (“allelopathic”) substances produced
in and leaking from Imperata’s roots and
W
rhizomes.
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 If an Imperata grassland does not burn,
it will naturally and gradually return to
the forest (“forest succession”). Slowly,
pioneer trees and shrubs sprout or grow
from, seed, and eventually, some grow
above Imperata and outcompete it for light
and water. Once Imperata is suppressed,
additional species can grow more easily.
 It is often assumed that grasslands are the
final, irreversible result of deforestation
and the abandonment of farmlands and
that therefore grasslands are increasing in
the area. While it is true that grasslands
are expanding in many places, Imperata is
only a “climax” if the fire or other
disturbances continue. Many grasslands
have been converted into agriculture or
agroforestry during this century. In some
countries and provinces, the total area
of Imperata grasslands has decreased as
human populations and the demand for
land has increased.
L2: Approachable
34. Correct Option: (b)
O
Explanation:
 Both statements are correct
Supplementary Notes
SC
Asiatic Cheetah
 The Asiatic cheetah that was wiped out
from India in 1960s is now only found
in Iran, and is categorized as critically
endangered.
 Since, it is not possible to source the animal
from Iran, India is set to bring another sub-
GS
specie of cheetah — the African Cheetah,
which can provide it with substantial
numbers of suitable cheetah for several
years.
L2: Approachable
35. Correct Option: (d)
Explanation:
 All pairs are correctly matched
Supplementary Notes
Forest Ecosystem
 The forest ecosystem includes a complex
assemblage of different kinds of biotic
communities.
The nature of soil, climate and local

topography determine the distribution of
trees and their abundance in the forest
vegetation.
12
 Cold regions with high rainfall, strong
seasonal climates with long winters and
short summers are characterized by boreal
coniferous forest.
Boreal forest
 Boreal forest soils are characterized by
thin podzols and are rather poor. Both
because, the weathering of rocks proceeds
slowly in cold environments and because
the litter derived from conifer needle (leaf)
is decomposed very slowly and is not rich in
nutrients.
Temperate forests
 The temperate forests are characterized
by a moderate climate and broad-leafed
deciduous trees, which shed their leaves
in fall, are bare over winter and grow new
foliage in the spring.
RE
 The precipitation is fairly uniform
throughout. Soils of temperate forests are
podzolic and fairly deep.
Tropical rain forests
 Tropical rain forests occur near the equator.
Tropical rain forests are among the most
diverse and rich communities on the earth.
 Both temperature and humidity remain
high and more or less uniform.
 The annual rainfall exceeds 200 cm and is
generally distributed throughout the year.
 Soil of tropical rainforests is red latosols,
and they are very thick.
 The high rate of leaching makes these soils
virtually useless for agricultural purposes,
but when left undisturbed, the rapid cycling
of nutrients within the litter layer, formed
due to decomposition can compensate for
the natural poverty of the soil.
 Undergrowth is restricted in many
areas by the lack of sunlight at ground
level.
CO
L2: Approachable
36. Correct option: (b)
S.
Explanation:
TE
 Statement 1 is correct: Genetic
biodiversity refers to the variation of genes
NO
within species. Genetic diversity is essential
for a healthy breeding of population of
species.
DF
 Statement 2 is correct: Species diversity
refers to the variety of species. Species
diversity can be measured through its
.P
richness, abundance and types.
 Statement 3 is incorrect: Diversity
W
hotspots are areas rich in species diversity.
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Supplementary Notes
Biodiversity
 Biodiversity can be discussed at three
levels: Genetic diversity, Species diversity,
and Ecosystem diversity.
Genetic Diversity:
 Genes are the basic building blocks of various
life forms. Genetic biodiversity refers to the
variation of genes within species. Groups
of individual organisms having certain
similarities in their physical characteristics
are called species.
 Human beings genetically belong to the
Homo sapiens group and also differ in
their characteristics such as height, colour,
physical appearance, etc., considerably.
This is due to genetic diversity. This genetic
diversity is essential for a healthy breeding
of population of species.
Species Diversity:
 This refers to the variety of species. It relates
to the number of species in a defined area.
The diversity of species can be measured
through its richness, abundance and types.
 Some areas are richer in species than
O
others. Areas rich in species diversity are
called hotspots of diversity.
Ecosystem Diversity:
 The broad differences between ecosystem
SC
types and the diversity of habitats and
ecological processes occurring within each
ecosystem type constitute the ecosystem
diversity.
L3: Real Challenge
37. Correct Option: (a)
GS
Explanation:
 Option (a) is correct: Areas having more
than 1,500 species of endemic vascular
plants. Areas that have lost at least 70
percent and not 30 percent of their original
natural vegetation.
Supplementary Notes
Biodiversity hotspot
 There are currently 36 recognized
biodiversity hotspots. These are Earth’s
most biologically rich yet threatened
terrestrial regions.
 To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot, an area
must meet two strict criteria:
 Contain at least 1,500 species of vascular
plants found nowhere else on Earth
(known as “endemic” species).
 Have lost at least 70 percent of its
primary native vegetation.
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 Many of the biodiversity hotspots exceed
the two criteria. For example, both the
Sundaland Hotspot in Southeast Asia and
the Tropical Andes Hotspot in South America
have about 15,000 endemic plant species.
The loss of vegetation in some hotspots has
reached a startling 95 percent.
 In 1988, British ecologist Norman Myers
published a seminal paper identifying 10
tropical forest “hotspots.” These regions
were characterized both by exceptional
levels of plant endemism and serious levels
of habitat loss.
 Conservation International, one of CEPF’s
global donor organizations, adopted Myers’
hotspots as its institutional blueprint in
1989. In 1996, the organization made the
decision to undertake a reassessment of the
hotspots concept, including an examination
RE
of whether key areas had been overlooked.
L3: Real Challenge
38. Correct option: (b)
Explanation:
Both statements are correct.

Supplementary Notes
Biodiversity Threat
 Biodiversity loss refers to the reduction
of biodiversity due to displacement or
extinction of species.
 The loss of a particular individual species
may seem unimportant to some, especially
if it is not a charismatic species like the
Bengal tiger or the bottlenose dolphin.
 To measure biodiversity loss, scientists
assess which species are at risk of extinction
as well as survey ecosystem decline.
 The core threat to biodiversity on the planet
is the combination of human population
CO
growth and the resources used by that
population.
The human population requires
S.

resources to survive and grow, and
TE
many of those resources are being
removed unsustainably from the
environment.
NO
 The five main threats to biodiversity are
habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation,
invasive species, and climate change.
DF
Increased mobility and trade has
resulted in the introduction of invasive
species while the other threats are
.P
direct results of human population
growth and resource use.
W
L2: Approachable
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39. Correct option: (d)
Explanation:
 Option (d) is correct.
Supplementary Notes
Threats to Biodiversity
Extinction:
 Extinction is the global loss of a species. Five
mass extinctions have occurred in geological
history, and extinction rates were particular
high during these events. Earth is currently
experiencing a sixth mass extinction, which
is driven by human activities.
 When mass extinctions are not occurring,
extinction still occurs at a low rate, the
background extinction rate. The local
elimination of a species (extirpation) is also
of conservation concern.
Measures of Biodiversity Loss:
 A common means of assessing biodiversity
loss involves classifying species based on
extinction risk. The Red List includes nine
such categories.
The species at greatest risk of extinction
O

are called critically endangered, followed
by endangered, vulnerable, and near
threatened species.
 Biodiversity can also be gauged at the
SC
ecosystem level, both in terms of area and
ecosystem diversity.
Habitat Loss:
 Habitat loss includes habitat destruction,
altering the physical environment such that
a species can no longer live there, and habitat
fragmentation, which involves dividing a
GS
habitat into discontinuous patches.
Overexploitation:
 Overexploitation involves removing
organisms at a faster rate than they can be
replenished. Examples include the poaching
of elephants, unsustainable hunting for
bush meat, overfishing, and over-collection
of slow-growing plants and fungi.
Pollution:
 Pollution is the release of harmful chemicals
or other materials into the environment.
Some types of air pollution results in acid
deposition and climate change.
Nutrient pollution of water bodies due to
 
fertilizer overuse results in eutrophication.
Invasive Species:
 Invasive species are those occurring outside
of their historical distribution that cause
ecological and/or economic harm. Invasive
14
species can over-predate or outcompete
native species, sometimes causing their
extinction or extirpation.
 Examples of invasive species include the
Asian carp, zebra mussels (which causes
a fungal disease in amphibians), purple
loosestrife, and the European starling.
Biological control employs other organisms
to control invasive species.
Climate Change:
 The release of greenhouse gases, like carbon
dioxide and methane, when burning fossil
fuels for energy causes climate change. Not
only does climate change involve an increase
in average global temperature, but it also
results in unpredictable weather patterns.
 Climate change threatens biodiversity
through a variety of mechanisms and can
RE
cause species range shifts, mismatched
biotic interactions, sea level rise, and ocean
acidification.
L2: Approachable
40. Correct option: (c)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: The Royal
Bengal Tiger is found throughout the
country except in the north-western region
and also in the neighbouring countries,
Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh.
 Statement 2 is correct: ‘Project Tiger’ was
launched in 1973, to check the dwindling
population of tigers in India.
Supplementary Notes
Panthera Tigris
 The magnificent tiger, Panthera tigris is a
striped animal. It has a thick yellow coat of
CO
fur with dark stripes. The combination of
grace, strength, agility and enormous power
has earned the tiger its pride of place as the
S.
national animal of India.
TE
 Out of eight races of the species known, the
Indian race, the Royal Bengal Tiger, is found
throughout the country except in the north-
NO
western region and also in the neighbouring
countries, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh.
To check the dwindling population of tigers
DF
in India, ‘Project Tiger’ was launched in
April 1973. So far, 27 tiger reserves have
.P
been established in the country under this
project, covering an area of 37,761 sq km.
W
L3: Real Challenge
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41. Correct option: (d)
Explanation:
 All statements are correct
Supplementary Notes
IUCN Red List
 According to IUCN Red List, the critically
endangered species are at the highest risk
of extinction. There are basically five ways
to determine whether a particular species
are endangered or not:
 When the species have a limited
geographical range.
 Very limited or small population of less
than 50 adult individuals.
 Whether the population has decreased
or will decrease by more than 80% for
the last three generations or 10 years.
 If the population is less than 250
individuals and is continuously declining
at 25% for the last one generation or
three years.
 There is a high possibility of extinction
in the wild.
Critically Endangered Animal Species of
India
O caused by colossal geological activity
 The Critically Endangered list includes 10
mammals, 15 birds, 6 reptiles, 19 species of
amphibians, 14 fishes etc.
SC
L4 : Incapacitated
42. Correct Option: (c)
Explanation:
 Option (c) is correct
Supplementary Notes
GS
Mass Extinctions
 In the last 500 million years, five great mass
extinction events have changed the face of
life on Earth. We know what caused some of
them, but others remain a mystery.
Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction
 The Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction
occurred 443 million years ago and wiped
out approximately 85% of all species.
 Scientists think it was caused by
temperatures plummeting and huge
glaciers forming, which caused sea levels
to drop dramatically. This was followed
by a period of rapid warming. Many small
marine species died out.
Devonian mass extinction
 The Devonian mass extinction event took
place 374 million years ago and killed about
three-quarters of the world’s species, most
of which were marine invertebrates that
lived at the bottom of the sea.
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 This was a period of many environmental
changes, including global warming and
cooling, a rise and fall of sea levels and a
reduction in oxygen and carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere. We don’t know exactly
what triggered the extinction event.
Permian mass extinction
 The Permian mass extinction, which
happened 250 million years ago, was the
largest and most devastating event of the
five.
Permian-Triassic extinction
 The Permian-Triassic extinction event is
also known as the Great Dying. It eradicated
more than 95% of all species, including most
of the vertebrates which had begun to evolve
by this time.
 Some scientists think Earth was hit by
a large asteroid which filled the air with
RE
dust particles that blocked out the Sun and
caused acid rain. Others think there was
a large volcanic explosion which increased
carbon dioxide and made the oceans toxic.
 The Triassic mass extinction event occurred
200 million years ago, eliminating about
80% of Earth’s species, including many
types of dinosaurs. This was probably
that increased carbon dioxide levels and
global temperatures, as well as ocean
acidification.
 The Cretaceous mass extinction event
occurred 66 million years ago, killing 78%
of all species, including the remaining non-
avian dinosaurs.
 This was most likely caused by an asteroid
hitting the Earth in what is now Mexico,
potentially compounded by ongoing flood
volcanism in what is now India.
What are the causes of mass extinctions?
 Past mass extinctions were caused by
extreme temperature changes, rising or
falling sea levels and catastrophic, one-off
CO
events such as huge volcanic eruptions or
an asteroid hitting Earth.
L3: Real Challenge
S.
43. Correct option: (a)
TE
Explanation:
NO
 Both statements are correct
Supplementary Notes
Biopiracy
DF
 Biopiracy, a term coined to describe the
unauthorized acquisition of biological
resources and knowledge from indigenous
.P
communities and ecosystems, poses a
significant threat to both the environment
W
and ecology. It involves the exploitation of
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genetic resources, traditional knowledge,
and biological materials without fair
compensation or consent from the
communities that have safeguarded these
resources for generations. This practice
not only has detrimental effects on the
biodiversity-rich regions but also disrupts
delicate ecological balances.
Biopiracy and its Effects on the
Environment
Loss of Biodiversity:
 One of the most immediate consequences of
biopiracy is the loss of biodiversity. When
corporations or individuals extract genetic
materials or species from a particular
ecosystem without sustainable management,
it can lead to the depletion of plant and
animal populations. Overharvesting
can result in the extinction of certain
species, which can disrupt food chains and
ecosystems.
Habitat Destruction:
 Biopiracy often involves the exploitation of
specific natural habitats. The extraction of
valuable biological resources can result in
habitat destruction, further threatening
biodiversity. For example, the uncontrolled
O
harvesting of medicinal plants or rare
animal species can damage the delicate
balance of ecosystems.
Invasive Species Introduction:
SC
 The biopiracy of exotic species for commercial
purposes can introduce invasive species into
new environments. These invasive species
can outcompete native species for resources,
disrupt ecosystems, and negatively impact
local biodiversity.
Biopiracy and its Effects on Ecology
GS
Altered Ecosystem Services:
 Ecosystems provide crucial services such
as clean air, clean water, and pollination.
Biopiracy can alter these services by
affecting the composition and functioning of
ecosystems. For instance, the introduction
of invasive species can disrupt the natural
pollination patterns of plants, affecting crop
yields and food production.
Genetic Contamination:
 Biopiracy can lead to genetic contamination
of native species through hybridization with
introduced species. This genetic mixing can
result in loss of genetic diversity and can
make native species more vulnerable to
diseases and environmental changes.
Disruption of Traditional Knowledge
Systems:
 Indigenous and local communities have
developed rich traditional knowledge
systems about their environments, which
16
include sustainable resource management
practices. Biopiracy often involves the
exploitation of this knowledge without
proper recognition or compensation. This
not only disrupts these knowledge systems
but also discourages the preservation of
traditional ecological wisdom.
Socioeconomic Impact:
 The ecological impacts of biopiracy are
often intertwined with social and economic
consequences. Indigenous communities and
local farmers who rely on these resources
for their livelihoods may suffer economic
hardship as a result of exploitation without
fair compensation.
L2: Approachable
44. Correct option: (a)
RE
Explanation:
 Option (d) is correct: Doob grass or
Cynodon is not an invasive species.
Carrot grass, water hyacinth and Lantana
are invasive species that pose threat to
indigenous species from Indian context.
Supplementary Notes
Invasive Species:
 An organism that harms the ecology or the
economy in a new habitat where it is not
native is referred to as an invasive species.
 They can be introduced to an area by
accidental release, ship ballast water, and
mostly, by people.
Threat to Biodiversity:
 Invasive species are putting about 42%
of threatened or endangered species in
danger.
 May impact wildlife in a variety of ways,
including by breeding and spreading swiftly
to take over a territory.
CO
 May reduce biodiversity by causing the
extinction of native animals and flora.
S.
 Taking advantage of native species and
outcompeting them for food or other
TE
resources are examples of direct threats.
 An ecosystem’s food chain may shift as a
NO
result of indirect threats. Examples include
invasive carp, zebra mussels, and water
hyacinth.
DF
L1 : Elementary
45. Correct option: (b)
.P
Explanation:
W
 Both statements are correct
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Supplementary Notes
Indicator species
 An indicator species is an organism-
bacteria, plant, or animal that reflects the
condition of the environment around it.
 They’re often the first in their ecosystem to
be affected by a particular environmental
change, such as a warming climate,
pollution, human development, and other
environmental degradation. By monitoring
changes in the behavior, physiology, or
number of an indicator species, scientists
can monitor the health of its whole
environment.
 Crayfish, for example, can indicate the
quality of freshwater, because changes in
water acidity are stressful to them.
 The health of corals can indicate trends
such as seawater rise and sea temperature
fluctuation, which in turn are signals of
climate change.
 Peregrine falcons are an indicator of
pesticides; DDT, for example, causes their
eggshells to thin. Many native plants are
indicators of the presence and impact of
invasive species For instance, ash trees in
the U.S. were the first decimated by invasive
emerald ash borer beetles.
O 47. Correct option: (b)
 Lichens are capable to indicate air pollution,
water pollution, heavy metals as well as
radioactive particles.
SC
 Algae (seaweeds) are good indicators of
heavy metal levels in marine environments
and could be used for monitoring such
pollutants in seas. According to a new
study in the Gulf of Kutch, which receives
discharges containing heavy metals from
several industries, various species of brown,
red and green algae accumulate heavy
metals from seawater and sediments. Heavy
GS
metals enter various organisms and trigger
tissue damage.
 Birds are considered to be excellent indicator
species. There are three main reasons for
this. Firstly, they live in every climate and
biome; Secondly, they respond quickly to
environmental change and thirdly, they are
relatively easy to track and count.
 Certain molluscs indicate water pollution,
while some mosses indicate soil pollution.
The Mussel Watch Programme is a global
project to assess environmental impacts in
coastal regions.
L2: Approachable
46. Correct option: (d)
Explanation:
 Statement 2 is incorrect: This means
that if the species were to disappear from
the ecosystem, no other species would be
able to fill its ecological niche.
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Supplementary Notes
Keystone Species
 A keystone species is an organism that
helps define an entire ecosystem. Without
its keystone species, the ecosystem would
be dramatically different or cease to exist
altogether.
 Keystone species have low functional
redundancy. This means that if the species
were to disappear from the ecosystem,
no other species would be able to fill its
ecological niche.
 The ecosystem would be forced to radically
change, allowing new and possibly invasive
species to populate the habitat.
 Any organism, from plants to fungi, may
be a keystone species; they are not always
the largest or most abundant species in an
ecosystem.
RE
 However, almost all examples of keystone
species are animals that have a huge
influence on food webs. The way these
animals influence food webs varies from
habitat to habitat.
L3: Real Challenge
Explanation:
 Option (b) is correct: Speciation occurs
when a group within a species separates
from other members of its species and
develops its own unique characteristics.
Supplementary Notes
Speciation
 Speciation is how a new kind of plant or
animal species is created. Speciation occurs
when a group within a species separates
from other members of its species and
develops its own unique characteristics.
The demands of a different environment or
the characteristics of the members of the
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new group will differentiate the new species
from their ancestors.
 An example of speciation is the Galápagos
S.
finch. Different species of these birds live
on different islands in the Galápagos
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archipelago, located in the Pacific Ocean
off South America. The finches are isolated
from one another by the ocean. Over millions
NO
of years, each species of finch developed a
unique beak that is especially adapted to
the kinds of food it eats. Some finches have
large, blunt beaks that can crack the hard
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shells of nuts and seeds. Other finches have
long, thin beaks that can probe into cactus
flowers without the bird being poked by
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the cactus spines. Still other finches have
medium-size beaks that can catch and
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grasp insects. Because they are isolated, the
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 https://www.pdfnotes.co/
birds don’t breed with one another and have
therefore developed into unique species
with unique characteristics. This is called
allopatric speciation.
 There are five types of speciation: allopatric,
peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric and
artificial.
 Allopatric speciation (1) occurs when
a species separates into two separate
groups which are isolated from one
another. A physical barrier, such as a
mountain range or a waterway, makes
it impossible for them to breed with
one another. Each species develops
differently based on the demands of
their unique habitat or the genetic
characteristics of the group that are
passed on to offspring.
 When Arizona’s Grand Canyon formed,
squirrels and other small mammals that
had once been part of a single population
could no longer contact and reproduce
with each other across this new
geographic barrier. They could no longer
interbreed. The squirrel population
underwent allopatric speciation. Today,
two separate squirrel species inhabit the
north and south rims of the canyon. On
the other hand, birds and other species
that could easily cross this barrier
O
continued to interbreed and were not
divided into separate populations.
 When small groups of individuals break
off from the larger group and form a
SC
new species, this is called peripatric
speciation (2). As in allopatric speciation,
physical barriers make it impossible for
members of the groups to interbreed
with one another. The main difference
between allopatric speciation and
peripatric speciation is that in peripatric
speciation, one group is much smaller
than the other. Unique characteristics
of the smaller groups are passed on to
GS
future generations of the group, making
those traits more common among that
group and distinguishing it from the
others.
 In parapatric speciation (3), a species
is spread out over a large geographic
area. Although it is possible for any
member of the species to mate with
another member, individuals only mate
with those in their own geographic
region. Like allopatric and peripatric
speciation, different habitats influence
the development of different species in
parapatric speciation. Instead of being
separated by a physical barrier, the
species are separated by differences in
the same environment.
 Parapatric speciation sometimes
happens when part of an environment
has been polluted. Mining activities
leave waste with high amounts of metals
like lead and zinc. These metals are
absorbed into the soil, preventing most
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plants from growing. Some grasses, such
as buffalo grass, can tolerate the metals.
Buffalo grass, also known as vanilla
grass, is native to Europe and Asia, but is
now found throughout North and South
America, too. Buffalo grass has become
a unique species from the grasses that
grow in areas not polluted by metals.
Long distances can make it impractical to
travel to reproduce with other members
of the species. Buffalo grass seeds pass
on the characteristics of the members
in that region to offspring. Sometimes
a species that is formed by parapatric
speciation is especially suited to survive
in a different kind of environment than
the original species.
 Sympatric speciation (4) is controversial.
Some scientists don’t believe it exists.
Sympatric speciation occurs when there
are no physical barriers preventing any
members of a species from mating with
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another, and all members are in close
proximity to one another. A new species,
perhaps based on a different food source
or characteristic, seems to develop
spontaneously. The theory is that
some individuals become dependent on
certain aspects of an environment—such
as shelter or food sources—while others
do not.
 A possible example of sympatric
speciation is the apple maggot, an insect
that lays its eggs inside the fruit of an
apple, causing it to rot. As the apple
falls from the tree, the maggots dig in
the ground before emerging as flies
several months later. The apple maggot
originally laid its eggs in the fruit of a
relative of the apple—a fruit called a
hawthorn. After apples were introduced
to North America in the 19th century,
a type of maggot developed that only
lays its eggs in apples. The original
hawthorn species still only lays its eggs
in hawthorns. The two types of maggots
are not different species yet, but many
scientists believe they are undergoing
the process of sympatric speciation.
CO
 Artificial speciation (5) is the creation of
new species by people. This is achieved
through lab experiments, where
scientists mostly research insects like
S.
fruit flies.
L2: Approachable
TE
48. Correct option: (d)
NO
Explanation:
 Option (d) is correct.
DF
Supplementary Notes
IUCN Green Status of Species
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 The decline of many species towards
extinction has largely focused conservation
efforts on ensuring that species remain
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extant.
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 https://www.pdfnotes.co/
 However, conservationists have long
recognised the need to complement this
by aiming to recover depleted populations
throughout a species’ range and to restore
species to ecosystems from which they have
been extirpated
 The main objectives of the IUCN Green
Status of Species are: to provide a
standardised framework for measuring
species recovery; to recognise conservation
achievements; to highlight species whose
current conservation status is dependent on
continued conservation actions; to forecast
the expected conservation impact of planned
conservation action; and to elevate levels of
ambition for long-term species recovery.
 These objectives together encourage
conservation towards species recovery,
throughout a species’ range.
L3: Real Challenge
49. Correct option: (a)
Explanation:
 Statement 3 is incorrect: It consists of
34 Member States elected by UNESCO’s
biennial General Conference.
Supplementary Notes
O fully-functioning national committee.
UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB)
Programme
SC
 The MAB programme is an
intergovernmental scientific programme
that aims to establish a scientific basis for
enhancing the relationship between people
and their environments.
 It combines the natural and social sciences
with a view to improving human livelihoods
and safeguarding natural and managed
GS
ecosystems, thus promoting innovative
approaches to economic development that
are socially and culturally appropriate and
environmentally sustainable.
 The World Network of Biosphere Reserves
currently counts 738 sites in 134 countries all
over the world, including 22 transboundary
sites.
MAB Governance
 The main MAB governing body is the
International Coordinating Council of the
Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.
It consists of 34 Member States elected by
UNESCO’s biennial General Conference.
™™™™™
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PPP-PTS-4333/092023/14
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 In between meetings, the authority of the
MAB-ICC is delegated to its Bureau, whose
members are nominated from each of
UNESCO’s geopolitical regions.
 The implementation of the MAB programme
is guided by the Roadmap 2015-2025, which
was adopted by the Member States.
Two bodies provide advice to the MAB
Programme:
 The International Advisory Committee for
Biosphere Reserves provides scientific and
technical advice to UNESCO’s Director-
General and the MAB-ICC regarding the
World Network of Biosphere Reserves,
 The International Support Group (ISG)
advises the MAB Secretariat on the
implementation of the Madrid Action Plan
(MAP) and other relevant aspects of the
MAB Programme.
RE
 Government-appointed MAB National
Committees play a fundamental role in the
implementation of the MAB Programme.
 In order to ensure maximum national
participation in the international
programme and to define and implement its
national participation, every Member State
is invited to establish a permanent and
L3: Real Challenge
50. Correct option: (d)
Explanation:
 Both statements are incorrect
Supplementary Notes
IUCN
 IUCN is a membership Union of government
and civil society organisations. The
organisation work to advance sustainable
development and create a just world that
values and conserves nature.
CO
IUCN Publication
 The pink pages in this publication include
the critically endangered species. As the
S.
status of the species changes, new pages are
sent to the subscribers.
TE
 Green pages are used for those species
that were formerly endangered but have
now recovered to a point where they are no
NO
longer threatened.
L2: Approachable
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