Hard disks, also known as hard disk drives (HDDs), are essential

components in computers and electronic devices, providing non-volatile

storage for long-term data retention. They feature spinning magnetic disks
coated with a magnetic material where data is stored as binary patterns.
Comprising read/write heads, actuator arm assemblies, and spinning
platters, hard disks write and retrieve data by positioning the heads over
the appropriate locations on the disks. Renowned for their large storage
capacities and affordability, hard disks have been a mainstay in computing
for decades, despite competition from faster solid-state drives (SSDs).
However, they are prone to failure due to mechanical components,
underscoring the importance of regular backups to safeguard against
potential data loss.

A pen drive, also known as a USB flash drive, is a portable data storage device that
uses flash memory to store data. It typically connects to a computer via a USB port
and is small and lightweight, resembling a small pen or thumb. Pen drives are
commonly used for transferring files between devices, storing backups, and
transporting data due to their compact size and ease of use. They come in various
storage capacities, ranging from a few gigabytes to multiple terabytes, and are
widely compatible with different operating systems and devices. Pen drives have
become indispensable tools for individuals and professionals alike, offering a
convenient and reliable means of storing and transferring data on the go.

A memory card is a small, portable storage device used primarily in digital

cameras, smartphones, tablets, and other electronic devices to store digital
data such as photos, videos, music, and documents. These cards use flash
memory technology to store data, making them non-volatile and resistant
to magnetic fields. Common types of memory cards include Secure Digital
(SD) cards, microSD cards, CompactFlash (CF) cards, and Memory Stick
cards. Memory cards come in various storage capacities, ranging from a few
megabytes to multiple terabytes, allowing users to choose the capacity that
best suits their needs. They are hot-swappable, meaning they can be
inserted and removed from devices while they are powered on, making
them convenient for transferring data between devices or expanding
storage capacity.

An optical disk is a storage medium that uses laser light to read and write data. It
typically consists of a flat, circular disc made of plastic, metal, or glass coated with
a reflective layer, on which data is encoded as pits and lands. The most common
types of optical disks include CDs (Compact Discs), DVDs (Digital Versatile
Discs), and Blu-ray discs. Optical disks are popular for storing large amounts of
data, including music, movies, software, and backups. They are read by shining a
laser beam onto the reflective surface of the disk and detecting the reflected light.
Data is encoded digitally, allowing for fast access and retrieval. Optical disks are
durable, portable, and immune to magnetic fields, but they can be scratched or
damaged if mishandled. Despite the rise of digital downloads and streaming
services, optical disks remain relevant for archival purposes and situations where
physical media is preferred.