iGCSE CIE Physics 0625 Formula List

GENERAL PHYSICS

1 Constant velocity 𝑠 v is the velocity; s is the distance or displacement and t is time.

𝑣=
𝑡
2 Acceleration 𝑣−𝑢 U is initial velocity, v is final velocity, and t is the time.
𝑎=
𝑡
3 Weight 𝑤 =𝑚×𝑔 W is the weight in newton, m is the mass in kg and g is the
acceleration due to gravity. (10𝑚𝑠 −2 )
4 Density 𝑚 𝜌 – density in kg per cubic meter (𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 )
𝜌=
𝑉 m- mass in kilograms (kg)
V – volume in cubic meters ((𝑚3 )
5 Force 𝐹 =𝑚×𝑎 F - force in Newtons, m is mass in kg
A - acceleration in (𝑚𝑠 −2 )
6 Terminal velocity: Weight of an object (downward) = air resistance (upwards)
Implies no net force, therefore no acceleration, constant velocity.
7 Hooke’s law 𝐹 =𝑘×𝑥 F -force in Newtons (N)
k - spring constant in Newtons per kilogram (N/kg)
x - extension of the spring in meters (m)
8 Momentum 𝑝 =𝑚×𝑣 p - momentum in kgm/s
m - mass in kg
v - velocity in m/s
9 Impulse Δ𝑝 = 𝐹 × 𝑡 Δ𝑝 - impulse or change in momentum,
F - force in Newtons
t - the time it took to change the momentum.
10 Force (as change in Δ𝑝 𝑚(𝑣 − 𝑢) m is mass, u is initial velocity, v is final velocity t is time.
𝐹= =
momentum) 𝑡 𝑡
11 Moment of a force 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐹 × 𝑑
12 Law of moments Total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment => 𝐹1 × 𝑑𝑧 = 𝐹2 × 𝑑2
13 Conditions for Net force on x-axis = zero, net force on y-axis = zero net moment = zero
equilibrium
14 Work done 𝑊 =𝐹×𝑑 d - perpendicular distance in meters (m)
15 Kinetic Energy 1 m is mass in kilograms (kg)
𝐸𝑘 = × 𝑚 × 𝑣 2
2 v is the velocity in m/s
16 Gravitational Potential Δ𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚 × 𝑔 × Δℎ m – mass in kilograms (kg)
Energy g is acceleration due to gravity (𝑚𝑠 −2 )
h is height in meters (m)
17 Law of conservation of Loss of 𝐸𝑝 = Gain of 𝐸𝑘 1
𝑚 × 𝑔 × Δℎ = × 𝑚 × 𝑣 2
energy 2
18 Efficiency 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100%
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
19 Power (W) 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟
𝑃= 𝑃=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
20 Pressure (Pa) 𝐹 F force in Newtons (N)
𝑝=
𝐴 A - the area in meters squared (𝑚2 )
21 Pressure in fluids (Pa) 𝑝 =𝜌×𝑔×ℎ 𝜌 is density of the fluid, h is the height or depth of fluid, and g is
acceleration due to gravity
22 Energy Source Renewable Non-renewable
Hydroelectric, geothermal, solar Chemical energy e.g. petrol, gas, coal
Wind energy Nuclear fission e.g. Uranium
Tidal/wave energy,
 1. THERMAL PHYSICS

1 Boyle’s law: Pressure and 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝1 – initial pressure in Pascals (Pa)

volume are inversely 𝑝1 × 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 × 𝑉2 𝑝2 – pressure after change in Pascals (Pa)
proportional 𝑉1 − initial volume in cubic meters (𝑚3 )
𝑉2 – volume after change in cubic meters (𝑚3 )
2 Gas Law 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2 T is temperature expressed in Kelvins.
𝑝𝑉 =
𝑇1 𝑇2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇
3 Conversion between T (in K) = T (in ˚C) + 273
Kelvin and Celsius
4 Specific Heat Capacity 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐ΔT Q - thermal energy in Joules (J)
Amount of energy c - constant
required to raise the m - mass in kilograms (kg)
temperature of 1kg mass T - temperature in Kelvins (K)
by 1˚C

2. WAVES

1 Frequency - 1 f - frequency in hertz (Hz)

𝑓=
Number of oscillations 𝑇 T - time Period in seconds (s)
per second
2 Time Period – time it 𝑡 T - time period, k is number of waves, and t is time in seconds
𝑇=
takes to complete one 𝑘
oscillation
3 Wave speed 𝑣 =𝑓×λ v is wave speed, f is frequency, and λ is wavelength.
4 Refractive index n sin (𝜃𝑖 ) 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑚
𝑛= 𝑛=
sin (𝜃𝑟 ) 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
5 Critical angle c 1 c is critical angle, and n I refractive index
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
𝑛
6 Echo 2×𝑑 v - speed of sound waves in meters per second (m/s)
𝑣=
𝑡 d - distance in meters (m) between source and the reflection
surface
t - time it takes to hear echo in seconds (s)

1 Electric Current
2 Ohm’s law
3 Voltage (Potential
difference)
4 Resistance in series
5 Resistance in parallel
6 Potential divider
7 Electric Power
8 Electric Power
9 Energy transferred
10 Transformer
11 Power in transformer
𝑉𝑝 × 𝐼𝑝 = 𝑉𝑠 × 𝐼𝑠
3. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
𝑄 I - the current in amperes (A)
𝐼=
𝑡 Q - electric charge in coulombs (C)
t - time in seconds (s)
𝑉 R – resistance in Ohms (Ω)
𝑅=
𝐼 I – Electric Current in Amperes (A)
V – Voltage in Volts (V)
𝐸 V – Voltage in Volts (V)
𝑉=
𝑄 Q is electric charge in coulombs (C)
E – energy in Joules (J)
𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 R is total resistance in the circuit
1 1 1 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2 are separate values of resistance in resistors.
= +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉1 𝑅1
=
𝑉2 𝑅2
𝑃 =𝑉×𝐼 P is Power in Watts (W)
V is Voltage in Volts (V)
I is current in Amperes (A)
𝑃 = 𝐼2 × 𝑅 P – electric power in watts (W)
I – Current in Amperes (A)
R – Resistance in Ohms (Ω)
𝐸 =𝑉×𝐼×𝑡 E – Energy in Joules (J)
I – Current in Amperes (A)
t – time in seconds (s)
V – Voltage in Volts (V)
𝑉𝑝 𝑛𝑝 𝑉𝑝 − 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
=
𝑉𝑠 𝑛𝑠 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑛𝑠 − 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑠
𝑛𝑝 − 𝑆𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑠
𝑃𝑝 = 𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑝 − 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑃𝑠 − 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑉𝑝 − 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐼𝑝 − 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝑠 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
 4. ATOMIC PHYSICS

1 Alpha particles Helium nucleus

Α-particles 2 protons
2 neutrons
Charge +2
Mass = 4
2 Beta particles Fast moving electrons
𝛽 − 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 Charge -1
Mass = 0
3 Gamma particles Electromagnetic radiation
𝛾 − 𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠 Charge 0
Mass = 0
4 Half-life Time in which the activity
or mass becomes half
𝐴
5 Atomic symbol 𝑍𝑋 A – total number of protons and neutrons
Z - total number of protons only

6 Isotopes Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

5. SPACE PHYSICS

1 Average orbital speed 2𝜋𝑟 v – orbital speed in m/s

𝑣=
2 Hubble constant – the
ration of the speed at
which the galaxy is
moving away from the
Earth to its distance from
the Earth
𝑇 r – average radius of the orbit in meters (m)
t is the orbital period in seconds (s)
𝑣 𝐻0 – Hubble constant 2.2 × 10−18 𝑠 −1
𝐻0 =
𝑑 v – speed in meters per second (m/s)
𝑑 1
= d – distance from the Earth in meters (m)
𝑣 𝐻0