DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi - 590018)

Accredited by NBA & National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ grade

Internship Report on
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Submitted as a part of Academic requirement in
Bachelor of Engineering
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Amitha B
1DS21EE013
Under the Guidance of

Dr. Sujith Kumar

Asst. Professor Dept. of E&E Engg. DSCE, Bengaluru

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANASANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018

2023-2024

1
 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi - 590018)
Accredited by NBA& National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ grade
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout
Bengaluru-560078
2022-2023

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Certified that the Internship report entitled “ Embedded systems” carried out by AMITHA B bearing
USN:1DS21EE013, a Bonafide student of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, DAYANANDA
SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, an Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU, Belagavi in
partial fulfillment for the academic requirement during the year 20222023. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the
departmental library. The Internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements with
respect to the work prescribed for the curriculum .

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Dr Sujit Kumar Dr. Premkumar M
Assistant Professor Professor & HOD
of E&E Engg. Dept. of E&E Engg.
DSCE, Bengaluru DSCE, Bengaluru
Name of the Examiners Signature with date
1........................................... 1...........................................

2........................................... 2...........................................
EXTERNAL ORGANISATION CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Satisfaction and Euphoria that Accompanies the successful completion of seminar would be incomplete
without the mention of the people who made it possible with their guidance and blessings, whose constant
encouragement crowned my effort with success.

I consider my privilege to have studied in Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering. I express my gratitude to
our Principal, Dr. B G prasad for permitting us to utilize all the necessary facilities of the institution.

I owe a great sense of gratitude to our beloved Head of the Department, Dr. PremKumar M, Professor and
HOD, Department of Electrical and Electronics, DSCE for providing excellent academic environment.

I would also like to convey my sincere gratitude towards Mrs. Shashikala, Asst Exective Engineer ,BESCOM
,Rajajinagar Division for providing us immense knowlegde about electricity distribution.

I feel to express my indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude to my guide Dr sujit kumar sir, Assistant
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics, DSCE whose valuable guidance and motivation given to
me throughout.

I express my sincere thanks to all the Teaching and Non-teaching staff of Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, for their kind and constant support throughout the academic Journey

AMITHA B

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
Introduction 1
1.
 2. Transformer 2
3. Classification of Transformers 3-4
4. Parts of Single Phase Transformers 5
5. Power Transformer 6-7
6. Distribution Transformer 8
7. Losses in Transformer 9-10
8. Fault Current and Energy Losses 11-12
9. Introduction to Switch Gears 13
10. Feeders and Relays 14
11. Usage of DC Batteries in Substation 15-16
12. Ring Main Unit(RMU) 17-18
13. Structure of RMU 19
14. Purpose of using RMU 20-21

CO-PO MAPPING

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Approved by AICTE & ISO 9001:2008 Certified) Accredited by
NBA & National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ grade
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COURSE OUTCOMES OF INTERNSHIP

Ability to demonstrate the application of knowledge and skill sets acquired from the training /
CO1
industry.

CO2 To develop perseverance, planning, adaptability and technical/managerial skills

Communicate and collaborate effectively with different professionals in the training environment
CO3
through written and oral means.

CO4 Ability to recognize the need and engage in life-long learning for professional growth.

CO-PO / PSO Mapping

CO’S\PO’S\P
P P P
SO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO PSO
O O O
1 2 4 5 7 8 0 1 2 1 2 3
3 6 9

CO1

CO2

CO3

CO4

INTRODUCTION

Cranes Varsity, a division of cranes software international ltd, has empowered professionals with a perfect
blend of technology and education since 1998. As an EdTech platform they offer high impact, hands on
 training to graduates, universities, working professionals and corporate and defense sectors bridging the gap
between technology, academia and industry.

In this Internship , we learnt in detail about Embedded Systems.

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a specific function.
Embedded systems are used in different applications like automobiles, telecommunications, smart cards,
missiles, satellites, computer networking and digital consumer electronics

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Embedded system is a system that has software embedded into computer hardware which makes a system
dedicated for a variety of application or specific part of an application or product or part of a larger system.
An embedded system can be a small independent system or a large combinational system. It is a microcontroller
based control system used to perform a specific task of operation.

An embedded system is a combination of three major components:

Hardware: Hardware is physically used component that is physically connected with an embedded system. It
comprises of microcontroller based integrated circuit, power supply, LCD display etc.

Application software: Application software allows the user to perform varieties of application to be run on an
embedded system by changing the code installed in an embedded system.

Real time operating system: RTOS supervises the way an embedded system work. It act as an interface
between hardware and application software which supervises the application software and provide mechanism to
let the processor run on the basis of scheduling for controlling the effect of latencies.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM :

 An embedded system is software embedded into computer hardware that makes a system dedicated to be
used for variety of application.
 Embedded system generally used for do specific task that provide real-time output on the basis of various
characteristics of an embedded system.

 Embedded system may contain a smaller part within a larger device that used for serving the more specific
application to perform variety of task using hardware-software intermixing configuration.

 It provides high reliability and real-time computation ability.

Advantages of embedded systems:

 Same hardware can be used in variety of application.

 Lesser power requirement.
 Lower operational cost of system.
 Provide high performance and efficiency.

Disadvantages of embedded systems:

 Developing a system required more time. Due to functional complexity.

 Skilled engineers required because one mistake may result in destroying of complete project.

BASIC STRUCTURE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

 Sensor: Sensor is used for sensing the change in environment condition and it generates the electric signal
on the basis of change in environment condition. Therefore it is also called as transducers for providing
electric input signal on the basis of change in environment condition.
 A-D Converter: An analog-to-digital converter is a device that converts analog electric input signal into its
equivalent digital signal for further processing in an embedded system.
 Processor & ASICs: Processor used for processing the signal and data to execute desired set of
instructions with high-speed of operation. Application specific integrated circuit is an integrated circuit to
perform specific operation inside an embedded systems.
 D-A Converter: A digital-to-analog converter is a device that converts digital electric input signal into its
equivalent analog signal for further processing in an embedded system.
 Actuators: Actuators is a comparator used for comparing the analog input signal level to desired output
signal level for providing the error free output from the system.

MICROPROCESSOR
 A central processing unit built into a single VLSI chip is called a microprocessor. Operations performed by
microprocessor are adding, subtracting, comparing two numbers and fetching the data from memory for
transferring it from one place to another. Microprocessors is also called as Basic Input-Output system (BIOS)
which used for processing the input received from sensors and produced the equivalent output from the system.

Block diagram of microprocessor:

 Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU): ALU inside a microprocessor used to perform the arithmetic and logic
operation. It performs the logic operation on the data stored inside a register.
 Accumulator: It is a register inside which the intermediate arithmetic and logical operation data is stored.
 Working registers: It is a storage device used to store the data inside a microprocessor in different address
location.
 Program counter: It is used for counting the number of program executed inside a microprocessor.
 Stack pointer: Stack pointer act as a pointer to the certain address. It is a register used to store the address
of the last program request made by the processor inside a stack.
 Clock circuit: It is used for generate the clock pulse required as a reference signal for the microprocessor.
 Interrupt circuit: It is used for generating the interrupt signal when the higher priority process required to
be served first on basis of priority by microprocessor.

MICROCONTROLLER

 A microcontroller is a small computer on a single metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuit chip.
 A microcontroller contains a CPU along with a memory and programmable input/output peripherals.
 Microcontrollers are used in consumer electronic products such as toys, cameras, robots, washing
machines, microwave ovens, etc., instrumentation and process control such as oscilloscopes, multi meter
leakage, current tester, data acquisition and control etc. medical instruments, communication, office
equipment, multimedia applications, automobile.
 Examples of microcontrollers are a 8-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8031/8051, PIC1x and Motorola
MC68HC11 families.

Block diagram of 8051 microcontroller:

 Arithmetic and logical unit also known as CPU is a unit which performs mathematical and logical
operations.
 Interrupt is a subroutine call that interrupts of the microcontrollers main operations or work and causes is to
execute any other program, which is more important at the time of operation.
 Bus is a collection of wires which works as a communication channel or medium for the transfer of data.
 An on chip oscillator which work as a clock source for central processing unit of microcontroller.
 Timers are used for measurement of intervals to determine the pulse width of the pulses.
 Memory which is used to store the program of the microcontroller is known as READ ONLY MEMORY
(ROM).
 Data memory of the 8051 is used to store data temporarily for operation is known as RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY (RAM).
 8051 includes on chip serial port that can operate in four modes over a wide range of frequencies.

INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO

• Arduino is an open source electronics platform offers open-source hardware and software that is easy to
use and is used widely for hobby projects and prototyping
 • When it is said that Arduino is an open-source platform, it means that all the information regarding the
hardware and software that Arduino provides is freely available and can be used by anyone. They provide
the designs for their hardware and software which can be used by anyone. Anyone can use these designs to
manufacture the hardware and can distribute the software, no licenses are required

FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO:

• The operating voltage is 5V
• The recommended input voltage will range from 7v to 12V
• The input voltage ranges from 6v to 20V
• Digital input/output pins are 14
• Analog input pins are 6
• DC Current for each input/output pin is 40 mA
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA
• Flash Memory is 32 KB
• SRAM is 2 KB
• EEPROM is 1 KB
• CLK Speed is 16 MHz

EXTERNAL HARDWARE AND PINOUT CONFIGURATION:

PROGRMAS BASED ON ARDUINO UNO
LED BLINKING:

void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // sets the digital pin 13 as output
} void loop() {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // sets the digital pin 13 on
delay(1000); // waits for a second
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // sets the digital pin 13 off
delay(1000); // waits for a second
}

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION:

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique by which the width of a pulse is varied while keeping the
frequency of the wave constant. It is a method for generating an analog signal using a digital source.

Led brightness control using PWM:

#define pwm 13
void setup() {
pinMode(pwm,OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
for(int brightness=0;brightness<=255;brightness+=10){
analogWrite(pwm,brightness);
delay(500);
}
for(int brightness=255;brightness>=0;brightness-=10){
analogWrite(pwm,brightness);
delay(500);
}
}

IR SENSOR:
• IR light is like visible light but it is invisible to our eyes, because of which they are suitable in
application of wireless communication.
• The band for IR (Infrared) in electromagnetic spectrum is 300GHz to 430 THz and wavelength range of
around 700nm to 1mm.
• Along with the IR LED some other sources like sun, light bulbs, human and animal bodies etc. also
emit infrared energy.
• IR communication is used for short and medium distance applications.
• IR LEDs transmit digital (logical 1 and 0) data in the form of infrared light.
• Logical 1 is emitted by keeping IR LED ON and logical 0 by keeping it OFF.
• This ON and OFF sequence of data is collected by IR photodiode at receiver end.

SERVO MOTOR:

• Servo motor is an electrical device which can be used to rotate objects (like robotic arm) precisely.
 • Servo motor consists of DC motor with error sensing negative feedback mechanism. This allows precise
control over angular velocity and position of motor. In some cases, AC motors are used.
• It is a closed loop system where it uses negative feedback to control motion and final position of the shaft.
• It is not used for continuous rotation like conventional AC/DC motors.
• It has rotation angle that varies from 0° to 180°.

INTERNAL STRUCTURE:

PIN CONFIGURATION:
• +VCC (RED)
• - Connect +VCC supply to this pin. For SG90 Micro Servo it is 4.8 V (~5V).
• Ground (BROWN)
• - Connect Ground to this pin.
• Control Signal (ORANGE)
• - Connect PWM of 20ms (50 Hz) period to this pin
DHT11 SENSOR:

• The DHT11 is a basic, low cost digital temperature and humidity sensor.
• DHT11 is a single wire digital humidity and temperature sensor, which provides humidity and temperature
values serially with one-wire protocol.
• DHT11 sensor provides relative humidity value in percentage (20 to 90% RH) and temperature values
in degree Celsius (0 to 50 °C).
• DHT11 sensor uses resistive humidity measurement component, and NTC temperature
measurement component.
SPECIFICATION OF DHT11 SENSOR:
• Power supply: 3.3 to 5V DC
• Current consumption: max 2.5mA
• Operating range: 20-80% RH, 0-50°C
• Humidity measurement range: 20-90% RH
• Temperature measurement range: 0-50°C
• Temperature measurement accuracy: ±2°C
• Response time: 1s
• Data output format: single-bus digital signal
• Data transmission distance: 20-30m (at open air)
• Dimensions: 15mm x 12mm x 5.5mm
• Digital signal transmission protocol: 1 start signal + 40bit data + 1 checksum

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR:

• Soil moisture sensor has two conducting plates. First plate is connected to the +5Volt supply through series
resistance of 10K ohm and second plate is connected directly to the ground.
• It simply acts as a voltage divider bias network, and output is taken directly from the first terminal of the
sensor pin, which is shown in figure above.
• The output will change in the range of 0 – 5 Volt, in proportion with change in content of water in the soil.
• Ideally, when there is zero moisture in soil, the sensor acts as open circuit i.e. infinite resistance. For this
condition, we get 5V at the output.

SPECIFICATION OF SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR:

• Operating Voltage: The voltage range is 3.3V to 5V DC.
• Operating Current: 15mA
• Output Type: The type of output that the sensor generates, such as analog voltage or digital signals.
• Connectivity: The type of connector or interface that the sensor uses to connect to the controller
or computer.
• IC Used: LM393 IC is used as a comparator.
• Indicator: Two LED Indicators are used one for Power and one for Output

ULTRASONIC SENSOR:
• The ultrasonic sensor works on the principle of SONAR and RADAR system which is used to determine
the distance to an object.
 • An ultrasonic sensor generates high-frequency sound (ultrasound) waves. When this ultrasound hits the
object, it reflects as echo which is sensed by the receiver.

SPECIFICATION OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR:

• Distance = Time * Speed of sound /2
• Power Supply: DC 5V
• Working Current: 15mA
• Working Frequency: 30–500 kHz
• Ranging Distance : 2cm – 400cm/4m
• Resolution : 0.3 cm
• Measuring Angle: 15 degree
• Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS
• Dimension: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm

LCD(liquid crystal display):

• The features of this LCD mainly include the following.
• The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V
 • It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
• The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
• Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box
• The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
• Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit
• These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
• It displays a few custom generated characters
The commands of LCD 16X2 include the following.
• For Hex Code-01, the LCD command will be the clear LCD screen
• For Hex Code-02, the LCD command will be returning home
• For Hex Code-04, the LCD command will be decrement cursor
• For Hex Code-06, the LCD command will be Increment cursor
• For Hex Code-05, the LCD command will be Shift display right
• For Hex Code-07, the LCD command will be Shift display left
• For Hex Code-08, the LCD command will be Display off, cursor off
• For Hex Code-0A, the LCD command will be cursor on and display off
• For Hex Code-0C, the LCD command will be cursor off, display on
• For Hex Code-0E, the LCD command will be cursor blinking, Display on

MOTOR DRIVER:
 • Motor drivers acts as an interface between the motors and the control circuits. Motor require high amount
of current whereas the controller circuit works on low current signals. So the function of motor drivers is to
take a low-current control signal and then turn it into a higher-current signal that can drive a motor.

SPECIFICATIONS OF MOTOR DRIVER:

 Motor supply voltage 46V
 Motor supply current 2A
 Logic voltage 5v
 Driver voltage 5-35v
 Driver current 2A
 Maximum power 25W

GAS SENSOR:
 • The MQ2 gas sensor operates on 5V DC and consumes approximately 800mW.
It can detect LPG, Smoke, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, Methane and Carbon Monoxide concentrations
ranging from 200 to 10000 ppm.
SPECIFICATIONS OF GAS SENSOR:
 Operating voltage 5v
 Load resistance 20Ω
 Heater resistance 33Ω ±5%
 Heating consumption<800mw
 Sensing Resistance 10 KΩ – 60 KΩ
 Concentration Range 200 – 10000ppm
 Preheat Time over 24hrs

4*3 KEYPAD:
The matrix keypad consists of pushbutton contacts that are connected to the row and column lines. There is one

pin for each column and one pin for each row. So the 4×3 keypad has 4 + 3 = 7 pins. When the button is pressed,

one of the rows is connected to one of the columns, allowing current to flow between them. When the key ‘4’ is
pressed, for instance, column 1 and row 2 are connected.

PIR SENSOR:
  Passive infrared (PIR) sensors use a pair of pyroelectric sensors to detect heat energy in the surrounding
environment.
 PIRs are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation.
 Above figure of PIR element shows the round metal can with a rectangular crystal in the centre.
 Every object emits some low-level radiation, and the hotter objects emits more radiations.

GSM (global system for mobile communication)

• A GSM module is a specialized hardware device that enables communication between electronic devices
over the GSM cellular network.
• GSM is a widely used standard for mobile communication, and GSM modules are used in various
applications like IoT devices, security systems, remote monitoring, and more.
Serial Communication:
• Most GSM modules communicate with a microcontroller or computer via UART (Universal
Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) serial communication.
• AT commands are used to control the module and send/receive SMS (Short Message Service) messages.
• Network Registration:
• When powered on, the GSM module searches for available cellular networks and registers with the
strongest one.
• Once registered, it can send and receive calls, SMS messages, and data.
• Call Functions:
• GSM modules can make and receive voice calls using AT commands.
• They can also handle features like call waiting, call forwarding, and caller ID.

SMS Communication:
• GSM modules support sending and receiving SMS messages. You can send SMS
messages programmatically using AT commands.
• Received SMS messages can trigger actions or be stored for later retrieval.
• Data Communication:
• GSM modules can establish GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) or 3G/4G data connections for
internet access.
• This enables applications like remote data monitoring and IoT connectivity.
LDR(light dependent resistor)
A photo resistor or light dependent resistor or cadmium sulfide (CdS) cell is a resistor hose resistance
decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor. A photo
resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough
frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the
conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering
resistance
 CONCLUSION

• In this internship I’ve learnt about transformers and it’s types . Also, I learnt about the switch gear
equipment and ring main unit. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be
done and to clear faults downstream. The key theory that gave way to this important technology
was Faraday’s law of induction. By applying the law of induction, a transformer was designed to
transform electrical energy by changing the number of turns around a core.

• Also, I’ve visited NRS substation where I was taught about relays and batteries. The station is having
220, 110, 48 volts (lead-acid batteries) station battery sets energizing DC bus bars of 220-, 110- and
48volt bus bars respectively.

REFERENCES

• Electric machines and transformers, kosow, Pearson 2nd edition,2007.

• Transformers, BHEL, TMH, 2nd edition, 2010
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.org