Hybrid 101

Introduction to Hybrid Powertrains

Objectives
• Understanding the HEV Powertrain Components and
their respective roles
• Discussion about the Architectures of HEV drivetrains
• Discussion about the types of Hybridization
HEV
o A Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) uses two power sources to power
the vehicle. Conventionally, one power source is Internal
Combustion Engine and the other is Chemical Batteries plus an
Electric Motor Drive.
o An HEV can achieve the cruising range and performance
advantages of conventional vehicles by overcoming the major
limitations of pure Electric Vehicles (EVs).
o An HEV thus relies not only on Batteries but also an Internal
Combustion Engine to recharge the batteries and to power a
generator to provide electricity and may also drive a wheel.
Components of HEV Powertrain
A HEV consists of:
1. ICE
2. Electric Motor
3. Battery
4. Control System (ECUs)
5. Transmission System
HEV Architecture
• Architecture
Classification of HEV
Based on configuration of the vehicle drivetrain -
• Series Hybrid
• Parallel Hybrid
• Series - Parallel Hybrid
Series Hybrid
• ICE Drives an electric generator instead of directly
driving the wheels.
Parallel Hybrid
• Propelled by both ICE and electric motor, connected to a
mechanical transmission
Advantages of Parallel Hybrid
• It reduces power capacity requirements of the engine,
motor, and batteries;
• It increases the efficiency under cruise conditions by
permitting direct drive of the vehicle by the engine
(no power losses due to conversion);
• It provides flexible power distribution between power
sources.
Series-Parallel Hybrid
• Can be powered by the ICE working alone
• The electric motor by itself, or
• By both energy converters working together
Powertrain Configuration
• Positioning of the main components of the hybrid
electric system on the vehicle
• Types of Powertrain Configurations are as follows:
• P0
• P1
• P2
• P3
• P4
• P5
P0 Configuration
• Electric machine is connected with the ICE through a
belt, on the front end accessory drive (FEAD).
P1 Configuration
• Electric machine is connected directly with the
crankshaft of the ICE
P2 Configuration
• electric machine is side-attached (through a belt) or
integrated between the ICE and the transmission
• the electric machine is decoupled from the ICE
• it has the same speed of the ICE (or multiple of it)
P3 Configuration
• Electric machine is connected through a gear mesh with
the transmission
• The electric machine is decoupled from the ICE
• Its speed is a multiple of the wheel speed
Characteristics of P3 Configuration
• High Torque Boosting Capability.
• High Electrical Energy Recuperation.
• Medium Drivability Improvements.
• Electrical Creep / Drive is Possible.
• Packaging: Difficult components integration (powertrain
specially designed for this architecture)
• High System Efficiency. (only gear mesh losses)
P4 Configuration
• Electric machine is connected through a gear mesh on
the rear axle of the vehicle
• The electric machine is decoupled from the ICE
• It's located in the rear axle drive or in the wheels hub.
P5 Configuration
• Electric Motor is connected to the wheel hub of the
vehicle and directly powers the wheel
• Can be used in making AWD Vehicle
Conclusion
oHybrid Electric Vehicles combine a conventional IC Engine
with an Electric Propulsion System.
oThis is done either to achieve better fuel economy or better
performance by increasing total torque and power.
oModern HEVS adopt Regenerative Braking in which Kinetic
Energy of the vehicle is converted into Electrical Energy in
Batteries.
oHEVs may take into account 5 types of Powertrain
Architecture and use 4 types of hybridization techniques to
accomplish the aforesaid purpose.
oRange Anxiety, Vehicle Integration, Performance Engineering
and Safety Engineering are the major concerns of HEV
development and manufacturing