KH re a: ag qa a SHG GHERE o © © © 6 . Thomas Pittman / James Peters The Art of Compiler Design Cheory and Practice One ee se Teele Nar-HAVER E RT AA Mie IRE pete ewes apa aa Ob Sek Mee Lab tek CRE i een ES py MLA e aes e Em ei sae ie tae BL CER SLL Sad cee ee le ert ot ea ee eee eee SL eid Pe A ae ew ae sae ei Ser SE SOLAS er eae ea th ae] PS Bes tee Me cee Sto ert ES ee ee HEUAKAMNKBERRRU REVERE SORES. 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OT BY GL SEMIS Fi RSL R REA BH Simplified Chinese edition copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education Asia Limited and China Machine Press. Original English language title: The Art of Compiler Design: Theory and Practice (ISBN 0-13-048190-4) by ‘Thomas Pittman and James Peters, Copyright © 1992. All rights reserved. Published by arrangement with the original publisher, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall ACHAT EQUA Pearson Education CS8‘E8 A MINGRED) BUDE, TRS AAI MALAI, BALES AP RRMI IR HRASMHRS A APMIS: HF: 01-2009-1591 BMRB (CIP) Bde QORRURUE EA: AG 'SEBR/ GE) AVS CPiuman, T.), EERE (Peters, J.) Be PCE, Fame if. —dI BURL AHL, 2010.1 CH SUEM {52H ‘The Art of Compiler Design: Theory and Practice ISBN 978-7-111-28810-7 1. fii I. OB Ow OF Ovi I. MIBK — HPF IV. TPB PRUNE BOK CIP BAB EEF (2009) 3% 206766 BUM TM HARE Clk TTR EAH 223 AARA— 100037 PEW: ete Sy TH AEE A HLS 2010 FL YS A NE 1 ER LAA 184mmx260mm + 22 CDK i241 ISBN 978-7-111-28810-7 Bets $5.00 7 AUDA, WAT BRL. ABIDE, BEL, HAR RT BB ZENA: (010) 88378991; 88361066 (010) 68326294; 88379649; 68995259 010) 88379604 + hzjsj@hzbook,comDRS ONS LERAUM, ULE KOAEH MEMES ROE RAE, PT Rae RRR RPGR TREO RS: WIENER, CREA RRRR RATS EA, RE, BR. ARCHER, SER Sa Rae Ra, LHL SERA IEE She UAL SA CERT, RULE A Re, OF OL E RIT ASEAN, AR TRE, PMR, MAAR ME, IOMEIERS BSE AoE aE TTR JE, SRILA S, RAV AOLT LR RR, ee A ANE ELD. LBA A AEE LA, ARR Ti ht RAGA. ERE BR RINT READ AR, SSE Es REICH LEE BRAS IL BE AS AT PSE Zk, BE, Lat EMRE SULLA HER BY ALA BLT Se RS BUR THE PED, AAS AR. BRUTE, BOLI — Be AEA HB. PUTA ALP Ae IRS “HRS”. A 19984EIER, dees ateR ALPRARETEE, BRERA L. Bits EO RRB, Ril SPearson, McGraw-Hill, Elsevier, MIT, John Wiley & Sons, Cengage "#24, HMA AIM T BAT BOARS, AAAS AY BCS BheRCht HP BG MH Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Bjarne Stroustrup, Brain W. Kernighan, Dennis Ritchie, Jim Gray, Afred V, Aho, John E. Hopcroft, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Abraham Silberschatz, William Stallings, Donald E. Knuth, John L. Hennessy, Larry L. Peterson K-50) HES PEE CL “ERRULREIAAB” Ob BREN, GERRAMEI BE RED. KAASHMOHM, LEAR TEM OA “TRUULAE IAB” DHA TEAST ASME AH DBE, BPE OEE T oh PURO, OPEL T PRR PE, TU AE LA ESE RE PRUE, AMOS S RIGA. 4, HALE BRUT Man Et, Roe BIT ROR, HH SRR AERA ae, SORGEN RG “LSB HE” eh bik th BER ACR & SMU REET TA. BRINTEH. BURA Sh — TERE REE. HAIN, EEL eRITINY BRAY T MRRAUORTE. BU RET SROUALE SEER Ub PL RU 9 ASR SEM A HE RR He, BRA LS PLE ER ALL ES ART AOBEBL, BUTINY HARRIE, Be SE ETE RA Bk — AAR A RD. Ry HL, RSE PHBE, BANA Ha thea F 42% 35, www.hzbook.com BF MBH. hzjsj@hzbook.com FKRWIB. (010) 88379604 RRB. ATOR ET ALE ASS. 100037 cong|#@ s MALL, eR EE — BIE Th PAIS Me AB BYE A ER. PERE KK WRRBAT. VES A RABBI CA. Aho 9 A HTH Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools), 486 Dragon Book), #213 CA. Appel t#% (Modern Compiler Implementation in CHlava/ML), ‘¥6 Tiger Book), 4% 48 (S. Muchnick #3 (Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation), 18 % Whale Book) FBRAE, HW PREM T REE KS, PEAS — ERE (EA. Beob, BOAT REM NBR AT K. Louden Jf% (Compiler Construction: Principles and Practice). C. Fischer A }¥% (Crafting a Compiler with C). K. Cooper APH (Engineering a Compiler) U2 A. Holub i (Compiler Design in C) 5 LRUMTSOH LL, HREM 18 AF T. Pittman 41 J. Peters AH MAB INANE, RELBAF! ABT VENEER: CAAT, BRAT RRA LE MERIC: TELAT, RIAL BCH nH RESO, TE FG TBR, MIRA T EBT SCA. PSP ARS HH ER PEP ESE. HERA RS T RRP —WM, BA RAT E e M SB WANE, RATHER (KORAFLAN, PREP ERTAM AMT. pilin, 4357 “Tiny BASIC MFRREFF” #11 “Micro-Modula 4647 6)” ix PROF HE WRT HEEB AAEA, OB RIT RRS SE AH AURILT OO, (ALAS FRA. Gi, HRSEMRANE, ABET FR EDOM LLOQ MIRA, A BAT aa ap ae ae a PE LS TOE WO eZ ASE Re Mid, SUE MAS ME TAH ERIN. TEN CREA RED. E99 RSA HENAN) SLMERA, CNL MNS RE RE i TE PREM, AAS LETA AAP AT ABS HS SPT IA iad MUAY TE MURA CBRTE MICH) BLY BYOA SE FTARAS i SY BLIX FERRE FMR, AR PETE BL, EVE RIES a BEA COL ae LR A SE RE. RGR EREP Bit HMR AS EZ TPT A A, AAR AZ Shs MSE 7 ERE LRQA EAS AH RES SHS EA “IR TARE TUR”. 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HRC Itty Biny RHABAHS HRD DRT RMWRBE RHBis MPESLCMR EEE: RRM EH PETE TE RES © AS A aa A IF 0 © DARE ER i BA AB © RAARA RRB ROT RRR EF he 1.1 fia EUAURES, MRRP RRND S HSE CM RARE SRN BRL —, RENRRRTAZRARTARSSR OE ERTERS, CARRERA. SEMAN TE WBE TR. RATER SAME, BEAL PK FREES, RGAE RAA. ABT OR RGF RH, ATTA RIE. ALI EEE EB SE AD RAG ME BY SIR EHS AHEAD BR FE, PORROR AT ARM eS, AA A A A A — PE, WR SEO RY, BREA. BERR oN, TB i) EL ST SI HR EAT A Bh BAAS BSH Se afl Jo — 1 PEL A AGS — Te Be EF 12 BE SMRBF AUP RE. US. REGAREA, WHOA BRET ARR AAR AD FAK. ARS TATA LR. SRR. APRA ATRER, Or ka RATE AGGRO SLAB aI 6 1 BR FAR RI EBLE I Bt 0 ARERR T TRACK, HIFARATRANAD. Hien, ZR B “Peter hit the ball”, (BAS#EWE “ball Peter the hit”, WAHTEXCK ELEM, MEARE: Fuh, ZETEIE PEE HAY BIKE “ Pierre frappa la balle”. HG LAA A LE A AE SE LIRA EBRGATARBATRNEA— AR, CAAA L, MEO DA SNARE TG LM. Bis] “frappa” MER MA RRA , Mia “hie” Ze EP RRAETA N. NEES RARRA OANA, SB SMR LT shi MAS, RAI TE: Lah et eet. STM AS BAA Zea, FAA TT, A LE AR. EARET, BEAARA AB RRAMR, AAPA BRR A. TRAE YI AUPE A BES “Peter hit the ball” I, ¥§5 tH “Pierre frappa la balle”. tA FEA RGBB) “ball Peter the hit” KARAM, HTK DFUARN, ANCE2 HLF FRAN, PUR ORE — SAR MMT PELTED AN ENU ROBT, CRAR— iSO A, OR REBT A PEAR, CME AS AOE. Boe ANELTEMBAPTARARL AN, PTS ARE Me MA RBA, JF REM AAR LIN. CTRL SAWS Es RR At SOLA BARA) HEPA AAU ROLE (AEH) ME CAO Bde SORE AE LES Pit SEAL AE BS Lk it SEL DBR «HD AR A PRS BS Ma, RHR: ALBA EE Dt SBIR ACE OBE. RE BER AILMEY, JGR APO MY. R—-GRAE AS BALES ELA, CE SR AAAS BB RF Rea ABS, CR HE BS) RR ES CHEK RAL RR, RP RI AE DE Ree, HE SRAM, CHAR ARORA. IRE RR. AR AAR: RTS ASAI HTOUET, ICR RS EE SEN. “REE” X—-RE-OUS ESO, PRA AZ EMMAMAROU NKR. PAREN AES, 2 SCRA EAHA: WHERE MAREE REPO, His FM RIE. RB ERR EAI ME RTI a PE SE OS SLE RE. iT, RP LT CK HLL, mage PORE EE Bae TR atk, MAUL. Olin, x RLV ALTA. COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) WA RASHA RAP REA RS TRNAS, TT AVP iH EER AR, FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) 18 8 MUW BES RIK BAR. RE RAUF ADEM AG A PR, AI PUR, Aut CHA AE FUEATH BRAT RBA). BRIT PRT RRA RT, Modula-2 8 aR MIKE. PRRFERAGHROT REE, CRABS ROFEPY, (EL OURETT RR, ERIE ARN PEPE RO BATE. RARE it LEER A AUBREY, PREF UGABEA. WTR. SRR LUE, ORAL OR BCA ECE TRL, REAR AT HEA, ALOT) “Peter, hit the ball!” HIRI, He ASIA “Pierre, frappa la balle!”, THREAEN AAR. hh FRRY RDI A i AYA Se LF BE PH eh SE — FTE RRR I ER, ( PLEA. GPR AE UGE TT Ht SOLELY Fe EB KN a, {EL EASE AT MUERTE EI, LIN AS GR I AH BERLE IN F, EH a TRE. 1.3 SCRE BAUA SEE RUE TE REP EZ — RR IN. BeMERE ME 3 RT RBA PAF HERE. Blin, SRA EAA NF A: sentence 3 noun-phrase verb noun-phrase verb 2 “hit” noun-phrase > article noun > proper-name article 2 "a" 1 “the” noun > "ball" | "bat" proper-name > "Peter" ERK, MT A A ATP Den Lah, BUSCH HAAR] sentence PENMBBE “OL” TES RE MARS “RA”. “ahi” MI “2 i” ALRSFES. Sia] MEE AT OLE Peter 1X AHH Zia], th ol LULA the ak a MHF MZ ball. AGP HVS) ia] GE hit. AGE, THALES OREN IE St MMS HOS AEST, NTR PANT AY EMOTE. SCH A — TS SH Pe a — LS SER) TARE Mil. SIR, RAL PTULIN “FUT” SCeUT ULI a eH AE. IAAL] sentence Pitt, Lis A SRAM mI PHA: AYF “Peter hit the ball”, BAT} 4: “a ball hit Peter” MAIS “Peter hit Peter” SIF. “ENTS MAM BANSAL, BAR “RR” OE 1"), FEAF SLAMS FIL. PAO GF RENEE — FY EET TAS TPES BIT ROR ERIN Ha 25 PEAT. RFR Ri ATR M, ERT, B SOREN TEMA Ase. AL, HIRT HS ARAN: A PVA OF RUE 0 A A BAR BH I RE, TR BAF: « BANG, AA aR ee Se RE ae. EIR EC eh ae ET TERT T BTA. EX MREFER ] UH S A, AE T BH BDH RE BEEN -ALELMBAM LK, CELT — MARE RMR, BRB HAA. IRAN IOLE NT USAR PY “Mi” Inne — i, EM— TEMA. “i” RARE AARP MTA, HEAT AURORE TS OMIFMTE: SETTLER, NUE ARBRE. LXER BENICIA — “MT HSI. BRENT EHSL S PN ERC R RS ik, BORA AIL Ct lexical grammar), #47 “Hil” — iP TC. MERE, SHARP a ALDH ELE. BATA Beh Fh IS Mie MAI I word > letter word > letter FUP, AEA letter LATE FAR 26 NEEL — REY ERIE A A, LEAT RAPA BE AR GE PEC SDR EACH ANT EAE4 RLF 4: RERMEAB— MAM, 2S Z ARTE, TE CE Hal IC SC AN A CH EN CARL EER TE, aD EA ak LR ATT SAS ea a a FALSE HERE. ERATHY A FOOT ey ESM do “Peter hit Peter” KRBABXLNDF, lin ee bor SAREE ENS AT PRAERS TEAS i. ART OMT BOE EE DT BATT STE — EE RT RB, ER LCR TE. RTL, TARE UL AR A PR al eS — AUK, WEEN SARA RIE, REMC TIRES, PRATT SCR RSD REA LR ALT ON) 2 AEE SP OT ARE SC A BN SL, WP RET AAR HRY, ACERT ERAAB NEED. 1.4 BFF BUTI TH i EY OHI Do — AB A, A RE UAT SEAS Sy AB HE AS TT. FORTRAN i ABR TB BG A Ay RAG AB A RA A HP SC NT it, FORTRAN $8 #2/740'5 —T HUE WA RENEE TERI. Blin, SEO 44), CAE FORTRAN HH MEA PE ATEN GER, Z2H7E FORTRAN i FLEE SU, ATA DOLOK=1.9 DOLOK=1,9 72 AU A], ASEH 1.9 BURR IP ASAIEM DOLOR: 28 —4T BR —M GHD, ARIA — ARS 10 EATER, ICREMIZE AE KM 1 SEB) Oo. KM A AER THES 10 AOE NAAY, ARR RAMA TES AGG AR OTA SERRANO T COR ZIMA). 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GAM 11 Modula-2 A POE RRMA MR. eR, an FRAT OR TR TE OMS RTE BBP MODULE pathological; MODULE pathological; (+ BEBE *) (+ TEREST 2 RIB] +) FROM TnOut IMPORT FROM InOut IMPORT Writestring; Writestring; VAR VAR anyString: ARRAY (0 .. 99] OF CHAR; anyString: ARRAY [0 .. 99] OF CHAR; BEGIN BEGIN (reves SER RIF IF 1 <2 THEN IF 1 < 2 THEN anyString := ‘Hello!* anyString := ‘Hello!* ELSE ELSE6 HLF anyString := anyString := ‘*) writestring("Surprise!"); (** 1) WiriteString(*“Supprise!") ; (*' END; (* IF *) END; (* IF *) Writestring(anyString) ; WeiteString(anyString) ; BEAUTE REE eee) WriteString(* What happened?*) WeiteString(" What happened?" BND pathological. END Pathological Hello! What happened? Surprise! what happened? ASUS MA RB att [maine | ‘HHL LBB P11 SiPRRRFP A MAST 1.5 SRA AN PEBYF O-PS, OP 1-1 PAE: SP. STRAP. AOE RURRBEREF. HRP RARER RACH, HORE SEL, IER A FRIES TE, RE AHS A ATA] token). SPT ALAR HS IS HA A Hh AMA, ARMIES RH, FARR A CIPS AST) 18H FH. SUR ARIE Bin T 2S A PBS PH BA, IF AST HRI Et”. ARETE a EN PT FR RBS» DA Ay EAT ASL He Re a a EH FR ORE PR I HE POE. AAT MARTE & BMRA RR, FS RE, ARBFRUL TPR, RPM T RAMS. FAR, SREP MR RES BR, FOL RATT eR, CHAS A DRE PE PO Be a RT ERO MORE ZI, REITER BH — TMS MR. ABRIL, Et] SY RL AR ARE BY OU BE A RACK So). DLAC ARAL EER EE HE& EPL ME 7 BAAR TCE EARS, AAS HRA. BFL Cpeephole) ff, MELE ARR TRH IER, CUBE RAPHE DY LAR LORIE, abe ER, FRUET AAS AAU. “LOL” FREE RCRA AD RS CAE TUR CRIT BLE SOL), th RABBIS. RRR AHET. HIBY, SRETFURR ERE RR HE, RT AL BLAU, CELT E TSE Wo RE AS Bt SEAL HE DF SRT BA As 1B 1-1 Bias, BR. TRE. ARE. RAPER RRR SEE, BREA MAH, STAI, AMHR, OF FEPPGEA . SUI RSPR REAP OLE Eh SPOT REAP EP AER, ECE AL USERS TAY, INP 1-2 Fk. HARARE, fey FLFR UCD MEE SRP AL RRA, SURREAL Rei Se SE EMO, AT ROE RIF A SECS EAE NE, PAE RRS ES. oe is ant ea eer mab ttes AOL AR 12 marr 1.5.1 SUR TEE XTERM, BE RE, BE FRARENES OD, RMEE TE RALES HRWAD EERE DR, BER EGET AFL AH. 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BAMA IER EEL, PTOI ESR PEIP AURA HES 0 REET REAE AA SPAT RL FF P O RA Z—, AL HaI, SORBENT, HE BLY DLA Le FATE BT LAI ABR I BE Wy BAYT FORA, Rida EMA PRE RLAF ESE SINS. 1-3 MT AF AB, ABBR. ie tekst shite / | IN ae Emil RAT ME SUC hen HL sot [F] SORRY PAE B13 $7, RAR HA 15.2 FRR R FARE GE ELF al CR TA AE, BRR E'S BY, ARLES, TAFE. HRT, RE REAR aR AZ Fe) SAR ANZ AA FEAR. SER APE RRP Yh A TE RAO AEA BS RISER ATIF, JEEP RCL Pe tO — tT, TTR ES BUH, MAYA ML. FORTRAN HE RUCANRERT MLE, TTR RBAT KT —TH SALE ER AN PRE AARLAE LS SAS AR RE. BIE RD PRR AIA BIRA KE, TERE SREP VAG BAKE AG BC EAE ET; BRT CAPR IRR, REUSE BERS, HRD AE HDA te EH A RRR ERE PAS TAS Ea TE EAE — ME TE E'S TG aE BREET FEA BEN AT EES CHM OA ae ARR), ALR PIR FM SRT PAE YR. ARR S REE AE, TEE RUSTE EL BSF ba FTEs — Man PR ES. OES ZS BR, ARR UU ALIA FER, BERRI AE ER PEE BF BeBEEF EME 9 15.3 BERT DE RRALT OR ANE, HRA AYU ERA. CURL MRA ERM ARIE OLR SHH) CDH) BRAT AA SPT I A AER, (ELE PEARSALL A) TREE TT AE RI RD AN — A, WE MARE DAV APA BT, WRIA CR POUT LE, CEM RO CRE PSB, (LEER, DCE RAIN Be CT RE RB RDA NER), TF AEA RT HR ERCL, MRAM AT PAM PROSE BNE: Ta RP RAR, HEN HRB TI EB APREAMAEATIGL., BHEMRA MAP HIE, AT (KS BRE EAE ATER GARE) WR, AL FRR A, TRE ET A BRT WAM BN. AAEM MAMIE, BMI, WARS HORE, DAD REENRRBAKNT A, HEPAT RRA A — TRE MEF RE Bh LT FRY LAPT ALM eB Ai A PA a, AM FS 7A. Buk, BOAT AE: LL ME OBL RAM ERIAT HE, St LRRD: BURLAP: LR SM (L RRS. R FORE F BATES). 15.4 OR UR PLAY BD Se PERE PAPAS AEE, LAE TER ABS}, SER ESE RRA TET EMA CEA. ERATE ERAT em PS HBA ARES RID BEANE MD ARIE, RATT? OY AA HE. AR FRIES PERE PEL AR BY DEAD BS}, ELAS a) ARLE HES AP TOTP AS SO I a BB A AS Ds BRE A HFS TA MIRE ZA, SA RS FE PS BH Dy HAR IS I AY AE RL, ERIS ARR A RAL A A OR SE BERG ETAT RR, SS. B13 RNa, ARERR a BAR SERRE, BS APSR ERE, VBI bot tom IN 7H] y— ANSE AYE AR. ALERT RAD EP EF RESO HEP ESE PI OL FER IOEIN ARP, RETRAIN MASA. 155 ASR EAS BEAL PEF i EERE Pan RR I ATT SA APTI, AA FAA, ARR ARE, URES MES. SRI AR BS: RTS, ARAM HS CURA Mabe), MIL, RARE A SR BINA Ee, UR, Ta. SIRI. 15.6 RAE A St PEPE APSE U5) PAE GAPE ALE AE PT. RI AR FMEA AR, CERRO AS AOACIS. AOI NTA ARIE. SPAT ARRAY IPERS FOIL10 HIF ELC Ae RAC A PO AL NT» eR BBSh, JS EEAPRERLY SE HAE AE SPRL RUA DUR BEE XP E IA) RLS PP, ASAP AT EE TRA PE A rh AUR AR SLL BSE, EARS LS HADI OMAR BEAL, ATT AY Ma AS A aE A“ eI — Sa PRR” HE SP HE SU, LMR RES RL PEAT SR. ARR, BRET AR Ey A HSE Be PE AA LR AE Sil ERIE LBB), Ei RE AIO A BH A TE Hh A HS fe “18” REF CEM ABE WES IE SST), UE EP ad AY TR Sa PERU UL “BUI” ARCO: J BERETA A-SI A Pm RL, BL BUA: RISE (REE. RORAA MRI T PTR PADI BR, UT ART KB BR AEPE AY RAE HE ELL BR AY ACH LS AY 9 HR a PRP AE RI IE BUE-TASUE DP) RGAE — MEE. RRL “a” SE BEER TR HERE Mb, RBLSN TIL She 2b BR IT AAT ATA AR AS SR IST Ah BRS SE > LR >) RA DUEL BUFF OE BH a LE BES, ARANETA ERLE CRA. UP SLB ASS HRA HE RE OR HR SATB, Ee FEL NH SE DORAL. ABARAT SEAS ODT TT RAY, TRA TAF — Ae SEALS Dy ASH Ae RE A LALA OG BM AE RRR SHED EL BN eB PS TE RRR TERETE. BATTAL, ZAR ERM AS RES He TTF BSL EHF PT ILE SAT AERH, AP ERA EE. NRA RBA RLS FRIAS FL aR AR BE OR. 15.7 HH ‘DRA Ha ik Hs AT A TA BR AC ON HT AE RR RPP FREE BT IUT ES i, La REO IE Hi T ARLE. Sete a SEE TIN HE, LER THES RA RE RAT LOIS. PERIL, A 2 SL BB ESS SF OT OAT Be 42 A RE AB SJE 3 SO EH A BAR: RAZ, HS —/MEM ALPES —T ETE PERETTI YER AE AER SoH RS BED LSS. MR RP PARA RAE LE, CATR Rs Cie eT REALE + TDS PARLE AEE SNRBE RET HREIY, ROME RRR REN EP om. BT, MERE BARE BA EE RR RATS, BURL ER PIL OL ERR FT, PERE EAN He IV SU A OT RES AR LSS, MART HERMES iLL. ALR BIL PEA a A A ei, RB MENS BTR AY HSH, SY AT HE BAIS RELAY RT FR OH BAER RT aE EE MH PR AB BT BLE LE, RE LGR DE SRN EALEASAMBAKNKKBR. RAW, ASMA R ORAL DRAB.BERR ME uN HiSAM RRM, ARE IOE RM TRE, MESA BTR BI ARE HR Aah, ARB RA TE RABY F TB Keo AUS, PUP eR RE FTE AD RP ERE RL, DL RR BRE RIMBA FSI ELLE). URE RAE > RES SAT RATT, RAT BE RADBAS HOR AR, WARNE AS BAS OL, RAT Le FETE «AS BEAL OY SBA aT FS BE A RCE FL HE DO J IA OP FP ANZE RSET AE BR AH PES | ASAE A SEE Od 10 MY PR A REAR ASB RR BER AEA OR RI PTE OH DAE PR TD INERT TER > EES MPR ESA”, Glin: vowel > “a te 1 "i I to POR- TEA vowel MAE TMS AFH ae. i, o MUL. FEE SU TRE “ok”, Re SHAME = Wk “+” 4 BNF PH BHBR. <> BNF PHTRR-TMRAS TOTS, UK APNM. pilin. alelitotu APRA SEEK, WAGE WSS, ARERR Aah. AST Abstract Syntax Tree, HHSAH, FEA HTEEFF NS HU. BNF Backus-Naur Form 2% Backus Normal Form, E.9Wi#ixt, 2-H ANBAR. HLL Higher-Level Language, #4:ifi i, ‘ili0] FORTRAN fil Modula-2 4. LL DERARH, RIFE AT, JL RPMI STS LR W2ERTEHE, BUF RITR EMER, BWR KAM code generator (RRAERAEAE) «PSE RTM A MTEL CO LM RO Mh RRS SD a FBLA REG a PRI compiler (AREER) EVAR GBH PCAC HE) BEN Me RE GH ARURIB A “A ERBGR”) RUE. back end (aii) ERA ARLAR MACE. GINO RA} LIE ERY, LOTT A PRE MEY. front end CATS) WR RUABEIP ICE. SPOTS. HRB, ha FOR PORE AR constrainer (ARF) RAVE — Sa, SEALE eRe FS FOO OE. grammar (3G) BURA TART RAM. lexical GACH) LX HMAAP MAM EMER. Phrase structure (AEHE4AWICIE) EM — THLE Tt A Gaon fe — ie, TBR ERNE.