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PROBLEM 8.1
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded
as shown. Knowing that d1 = 50 mm and d 2 = 30 mm, find the average
normal stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.
SOLUTION
(a) Rod AB
P = 40 + 30 = 70 kN = 70 × 103 N
π π
A = d12 = (50) 2 =1.9635 × 103 mm 2 =1.9635 × 10−3 m 2
4 4
P 70 × 103
σ AB
= = = 35.7 × 106 Pa σ AB = 35.7 MPa
A 1.9635 × 10−3
(b) Rod BC
= = 30 × 103 N
P 30 kN
π π
=A = d 22 =
(30) 2
=
706.86 mm 2
706.86 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
P 30 × 103
σ BC
= = = 42.4 × 106 Pa σ BC = 42.4 MPa
A 706.86 × 10−6
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PROBLEM 8.2
SOLUTION
(a) Rod AB
P = 40 + 30 = 70 kN = 70 × 103 N
P P 4P
σ= = =
π π d12
AB 2
AAB d
4 1
4P (4)(70 × 103 )
=
d1 = = 22.6 × 10−3 m d1 = 22.6 mm
πσ AB π (175 × 10 )
6
(b) Rod BC
= = 30 × 103 N
P 30 kN
P P 4P
σ= = =
π π d 22
BC 2
ABC d
4 2
4P (4)(30 × 103 )
=
d2 = = 15.96 × 10−3 m d 2 = 15.96 mm
πσ BC π (150 × 106 )
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PROBLEM 8.3
SOLUTION
(a) Rod AB
P = 40 kips (tension)
π d AB
2
π (2)2
=
AAB = = 3.1416 in 2
4 4
P 40
σ=
AB = s AB = 12.73 ksi
AAB 3.1416
(b) Rod BC
F =
40 − (2)(30) =
−20 kips, i.e., 20 kips compression.
π d BC
2
π (3)2
=
ABC = = 7.0686 in 2
4 4
F −20
σ=
BC = s BC = −2.83 ksi
ABC 7.0686
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PROBLEM 8.4
SOLUTION
π
=
AAB = (2) 2 3.1416 in 2
4
P P
σ=
AB =
AAB 3.1416
= 0.31831 P
π
=
ABC = (3) 2 7.0686 in 2
4
(2)(30) − P
σ BC =
AAB
60 − P
= = 8.4883 − 0.14147 P
7.0686
Equating σ AB to 2σ BC
=
0.31831 P 2(8.4883 − 0.14147 P) P = 28.2 kips
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PROBLEM 8.5
Link BD consists of a single wooden member 36
mm wide and 18 mm thick. Knowing that each pin
has a 12-mm diameter, determine the maximum
value of the average normal stress in link BD if (a)
ϴ = 0, (b) ϴ = 90°.
SOLUTION
Use bar ABC as a free body.
(a) θ = 0.
=
ΣM A 0: (450 sin 30°)(24) − (300 cos=
30°) FBD 0
FBD = 20.7846 kN (tension)
Area for tension loading: A =(b − d )t =( 36 − 12 )(18 ) =432 mm 2
FBD 20.7846 kN
Stress: σ
= = σ = 48.1 MPa
A 432 × 10−6 m 2
(b) θ= 90°.
ΣM A = 0: − (450 cos 30°)(24) − (300 cos 30°) FBD = 0
FBD = −36 kN i.e. compression.
Area for compression loading: = = (36) (18=
A bt ) 648 mm 2
FBD −36 kN
Stress: σ
= = σ = 55.6 MPa
A 648 × 10−6 m 2
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PROBLEM 8.6
SOLUTION
Use bar ABC as a free body.
FCE =
−12.5 × 103 N Link CE is in compression.
=
Net area of one link = 160 × 10−6 m 2
for tension (0.008)(0.036 − 0.016)
F −12.5 × 103
(b) σ CE ==
CE
−21.701 × 10−6
= σ CE = −21.7 MPa
A 576 × 10−6
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PROBLEM 8.7
Link AC has a uniform rectangular cross section 1 in. thick and 1 in. wide.
8
Determine the normal stress in the central portion of the link.
SOLUTION
Use the plate together with two pulleys as a free body. Note that the cable tension causes at 1200 lb-in.
clockwise couple to act on the body.
ΣM B= 0: − (12 + 4)( FAC cos 30°) + (10)( FAC sin 30°) − 1200 lb
= 0
1200 lb
FAC =
− =
−135.500 lb
16 cos 30° − 10 sin 30°
1
Area of link AC: A =1 in. ×in. = 0.125 in 2
8
FAC 135.50
Stress in link AC: s AC == − = 1084 psi =
1.084 ksi
A 0.125
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PROBLEM 8.8
Two horizontal 5-kip forces are applied to pin B of the assembly shown.
Knowing that a pin of 0.8-in. diameter is used at each connection,
determine the maximum value of the average normal stress (a) in link
AB, (b) in link BC.
SOLUTION
Law of Sines:
FAB FBC 10
= =
sin 45° sin 60° sin 95°
FAB = 7.3205 kips
FAB 7.3205
(a) Stress in AB : σ
= AB = s AB = 14.64 ksi
Anet 0.5
=
Cross sectional area = 0.9 in 2
is A (1.8)(0.5)
− FBC −8.9658
(b) Stress in BC: σ BC
= = s BC = −9.96 ksi
A 0.9
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PROBLEM 8.9
For the Pratt bridge truss and loading shown, determine the
average normal stress in member BE, knowing that the cross-
sectional area of that member is 5.87 in2.
SOLUTION
s BE = 8.52 ksi
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PROBLEM 8.10
SOLUTION
FCE 90
=
ACE = = 4.29 in 2
GCE 21
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PROBLEM 8.11
SOLUTION
Use piston, rod, and crank together as free body. Add wall reaction H
and bearing reactions A x and A y .
=Σ M A 0 : (0.280 m) H −=
1500 N ⋅ m 0
=H 5.3571 × 103 N
Use piston alone as free body. Note that rod is a two-force member;
hence the direction of force F BC is known. Draw the force triangle
and solve for P and F BE by proportions.
=
450 mm 2
450 × 10−6 m 2
Stress:
−F −18.6436 × 103
σ BC =BC
= =
−41.430 × 106 Pa
A 450 × 10−6
(b) σ BC = −41.4 MPa
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PROBLEM 8.12
SOLUTION
Use member ABC as free body.
4
=ΣM B 0: (0.150) FAE − =
(0.600)(800) 0
5
FAE= 4 × 103 N
π π
Area of rod in member AE is A = d 2 = (20 × 10−3 )2 =314.16 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
FAE 4 × 103
Stress in rod AE: σ=
AE = = −6
12.7324 × 106 Pa
A 314.16 × 10
(a) σ AE = 12.73 MPa
Use combined members ABC and BFD as free body.
4 4
=ΣM F 0: (0.150) FAE − (0.200) FDG − (1.050=
− 0.350)(800) 0
5 5
FDG = −1500 N
π π
Area of rod DG: A = d 2 = (20 × 10−3 )2 =314.16 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
FDG −1500
Stress in rod DG: σ DG == =−4.7746 × 106 Pa
A 3.1416 × 10−6
(b) σ DG = −4.77 MPa
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PROBLEM 8.13
The wooden members A and B are to be joined by plywood splice
plates which will be fully glued on the surfaces in contact. As part of
the design of the joint, and knowing that the clearance between the
ends of the members is to be 8 mm, determine the smallest allowable
length L if the average shearing stress in the glue is not to exceed 800
kPa.
SOLUTION
There are four separate areas that are glued. Each of these areas transmits one half the 24 kN force. Thus
1 1
=
F = P = 12 kN
(24)
2 2
F 12
Solving for l, =l = = 0.1500=
m 150.0 mm
τw (800)(0.100)
Total length L: L = l + (gap) + l = 150.0 + 8 + 150.0 L = 308 mm
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PROBLEM 8.14
Determine the diameter of the largest circular hole that can be punched into a sheet of polystyrene 6 mm
thick, knowing that the force exerted by the punch is 45 kN and that a 55-MPa average shearing stress is
required to cause the material to fail.
SOLUTION
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PROBLEM 1.15
SOLUTION
Six areas must be sheared off when the joint fails. Each of these areas has dimensions 5
8
in. × 1
2
in., its area
being
5 1 5 2
A= × = in = 0.3125 in 2
8 2 16
At failure, the force carried by each area is
F τ=
= A (1.20 ksi)(0.3125 in=
2
) 0.375 kips
Since there are six failure areas,
=
P 6=
F (6)(0.375) P = 2.25 kips
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PROBLEM 8.16
SOLUTION
For steel: A1 π=
= dt π (0.6)(0.4)
= 0.7540 in 2
P
τ1 = ∴ P = A1τ1 = (0.7540)(18)
A
= 13.57 kips
For aluminum: A2 π=
= dt π (1.6)(0.25)
= 1.2566 in 2
P
τ2 = ∴P = A2τ 2 = (1.2566)(10) = 12.57 kips
A2
Limiting value of P is the smaller value, so P = 12.57 kips
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PROBLEM 8.17
SOLUTION
P
For the column, σ = or
A
P s=
= = 351 kips
A (30)(11.7)
P 351
=
A = = 117 in 2
σ 3.0
=
a =
A 117 a = 10.82 in.
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PROBLEM 8.18
The axial force in the column supporting the timber beam shown is
P = 20 kips. Determine the smallest allowable length L of the bearing
plate if the bearing stress in the timber is not to exceed 400 psi.
SOLUTION
Bearing area: Ab = Lw
P P
s=
b =
Ab Lw
P 20 × 103 lb
=L = = 8.33 in. L = 8.33 in.
s bw (400 psi)(6 in.)
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PROBLEM 8.19
SOLUTION
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PROBLEM 8.20
SOLUTION
Rod AB is in compression.
A = bt where b = 50 mm and t = 6 mm
= = 300 × 10−6 m 2
A (0.050)(0.006)
−(−140 × 106 )(300 × 10−6 )
−σ A =
P=
= 42 × 103 N
P 42 × 103
A= = = 525 × 10−6 m 2
p
τ 80 × 106
(a) Diameter d
4 Ap (4)(525 × 10−6 )
=d = = 2.585 × 10−3 m d = 25.9 mm
p p
P 42 × 103
(b) Bearing stress σ= = = 271 × 106 Pa σ b = 271 MPa
(25.85 × 10−3 )(0.006)
b
dt
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PROBLEM 8.21
For the assembly and loading of Prob. 8.8, determine (a) the average
shearing stress in the pin at C, (b) the average bearing stress at C in
member BC, (c) the average bearing stress at B in member BC.
PROBLEM 8.8 Two horizontal 5-kip forces are applied to pin B of the
assembly shown. Knowing that a pin of 0.8-in. diameter is used at each
connection, determine the maximum value of the average normal stress
(a) in link AB, (b) in link BC.
SOLUTION
Law of Sines:
FAB FBC 10
= = =
FBC 8.9658 kips
sin 45° sin 60° sin 95°
FBC
(a) Shearing stress in pin at C. τ =
2 AP
π π
=
AP = d2 =
(0.8) 2
0.5026 in 2
4 4
8.9658
=τ = 8.92 τ = 8.92 ksi
(2)(0.5026)
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SOLUTION Continued
FBC
(b) Bearing stress at C in member BC. σ b =
A
= = (0.5)(0.8)
A td = 0.4 in 2
8.9658
=σb = 22.4 s b = 22.4 ksi
0.4
FBC
(c) Bearing stress at B in member BC. σ b =
A
=
A 2= = 0.8 in 2
td 2(0.5)(0.8)
8.9658
=σb = 11.21 s b = 11.21 ksi
0.8
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PROBLEM 8.22
The hydraulic cylinder CF, which partially controls the position of rod
DE, has been locked in the position shown. Member BD is 85 in. thick
3
and is connected to the vertical rod by a 8
-in.-diameter bolt. Determine
(a) the average shearing stress in the bolt, (b) the bearing stress at C in
member BD.
SOLUTION
Use member BCD as a free body, and note that AB is a two force member.
8 1.8
=
ΣM C 0: (4 cos 20°) FAB − (4sin 20°) FAB
8.2 8.2
−(7 cos 20°)(400sin 75°) − (7 sin 20°)(400 cos 75°) =0
3.36678FAB − 2789.35
= 0 ∴ FAB
= 828.49 lb
1.8
ΣF=
x 0: − FAB + C x + 400 cos 75=
° 0
8.2
(1.8)(828.49)
=Cx −=400 cos 75° 78.34 lb
8.2
8
ΣF=
y 0: − FAB + C y − 400sin 75=
° 0
8.2
(8)(828.49)
=Cy + 400sin
= 75° 1194.65 lb
8.2
C = C x2 + C y2 = 1197.2 lb
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SOLUTION Continued
2
π π 3
(a) Shearing stress in the bolt: P = 1197.2 lb=A = d2 = 0.11045 in 2
4 4 8
P 1197.2
τ == =
10.84 × 103 psi = 10.84 ksi
A 0.11045
3 5
(b) Bearing stress at C in member BCD: P = 1197.2 lb A=
b = =
dt 0.234375 in
2
8 8
P 1197.2
sb = = =5.11 × 103 psi =5.11 ksi
Ab 0.234375
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PROBLEM 8.23
SOLUTION
Geometry: Triangle ABC is an isoseles triangle with angles shown here.
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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
SOLUTION Continued
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consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
PROBLEM 8.24
SOLUTION
Geometry: Triangle ABC is an isosceles triangle with angles shown here.
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SOLUTION Continued
If shearing stress in pin at B is critical,
π π
=A = d2 =
(0.010) 2
78.54 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
FAB = 2 Aτ = (2)(78.54 × 10−6 )(120 × 106 ) = 18.850 × 103 N
If bearing stress in member AB at bracket at A is critical,
A=
b = 160 × 10−6 m 2
= (0.016)(0.010)
td
FAB = Abσ b = (160 × 10−6 )(90 × 106 ) = 14.40 × 103 N
If bearing stress in the bracket at B is critical,
=
Ab 2= = 240 × 10−6 m 2
td (2)(0.012)(0.010)
FAB = Abσ b = (240 × 10−6 )(90 × 106 ) = 21.6 × 103 N
Allowable FAB is the smallest, i.e., 14.40 × 103 N
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PROBLEM 8.25
SOLUTION
θ= 90° − 45°= 45°
P= 11 kN= 11 × 103 N
A0 =
(150)(75) = 11.25 × 10−3 m 2
11.25 × 103 mm 2 =
P cos 2 θ (11 × 103 ) cos 2 45°
s
= = = 489 × 103 Pa σ = 489 kPa
A0 11.25 × 10−3
P sin 2θ (11 × 103 )(sin 90°)
τ
= = = 489 × 103 Pa
−3
τ = 489 kPa
2 A0 (2)(11.25 × 10 )
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PROBLEM 8.26
SOLUTION
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PROBLEM 8.27
The 1.4-kip load P is supported by two wooden members of uniform cross section
that are joined by the simple glued scarf splice shown. Determine the normal and
shearing stresses in the glued splice.
SOLUTION
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PROBLEM 8.28
Two wooden members of uniform cross section are joined by the simple scarf splice
shown. Knowing that the maximum allowable tensile stress in the glued splice is 75 psi,
determine (a) the largest load P that can be safely supported, (b) the corresponding
shearing stress in the splice.
SOLUTION
= = 15 in 2
A0 (5.0)(3.0)
θ= 90° − 60°= 30°
P cos 2 θ
s =
A0
s A0 (75)(15)
(a) =P = = 1500 lb P = 1.500 kips
cos 2 θ cos 2 30°
P sin 2θ (1500)sin 60°
(b) =τ = τ = 43.3 psi
2 A0 (2)(15)
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PROBLEM 8.29
A 240-kip load P is applied to the granite block shown. Determine the resulting
maximum value of (a) the normal stress, (b) the shearing stress. Specify the
orientation of the plane on which each of these maximum values occurs.
SOLUTION
= = 36 in 2
A0 (6)(6)
P −240
s = cos 2 θ = cos 2 θ = −6.67 cos 2 θ
A0 36
(a) θ 90.0°
max tensile stress = 0 at=
max. compressive stress = 6.67 ksi at θ = 0°
P 240
(b) τ=
max =
2 A0 (2)(36)
τ max = 3.33 ksi
at θ= 45°
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PROBLEM 8.30
A centric load P is applied to the granite block shown. Knowing that the
resulting maximum value of the shearing stress in the block is 2.5 ksi, determine
(a) the magnitude of P, (b) the orientation of the surface on which the maximum
shearing stress occurs, (c) the normal stress exerted on that surface, (d ) the
maximum value of the normal stress in the block.
SOLUTION
= = 36 in 2
A0 (6)(6)
τ max = 2.5 ksi
θ= 45° for plane of τ max
| P|
(a) τ max = ∴ | P |= 2 A0τ max = (2)(36)(2.5) P = 180.0 kips
2 A0
(b) sin 2θ= 1 2θ= 90° θ 45.0°
=
P P 180
(c) s 45 = cos 2 45° = = − s 45 = −2.50 ksi
A0 2 A0 (2)(36)
P −180
(d ) σ max
= = s max = −5.00 ksi
A0 36
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PROBLEM 8.31
SOLUTION
d o = 0.400 m
1
=
ro =d o 0.200 m
2
ri = ro − t = 0.200 − 0.010 = 0.190 m
Ao = π (ro2 − ri2 ) = π (0.2002 − 0.1902 )
= 12.2522 × 10−3 m 2
θ= 20°
P −300 × 103 cos 2 20°
s
= θ
= cos 2= = 21.621 × 106 Pa σ = −21.6 MPa
Ao 12.2522 × 10−3
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PROBLEM 8.32
SOLUTION
d o = 0.400 m
1
=
ro =d o 0.200 m
2
ri = ro − t = 0.200 − 0.010 = 0.190 m
Ao = π (ro2 − ri2 ) = π (0.2002 − 0.1902 )
= 12.2522 × 10−3 m 2
θ= 20°
P
Based on =|ss=
| 60 MPa: cos 2 θ
A0
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PROBLEM 8.33
SOLUTION
= = 9.6 kN
P (1.2)(8)
= =
FAB 21.619 kN 21.619 × 103 N
FAB σ ult
σ=
AB =
AAB F. S.
( F. S.) FAB (3.50)(21.619 × 103 )
=AAB =
σ ult 450 × 106
= 168.1 × 10−6 m 2 AAB = 168.1 mm 2
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PROBLEM 8.34
3
A 4
-in.-diameter rod made of the same material as rods AC and AD in
the truss shown was tested to failure and an ultimate load of 29 kips was
recorded. Using a factor of safety of 3.0, determine the required diameter
(a) of rod AC, (b) of rod AD.
SOLUTION
Forces in AC and AD.
Joint C: 1
=
ΣFy 0: FAC −=
10 kips 0
5
FAC = 22.36 kips T
Joint D: 1
=ΣFy 0: FAD =
− 10 kips 0
17
FAD = 41.23 kips T
PU 29 kips
Ultimate stress. From test on 3
4
-in. rod: s=
U = = 65.64 ksi
1 p ( 3 )2
A 4 4
s 65.64 ksi
Allowable stress: s all
= = U
= 21.88 ksi
F .S . 3.0
FAC 4FAC 4(22.36)
(a) Diameter of rod AC. σ all
= =
d2 = = 1.301 d = 1.141 in.
1 πd2
4
πσπ
all (21.88)
4 FAD4(41.23)
(b) Diameter of rod AD. =
d2 = = 2.399 d = 1.549 in.
πσπ
all (21.88)
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PROBLEM 8.35
SOLUTION
Forces in AC and AD.
Joint C: 1
=
ΣFy 0: FAC −=
10 kips 0
5
FAC = 22.36 kips T
Joint D: 1
=ΣFy 0: FAD =
− 10 kips 0
17
FAD = 41.23 kips T
PU 75 kips
(a) Factor of safety for AC. F.S. = F.S. = F.S. = 3.35
FAC 22.36 kips
FAD F
= AC
AAD AAC
FAD 41.23 π 2
=
AAD = AAC = (1) 1.4482 in 2
FAC 22.36 4
4 AAD (4)(1.4482)
Required diameter: =
d AD = d AD = 1.358 in.
π π
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PROBLEM 8.36
Members AB and BC of the truss shown are made of the same alloy. It is known
that a 20-mm-square bar of the same alloy was tested to failure and that an
ultimate load of 120 kN was recorded. If a factor of safety of 3.2 is to be
achieved for both bars, determine the required cross-sectional area of (a) bar
AB, (b) bar AC.
SOLUTION
Length of member AB:
Σ=
Fy 0: Ay − =
28 0
Ay = 28 kN
PU 120 × 103
For the material, σ= = = 300 × 106 Pa
400 × 10−6
U
A
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SOLUTION Continued
PU σ U AAB
(a) For member AB: =
F.S. =
FAB FAB
(F.S.) FAB (3.2)(17 × 103 )
=
AAB = = 181.333 × 10−6 m 2 AAB = 181.3 mm 2
σU 300 × 106
PU σ U AAC
(b) For member AC: =
F.S. =
FAC FAC
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PROBLEM 8.37
3
Three 4
-in.-diameter steel bolts are to be used to attach the steel plate shown to
a wooden beam. Knowing that the plate will support a load P = 24 kips and that
the ultimate shearing stress for the steel used is 52 ksi, determine the factor of
safety for this design.
SOLUTION
2
π π 3
For each bolt, =A = d2 = 0.44179 in 2
4 4 4
=
PU =
Aτ U (0.44179)(52)
= 22.973 kips
Factor of safety:
PU 68.919
F=
. S. = F. S . = 2.87
P 24
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PROBLEM 8.38
Two plates, each 1 in. thick, are used to splice a plastic strip as shown.
8
Knowing that the ultimate shearing stress of the bonding between the
surface is 130 psi, determine the factor of safety with respect to shear
when P = 325 lb.
SOLUTION
1
A=
(2.25)(0.75) + (2.25)(0.625) = 2.25 in 2
2
=
PU 2=Aτ U (2)(2.25)(130)
= 585 lb.
PU 585
F=
.S. = = 1.800
P 325
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PROBLEM 8.39
SOLUTION
Based on double shear in pin,
π
= Aτ U 2
PU 2= d 2τ U
4
π
= (2)(0.012)2 (145 × 106 ) = 32.80 × 103 N
4
Based on tension in wood,
=
PU σ U w (b − d )σ U
A=
= (0.040)(0.040 − 0.012)(60 × 106 )
= 67.2 × 103 N
Based on double shear in the wood,
= Aτ U 2wc
PU 2= = τ U (2)(0.040)(0.055)(7.5 × 106 )
= 33.0 × 103 N
Use smallest =
PU 32.8 × 103 N
PU 32.8 × 103
Allowable: =P = = 10.25 × 103 N 10.25 kN
F .S. 3.2
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PROBLEM 8.40
For the support of Prob. 8.39, knowing that the diameter of the pin is d = 16
mm and that the magnitude of the load is P = 20 kN, determine (a) the
factor of safety for the pin, (b) the required values of b and c if the factor of
safety for the wooden member is the same as that found in part a for the
pin.
PROBLEM 8.39
SOLUTION
= = 20 × 103 N
P 20 kN
π π
(a) Pin: =A = d2 =
(0.016) 2
201.06 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
P PU
Double shear: =τ = τU
2A 2A
PU 58.336 × 103
F=
.S. = = 2.92 F .S . = 2.92
P 20 × 103
PU PU
σ=
U = where = = 0.040 m
w 40 mm
A w(b − d )
PU 58.336 × 103
b=
d + =
0.016 + =
40.3 × 103 m b = 40.3 mm
wσ U (0.040)(60 × 106 )
Shear in wood: =
PU 58.336 × 103 N for same F.S.
PU PU
Double shear: each area is A = wc τU
= =
2A 2wc
PU 58.336 × 103
=c = = 97.2 × 10−3 m c = 97.2 mm
2wτ U (2)(0.040)(7.5 × 106 )
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PROBLEM 8.41
5
A steel plate 16
in. thick is embedded in a horizontal concrete slab and is
used to anchor a high-strength vertical cable as shown. The diameter of
the hole in the plate is 34 in., the ultimate strength of the steel used is 36 ksi,
and the ultimate bonding stress between plate and concrete is 300 psi.
Knowing that a factor of safety of 3.60 is desired when P = 2.5 kips,
determine (a) the required width a of the plate, (b) the minimum depth b
to which a plate of that width should be embedded in the concrete slab.
(Neglect the normal stresses between the concrete and the lower end of
the plate.)
SOLUTION
Based on tension in plate:
=
A (a − d )t
PU = σ U A
PU σ U (a − d )t
F=
.S. =
P P
Solving for a,
( F .S.) P 3 (3.60)(2.5)
a=
d + = +
σU t 4 (36) 165 ( )
(a) a = 1.550 in.
Based on shear between plate and concrete slab,
A =perimeter × depth =2(a + t )b t U =0.300 ksi
PU
t U A =+
PU = 2t U (a t )b F .S . =
P
( F .S.) P (3.6)(2.5)
Solving for b, =b =
2(a + t )t U ( )
(2) 1.550 + 165 (0.300)
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PROBLEM 8.42
Determine the factor of safety for the cable anchor in Prob. 8.41 when
P = 3 kips, knowing that a = 2 in. and b = 7.5 in.
5
PROBLEM 8.41 A steel plate 16
in, thick is embedded in a horizontal
concrete slab and is used to anchor a high-strength vertical cable as
shown. The diameter of the hole in the plate is 34 in., the ultimate
strength of the steel used is 36 ksi, and the ultimate bonding stress
between plate and concrete is 300 psi. Knowing that a factor of safety of
3.60 is desired when P = 2.5 kips, determine (a) the required width a of
the plate, (b) the minimum depth b to which a plate of that width should
be embedded in the concrete slab. (Neglect the normal stresses between
the concrete and the lower end of the plate.)
SOLUTION
Based on tension in plate:
=
A (a − d )t
3 5
=
2 − = 0.3906 in 2
4 16
PU = s U A
= (36)(0.3906)
= 14.06 kips
PU 14.06
F=
.S . = = 4.69
P 3
= =
A 34.69 in 2 τ U 0.300 ksi
PU τ=
= UA = 10.41 kips
(0.300)(34.69)
PU 10.41
F=
.S . = = 3.47
P 3
Actual factor of safety is the smaller value. F .S . = 3.47
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PROBLEM 8.43
SOLUTION
Statics: Use ABC as free body.
10
ΣM=
B 0 : 0.20 FA − 0.18=
P 0 =
P FA
9
10
ΣM=
A 0 : 0.20 FBD − 0.38=
P 0 =
P FBD
19
π π
=
Based on double shear in pin A: A = d2 =
(0.008) 2
50.266 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
2τ U A (2)(100 × 106 )(50.266 × 10−6 )
=
FA = = 3.351 × 103 N
F .S . 3.0
10
=
P =FA 3.72 × 103 N
9
π π
=
Based on double shear in pins at B and D: A = d2 =
(0.012) 2
113.10 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
2τ U A (2)(100 × 106 )(113.10 × 10−6 )
F=
BD = = 7.54 × 103 N
F .S . 3.0
10
=
P F=
BD 3.97 × 103 N
19
Based on compression in links BD: For one link,= = 160 × 10−6 m 2
A (0.020)(0.008)
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PROBLEM 8.44
SOLUTION
Statics: Use ABC as free body.
10
ΣM=
B 0: 0.20 FA − 0.18=
P 0 =
P FA
9
10
ΣM=
A 0: 0.20 FBD − 0.38=
P 0 =
P FBD
19
π π
Based on double shear in pin A:=A = d2 =
(0.010) 2
78.54 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
2τ U A (2)(100 × 106 )(78.54 × 10−6 )
=
FA = = 5.236 × 103 N
F .S . 3.0
10
=
P =FA 5.82 × 103 N
9
π π
Based on double shear in pins at B and D:=A = d2 =
(0.012) 2
113.10 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
2τ U A (2)(100 × 106 )(113.10 × 10−6 )
F=
BD = = 7.54 × 103 N
F .S. 3.0
10
=
P F=
BD 3.97 × 103 N
19
Based on compression in links BD: For one link,= = 160 × 10−6 m 2
A (0.020)(0.008)
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PROBLEM 8.45
Link AC is made of a steel with a 65-ksi ultimate normal stress and has
a 1
4
× 1
2
-in. uniform rectangular cross section. It is connected to a
3
support at A and to member BCD at C by 8
-in.-diameter pins, while
5
member BCD is connected to its support at B by a 16
-in.-diameter pin;
all of the pins are made of a steel with a 25-ksi ultimate shearing stress
and are in single shear. Knowing that a factor of safety of 3.25 is
desired, determine the largest load P that can be applied at D. Note that
link AC is not reinforced around the pin holes.
SOLUTION
Use free body BCD.
8
=M B 0 : (6) F= AC − 10 P 0
10
P = 0.48 FAC (1)
6
Σ=Fx 0 : Bx − F=
AC 0
10
6
= Bx = FAC 1.25P
10
M C = 0 : − 6By − 4P = 0
2 2
By =
− P i.e. By = P
3 3
2
2
B= Bx2 + By2 = 1.252 + P = 1.41667 P P = 0.70588B (2)
3
Shear in pins at A and C.
2
τU p 25 p 3
FAC τ=
= Apin = d2 = 0.84959 kips
F. S . 4 3.25 4 8
Tension on net section of A and C.
sU 65 1 1 3
FAC= s Anet= Anet= − = 0.625 kips
F. S . 3.25 4 2 8
Smaller value of F AC is 0.625 kips.
From (1), = = 0.300 kips
P (0.48)(0.625)
2
τU p 25 p 5
Shear in pin at B. =B τ=
Apin = d2 = 0.58999 kips
F. S. 4 3.25 4 16
From=(2), = 0.416 kips
P (0.70588)(0.58999)
Allowable value of P is the smaller value. P = 0.300 kips or P = 300 lb
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PROBLEM 8.46
Solve Prob. 8.45, assuming that the structure has been redesigned to use
5
16
-in-diameter pins at A and C as well as at B and that no other changes
have been made.
PROBLEM 8.45 Link AC is made of a steel with a 65-ksi ultimate
normal stress and has a 14 × 12 -in. uniform rectangular cross section. It is
3
connected to a support at A and to member BCD at C by 8
-in.-diameter
5
pins, while member BCD is connected to its support at B by a 16
-in.-
diameter pin. All of the pins are made of a steel with a 25-ksi ultimate
shearing stress and are in single shear. Knowing that a factor of safety of
3.25 is desired, determine the largest load P that can be applied at D.
Note that link AC is not reinforced around the pin holes.
SOLUTION
Use free body BCD.
8
=M B 0 : (6) F= AC − 10 P 0
10
P = 0.48 FAC (1)
6
Σ=
Fy 0 : Bx − F=
AC 0
10
6
= Bx = FAC 1.25P
10
M C = 0 : − 6By − 4 P = 0
2 2
By =
− P i.e. By = P
3 3
2
2
B= Bx2 + By2 = 1.252 + P = 1.41667 P P = 0.70583 B (2)
3
Shear in pins at A and C.
2
τU p 25 p 5
FAC τ=
= Apin = 2
d = 0.58999 kips
F. S. 4 3.25 4 16
Tension on net section of A and C.
sU 65 1 1 5
FAC = s Anet = Anet = − = 0.9375 kips
F. S. 3.25 4 2 16
Smaller value of F AC is 0.58999 kips.
From (1),= = 0.283 kips
P (0.48)(0.58999)
2
τU p 25 p 5
Shear in pin at B. =B τ=
Apin = d2 = 0.58999 kips
F. S. 4 3.25 4 16
From=(2), =
P (0.70588)(0.58999) 0.416 kips
Allowable value of P is the smaller value. P = 0.283 kips or P = 283 lb
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PROBLEM 8.47
SOLUTION
=
ΣM E 0 : 0.40FCF − (0.65)(24=
× 103 ) 0
= 39 × 103 N
FCF
π π
=A = d2 =
(0.020) 2
314.16 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
FU = 2τ U A = (2)(150 × 106 )(314.16 × 10−6 ) = 94.248 × 103 N
=
Actual F U is smaller value, i.e. FU 94.248 × 103 N
FU 94.248 × 103
Factor of safety: =
F. S. = F. S. = 2.42
FCF 39 × 103
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PROBLEM 8.48
Solve Prob. 8.47, assuming that the pins at C and F have been replaced by
pins with a 30-mm diameter.
PROBLEM 8.47 Each of the two vertical links CF connecting the two
horizontal members AD and EG has a 10 40-mm uniform rectangular
cross section and is made of a steel with an ultimate strength in tension of
400 MPa, while each of the pins at C and F has a 20-mm diameter and are
made of a steel with an ultimate strength in shear of 150 MPa. Determine
the overall factor of safety for the links CF and the pins connecting them
to the horizontal members.
SOLUTION
Use member EFG as free body.
=
ΣM E 0 : 0.40FCF − (0.65)(24=
× 103 ) 0
= 39 × 103 N
FCF
Based on tension in links CF,
π π
=A = d2 =
(0.030) 2
706.86 × 10−6 m 2
4 4
FU = 2τ U A = (2)(150 × 106 )(706.86 × 10−6 ) = 212.06 × 103 N
FU 80.0 × 103
Factor of safety: =
F. S. = F. S. = 2.05
FCF 39 × 103
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PROBLEM 8.49
SOLUTION
P P 40 × 103
σ
= =
A = = 0.27586 m 2
A σ 145 × 103
=
b =
A = 0.525 m
0.27586 b = 525 mm
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PROBLEM 8.50
The frame shown consists of four wooden members, ABC,
DEF, BE, and CF. Knowing that each member has a 2 × 4-in.
rectangular cross section and that each pin has a 12 -in.
diameter, determine the maximum value of the average
normal stress (a) in member BE, (b) in member CF.
SOLUTION
FBE −2250
(a) σ=
BE = s BE = −281 psi
A 8
Minimum section area occurs at pin.
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PROBLEM 8.51
SOLUTION
At each bolt location the upper plate is pulled down by the tensile force P b of the bolt. At the same time, the
spacer pushes that plate upward with a compressive force P s in order to maintain equilibrium.
Pb = Ps
Fb 4 Pb π
For the bolt, σ= = or Pb = σ b db2
π db2
b
Ab 4
Pσσ 4P π
For the spacer, σ= = or =Ps s s (d s2 − db2 )
π (d σ − db2 )
σ 2
Aσ 4
Equating Pb and Ps ,
π π
= ss 2
b db s (d s − d b )
2 2
4 4
s 200
d s =1 + b db =1 + (16) d s = 25.2 mm
ss 130
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PROBLEM 8.52
When the force P reached 8 kN, the wooden specimen shown failed in
shear along the surface indicated by the dashed line. Determine the
average shearing stress along that surface at the time of failure.
SOLUTION
Force: P= 8 × 103 N
P 8 × 103
Shearing stress: τ =
− −6
=
5.93 × 106 Pa τ = 5.93 MPa
A 1350 × 10
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PROBLEM 8.53
Knowing that the link DE is 1 in. thick and 1 in. wide, determine
8
the normal stress in the central portion of that link when
(a) θ = 0°, (b) θ= 90°.
SOLUTION
1
=
ADE (1)= 0.125 in.
2
8
F
σ DE = DE
ADE
(b) θ =
90°: FDE =
−40 lb.
−40
σ DE = s DE = −320 psi
0.125
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PROBLEM 8.54
3
A steel loop ABCD of length 5 ft and of 8
-in. diameter is placed as
shown around a 1-in.-diameter aluminum rod AC. Cables BE and DF,
each of 12 -in. diameter, are used to apply the load Q. Knowing that the
ultimate strength of the steel used for the loop and the cables is 70 ksi,
and that the ultimate strength of the aluminum used for the rod is 38 ksi,
determine the largest load Q that can be applied if an overall factor of
safety of 3 is desired.
SOLUTION
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PROBLEM 8.55
The hydraulic cylinder CF, which partially controls the position of rod
DE, has been locked in the position shown. Member BD is 15 mm
thick and is connected at C to the vertical rod by a 9-mm-diameter
bolt. Knowing that P = 2 kN and θ= 75°, determine (a) the average
shearing stress in the bolt, (b) the bearing stress at C in member BD.
SOLUTION
Free Body: Member BD.
40 9
=ΣM c 0: FAB (100 cos 20°) − FAB (100 sin 20°)
41 4
−(2 kN) cos 75°(175sin 20°) − (2 kN)sin 75°(175cos 20°) =0
100
FAB (40 cos=
20° − 9sin 20°) (2 kN)(175)sin(75° + 20°)
41
FAB = 4.1424 kN
9
=
ΣFx 0: C x − (4.1424 kN) + (2 kN) cos
= 75° 0
41
C x = 0.39167 kN
40
=
ΣFy 0: C y − (4.1424 kN) − (2 kN)sin
= 75° 0
41
C y = 5.9732 kN
C = 5.9860 kN 86.2°
C 5.9860 × 103 N
(a) τ ave = = =
94.1 × 106 Pa =
94.1 MPa
A π (0.0045 m) 2
C 5.9860 × 103 N
(b) tb = = =
44.3 × 106 Pa =
44.3 MPa
td (0.015 m)(0.009 m)
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PROBLEM 8.56
5
A 8
-in.-diameter steel rod AB is fitted to a round hole near end C of
the wooden member CD. For the loading shown, determine (a) the
maximum average normal stress in the wood, (b) the distance b for
which the average shearing stress is 100 psi on the surfaces indicated
by the dashed lines, (c) the average bearing stress on the wood.
SOLUTION
(a) Maximum normal stress in the wood
5
Anet = (1) 4 − = 3.375 in.
2
8
P 1500
= s = = 444 psi s = 444 psi
Anet 3.375
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PROBLEM 8.57
SOLUTION
Use member ABC as a free body, and note that member BD is a two-force member.
=
ΣM c 0 : ( P cos 40°)(1.2) + ( P sin 40°)(0.6)
− ( FBD cos 30°)(0.6)
− ( FBD sin 30°)(0.4) =
0
1.30493P − 0.71962FBD =
0
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PROBLEM 8.58
Two wooden members of uniform rectangular cross section of sides
a = 100 mm and b = 60 mm are joined by a simple glued joint as shown.
Knowing that the ultimate stresses for the joint are σ U = 1.26 MPa in
tension and τ U = 1.50 MPa in shear, and that P = 6 kN, determine the
factor of safety for the joint when (a) α = 20°, (b) α = 35°,
(c) α = 45°. For each of these values of α, also determine whether the
joint will fail in tension or in shear if P is increased until rupture
occurs.
SOLUTION
P
or s = sin 2 α (1)
A0
P
τ = sin α cos α (2)
A0
σ U 1.26 × 106 Pa
= τ U 1.50 × 106 Pa
=
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SOLUTION Continued
7.56
(a) α =
20°: ( PU )s = = 64.63 kN
sin 20°
2
9.00
= (=
PU )τ = 28.00 kN
sin 20° cos 20°
The smaller value governs. The joint will fail in shear and PU = 28.00 kN.
PU 28.00
F=
.S. = F .S . = 4.67
P 6
7.56
(b) α =
35°: ( PU )s ==22.98 kN
2
sin 35°
9.00
=( PU )τ = 19.155 kN
sin 35° cos 35°
PU 19.155
F=
.S . = F .S . = 3.19
P 6
7.56
(c) α =
45°: ( PU )s = = 15.12 kN
sin 45°
2
9.00
=( PU )τ = 18.00 kN
sin 45° cos 45°
PU 15.12
F=
.S . = F .S . = 2.52
P 6
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PROBLEM 8.59
The 2000-lb load can be moved along the beam BD to any position
between stops at E and F. Knowing that σ all = 6 ksi for the steel
used in rods AB and CD, determine where the stops should be
placed if the permitted motion of the load is to be as large as
possible.
SOLUTION
=
ΣM B 0 : 60 FCD −=
xF P 0
60 FCD (60)(1.84078)
=
xF = x F = 55.2 in.
P 2.000
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PROBLEM 8.60
SOLUTION
Use free body ABC.
=
ΣM C 0 : 0.280P − 0.120
= FBD 0
3
P= FBD (1)
7
=
ΣM B 0 : 0.160 P − 0.120
= C 0
3
P= C (2)
4
Tension on net section of link BD:
σ 400 × 106 −3 −3
σ Anet =U Anet =
FBD = (6 × 10 )(18 − 10)(10 ) =
6.40 × 103 N
F. S. 3
Shear in pins at B and D:
τU p 150 × 106 p −3 2
FBD = τ Apin = d 2 = 4 (10 × 10 ) = 3.9270 × 10 N
3
F. S . 4 3
Smaller value of F BD is 3.9270 × 103 N.
3
From (1), P = (3.9270 × 103 ) = 1.683 × 103 N
7
τU p 150 × 106 p −3 2
Shear in pin at C: C = 2τ Apin = 2 d 2 = (2) (6 × 10 ) = 2.8274 × 10 N
3
F. S. 4 3 4
3
From (2), P = (2.8274 × 103 ) = 2.12 × 103 N
4
Smaller value of P is allowable value. =P 1.683 × 103 N P = 1.683 kN
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II
I
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