Introductory and Intermediate Algebra for College Students 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual instant download all chapter

Introductory and Intermediate Algebra
for College Students 5th Edition Blitzer

Solutions Manual
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankdeal.com/product/introductory-and-intermediate-algebra-for-college-st
udents-5th-edition-blitzer-solutions-manual/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Introductory and Intermediate Algebra for College

Students 5th Edition Blitzer Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/introductory-and-intermediate-
algebra-for-college-students-5th-edition-blitzer-test-bank/

Students 4th Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual
algebra-for-college-students-4th-edition-blitzer-solutions-
manual/

Students 4th Edition Blitzer Test Bank
algebra-for-college-students-4th-edition-blitzer-test-bank/
Introductory Algebra for College Students 7th Edition

Blitzer Solutions Manual
https://testbankdeal.com/product/introductory-algebra-for-
college-students-7th-edition-blitzer-solutions-manual/
Intermediate Algebra for College Students 7th Edition

https://testbankdeal.com/product/intermediate-algebra-for-

Blitzer Test Bank
college-students-7th-edition-blitzer-test-bank/

Blitzer Test Bank
Intermediate Algebra for College Students 7th Edition

Blitzer Test Bank
https://testbankdeal.com/product/intermediate-algebra-for-
Chapter 7
Rational Expressions
7.1 Concept and Vocabulary Check
7.1 Check Points
1. polynomials
7 x − 28
1. a. 2. 0
8 x − 40
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. 3. factoring; common factors
8 x − 40 = 0
8 x = 40 4. 1
x=5
The rational expression is undefined for x = 5. 5. 1
8 x − 40 6. false
b.
x + 3x − 28
2
7. false
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
x 2 + 3x − 28 = 0 8. true
( x + 7 )( x − 4 ) = 0
9. false
x + 7 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = −7 x=4
The rational expression is undefined for x = −7
7.1 Exercise Set
and x = 4.
7 x + 28 7( x + 4) x + 4 5
2. = = 1.
21x 7 ⋅ 3x 3x 2x
x3 − x 2 x 2 ( x − 1) x 2 2x = 0
3. = =
7x − 7 7( x − 1) 7 x=0
The rational expression is undefined for x = 0 .
x2 − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) x −1
4. = = = 2.
11
x + 2x +1
2
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) ( x + 1) x +1 3x
9 x 2 − 49 (3x + 7)(3x − 7) 3x = 0
5. =
28 − 12 x 4(7 − 3x) x=0
−1 The rational expression is undefined for x = 0 .
(3x + 7) (3 x − 7)
= x
4 (7 − 3x) 3.
x −8
−(3x + 7) 3x + 7 −3 x − 7
= or − or Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
4 4 4 x −8 = 0
x=8
x
4.
x−6
x−6 = 0
x=6
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 469

Chapter 7 Rational Expressions
13 8x
5. 10.
5 x − 20 ( 4 x − 19 )( x + 2 )
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
5 x − 20 = 0 4 x − 19 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
5 x = 20 4 x = 19 x = −2
x=4 19
The rational expression is undefined for x = 4 . x=
4
19
17 The rational expression is undefined for x = and
6. 4
6 x − 30
x = −2.
6 x − 30 = 0 x+5
6 x = 30 11.
x + x − 12
2
x=5 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.

The rational expression is undefined for x = 5 . x 2 + x − 12 = 0
x+3
( x + 4 )( x − 3) = 0
7. x + 4 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
( )( x − 2 )
x + 9
x = −4 x=3
The rational expression is undefined for x = −4 and
( x + 9)( x − 2) = 0 x = 3.
x + 9 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x = −9 x=2 7 x − 14
The rational expression is undefined for x = −9 12.
x − 9 x + 20
2
and x = 2 . Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
x+5 x 2 − 9 + 20 = 0
8.
( x + 7 )( x − 9 ) ( x − 4 )( x − 5) = 0
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. x − 4 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
( x + 7 )( x − 9 ) = 0 x=4 x=5
x + 7 = 0 or x − 9 = 0 The rational expression is undefined for x = 4 and
x = 5.
x = −7 x=9
The rational expression is undefined for x+5
13.
x = −7 and x = 9. 5
Because the denominator, 5, is not zero for any
4x value of x, the rational expression is defined for all
9.
(3x − 17)( x + 3) real numbers.
( 3x − 17 )( x + 3) = 0 x+7
14.
7
3x − 17 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
Because the denominator, 7, is not zero for any
3 x = 17 x = −3 value of x, the rational expression is defined for all
17 real numbers.
x=
3
17
The rational expression is undefined for x =
3
and x = −3 .
470 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 7.1 Rational Expressions and Their Simplification
y+3 5
15. 19.
4y + y − 3
2
x +1
2
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. The smallest possible value of x 2 is 0, so x 2 + 1 ≥ 1
4 y2 + y − 3 = 0 for all real numbers of x. This means that there is no
( y + 1)( 4 y − 3) = 0 real number x for which x 2 + 1 = 0. Thus, the
rational expression is defined for all real numbers.
y + 1 = 0 or 4y −3 = 0
y = −1 4y = 3 8
20.
3 x +4
2
y=
4 The smallest possible value of x 2 is 0, so
The rational expression is undefined for y = −1 and x 2 + 4 ≥ 4 for all real numbers of x. This means that
3 there is no real number x for which x 2 + 4 = 0.
y= .
4 Thus, the rational expression is defined for all real
numbers.
y +8
16.
6 y2 − y − 2 14 x 2 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x ⋅ x 2 x
21. = = = 2x
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. 7x 7⋅x 1
6 y2 − y − 2 = 0
( 2 y + 1)( 3 y − 2 ) = 0 22.
9 x2 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x 3x
= =
2 y + 1 = 0 or 3y − 2 = 0 6x 2 ⋅3⋅ x 2
2 y = −1 3y = 2
5 x − 15 5 ( x − 3) x − 3
1 2 23. = =
y=− y= 25 5⋅5 5
2 3
The rational expression is undefined for y = −
1 7 x + 21 7 ( x + 3) x + 3
2 24. = =
49 7⋅7 7
2
and y = .
3 2x − 8 2 ( x − 4) x − 4
25. = =
y+5 4x 2 ⋅ 2x 2x
17.
y − 25
2
3x − 9 3 ( x − 3) x − 3
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. 26. = =
6x 3⋅ 2x 2x
y 2 − 25 = 0
( y + 5)( y − 5) = 0 27.
3
=
3
=
1
y + 5 = 0 or y − 5 = 0 3x − 9 3 ( x − 3) x − 3
y = −5 y=5
The rational expression is undefined for y = −5 12 2⋅6 2
28. = =
and y = 5 . 6 x − 18 6 ( x − 3) x − 3
y+7 −15 −15 −5 5

18. 29. = = or −
y − 49
2
3x − 9 3 ( x − 3) x − 3 x −3
y 2 − 49 = 0 −21 7 ( −3) −3 3
30. = = or −
( y + 7 )( y − 7 ) = 0 7 x − 14 7 ( x − 2 ) x − 2 x−2
y + 7 = 0 or y − 7 = 0
y = −7 y=7 3x + 9 3 ( x + 3) 3
31. = = =3
The rational expression is undefined for y = −7 and x+3 x+3 1
y = 7.

5 x − 10 5 ( x − 2 ) 3x + 7
32. = =5 46.
x−2 x−2 3x + 10
The numerator and denominator have no common
x+5 x+5 1 factor (other than 1), so this rational expression
33. = =
x − 25
2
( x + 5)( x − 5) x − 5 cannot be simplified.
x 2 + 12 x + 36
=
( x + 6 )( x + 6 ) = x + 6
x+4 x+4 1 47.
34. = =
x − 16 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) x − 4
2 x − 36
2
( x + 6 )( x − 6 ) x − 6
x 2 − 14 x + 49 ( x − 7 )( x − 7 ) = x − 7
2 y − 10 2 ( y − 5 ) 2 48. =
35. = =
3 y − 15 3 ( y − 5) 3
x − 49
2
( x + 7 )( x − 7 ) x + 7
x 3 − 2 x 2 + x − 2 x ( x − 2 ) + 1( x − 2 )
2
6 y + 18 6 ( y + 3) 6 49. =
36. = = x−2 x−2
11 y + 33 11( y + 3) 11
( x − 2 ) ( x2 + 1)
=
x +1 x +1 1 x−2
37. = =
x2 − 2 x − 3 ( x + 1)( x − 3) x − 3 = x2 + 1
x+2 x+2 1 x3 + 4 x 2 − 3 x − 12 x ( x + 4 ) − 3 ( x + 4 )
2
38. = = =
x − x−6
2
( x + 2 )( x − 3) x − 3 50.
x+4 x+4
4 ( x − 2)
( x + 4 ) ( x2 − 3)
4x − 8 4 =
39. = = x+4
x − 4 x + 4 ( x − 2 )( x − 2 ) x − 2
2
= x2 − 3
x 2 − 12 x + 36 ( x − 6 )( x − 6 ) x − 6
40.
4 x − 24
=
4 ( x − 6)
=
4
51. =
2
(
x3 − 8 ( x − 2 ) x + 2 x + 4 )
x−2 x−2
41.
y2 − 3y + 2
=
( y − 1)( y − 2 ) = y −1 = x2 + 2 x + 4
y 2 + 7 y − 18 ( y + 9 )( y − 2 ) y+9
x3 − 125 ( x − 5) ( x 2 + 5 x + 25)
( y + 1)( y + 4 ) = 52. =
y + 5y + 4
2
y+4 x 2 − 25 ( x + 5)( x − 5)
42. =
y − 4y − 5
2
( y + 1)( y − 5) y −5
x 2 + 5 x + 25
=
x+5
43.
2 y2 − 7 y + 3
=
( 2 y − 1)( y − 3) = y −3
2y − 5y + 2
2
( 2 y − 1)( y − 2 ) y−2 ( x − 4 )2 ( x − 4 )( x − 4 ) x − 4
53. = =
x 2 − 16 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) x + 4
44.
3y + 4 y − 4
2
=
( 3 y − 2 )( y + 2 ) = y + 2
6y − y − 2
2
( 3 y − 2 )( 2 y + 1) 2 y + 1 ( x + 5)2 ( x + 5)( x + 5) x + 5
54. = =
2x + 3 x 2 − 25 ( x + 5 )( x − 5) x − 5
45.
2x + 5
The numerator and denominator have no common x
55. ; The numerator and denominator have no
factor (other than 1), so this rational expression x +1
cannot be simplified. common factor (other than 1), so this rational
expression cannot be simplified.

x 4 − 6x 2 ( 2 − 3x )
56. ; The numerator and denominator have no 67. =
x+7 3x − 2 x
2 x ( 3x − 2 )
common factor (other than 1), so this rational
expression cannot be simplified. −2 ( 3 x − 2 )
=
x ( 3x − 2 )
x+4 2
57. ; The numerator and denominator are both =−
x 2 + 16 x
prime polynomials. They have no common factor
(other than 1), so this rational expression cannot be
9 − 15 x 3( 3 − 5x )
simplified. 68. =
5x − 3x
2 x ( 5 x − 3)
x+5 −3 ( 5 x − 3)
58. ; The numerator and denominator are both =
x 2 + 25 x ( 5 x − 3)
prime polynomials. They have no common factor
(other than 1), so this rational expression cannot be −3 3
= =−
simplified. x x
x − 5 −1 ( 5 − x ) x 2 − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
59. = = −1 69. =
5− x 5− x 1− x 1− x
Notice that the numerator and denominator of the
=
( x + 1) ⋅ −1(1 − x )
given rational expression are additive inverses.
1− x
= −1( x + 1) = − x − 1
x − 7 −1( 7 − x )
60. = = −1
7−x 7− x
x 2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
Notice that the numerator and denominator of the 70. =
given rational expression are additive inverses. 2− x 2− x
=
( 2 ) ⋅ −1 ( 2 − x )
x +
61. The numerator and denominator of this rational
2− x
2x − 3
expression are additive inverses, so = −1. = −1( x + 2 ) = − x − 2
3 − 2x
62. The numerator and denominator of this rational y 2 − y − 12 ( y − 4 )( y + 3)

71. =
5x − 4 4− y 4− y
expression are additive inverses, so = −1.
4 − 5x −1( 4 − y )( y + 3)
=
4− y
x −5
63. ; The numerator and denominator have no = −1 ( y + 3 ) = − y − 3
x+5
common factor and they are not additive inverses,
so this rational expression cannot be simplified. y 2 − 7 y + 12 ( y − 3)( y − 4 )
72. =
3− y 3− y
x−7
64. ; The numerator and denominator have no −1( 3 − y )( y − 4 )
x+7 =
3− y
common factor, so this rational expression cannot
be simplified. = −1( y − 4 ) = − y + 4
4 x − 6 2 ( 2 x − 3 ) −2 ( 3 − 2 x )
65. = = = −2
3 − 2x 3 − 2x 3 − 2x
9 x − 15 3 ( 3x − 5) −3 ( 5 − 3x )
66. = = = −3
5 − 3x 5 − 3x 5 − 3x

x2 y − x 2 x 2 ( y − 1) 16 − y 2 ( 4 − y )( 4 + y )
= 2
73. = 80.
x3 − x3 y x3 (1 − y ) y ( y − 8 ) + 16 y − 8 y + 16
x 2 ⋅ −1(1 − y ) −1 ⋅ ( y − 4 )( 4 + y ) −1 ( 4 + y )
= = =
x (1 − y )
3 ( y − 4 )( y − 4 ) y−4
4+ y 4+ y
=−
1 or =
x −1( y − 4 ) 4 − y
xy − 2 x x ( y − 2 ) x xy + 2 y + 3x + 6 y ( x + 2) + 3( x + 2)
74. = = 81. =
3 y − 6 3( y − 2) 3 x + 5x + 6
2
( x + 2 )( x + 3)
=
( x + 2 )( y + 3) = y+3
x 2 + 2 xy − 3 y 2
=
( x − y )( x + 3 y ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3) x+3
75.
2 x 2 + 5 xy − 3 y 2 ( 2 x − y )( x + 3 y )
x− y xy + 4 y − 7 x − 28 y ( x + 4) − 7 ( x + 4)
= 82. =
2x − y x + 11x + 28
2
( x + 4 )( x + 7 )
( x + 4 )( y − 7 ) = y−7
x 2 + 3xy − 10 y 2 ( x + 5 y )( x − 2 y ) =
76. = ( x + 4 )( x + 7 ) x+7
3x 2 − 7 xy + 2 y 2 ( 3x − y )( x − 2 y )
=
x + 5y
3x − y 83.
8x2 + 4 x + 2
=
(
2 4 x2 + 2 x + 1 )
1 − 8x 3
(1 − 2 x ) (1 + 2 x + 4 x 2 )
x 2 − 9 x + 18
=
( x − 3)( x − 6 ) 2
77. =
x − 27
3
( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) 1 − 2x
x−6
=
x + 3x + 9
2
84.
x3 − 3x 2 + 9 x
=
(
x x2 − 3x + 9 )
x + 27
3
( x + 3) ( x 2 − 3x + 9 )
x3 − 8 ( x − 2) ( x + 2x + 4)
2
x
78. = =
x + 2x − 8
2
( x − 2 )( x + 4 ) x+3
x2 + 2 x + 4
= 130 x
x+4 85.
100 − x
79.
9 − y2
=
( 3 + y )( 3 − y ) a. x = 40:
y − 3 ( 2 y − 3)
2
y2 − 6 y + 9 130 x 130 ( 40 )
=
=
( 3 + y )( 3 − y ) = ( 3 + y ) ⋅ −1( y − 3) 100 − x 100 − 40
( y − 3)( y − 3) ( y − 3)( y − 3) =
5200
60
−1 ( 3 + y ) 3+ y 3+ y
= or = ≈ 86.67
y −3 −1 ( y − 3 ) 3 − y
This means it costs about $86.67 million to
inoculate 40% of the population.
x = 80:
130 x 130 ( 80 )
=
100 − x 100 − 80
10, 400
=
20
= 520

This means it costs $520 million to inoculate 87. D = 1000, A = 8

80% of the population. DA 1000 ⋅ 8
x = 90: =
A + 12 8 + 12
130 x 130 ( 90 )
= =
8000
= 400
100 − x 100 − 90 20
11, 700 The correct dosage for an 8-year old is 400
=
10 milligrams.
= 1170
This means it costs $1170 million 88. D = 1000, A = 4
($1,170,000,000) to inoculate 90% of the DA 1000 ⋅ 4
=
population. A + 12 4 + 12
4000
b. Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. = = 250
16
100 − x = 0 The correct dosage for a 4-year old is 250
100 = x milligrams.
The rational expression is undefined for x = 100.
100 x + 100, 000
c. The cost keeps rising as x approaches 100. No 89. C =
x
amount of money will be enough to inoculate
100% of the population. a. x = 500
86. a. x = 20: 100 ( 500 ) + 100, 000
C=
60, 000 x 60, 000 ( 20 ) 500
= 150, 000
100 − x 100 − 20 = = 300
1, 200, 000 500
= = 15,000 The cost per bicycle when manufacturing 500
80 bicycles is $300.
x = 50:
60, 000 x 60,000 ( 50 ) b. x = 4000
=
100 − x 100 − 50 100 ( 4000 ) + 100, 000
C=
3, 000, 000 4000
= = 60, 000
50 400, 000 + 100,000
=
x = 80: 4000
60, 000 x 60, 000 ( 80 ) 500, 000
= = = 125
100 − x 100 − 80 4000
4,800, 000 The cost per bicycle when manufacturing 4000
= = 240, 000 bicycles is $125.
20
These results mean that it costs $15,000 to
c. The cost per bicycle decreases as more bicycles
remove 20% of the air pollutants, $60,000 to
are manufactured. One possible reason for this is
remove 50% of the air pollutants, and $240,000
that there could be fixed costs for equipment, so
to remove 80% of the air pollutants.
the more the equipment is used, the lower the
b. Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. cost per bicycle.
100 − x = 0
90. a. x = 100
100 = x 20 (100 ) + 20, 000
The rational expression is undefined for x = 100. C=
100
This means that you cannot remove all, or
2000 + 20,000
100%, of the air pollutants. =
100
c. The cost keeps rising as x approaches 100. No 22, 000
amount of money will be enough to remove =
100
100% of air pollutants.
= 220

The cost per canoe when manufacturing 100 104. true

canoes is $220.
105. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
b. x = 10,000 A sample change is: x is not a factor of the
20 (10, 000 ) + 20, 000 numerator or the denominator.
C=
10, 000 106. Any rational expression in which the numerator and
200, 000 + 20, 000 denominator have no common factor other than 1
=
10, 000 cannot be simplified. Student examples will vary.
200, 000
= 107. Answers will vary. The denominator should be
10, 000 x + 4 or contain a factor of x + 4 .
= 22
The cost per canoe when manufacturing 10,000 108. x 2 − x − 6 = ( x − 3)( x + 2 )
canoes is $22.
x 2 − x − 6 ( x + 2 )( x − 3)
Therefore, = = x−3
c. The cost per canoe decreases as more canoes are x+2 x+2
manufactured. One possible reason for this is x2 − x − 6
that there could be fixed costs for equipment, so So is the desired rational expression.
the more the equipment is used, the lower the x+2
cost per canoe.
109. The graphs coincide.
This verifies that the
5x
91. y = ;x = 3 3x + 15
x +1
2 simplification = 3, x ≠ −5, is correct. Notice
x+5
5 ⋅ 3 15
y= 2 + = 1.5 the screen shows no y − value for x = −5.
3 + 1 10
The equation indicates that the drug’s concentration 110. The graphs do not coincide.
after 3 hours is 1.5 milligram per liter. This is
2 x 2 − x − 1 ( 2 x + 1)( x − 1)
represented on the graph by the point ( 3,1.5 ) . =
x −1 x −1
92. The graph shows that the drug reaches its maximum = 2 x + 1, x ≠ 1
concentration after 1 hour. If x = 1 , Change the expression on the right from 2 x 2 − 1 to
5 ⋅1 5 2 x + 1.
y= 2 = = 2.5, so the drug’s concentration
1 +1 2
after 1 hour is 2.5 milligrams per liter. 111. The graphs do not coincide.
x 2 − x x ( x − 1)
93. – 97. Answers will vary. =
x x
= x − 1, x ≠ 0
98. makes sense
Change the expression on the right from
99. makes sense x 2 − 1 to x − 1.
100. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. 112. Answers will vary.
Sample explanation: 7 is not a factor of 14 + x.
1 3
101. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. 5 9 5 9 3
113. ⋅ = ⋅ =
Sample explanation: 1 makes the denominator equal 6 25 6 25 10
to 0 and thus the expression is undefined at 1. 2 5
102. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. 2 2 1 2 2 ⋅1 1

A sample change is: 3 is not a factor of 3x + 1. 114. ÷4 = ⋅ = = =
3 3 4 12 2 ⋅ 6 6
A sample change is: 3 is not a factor of x 2 + 3.

Section 7.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
115. 2 x − 5 y = −2 x − 5 x2 − 4 x − 5 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
3. ⋅ = ⋅
3x + 4 y = 20 x − 2 9 x − 45 x − 2 9( x − 5)
Multiply the first equation by 3 and the second 1 1
equation by −2; then add the results. x − 5 ( x + 2) ( x − 2)
6 x − 15 y = −6 = ⋅
x−2 9 ( x − 5)
−6 x − 8 y = −40 1 1
− 23 y = −46 x+2
=
y=2 9
Back-substitute to find x.
5x + 5 2 x2 + x − 3
2 x − 5 y = −2 4. ⋅
7x − 7x2 4x2 − 9
2 x − 5 ( 2 ) = −2
5( x + 1) (2 x + 3)( x − 1)
2 x − 10 = −2 = ⋅
7 x (1 − x ) (2 x + 3)(2 x − 3)
2x = 8 −1
x=4 5( x + 1) (2 x + 3) ( x − 1)
= ⋅
The solution set is {( 4, 2 )}. 7 x (1 − x ) (2 x + 3) (2 x − 3)
−5( x + 1) 5( x + 1)
= or −
116.
2 3 6
⋅ = 7 x (2 x − 3) 7 x (2 x − 3)
5 7 35
x−4 x+3 x+7
3 1 3 2 6 2⋅3 3 5. ( x + 3) ÷ = ⋅
117. ÷ = ⋅ = = = x+7 1 x−4
4 2 4 1 4 2⋅2 2 ( x + 3)( x + 7)
=
1 2 x−4
5 15 5 8 5 8 2
118. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
4 8 4 15 4 15 3 x2 + 5x + 6 x + 2 x2 + 5x + 6 x + 5
6. ÷ = ⋅
1 3 x 2 − 25 x+5 x 2 − 25 x + 2
( x + 3)( x + 2) x + 5
= ⋅
( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 2
7.2 Check Points ( x + 3) ( x + 2) x+5
= ⋅
( x + 5) ( x − 5) x + 2
9 x − 5 9 ( x − 5 ) 9 x − 45
1. ⋅ = = x+3
x+4 2 ( x + 4) 2 2x + 8 =
x −5
x + 4 3x − 21 x + 4 3( x − 7)
2. ⋅ = ⋅ y2 + 3y + 2
x − 7 8 x + 32 x − 7 8( x + 4) 7. (
÷ 5 y 2 + 10 y )
1 1 y +1
2
x + 4 3 ( x − 7) y2 + 3y + 2 5 y 2 + 10 y
= ⋅ = ÷
x − 7 8 ( x + 4) y2 + 1 1
1 1
y2 + 3y + 2 1
=
3 = ⋅
8 y +12
5 y + 10 y 2
( y + 2)( y + 1) 1
= ⋅
y +1
2 5 y ( y + 2)
( y + 2) ( y + 1) 1 y +1
= ⋅ =
y2 + 1 5 y ( y + 2) 5 y ( y 2 + 1)

7.2 Concept and Vocabulary Check x + 2 ( x + 5 )( x − 5 ) ( x + 2 )

x 2 − 25
11. = ⋅ ⋅
PR x − 3 x − 10 x
2
( x + 2 )( x − 5) x
1. numerators; denominators; x+5
QS =
x
2. multiplicative inverse/reciprocal
x + 3 ( x + 7 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 3)
x 2 − 49
12. = ⋅ ⋅
3.
x 2
x − 4 x − 21 x
2
( x − 7 )( x + 3) x
15 x+7
=
x
3
4.
5 4 y + 30 y −3 2 ( 2 y + 15 ) ( y − 3)
13. ⋅
= ⋅
y − 3 y 2 y + 15
2 y ( y − 3) ( 2 y + 15 )
2
7.2 Exercise Set =
y
4 x − 5 4 ( x − 5 ) 4 x − 20
1. ⋅ = = 9 y + 21 y − 2 3 (3 y + 7 ) ( y − 2)
x+3 9 ( x + 3) 9 9 x + 27 14. = ⋅ ⋅
y − 2 y 3y + 7
2 y ( y − 2) (3 y + 7 )
8 x + 5 8 x + 40 =
3
2. ⋅ =
x−2 3 3x − 6 y
x 12 3 ⋅ 4x 4x y 2 − 7 y − 30 2 y 2 + 5 y + 2
3. ⋅ = = 15. ⋅
3 x + 5 3 ( x + 5) x + 5 y 2 − 6 y − 40 2 y 2 + 7 y + 3
( y + 3)( y − 10 ) ( 2 y + 1)( y + 2 )
x 30 x 5⋅6 6x = ⋅
4. ⋅ = ⋅ = ( y + 4 )( y − 10 ) ( 2 y + 1)( y + 3)
5 x−4 5 x−4 x−4
y+2
=
3 4x 3 ⋅ 4x 4 y+4
5. ⋅ = =
x 15 3 ⋅ 5 x 5
3 y 2 + 17 y + 10 y 2 − 4 y − 32
16. ⋅
7 5x 7 5 ⋅ x 1 3 y 2 − 22 y − 16 y 2 − 8 y − 48
6. ⋅ = ⋅ = =1
x 35 x 5 ⋅ 7 1
( 3 y + 2 )( y + 5) ( y − 8)( y + 4 )
= ⋅
x − 3 4 x + 20 x − 3 4 ( x + 5 ) 4 ( 3 y + 2 )( y − 8) ( y − 12 )( y + 4 )
7. ⋅ = ⋅ = y+5
x + 5 9 x − 27 x + 5 9 ( x − 3) 9 =
y − 12
x − 2 5 x + 45 x − 2 5 ( x + 9 ) 5
8. ⋅ = ⋅ = y2 − 9 4
x + 9 2x − 4 x + 9 2 ( x − 2) 2 17. (y 2
−9 ⋅) 4
y −3
=
1
⋅
y −3
x 2 + 9 x + 14 1 ( x + 7 )( x + 2 ) ⋅1 = 1 ( y + 3)( y − 3) 4
9. ⋅ = = ⋅
x+7 x+2 ( x + 7 )( x + 2 ) 1 y −3
= 4 ( y + 3) or 4 y + 12
10.
x + 9 x + 18 1
2
⋅ =
( x + 6 )( x + 3) = 1
x+6 x + 3 ( x + 6 )( x + 3)

18. (y 2
− 16 ⋅ ) 3 ( x + 4 )3 x 2 + 4 x + 4
y−4 24. ⋅
( x + 2 )3 x 2 + 8x + 16
y 2 − 16 3
= ⋅
y−4 ( x + 4 )3 ( x + 2 ) 2
1 = ⋅
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) ⋅
3 ( x + 2 )3 ( x + 4 ) 2
=
1 y−4 x+4
=
= 3 ( y + 4 ) or 3 y + 12 x+2
6x + 2 1− x
x2 − 5x + 6 x2 − 1 25. ⋅
19. ⋅ x − 1 3x 2 + x
2
x2 − 2 x − 3 x2 − 4 2 ( 3 x + 1) (1 − x )
( x − 2 )( x − 3) ( x + 1)( x − 1) = ⋅
( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( 3x + 1)
= ⋅
( x + 1)( x − 3) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
2 ( 3 x + 1) −1( x − 1)
x −1 = ⋅
=
x+2
( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( 3x + 1)
−2 2
= or −
x + 5x + 6
2
x −92 x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)
20. ⋅
x + x−6 x − x−6
2 2
( x + 2 )( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3) 26.
8x + 2
⋅
3− x
= ⋅
( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) x2 − 9 4 x2 + x
2 ( 4 x + 1) (3 − x)
x+3 = ⋅
= ( x + 3)( x − 3) x ( 4 x + 1)
x−2
2 ( 4 x + 1) −1( x − 3)
x3 − 8 x + 2 = ⋅
21. ⋅ ( x + 3)( x − 3) x ( 4 x + 1)
x 2 − 4 3x −2 2
( x − 2 ) ( x2 + 2 x + 4 ) ( x + 2 ) =
x ( x + 3)
or −
x ( x + 3)
= ⋅
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) 3x
x2 + 2 x + 4 25 − y 2 y 2 − 8 y − 20
= 27. ⋅
3x y − 2 y − 35 y 2 − 3 y − 10
2
( 5 + y )( 5 − y ) ( y − 10 )( y + 2 )
x2 + 6 x + 9 = ⋅
22. ⋅
1 ( y + 5)( y − 7 ) ( y − 5)( y + 2 )
x3 + 27 x + 3
− ( y − 10 ) y − 10
( x + 3)( x + 3) 1 = or −
= ⋅ y−7 y−7
( x + 3) ( x 2
− 3x + 9 ) ( x + 3)
1 2y 2 y2 − 9 y + 9
= 28. ⋅
x − 3x + 9
2
3y − y 2 8 y − 12
2y ( 2 y − 3)( y − 3)
( x − 2 )3 x 2 − 2 x + 1 = ⋅
23. ⋅ y (3 − y ) 4 ( 2 y − 3)
( x − 1)3 x2 − 4 x + 4 2y ( 2 y − 3)( −1)( 3 − y )
= ⋅
( x − 2 )3 ( x − 1)2 y (3 − y ) 4 ( 2 y − 3)
= ⋅
( x − 1)3 ( x − 2 )2 =−
2
=−
1
x−2 4 2
=
x −1

x 2 − y 2 x 2 + xy x + 1 3x + 3 x + 1 7
29. ⋅ 39. ÷ = ⋅
x x+ y 3 7 3 3x + 3
x +1 7
( x + y )( x − y ) x ( x + y ) = ⋅
= ⋅ 3 3 ( x + 1)
x ( x + y)
7
= ( x − y )( x + y ) or x 2 − y 2 =
9
4 x − 4 y x 2 + xy x + 5 4 x + 20 x + 5 9
30. ⋅ 2 40. ÷ = ⋅
x x − y2 7 9 7 4 x + 20
4( x − y) x( x + y) x+5 9
= ⋅
= ⋅ =4 7 4 ( x + 5)
x ( x + y )( x − y )
9
=
x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 4 x − 4 y 28
31. ⋅
x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 3x + 3 y 7 28 7 3x − 15
41. ÷ = ⋅
( x + y )( x + y ) 4 ( x − y ) x − 5 3x − 15 x − 5 28
= ⋅
( x − y )( x − y ) 3 ( x + y ) 7 3 ( x − 5)
= ⋅
4( x + y) ( x − 5) 7 ⋅ 4
=
3( x − y ) 3
=
4
x2 − y2 x + 2y
32. ⋅ 4 40 4 7 x − 42
x + y 2 x 2 − xy − y 2 42. ÷ = ⋅
x − 6 7 x − 42 x − 6 40
( x + y )( x − y ) ( x + 2 y) 7 ( x − 6)
= ⋅ 4
( x + y) ( 2 x + y )( x − y ) = ⋅
( x − 6 ) 4 ⋅10
x + 2y
= 7
2x + y =
10
x 5 x 3 3x
33. ÷ = ⋅ = x2 − 4 x + 2 x2 − 4 x − 2
7 3 7 5 35 43. ÷ = ⋅
x x−2 x x+2
x 3 x 8 8x ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x − 2
34. ÷ = ⋅ = = ⋅
3 8 3 3 9 x x+2
( x − 2 )2
3 12 3 x 1 =
35. ÷ = ⋅ = x
x x x 12 4
x2 − 4 x + 2 x2 − 4 4x − 8
x 20 x x x2 44. ÷ = ⋅
36. ÷ = ⋅ = x − 2 4x − 8 x−2 x+2
5 x 5 20 100 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) 4 ( x − 2 )
= ⋅
15 3 15 2 x ( x − 2) ( x + 2)
37. ÷ = ⋅ = 10
x 2x x 3 = 4 ( x − 2 ) or 4 x − 8
9 3 9 4x 3⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x
38. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅
x 4x x 3 x 3
3⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
= = 12
1

y2 + 3y − 4 x2 + x x2 − 1
45. (y 2
− 16 ÷ ) y +4
2
50. ÷
x − 4 x + 5x + 6
2 2
y 2 − 16 y2 + 4 x2 + x x2 + 5x + 6
= ⋅ 2 = 2 ⋅
1 y + 3y − 4 x −4 x2 − 1
x ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) y2 + 4 = ⋅
= ⋅ ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
1 ( y + 4 )( y − 1)
x ( x + 3)
( y − 4) ( y2 + 4) =
= ( x − 2 )( x − 1)
y −1
x 2 − 25 x 2 + 10 x + 25
y 2 − 25 ÷ 2
( )
51.
46. y + 4y −5 ÷
2
2x − 2 x + 4x − 5
y+7
x − 25 x 2 + 4 x − 5
2
y2 + 4 y − 5 y + 7 = ⋅
= ⋅ 2 2 x − 2 x 2 + 10 x + 25
1 y − 25 ( x + 5)( x − 5) ⋅ ( x + 5)( x − 1)
=
( y + 5 )( y − 1) ( y + 7) 2 ( x − 1) ( x + 5)( x + 5)
= ⋅
1 ( y + 5 )( y − 5 ) x −5
=
( y − 1)( y + 7 ) 2
=
y −5
x2 − 4 x2 + 5x + 6
52. ÷
y2 − y y −1 y2 − y 5 x 2 + 3x − 10 x 2 + 8 x + 15
47. ÷ = ⋅
15 5 15 y −1 x2 − 4 x 2 + 8 x + 15
= 2 ⋅ 2
y ( y − 1) 5 x + 3 x − 10 x + 5 x + 6
= ⋅
15 ( y − 1) =
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ⋅ ( x + 5)( x + 3)
y ( x + 5)( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
=
3 =1
y2 − 2 y y − 2 y2 − 2 y 5 y3 + y y3 − y 2
48. ÷ = ⋅ 53. ÷
15 5 15 y−2 y −y2
y − 2 y +1
2
y ( y − 2) 5 y3 + y y2 − 2 y + 1
= ⋅ = ⋅
15 ( y − 2) y2 − y y3 − y2
=
y
3 =
(
y y2 + 1 ) ⋅ ( y − 1)( y − 1)
y ( y − 1) y 2 ( y − 1)
4 x 2 + 10 6 x 2 + 15 y2 +1
49. ÷ 2 =
x −3 x −9 y2
4 x + 10 x − 9
2 2
= ⋅
x − 3 6 x 2 + 15
=
(
2 2 x2 + 5 ) ⋅ ( x + 3)( x − 3)
( x − 3) 3 ( 2 x + 5) 2
2 ( x + 3) 2x + 6
= or
3 3

3 y 2 − 12 y3 − 2 y 2 3 y + 12 y 2 + y − 12
54. ÷ 58. ÷
y + 4y + 4
2
y + 2y
2
y + 3y
2
9 y − y3
3 y 2 − 12 y2 + 2 y 3 y + 12 9 y − y3
= ⋅ = ⋅
y 2 + 4 y + 4 y3 − 2 y 2 y + 3 y y + y − 12
2 2
=
(
3 y −4 2
) ⋅
y ( y + 2)
=
3( y + 4)
⋅
(
y 9 − y2 )
( y + 2 )( y + 2 ) y ( y − 2 ) 2 y ( y + 3) ( y + 4 )( y − 3)
3 ( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) y ( y + 2 ) 3 ( y + 4 ) y ( 3 + y )( 3 − y )
= ⋅ = ⋅
( y + 2 )( y + 2 ) y 2 ( y − 2 ) y ( y + 3) ( y + 4 )( y − 3)
3 3 ( y + 4 ) y ( 3 + y )( −1)( y − 3)
= = ⋅
y y ( y + 3) ( y + 4 )( y − 3)
= −3
y2 + 5 y + 4 y 2 − 12 y + 35
55. ÷
y 2 + 12 y + 32 y 2 + 3 y − 40 2 x + 2 y x2 − y 2
59. ÷
y2 + 5 y + 4 y 2 + 3 y − 40 3 x− y
= ⋅
y 2 + 12 y + 32 y 2 − 12 y + 35 2x + 2 y x − y
= ⋅ 2
( y + 4 )( y + 1) ( y + 8)( y − 5) 3 x − y2
= ⋅ 2( x + y)
( y + 4 )( y + 8) ( y − 7 )( y − 5) = ⋅
x− y
y +1 3 ( x + y )( x − y )
=
y−7 =
2
3
y 2 + 4 y − 21 y 2 + 14 y + 48
56. ÷ 5x + 5 y x2 − y 2
y 2 + 3 y − 28 y 2 + 4 y − 32 60. ÷
7 x− y
y 2 + 4 y − 21 y 2 + 4 y − 32
= ⋅ 5x + 5 y x − y
y 2 + 3 y − 28 y 2 + 14 y + 48 = ⋅ 2
7 x − y2
( y + 7 )( y − 3) ( y + 8)( y − 4 ) 5( x + y) ( x − y)
= ⋅
( y + 7 )( y − 4 ) ( y + 8)( y + 6 ) =
7
⋅
( x + y )( x − y )
y −3
= 5
y+6 =
7
2 y 2 − 128 y 2 − 6 y − 16 x2 − y 2 4x − 4 y
57. ÷ 61. ÷
y + 16 y + 64
2
3 y + 30 y + 48
2
8 x − 16 xy + 8 y
2 2 x+ y
2 y − 128
2
3 y + 30 y + 48
2
x2 − y 2 x+ y
= ⋅ = ⋅
y + 16 y + 64
2
y − 6 y − 16
2
8 x − 16 xy + 8 y
2 2
4x − 4 y
=
(
2 y − 642
) ⋅ 3( y 2
+ 10 y + 16 ) =
( x + y )( x − y )
⋅
x+ y
( y + 8)( y + 8) ( y + 2 )( y − 8) (
8 x − 2 xy + y
2 2
) 4( x − y)
2 ( y + 8 )( y − 8 ) 3 ( y + 2 )( y + 8 ) ( x + y )( x − y ) x + y
= ⋅ = ⋅
( y + 8)( y + 8) ( y + 2 )( y − 8) 8 ( x − y )( x − y ) 4 ( x − y )
=6
( x + y )2
=
32 ( x − y )
2

4 x2 − y2 4x − 2 y
62. ÷
x + 4 xy + 4 y 2
2 3x + 6 y
4 x2 − y 2 3x + 6 y
= ⋅
x + 4 xy + 4 y
2 2
4x − 2 y
( 2 x + y )( 2 x − y ) 3 ( x + 2 y )
= ⋅
( x + 2 y )( x + 2 y ) 2 ( 2 x − y )
3( 2x + y )
=
2( x + 2y)
xy − y 2 2 x 2 + xy − 3 y 2
63. ÷
x 2 + 2 x + 1 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 3 y 2
xy − y 2 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 3 y 2
= ⋅
x 2 + 2 x + 1 2 x 2 + xy − 3 y 2
y ( x − y)
( 2 x + 3 y )( x + y )
= ⋅
( x + 1)( x + 1) ( 2 x + 3 y )( x − y )
y ( x + y)
=
( x + 1)2
x2 − 4 y2 x 2 − 4 xy + 4 y 2
64. ÷
x + 3xy + 2 y
2 2 x+ y
x2 − 4 y2 x+ y
= ⋅
x + 3 xy + 2 y
2 2
x − 4 xy + 4 y 2
2
( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y ) ( x + y)
= ⋅
( x + 2 y )( x + y ) ( x − 2 y )( x − 2 y )
1
=
x − 2y
 y−2 y 2 − 4 y − 12  y2 − 4  y−2 y 2 − 4 y − 12  y 2 + 5 y + 6
65.  2 ⋅  ÷ 2 = 2 ⋅  ⋅
 y+2   y+2
 y − 9 y + 18  y + 5 y + 6  y − 9 y + 18  y2 − 4
 y−2 ( y − 6 )( y + 2 )  ( y + 2 )( y + 3)  y − 2  y + 3 y + 3
= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ =
 
 ( y − 6 )( y − 3) y+2  ( y + 2 )( y − 2 )  y − 3  y − 2 y − 3
 6 y 2 + 31y + 18 2 y 2 − 15 y + 18  2 y 2 − 13 y + 15
66.  2 ⋅ ÷
 3 y − 20 y + 12 6 y 2 + 35 y + 36  9 y 2 + 15 y + 4
 
 6 y 2 + 31y + 18 2 y 2 − 15 y + 18  9 y 2 + 15 y + 4
= ⋅ ⋅
 3 y 2 − 20 y + 12 6 y 2 + 35 y + 36  2 y 2 − 13 y + 15
 
 ( 3 y + 2 )( 2 y + 9 ) ( 2 y − 3)( y − 6 )  ( 3 y + 4 )( 3 y + 1)
= ⋅ ⋅
 ( 3 y − 2 )( y − 6 ) ( 3 y + 4 )( 2 y + 9 )  ( 2 y − 3)( y − 5)
 
 ( 3 y + 2 )( 2 y − 3)  ( 3 y + 4 )( 3 y + 1) ( 3 y + 2 )( 3 y + 1)
= ⋅ =
 ( 3 y − 2 )( 3 y + 4 )  ( 2 y − 3)( y − 5) ( 3 y − 2 )( y − 5)
 

3x 2 + 3x − 60  30 x 2 x3 + 3 x 2 − 10 x 
67. ÷ 2 ⋅ 
2x − 8  x − 7 x + 10 25 x3
 
=
3x 2 + 3x − 60 
÷

30 x 2
⋅
x x 2 + 3x − 10 ( ) 
2x − 8  ( x − 2 )( x − 5 ) 25 x3 
 
=
(
3 x 2 + x − 20 ) ÷  30 x 2
⋅
x ( x + 5)( x − 2 ) 

2x − 8  ( x − 2 )( x − 5) 25 x3
 
3 ( x + 5)( x − 4 ) 6 ( x + 5) 3 ( x + 5 )( x − 4 ) 5 ( x − 5 ) 5 ( x − 5 )
= ÷ = ⋅ =
2 ( x − 4) 5 ( x − 5) 2 ( x − 4) 6 ( x + 5) 4
5 x 2 − x  6 x 2 + x − 2 2 x 2 − x − 1  x ( 5 x − 1)  ( 2 x − 1)( 3x + 2 ) ( 2 x + 1)( x − 1) 
68. ÷ ⋅ = ÷ ⋅ 
3 x + 2  10 x 2 + 3x − 1 2 x 2 − x  3x + 2  ( 5 x − 1)( 2 x + 1)
 x ( 2 x − 1) 
x ( 5 x − 1)  ( 3x + 2 )( x − 1)  x ( 5 x − 1) x ( 5 x − 1) x 2 ( 5 x − 1)
2
= ÷  = ⋅ =
3x + 2  x ( 5 x − 1)  3x + 2 ( 3x + 2 )( x − 1) ( 3x + 2 )2 ( x − 1)
 
x 2 + xz + xy + yz x + z x ( x + z ) + y ( x + z ) x + y ( x + z )( x + y ) x + y ( x + y )
2
69. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
x− y x+ y x− y x+z x− y x+ z x− y
x 2 − xz + xy − yz x − z x ( x − z ) + y ( x − z ) y − x ( x − z )( x + y ) −1( x − y )
70. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ = −1 ( x + y ) = − x − y
x− y y−x x− y x−z x− y x−z
3xy + ay + 3xb + ab y 3 + b3 3xy + ay + 3xb + ab 6 x − 2a

71. ÷ = ⋅ 3 3
9x − a
2 2 6 x − 2a 9 x2 − a2 y +b
y ( 3x + a ) + b ( 3x + a ) 2 ( 3x − a )
= ⋅
( y + b ) ( y 2 − by + b2 )
( 3x + a )( 3x − a )
( 3x + a )( y + b ) 2 ( 3x − a )
= ⋅
( 3x + a )( 3x − a ) ( y + b ) ( y 2 − by + b2 )
2
=
y 2 − by + b 2
5 xy − ay − 5 xb + ab y 3 − b3 5 xy − ay − 5 xb + ab 15 x + 3a
72. ÷ = ⋅ 3 3
25 x 2 − a 2 15 x + 3a 25 x 2 − a 2 y −b
y ( 5x − a ) − b ( 5 x − a ) 3 ( 5x + a )
= ⋅
( y − b ) ( y 2 + by + b2 )
( 5 x + a )( 5x − a )
( 5x − a )( y − b ) 3 ( 5x + a )
= ⋅
( 5 x + a )( 5x − a ) ( y − b ) ( y 2 + by + b2 )
3
=
y + by + b 2
2

73. A = l ⋅ w
x +1 x2 − 4
A= ⋅
x 2 + 2 x x2 − 1
x + 1 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
= ⋅
x( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x +1 ( x + 2) ( x − 2)
= ⋅
x ( x + 2) ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
x−2
= in.2
x( x − 1)
74. A = l ⋅ w
x+5 x−6
A= 2 ⋅ 2
x − 36 x + 7 x + 10
x+5 x−6
= ⋅
( x + 6)( x − 6) ( x + 5)( x + 2)
x+5 x−6
= ⋅
( x + 6) ( x − 6) ( x + 5) ( x + 2)
1
= in.2
( x + 6)( x + 2)
1
75. A = ⋅b ⋅h
2
1 18 x x +1
A= ⋅ 2 ⋅
2 x + 3x + 2 3
1 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3x x +1
= ⋅ ⋅
2 ( x + 2)( x + 1) 3
1 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3x x +1
= ⋅ ⋅
2 ( x + 2) ( x + 1) 3
3x
= in.2
x+2
1
76. A = ⋅b ⋅h
2
1 36 x 2 x 2 − 10 x + 25
A= ⋅ 2 ⋅
2 x − 25 9x
1 2 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 2x2 ( x − 5) 2
= ⋅ ⋅
2 ( x + 5)( x − 5) 9x
1 2 ⋅ 9x ⋅ 2 x ( x − 5) ( x − 5)
= ⋅ ⋅
2 ( x + 5) ( x − 5) 9x
2 x( x − 5) 2
= in.
x+5
77. − 79. Answers will vary.
80. makes sense

81. makes sense
82. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: You should not look to divide common factors until
after you have changed the division to a multiplication by inverting the second fraction.
83. makes sense
1
84. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: x ÷ 5 = ⋅ x.
5
85. true
1
86. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: The expression’s value is − .
2
87. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: The quotient of two rational expressions can be
found by inverting the divisor and then multiplying .
? 3x − 12 3
88. ⋅ =
? 2x 2
? 3( x − 4) 3
⋅ =
? 2x 2
The numerator of the unknown rational expression must contain a factor of x. The denominator of the unknown rational
expression must contain a factor of ( x − 4 ) . Therefore, the simplest pair of polynomials that will work are x in the
x
numerator and x – 4 in the denominator, to give the rational expression .
x−4
Check:
x 3x − 12 x 3( x − 4) 3
⋅ = ⋅ =
x−4 2x x−4 2x 2
1 ? 1
89. − ÷ =
2x − 3 ? 3
The numerator of the unknown rational expression must contain a factor of −3 . The denominator of the unknown
rational expression must contain a factor of ( 2 x − 3) . Therefore, the simplest pair of polynomials that will work are −3
−3
in the numerator and 2 x − 3 in the denominator, to give the rational expression .
2x − 3
Check:
1 −3 1 2x − 3 1
− ÷ =− ⋅ =
2x − 3 2x − 3 2 x − 3 −3 3
9 x 2 − y 2 + 15 x − 5 y 3x+y 9 x 2 − y 2 + 15 x − 5 y 9 x3 + 6 x 2 y + xy 2
90. ÷ = ⋅
3 x 2 + xy + 5 x 9 x3 + 6 x 2 y + xy 2 3x 2 + xy + 5 x 3x + y
(3x + y )(3x − y ) + 5(3x − y ) x(9 x 2 + 6 xy + y 2 )
= ⋅
x (3x + y + 5) 3x + y
(3x − y ) [ (3 x + y ) + 5] x(3x + y ) 2
= ⋅
x(3x + y + 5) 3x + y
(3x − y )(3 x + y + 5) x(3x + y )(3x + y )
= ⋅
x(3x + y + 5) 3x + y
= (3x − y )(3x + y )

Section 7.3 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions with the Same Denominator
91. The graph coincides. 97. x ( 2x + 9) = 5

x + x 6x
3
2 x2 + 9 x = 5
This verifies that ⋅ = 2x .
3x x + 1
2 x2 + 9 x − 5 = 0
92. The graph coincides. ( 2 x − 1)( x + 5) = 0
x3 − 25 x
x+2 2 x − 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
This verifies that ⋅
= x + 5.
x − 3x − 10 x
2
2x = 1 x = −5
1
93. The graphs do not coincide. x=
2
x2 − 9 x − 3 x2 − 9 x + 4
÷ = ⋅  1
x + 4 x + 4 x +4 x −3 The solution set is  −5,  .
 2
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 4 )
= ⋅
( x + 4) ( x − 3) 7 1 6 2
98. − = =
= x+3 9 9 9 3
( x − 3) to ( x + 3) . 99.
2 x x 3x
+ = =x
3 3 3
94. The graphs do not coincide.
2 x 2 − 11x + 5 x2 − 6 x + 9 ( x − 3) 2 ( x − 3)( x − 3) x − 3
( x − 5) ÷ 100.
x −9
2
= = =
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3) x + 3
4 x2 − 1
x −5 4 x2 − 1
= ⋅
1 2 x 2 − 11x + 5
x − 5 ( 2 x + 1)( 2 x − 1) 7.3 Check Points
= ⋅
1 ( 2 x − 1)( x − 5)
3x − 2 2 x + 12 3x − 2 + 2 x + 12
= 2x +1 1. + =
5 5 5
5 x + 10
( 2 x − 1) to ( 2 x + 1) . =
5
1
95. 2 x + 3 < 3 ( x − 5 ) 5 ( x + 2)
=
2 x + 3 < 3x − 15 5
1
− x + 3 < −15
= x+2
− x < −18
x > 18 x2 25 − 10 x x 2 − 10 x + 25
2. + =
(18, ∞ ) x 2 − 25 x 2 − 25 x 2 − 25
( x − 5) 2
(
96. 3x − 15 x − 42 = 3 x − 5 x − 14
2 2
) =
( x + 5)( x − 5)
= 3 ( x − 7 )( x + 2 ) ( x − 5) ( x − 5)
=
( x + 5) ( x − 5)
x −5
=
x+5
4x + 5 x 4 x + 5 − x 3x + 5
3. a. − = =
x+7 x+7 x+7 x+7

3x 2 + 4 x 11x − 4 3x 2 + 4 x − (11x − 4) 7.3 Concept and Vocabulary Check

b. − =
x −1 x −1 x −1
P+Q
3x 2 + 4 x − 11x + 4 1. ; numerators; common denominator
= R
x −1
3x 2 − 7 x + 4 P −Q
= 2. ; numerations; common denominator
x −1 R
(3x − 4)( x − 1)
= −1
x −1 3.
= 3x − 4 −1
x+5
y2 + 3y − 6 4 y − 4 − 2 y2 4.
4. − 3
y2 − 5 y + 4 y2 − 5 y + 4
y 2 + 3 y − 6 − (4 y − 4 − 2 y 2 ) x−5
= 5.
y − 5y + 4
2 3
y + 3y − 6 − 4 y + 4 + 2 y2
2
x−5+ y
= 6.
y2 − 5 y + 4 3
3y2 − y − 2
=
y2 − 5 y + 4
(3 y + 2)( y − 1) 7.3 Exercise Set
=
( y − 4)( y − 1)
7 x 2x 9x
3y + 2 1. + =
= 13 13 13
y−4
3x 8 x 11x
x2 4 x + 21 x2 (−1) 4 x + 21 2. + =
5. + = + ⋅ 17 17 17
x−7 7− x x − 7 (−1) 7 − x
x2 −4 x − 21 8 x x 9 x 3x
= + 3. + = =
x−7 x−7 15 15 15 5
x − 4 x − 21
2
= 4.
9 x x 10 x 5 x
+ = =
x−7 24 24 24 12
( x + 3)( x − 7)
=
x−7 x − 3 5 x + 21 6 x + 18
5. + =
= x+3 12 12 12
6 ( x + 3)
7 x − x2 5 x − 3x 2 =
6. − 12
x − 2 x − 9 9 + 2 x − x2
2
x+3
=
7 x − x2 3x 2 − 5 x 2
= 2 − 2
x − 2x − 9 x − 2x − 9
7 x − x 2 − (3x 2 − 5 x) x + 4 2 x − 25 3x − 21 3 ( x − 7 ) x − 7
= 6. + = = =
x − 2x − 9
2 9 9 9 9 3
7 x − x 2 − 3x 2 + 5 x
= 7.
4 2 6
+ =
x2 − 2 x − 9 x x x
−4 x 2 + 12 x
=
x2 − 2x − 9 5 13 18
8. + =
x x x

8 13 21 7 4 y −1 3y + 1 4 y −1 + 3y + 1
9. + = = 19. + =
9 x 9 x 9 x 3x 5 y2 5 y2 5 y2
7y 7
4 11 15 5 = 2 =
10. + = = 5y 5y
9 x 9 x 9 x 3x
y+2 3y − 2 y + 2 + 3y − 2
11.
5
+
4
=
9 20. 3
+ 3
=
x+3 x+3 x+3 6y 6y 6 y3
4y 2
= 3 = 2
8 10 18 6y 3y
12. + =
x+6 x+6 x+6
x2 − 2 2 x − x2
x 4 x + 5 5x + 5 21. +
13. + = x2 + x − 2 x2 + x − 2
x −3 x −3 x −3
x 2 − 2 + 2 x − x2
=
x 9 x + 7 10 x + 7 x2 + x − 2
14. + =
x−4 x−4 x−4 2x − 2 2 ( x − 1) 2
= 2 = =
x + x − 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 1) x + 2
4 x + 1 8 x + 9 12 x + 10
15. + =
6x + 5 6x + 5 6x + 5 x2 + 9 x 3x − 5 x 2
2 ( 6 x + 5) 22. +
= =2 4 x 2 − 11x − 3 4 x 2 − 11x − 3
6x + 5
x2 + 9 x + 3x − 5x2
=
3x + 2 3x + 6 6 x + 8 4 x 2 − 11x − 3
16. + =
3x + 4 3x + 4 3 x + 4 −4 x 2 + 12 x
= 2
2 ( 3x + 4 ) 4 x − 11x − 3
= =2
3x + 4 −4 x ( x − 3 )
=
( 4 x + 1)( x − 3)
y2 + 7 y y2 − 4 y y2 + 7 y + y2 − 4 y −4 x
17. + = = or −
4x
y2 − 5 y y2 − 5 y y2 − 5 y 4x + 1 4x + 1
2 y2 + 3y
=
y2 − 5 y x2 − 4 x 4x − 4
23. +
y ( 2 y + 3) x − x−6 x − x−6
2 2
= x2 − 4 x + 4 x − 4
y ( y − 5) =
x2 − x − 6
2y + 3
=
y −5 = 2
x2 − 4
=
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = x − 2
x − x − 6 ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) x − 3
y2 − 2 y y2 + y y2 − 2 y + y2 + y
18. + = x 2 x−2
y2 + 3y y2 + 3y y2 + 3y 24. − =
2x + 7 2x + 7 2x + 7
2 y2 − y
=
y2 + 3y 3x 4 3x − 4
25. − =
y ( 2 y − 1) 5 x − 4 5 x − 4 5x − 4
=
y ( y + 3)
x 1 x −1
2 y −1 26. − = =1
= x −1 x −1 x −1
y+3

4x 3 4x − 3 3y2 −1 6 y2 −1
27. − = =1 33. −
4x − 3 4x − 3 4x − 3 3 y3 3 y3
28.
2 y + 1 y + 8 ( 2 y + 1) − ( y + 8 )
− = =
( 3 y − 1) − ( 6 y − 1)
2 2
3y − 7 3y − 7 3y − 7 3 y3
2y +1− y − 8 3y2 −1− 6 y2 + 1 −3 y 2 1
= = = =−
3y − 7 3y 3
3y 3 y
y−7
=
3y − 7 y2 + 3y y 2 − 12
34. −
y + y − 12
2
y + y − 12
2
7 y − 2 14 y − ( 7 y − 2 )
(y ) ( )
14 y
29. − = 2
+ 3 y − y 2 − 12
7y + 2 7y + 2 7y + 2 =
14 y − 7 y + 2 y + y − 12
2
=
7y + 2 y + 3 y − y 2 + 12
2
3 y + 12
= =
7y + 2 y + y − 12
2
y + y − 12
2
= =1
7y + 2 3( y + 4) 3
= =
( y + 4 )( y − 3) y −3
2 x + 3 3 − x ( 2 x + 3) − ( 3 − x )
30. − =
3x − 6 3x − 6 3x − 6
4 y2 + 5 y 2 − y + 29
2x + 3 − 3 + x 35. −
= 9 y 2 − 64 9 y 2 − 64
3x − 6
=
3x
=
3x
=
(4 y 2
) (
+ 5 − y 2 − y + 29 )
3x − 6 3 ( x − 2 ) 9 y − 64
2
x
= 4 y 2 + 5 − y 2 + y − 29
x−2 =
9 y 2 − 64
3x + 1 x + 1 ( 3x + 1) − ( x + 1) =
3 y 2 + y − 24
31. − =
4x − 2 4x − 2 4x − 2 9 y 2 − 64
=
3x + 1 − x − 1
=
( 3 y − 8)( y + 3) = y + 3
4x − 2 ( 3 y + 8)( 3 y − 8) 3 y + 8
2x
=
4x − 2
2 y2 + 6 y + 8 y 2 − 3 y − 12
2x 36. −
= y − 16
2
y 2 − 16
2 ( 2 x − 1)
=
x
=
(2 y 2
) (
+ 6 y + 8 − y 2 − 3 y − 12 )
2x −1 y − 16
2
2 y + 6 y + 8 − y 2 + 3 y + 12
2
32.
x −3
3
−
7x − 3
3
=
( ) (
x3 − 3 − 7 x3 − 3 ) =
y 2 − 16
4 4 4
2x 2x 2x
=
y 2 + 9 y + 20
=
( y + 4 )( y + 5) = y+5
x3 − 3 − 7 x3 + 3
= y − 16
2
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) y−4
2 x4
−6 x3 3
= 4
=−
2x x

6 y2 + y 2y + 9 4y − 3 6x + 5 4x 6 x + 5 ( −1) 4 x
37. − − 42. + = + ⋅
2y − 9y + 9
2
2y − 9y + 9
2
2y −9y + 9
2 x−2 2−x x − 2 ( −1) 2 − x
=
(6 y 2
)
+ y − ( 2 y + 9 ) − ( 4 y − 3) =
6 x + 5 −4 x 2 x + 5
+ =
x−2 x−2 x−2
2 y2 − 9 y + 9
=
6 y2 + y − 2 y − 9 − 4 y + 3 5 x − 2 2 x − 3 5 x − 2 ( −1) 2 x − 3
43. + = + ⋅
2y −9y + 9 3x − 4 4 − 3 x 3x − 4 ( −1) 4 − 3x
2
6y − 5y − 6
2
5 x − 2 −2 x + 3
= = +
2y −9y + 9
2 3x − 4 3x − 4
( 2 y − 3)( 3 y + 2 ) 5x − 2 − 2 x + 3
=
= 3x − 4
( 2 y − 3)( y − 3)
3x + 1
3y + 2 =
= 3x − 4
y −3
9 x − 1 6 x − 2 9 x − 1 ( −1) 6 x − 2
3y2 − 2 y + 10 y2 − 6 y 44. + = + ⋅
38. − − 7 x − 3 3 − 7 x 7 x − 3 ( −1) 3 − 7 x
3 y 2 + 10 y − 8 3 y 2 + 10 y − 8 3 y 2 + 10 y − 8
9 x − 1 −6 x + 2 9 x − 1 − 6 x + 2
= + =
=
(3 y 2
)
− 2 − ( y + 10 ) − y − 6 y ( 2
) 7x − 3 7x − 3 7x − 3
3 y + 10 y − 8
2 3x + 1
=
7x − 3
3 y − 2 − y − 10 − y 2 + 6 y
2
=
3 y 2 + 10 y − 8 x2 4 x2 ( −1) ⋅ 4
+ = +
2 y + 5 y − 12
2
( 2 y − 3)( y + 4 ) 45.
x − 2 2 − x x − 2 ( −1) 2 − x
= =
3 y + 10 y − 8
2
( 3 y − 2 )( y + 4 ) x2 −4
2y − 3 = +
= x−2 x−2
3y − 2 x2 − 4
=
x−2
4 2 4 ( −1) ⋅ 2
39. + = + ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x − 3 3 − x x − 3 ( −1) 3 − x =
x−2
4 −2 = x+2
= +
x −3 x−3
=
2
46.
x2
+
9
=
x2
+
( −1) ⋅ 9
x −3 x − 3 3 − x x − 3 ( −1) 3 − x
40.
6
+
2
=
6
+
( −1) ⋅ 2 =
x2
+
−9
=
x2 − 9
x − 5 5 − x x − 5 ( −1) 5 − x x −3 x−3 x−3
6 −2 4 =
( )( ) = x + 3
x + 3 x − 3
= + =
x −5 x −5 x −5 x −3
6x + 7 3x 6 x + 7 ( −1) 3x
41. + = + ⋅
x−6 6− x x − 6 ( −1) 6 − x
6 x + 7 −3 x
= +
x−6 x−6
3x + 7
=
x−6

47.
y −3
+
y −3
53.
y
−
1
=
y
−
( −1) ⋅ 1
y − 25 25 − y y − 1 1 − y y − 1 ( −1) 1 − y
2 2
y −3 ( −1) y − 3 y −1
= + ⋅ = −
y − 25
2
( −1) 25 − y 2 y −1 y −1
y −3 −y +3 y +1
= + =
y − 25 y 2 − 25
2 y −1
y −3− y +3 0
=
y − 25
2
= 2
y − 25
=0
54.
y
−
4
=
y
−
( −1) ⋅ 4
y − 4 4 − y y − 4 ( −1) 4 − y
y−7 7− y
=
y−7
+
( −1) ⋅ 7 − y =
y
−
−4
=
y+4
48. +
y − 16
2
16 − y 2
y − 16
2
( −1) 16 − y 2 y−4 y−4 y−4
y−7 −7 + y y−7−7+ y
= + = 3 − x 2 x − 5 3 − x ( −1) 2 x − 5
y − 16
2
y − 16
2
y 2 − 16 55. − = − ⋅
x−7 7− x x − 7 ( −1) 7 − x
2 y − 14
= 3 − x −2 x + 5
y 2 − 16 = −
x−7 x−7
( −1) ⋅ 5 ( 3 − x ) − ( −2 x + 5 )
6 5 6 =
49. − = − x−7
x − 1 1 − x x − 1 ( −1) 1 − x
3 − x + 2x − 5
6 −5 =
= − x−7
x −1 x −1 x−2
6+5 11 =
= = x−7
x −1 x −1
4 − x 3 x − 8 4 − x ( −1) 3x − 8
50.
10
−
6
=
10
−
( −1) ⋅ 6 56. −
x −9 9− x
= − ⋅
x − 9 ( −1) 9 − x
x − 2 2 − x x − 2 ( −1) 2 − x
4 − x −3x + 8 ( 4 − x ) − ( −3x + 8 )
10 −6 10 + 6 16 = − =
= − = = x−9 x−9 x −9
x−2 x−2 x−2 x−2
4 − x + 3x − 8 4 − x + 3x − 8 2 x − 4
= = =
10 2 10 ( −1) ⋅ 2 x −9 x −9 x −9
51. − = −
x + 3 − x − 3 x + 3 ( −1) − x − 3 x−2 x−2
57. −
10 −2 x − 25
2
25 − x 2
= −
x+3 x+3 x−2 ( −1) x − 2
10 + 2 12 = 2 − ⋅
= = x − 25 ( −1) 25 − x 2
x+3 x+3
x−2 −x + 2
= −
52.
11
−
5
=
11
−
( −1) ⋅ 5 x − 25 x 2 − 25
2
x + 7 − x − 7 x + 7 ( −1) − x − 7
=
( x − 2) − ( − x + 2)
11 −5 11 + 5 16 x 2 − 25
= − = = x−2+ x−2 2x − 4
x+7 x+7 x+7 x+7 = =
x − 25
2
x 2 − 25

58.
x −8
−
x −8
=
x −8 ( −1) ⋅ x − 8
− 63.
x2 − 2
+
19 − 4 x
x − 16 16 − x
2 2
x − 16 ( −1) 16 − x 2
2
x + 6 x − 7 7 − 6 x − x2
2
x −8 −x + 8 ( x − 8) − ( − x + 8) = 2
x2 − 2
+
( −1) ⋅ 19 − 4 x
= − =
x − 16 x 2 − 16
2
x 2 − 16 x + 6 x − 7 ( −1) 7 − 6 x − x 2
x − 8 + x − 8 2 x − 16 x2 − 2 −19 + 4 x
= = 2 = +
x 2 − 16 x − 16 x + 6x − 7
2
−7 + 6 x + x 2
x2 − 2 −19 + 4 x
x
+
y
=
x
+
( −1) ⋅ y = +
59. x + 6x − 7
2
x2 + 6x − 7
x − y y − x x − y ( −1) y − x
x − 2 − 19 + 4 x
2
x −y =
= + x2 + 6 x − 7
x− y x− y
x 2 + 4 x − 21
x− y =
= =1 x2 + 6 x − 7
x− y
=
( x + 7 )( x − 3) =
x −3
2x − y x − 2 y ( x + 7 )( x − 1) x −1
60. +
x− y y−x
2x + 3 x−2
2 x − y ( −1) x − 2 y 64. +
= + ⋅ x − x − 30 30 + x − x 2
2
x − y ( −1) y − x
2x + 3 ( −1) x − 2
2x − y −x + 2 y = 2 + ⋅
= + x − x − 30 ( −1) 30 + x − x 2
x− y x− y
2x + 3 −x + 2
2x − y − x + 2 y x + y = +
= = x − x − 30 x − x − 30
2 2
x− y x− y
2x + 3 − x + 2 x+5
= 2 = 2
2x 2y x − x − 30 x − x − 30
61. + x+5 1
x −y2 2
y − x2
2
= =
( −1) 2 y ( x + 5)( x − 6 ) x − 6
2x
= + ⋅
x −y2 2
( −1) y 2 − x 2 6b2 − 10b 7b 2 − 20b 6b − 3b2
2x −2 y 65. + −
= + 16b − 48b + 27 16b − 48b + 27 16b − 48b + 27
2 2 2
x2 − y 2 x2 − y2 6b 2 − 10b + 7b 2 − 20b − 6b + 3b 2
2( x − y) =
2x − 2 y 2 16b 2 − 48b + 27
= = =
x −y2 2
( x + y )( x − y ) x+ y 16b2 − 36b 4b ( 4b − 9 )
= =
16b − 48b + 27 ( 4b − 9 )( 4b − 3)
2
62.
2y
+
2x
=
2y
+
( −1) ⋅ 2 x 4b
x −y2 2
y −x2 2
x −y2 2
( −1) y 2 − x 2 =
4b − 3
2y −2 x 2 y − 2x
= + =
x2 − y 2 x2 − y2 x2 − y 2 22b + 15 30b − 20 4 − 2b
66. + −
2( y − x) −2 ( x − y ) 12b2 + 52b − 9 12b 2 + 52b − 9 12b 2 + 52b − 9
= = 22b + 15 + 30b − 20 − 4 + 2b
( x + y )( x − y ) ( x + y )( x − y ) =
12b2 + 52b − 9
2
=− 54b − 9 9 ( 6b − 1)
x+ y = =
12b + 52b − 9 ( 6b − 1)( 2b + 9 )
2
9
=
2b + 9

2y 2 y−2 2y 2+ y−2 2y y y
67. − + = − = − =
y −5 y −5 y −5 y−5 y−5 y −5 y −5 y −5
3x 5x + 1 3x + 2 3x 5 x + 1 − 3x − 2
68. − − = −
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)2
3x 2x − 1 3x − 2 x + 1
= − =
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)2
x +1 1
= =
( x + 1) 2 x +1
b a
69. −
ac + ad − bc − bd ac + ad − bc − bd
b−a b−a
= =
ac + ad − bc − bd a ( c + d ) − b ( c + d )
=
b−a
=
( −1) ⋅ b − a =
a−b
=
−1
or −
1
(c + d )(a − b) ( −1) (c + d )(a − b) − (c + d )(a − b ) c + d c+d
y x y−x y−x
70. − = =
ax + bx − ay − by ax + bx − ay − by ax + bx − ay − by x ( a + b) − y ( a + b )
=
y−x
=
( −1) ⋅ y−x
( a + b)( x − y ) ( −1) ( a + b)( x − y )
x− y −1 1
= = or −
− ( a + b )( x − y ) a + b a+b
( y − 3)( y + 2 ) − ( y + 2 )( y + 3) − ( y + 5)( y − 1) = y 2 − y − 6 − y 2 + 5 y + 6 − y 2 + 4 y − 5
71.
( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( y + 1)( 4 − y ) ( y + 1)( 4 − y ) ( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( y + 1)( 4 − y ) ( y + 1)( 4 − y )
=
y2 − y − 6
−
( −1) ⋅ y 2 + 5 y + 6 − ( −1) ⋅ y 2 + 4 y − 5
( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( −1) ( y + 1)( 4 − y ) ( −1) ( y + 1)( 4 − y )
y2 − y − 6 y2 + 5y + 6 y2 + 4 y − 5 y2 − y − 6 + y2 + 5 y + 6 + y2 + 4 y − 5
= + + =
( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( y + 1)( y − 4 )
3y2 + 8 y − 5
=
( y + 1)( y − 4 )
72.
( y + 1)(2 y − 1) + ( y + 2)( y − 1) − ( y + 5)( 2 y + 1) = 2 y 2 + y − 1 + y 2 + y − 2 − 2 y 2 + 11 y + 5
( y − 2)( y − 3) ( y − 2)( y − 3) (3 − y )(2 − y ) ( y − 2)( y − 3) ( y − 2)( y − 3) −1( y − 3) ⋅ −1( y − 2)
2 y2 + y − 1 y2 + y − 2 2 y 2 + 11 y + 5
= + −
( y − 2)( y − 3) ( y − 2)( y − 3) ( y − 3)( y − 2)
2 y 2 + y − 1 + y 2 + y − 2 − 2 y 2 − 11 y − 5 y2 − 9 y − 8
= =
( y − 2)( y − 3) ( y − 2)( y − 3)

L + 60W L − 40W 76. P = 2 L + 2W

73. a. −
L L  4x + 9   7 
= 2  + 2 
( L + 60W ) − ( L − 40W )  x+4   x+4
=
L 8 x + 18 14
= +
L + 60W − L + 40W x+4 x+4
=
L 8 x + 32
=
100W x+4
=
L 8 ( x + 4)
= =8
x+4
100W
b. ; W = 5, L = 6 The perimeter is 8 inches.
L
100W 100 ⋅ 5 77. – 80. Answers will vary.
= ≈ 83.3
L 6
Since this value is over 80, the skull is round. 81. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
3x + 1 x + 2 4 x + 3
Sample explanation: + = and
t + 30 t − 50 4 4 4
74. a. −
t + 4t + 1 t + 4t + 1
2 2 4 x + 3 is not divisible by 4.
( t + 30 ) − ( t − 50 )
= 82. makes sense
t 2 + 4t + 1
t + 30 − t + 50 83. makes sense
= 2
t + 4t + 1 84. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
80 Sample explanation: To maintain its value, you
= 2
t + 4t + 1 would need to multiply both the numerator and
denominator by –1.
b. t = 1:
80 80 85. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
= A sample change is: You do not add the common
t 2 + 4t + 1 12 + 4 ⋅1 + 1 denominators. You just keep the common
80 denominator in your answer.
= ≈ 13.33
6
t = 2: 86. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
80 80 4 2 4 2 6
= A sample change is: − = + = .
t + 4t + 1
2
2 + 4 ⋅ 2 +1
2 b −b b b b
80
= ≈ 6.15 87. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
13 A sample change is: Some such rational expressions
The temperature is 13.33°F after 1 hour and cannot be simplified.
6.15°F after 2 hours.
88. true
75. P = 2 L + 2W
 5 x + 10   5 
= 2  + 2 
 x+3   x+3
10 x + 20 10
= +
x+3 x+3
=
10 x + 30
=
10 ( x + 3) = 10
x+3 x+3
The perimeter is 10 meters.

 3x − 1 2x − 7  x + 2 3x ? 6 − 17 x
89.  2 − 2 ÷ 92. − =
 x + 5x − 6 x + 5x − 6  x2 − 1 x+2 x+2 x+2
The difference of the numerators on the left side
 ( 3 x − 1) − ( 2 x − 7 )  x + 2
=  ÷ 2 must be 6 − 17 x, so the missing expression is
 x2 + 5x − 6
  x −1 20 x − 6.
3x − 1 − 2 x + 7 x + 2 Check:
= ÷ 2
x2 + 5x − 6 x −1 3x 20 x − 6 3x − ( 20 x − 6 )
− =
x+6 x+2 x+2 x+2 x+2
= 2 ÷
x + 5x − 6 x2 − 1 3x − 20 x + 6
=
x+6 x2 − 1 x+2
= ⋅ −17 x + 6
x2 + 5x − 6 x + 2 =
x+2
=
( x + 6 ) ⋅ ( x + 1)( x − 1) 6 − 17 x
( x + 6 )( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) =
x+2
x +1
=
x+2 6 ? 13
93. + =
x−2 2− x x−2
 3x 2 − 4 x + 4
90.  2 −
10 x + 9  x − 5
÷ 6 ( −1) ? 13
 3x + 7 x + 2 3x 2 + 7 x + 2  x 2 − 4 + ⋅ =
x − 2 ( −1) 2 − x x − 2
 
=
( )
 3 x 2 − 4 x + 4 − (10 x + 9 ) 
÷ x −5
6
+
( −1) ? 13
=
  x 2 − 4 x−2 x−2 x−2
3x + 7 x + 2
2
  Since 6 + 7 = 13, the opposite of the missing
3x 2 − 4 x + 4 − 10 x − 9 x −5 expression must be 7, so the missing expression is
= ÷ −7.
3x 2 + 7 x + 2 x2 − 4 Check:
3x 2 − 14 x − 5 x −5 −7 ( −1) ⋅ −7
= ÷ 6
+ =
6
+
3x + 7 x + 2
2
x2 − 4 x − 2 2 − x x − 2 ( −1)( 2 − x )
3x 2 − 14 x − 5 x 2 − 4
= ⋅ =
6
+
7
=
13
3x 2 + 7 x + 2 x − 5 x−2 x−2 x−2
( 3x + 1)( x − 5) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
= ⋅
( 3x + 1)( x + 2 ) ( x − 5) 94.
a2
−
?
= a+3
= x−2 a−4 a−4
In order to reduce a + 3 , the difference on the left
91.
2x
+
?
=
4x + 1
must be
( a − 4 )( a + 3) = a 2 − a − 12 .
x+3 x+3 x+3 a−4 a−4
The sum of numerators on the left side must be Since a 2 − ( a + 12 ) = a 2 − a − 12, the missing
4 x + 1, so the missing expression is 2 x + 1.
expression is a + 12.
Check:
Check:
2x 2x + 1 2x + 2x + 1
+ = a + 12 a − ( a + 12 ) a 2 − a − 12
2
a2
x+3 x+3 x+3 − = =
4x + 1 a−4 a−4 a−4 a−4
= ( a − 4 )( )
a − 3
x+3 = = a+3
a−4

Section 7.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions with Different Denominators
95.
3x
+
?
=
7x +1 ( )(
100. 81x 4 − 1 = 9 x 2 + 1 9 x 2 − 1 )
x −5 5− x x−5
( −1) ? 7 x + 1 = ( 9 x + 1) ( 3x + 1)( 3x − 1)
2
3x
+ ⋅ =
x − 5 ( −1) 5 − x x−5
3x2 − 7 x − 5
3x ( −1) ? 7 x + 1 101. x + 3 3x + 2 x 2 − 26 x − 15
3
+ =
x −5 x−5 x−5
Since 3x + ( 4 x + 1) = 7 x + 1, the opposite of the 3x3 + 9 x 2
missing expression must be 4 x + 1 , so the missing − 7 x 2 − 26 x
expression is −4 x − 1.
−7 x 2 − 21x
Check:
3x −4 x − 1 3x 4x + 1 − 5 x − 15
+ = +
x−5 5− x x −5 x −5 −5 x − 15
7x +1 0
=
x −5 3x + 2 x − 26 x − 15
3 2
= 3x2 − 7 x − 5
x+3
96. The graphs coincide.
3x + 6 x
This verifies that − = x + 3. 1 2 3 4 7
2 2 102. + = + =
2 3 6 6 6
97. The graphs do not coincide.
1 5 3 20 17
x2 + 4 x + 3 5x + 9 103. − = − =−
− 8 6 24 24 24
x+2 x+2
=
(x 2
)
+ 4x + 3 − ( 5x + 9)
104.
( y + 2) y − 2 ⋅ 4 y 2 + 2 y − 8
=
x+2 4 y ( y + 4) 4 y ( y + 4)
x + 4 x + 3 − 5x − 9
2 ( y + 4)( y − 2)
= =
x+2 4 y ( y + 4)
x2 − x − 6 y−2
= =
x+2 4y
( x + 2 )( x − 3)
=
x+2
= x−3 7.4 Check Points
Change x − 2 to x − 3.
3 7
1. and
98. The graphs do not coincide. 10 x 2 15 x
x 2 − 13 3 x 2 − 16 List the factors for each denominator.
− =
x+4 x+4 x+4 10 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 5 x 2
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) 15 x = 3 ⋅ 5 x
=
x+4 LCD = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x 2 = 30 x 2
= x−4
Change x + 4 to x − 4. 2 4
2. and
x+3 x −3
13 8 13 3 8 List the factors for each denominator.
99. − = ⋅ −
15 45 15 3 45 x + 3 = 1( x + 3)
=
39 8
− =
31 x − 3 = 1( x − 3)
45 45 45 LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)

9 11 5 y 5 y
3. and 7. − = −
7 x + 28 x
2
x + 8 x + 16
2
y − 5y
2 5 y − 25 y ( y − 5) 5( y − 5)
List the factors for each denominator. LCD = 5 y ( y − 5)
7 x 2 + 28 x = 7 x( x + 4) 5 y 5 y
− = −
x 2 + 8 x + 16 = ( x + 4)2 y − 5 y 5 y − 25 y ( y − 5) 5( y − 5)
2
LCD = 7 x( x + 4) 2 5 5 y y
= ⋅ − ⋅
5 y ( y − 5) y 5( y − 5)
3 7
4. + 25 y2
10 x 2 15 x = −
5 y ( y − 5) 5 y ( y − 5)
LCD = 30x 2
25 − y 2
3 7 3 3 2x 7 =
2
+ = ⋅ 2
+ ⋅ 5 y ( y − 5)
10 x 15 x 3 10 x 2 x 15 x
(5 + y )(5 − y )
9 14 x =
= 2
+ 5 y ( y − 5)
30 x 30 x 2
−1
9 + 14 x (5 + y ) (5 − y )
=
30 x 2 =
5 y ( y − 5)
1
2 4
5. + 5+ y
x+3 x −3 =−
5y
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2 4 x−3 2 x+3 4 4x
+
3
=
4x
+
3
+ = ⋅ + ⋅ 8.
x +3 x −3 x −3 x +3 x +3 x −3 x 2 − 25 5 − x ( x + 5)( x − 5) 5 − x
2x − 6 4 x + 12 LCD = ( x + 5)( x − 5)
= +
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3) 4x 3 4x 3
+ = +
2 x − 6 + 4 x + 12 x − 25
2 5 − x ( x + 5)( x − 5) 5 − x
=
( x + 3)( x − 3) =
4x
+
−1( x + 5) 3
⋅
6x + 6 ( x + 5)( x − 5) −1( x + 5) 5 − x
=
( x + 3)( x − 3) =
4x
+
−1( x + 5) ⋅ 3
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5)
x 4x −3x − 15
6. −1 = +
x+5 ( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5)
LCD = x + 5 4 x − 3x − 15
x x x+5 =
−1 = − ( x + 5)( x − 5)
x+5 x+5 x+5 x − 15
x − ( x + 5) =
= ( x + 5)( x − 5)
x+5
x− x −5
=
x+5
−5 5
= or −
x+5 x+5 1. factor denominators
2. x and x + 3; x + 3 and x + 5; x( x + 3)( x + 5)
3. 3
4. x  5
5. 1

7.4 Exercise Set 17 18

9. and 2
x+4 x − 16
7 13
1. and x + 4 = 1( x + 4 )
15 x 2 24 x
x 2 − 16 = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
15 x 2 = 3 ⋅ 5 x 2
LCD = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
24 x = 23 ⋅ 3x
LCD = 23 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 x 2 = 120 x 2 3 4
10. and 2
x−6 x − 36
11 17
2. 2
and x−6 = x−6
25 x 35 x
x 2 − 36 = ( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
25 x 2 = 5 ⋅ 5 x 2
35 x = 5 ⋅ 7 x LCD = ( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
LCD = 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x 2 = 175 x 2
8 14
11. and
8 5 y2 − 9 y ( y + 3)
3. and
15 x 2
6 x5 y 2 − 9 = ( y + 3)( y − 3)
15 x = 3 ⋅ 5 x 2
2
y ( y + 3) = y ( y + 3)
6 x = 2 ⋅ 3x
5 5
LCD = y ( y + 3)( y − 3)
LCD = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x = 30 x 5 5
14 12
12. and
7 11 y − 49
2 y ( y − 7)
4. 2
and 5
15 x 24 x y 2 − 49 = ( y + 7 )( y − 7 )
15 x = 3 ⋅ 5 x 2
2
y ( y − 7) = y ( y − 7)
24 x5 = 23 ⋅ 3x5 LCD = y ( y + 7 )( y − 7 )
LCD = 23 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x5 = 120 x5
7 y
4 7 13. and
5. and y2 −1 y2 − 2 y +1
x−3 x +1
y 2 − 1 = ( y + 1)( y − 1)
LCD = ( x − 3)( x + 1)
y 2 − 2 y + 1 = ( y − 1)( y − 1)
6.
2
and
3 LCD = ( y + 1)( y − 1)( y − 1)
x−5 x+7
LCD = ( x − 5 )( x + 7 ) 9 y
14. and
y − 25
2
y − 10 y + 25
2
5 10
7. and y − 25 = ( y + 5)( y − 5 )
2
7 ( y + 2) y
y 2 − 10 y + 25 = ( y − 5 )( y − 5 )
LCD = 7 y ( y + 2 )
LCD = ( y + 5 )( y − 5 )( y − 5 )
8 12
8. and
11( y + 5 ) y 15.
3
and
x
x 2 − x − 20 2 x2 + 7 x − 4
LCD = 11y ( y + 5 )
x 2 − x − 20 = ( x − 5 )( x + 4 )
2 x 2 + 7 x − 4 = ( 2 x − 1)( x + 4 )
LCD = ( x − 5)( x + 4 )( 2 x − 1)

7 x 1
16. and 23. 6 +
x − 5x − 6
2
x − 4x − 5
2 x
x 2 − 5 x − 6 = ( x − 6 )( x + 1) LCD = x
1 6 x 1 6x 1 6x + 1
x 2 − 4 x − 5 = ( x + 1)( x − 5 ) 6+ = ⋅ + = + =
x 1 x x x x x
LCD = ( x − 6 )( x + 1)( x − 5 )
1
24. 3 +
3 5 x
17. +
x x2 LCD = x
LCD = x 2 1 3 ⋅ x 1 3x + 1
3+ = + =
3 5 3 x 5 3x + 5 x x x x
+ 2 = ⋅ + 2 =
x x x x x x2
2
25. +9
4 8 x
18. + LCD = x
x x2
2 2 9 x 2 9x 2 + 9x
LCD = x 2 +9 = + ⋅ = + =
x x 1 x x x x
4 8 4 x 8 4x + 8
+ = ⋅ + =
x x2 x x x 2 x2 7
26. +4
x
2 11
19. + LCD = x
9x 6x
7 7 4 ⋅ x 7 + 4x
LCD = 18x +4 = + =
x x x x
2 11 2 2 11 3
+ = ⋅ + ⋅
9x 6x 9x 2 6x 3 x −1 x + 2
4 33 37 27. +
= + = 6 3
18 x 18 x 18 x LCD = 6
x − 1 x + 2 x −1 ( x + 2) 2
5 7 + = + ⋅
20. + 6 3 6 3 2
6x 8x
LCD = 24x x − 1 2 x + 4 3x + 3 3 ( x + 1)
= + = =
5 7 5⋅ 4 7⋅3 6 6 6 6
+ = + x +1
6 x 8x 6 x ⋅ 4 8x ⋅ 3 =
20 21 41 2
= + =
24 x 24 x 24 x
x+3 x+5
28. +
4 7 2 4
21. + LCD = 4
x 2 x2
x+3 x+5
LCD = 2x 2 +
2 4
4
+
7
= ⋅
4 2x
+
7
=
8x
+
7
=
( x + 3)( 2 ) + x + 5
x 2 x2 x 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2
2 ( 2) 4
8x + 7
= 2 x + 6 + x + 5 3x + 11
2 x2 = =
4 4
10 3
22. + 2
x 5x
LCD = 5x 2
10 3 10 ⋅ 5 x 3 50 x + 3
+ 2 = + 2 =
x 5x x ⋅ 5x 5x 5x2

4 3 3 4
29. + 32. +
x x−5 x−2 x+3
LCD = x ( x − 5 ) LCD = ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
4 3 4 ( x − 5) 3 x 3 4
+ = + ⋅ +
x x − 5 x ( x − 5) x − 5 x x−2 x+3
3 ( x + 3) 4 ( x − 2)
4 ( x − 5) 3x = +
=
x ( x − 5)
+
x ( x − 5) ( x − 2 )( x + 3) ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
4 x − 20 + 3 x 3 ( x + 3) + 4 ( x − 2 )
= =
x ( x − 5) ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
7 x − 20 3x + 9 + 4 x − 8 7x +1
= = =
x ( x − 5) ( x − 2 )( x + 3) ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
3 4 2 3
30. + 33. +
x x−6 y + 5 4y
LCD = x ( x − 6 ) LCD = 4 y ( y + 5 )
3 4 3( x − 6) 4x 2 3 2(4 y) 3 ( y + 5)
+ = + + = +
x x − 6 x ( x − 6) x ( x − 6) y + 5 4 y ( 4 y )( y + 5) 4 y ( y + 5 )
3( x − 6) + 4x 2 ( 4 y ) + 3 ( y + 5)
= =
x ( x − 6) 4 y ( y + 5)
3 x − 18 + 4 x 8 y + 3 y + 15
= =
x ( x − 6) 4 y ( y + 5)
7 x − 18 11y + 15
= =
x ( x − 6) 4 y ( y + 5)
2 3 3 2
31. + 34. +
x −1 x + 2 y +1 3y
LCD = ( x − 1)( x + 2 ) LCD = 3 y ( y + 1)
2 3 3 2
+ +
x −1 x + 2 y +1 3y
2 ( x + 2) 3 ( x − 1) 3(3 y ) 2 ( y + 1)
= + = +
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) ( x − 1)( x + 2 ) 3 y ( y + 1) 3 y ( y + 1)
2 x + 4 + 3x − 3 3 ( 3 y ) + 2 ( y + 1) 9y + 2y + 2
= = =
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) 3 y ( y + 1) 3 y ( y + 1)
5x + 1 11y + 2
= =
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) 3 y ( y + 1)

x 8 2
35. −1 38. −
x+7 x+6 x−6
LCD = x + 7 LCD = ( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
x x x+7
−1 = − 8
−
2
x+7 x+7 x+7 x+6 x−6
x − ( x + 7)
= 8 ( x − 6) 2 ( x + 6)
x+7 = −
x− x−7
( x + 6 )( x − 6 ) ( 6 )( x − 6 )
x +
= 8 ( x − 6) − 2 ( x + 6)
x+7 =
−7 7 ( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
= or −
x+7 x+7 8 x − 48 − 2 x − 12
=
( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
x
36. −1 6 x − 60
x+6 =
LCD = x + 6 ( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
x x x+6
−1 = − 2x x
x+6 x+6 x+6 39. +
x − ( x + 6) x 2 − 16 x − 4
= x 2 − 16 = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
x+6
x− x−6 x − 4 = 1( x − 4 )
=
x+6 LCD = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
−6 6 2x x
= or − +
x+6 x+6 x − 16 x − 4
2
2x x
7 4 = +
37. −
x+5 x −5
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) x − 4
LCD = ( x + 5)( x − 5 ) 2x x ( x + 4)
= +
7 4 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
−
x+5 x −5 2x + x ( x + 4)
=
7 ( x − 5) 4 ( x + 5) ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
= −
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5) =
2 x + x2 + 4 x
7 ( x − 5) − 4 ( x + 5 ) ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
=
( x + 5)( x − 5) =
x2 + 6 x
=
7 x − 35 − 4 x − 20 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
( x + 5)( x − 5)
3x − 55
=
( x + 5)( x − 5)

4x x 8y 5
40. + 42. −
x − 25
2 x+5 y − 16
2 y+4
x 2 − 25 = ( x + 5 )( x − 5 ) LCD = ( y + 4 )( y − 4 )
x + 5 = 1( x + 5 ) 8y 5
−
LCD = ( x + 5)( x − 5 ) y − 16
2 y+4
4x x 8y 5
+ = −
x 2 − 25 x+5 ( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) y + 4
=
4x
+
x
8y 5 ( y − 4)
( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 5 = −
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) ( y + 4 )( y − 4 )
x ( x − 5)
=
4x
+ 8 y − 5 ( y − 4)
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5) =
( y + 4 )( y − 4 )
4 x + x ( x − 5) 8 y − 5 y + 20
= =
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( y + 4 )( y − 4 )
4x + x2 − 5x 3 y + 20
= =
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( y + 4 )( y − 4 )
x2 − x
=
( x + 5)( x − 5) 43.
7
−
3
x − 1 ( x − 1)( x − 1)
5y 4 LCD = ( x − 1)( x − 1)
41. −
y −9
2 y+3 7 3
−
LCD = ( y + 3)( y − 3) x − 1 ( x − 1)( x − 1)
5y 4 7 ( x − 1) 3
− = −
y −9
2 y+3 ( x − 1)( x − 1) ( )( x − 1)
x − 1
=
5y
−
4 7x − 7 − 3
=
( y + 3)( y − 3) y + 3 ( x − 1)( x − 1)
5y 4 ( y − 3) 7 x − 10 7 x − 10
= − = or
( y + 3)( y − 3) ( y + 3)( y − 3) ( x − 1)( x − 1) ( x − 1)2
5 y − 4 ( y − 3)
=
( y + 3)( y − 3) 44.
5
−
2
x + 3 ( x + 3 )2
5 y − 4 y + 12
=
( y + 3)( y − 3) LCD = ( x + 3)( x + 3)
y + 12 5 2
= −
( y + 3)( y − 3) x + 3 ( x + 3 )2
5 ( x + 3) 2
= −
( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x + 3)
5 x + 15 − 2
=
( x + 3)( x + 3)
5 x + 13
=
( x + 3)( x + 3)

3y 9y y+4 y
45. + 47. −
4 y − 20 6 y − 30 y y+4
4 y − 20 = 4 ( y − 5 ) LCD = y ( y + 4 )
6 y − 30 = 6 ( y − 5 ) y+4 y
−
LCD = 12 ( y − 5) y y+4
3y 9y =
( y + 4 )( y + 4 ) − y ⋅ y
+
4 y − 20 6 y − 30 y ( y + 4) y ( y + 4)
4y 9y y 2 + 8 y + 16 − y 2
= + =
4 ( y − 5) 6 ( y − 5 ) y ( y + 4)
4y 3 9y 2 8 y + 16
= ⋅ + ⋅ =
4 ( y − 5) 3 6 ( y − 5 ) 2 y ( y + 4)
12 y 18 y
= +
12 ( y − 5 ) 12 ( y − 5 ) 48.
y
−
y −5
9 y + 18 y 27 y y −5 y
= =
12 ( y − 5 ) 12 ( y − 5) LCD = y ( y − 5)
9y y y −5
= −
4 ( y − 5) y −5 y
y⋅ y ( y − 5)( y − 5)
= −
46.
4y
+
3y y ( y − 5) y ( y − 5)
5 y − 10 10 y − 20
y 2 − ( y − 5 )( y − 5 )
5 y − 10 = 5 ( y − 2 ) =
y ( y − 5)
10 y − 20 = 10 ( y − 2 )
LCD = 10 ( y − 2 ) =
2
(
y − y 2 − 10 y + 25 )
y ( y − 5)
4y 3y
+
5 y − 10 10 y − 20 y − y 2 + 10 y − 25
2
=
4y 3y y ( y − 5)
= +
5 ( y − 2 ) 10 ( y − 2 ) 10 y − 25
=
4y ⋅ 2 3y y ( y − 5)
= +
5 ( y − 2 ) ⋅ 2 10 ( y − 2 )
8 y + 3y
=
10 ( y − 2 )
11 y
=
10 ( y − 2 )

2x + 9 2 3 4
49. − 51. +
x − 7 x + 12
2 x−3 x −12
( x + 1)2
x 2 − 7 x + 12 = ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
x 2 − 1 = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x − 3 = 1( x − 3)
LCD = ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
( x + 1)2 = ( x + 1)( x + 1)
LCD = ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
2x + 9 2
− 3 4
x 2 − 7 x + 12 x − 3 +
=
2x + 9
−
2 x −12
( x + 1)2
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) x − 3 3 4
= +
2x + 9 2 ( x − 4) ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x + 1)
= −
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) ( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 3 ( x + 1) 4 ( x − 1)
= +
2x + 9 − 2 ( x − 4) ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
=
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 3 ( x + 1) + 4 ( x − 1)
=
=
2x + 9 − 2x + 8 ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 3x + 3 + 4 x − 4
=
=
17 ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 7x −1
=
( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
3x + 7 3
50. −
x − 5x + 6
2 x −3 6 2
52. +
x 2 − 5 x + 6 = ( x − 3)( x − 2 ) x −42
( x + 2 )2
x − 3 = 1( x − 3 )
x 2 − 4 = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
LCD = ( x − 3)( x − 2 )
3x + 7 3
( x + 2 )2 = ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )
= LCD = ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x − 5x + 6
2 x−3
3x + 7 3 6 2
= − +
( )(
x − 3 x − 2 ) −3
x x2 − 4 ( x + 2 )2
3x + 7 3( x − 2) 6 2
= − = +
( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )
3x + 7 − 3 ( x − 2 ) 6 ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 2)
= = +
( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
3x + 7 − 3 x + 6 6 ( x + 2) + 2 ( x − 2)
= =
( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
=
13 6 x + 12 + 2 x − 4
=
( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x
8x + 8
=
( x + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )

3x 2x y 4
53. − 55. +
x + 3x − 10 x + x − 6
2 2
y + 2y +1
2
y + 5y + 4
2
x 2 + 3 x − 10 = ( x − 2 )( x + 5 ) y + 2 y + 1 = ( y + 1)( y + 1)
2
x + x − 6 = ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
2
y 2 + 5 y + 4 = ( y + 4 )( y + 1)
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5 ) LCD = ( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1)
3x 2x y 4
− +
x 2 + 3x − 10 x 2 + x − 6 y + 2y +1 y + 5y + 4
2 2
3x 2x
= − y 4
( x − 2 )( x + 5) ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) = +
( y + 1)( y + 1) ( y + 4 )( y + 1)
3 x ( x + 3) 2 x ( x + 5)
= − y ( y + 4) 4 ( y + 1)
( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5) ( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5) = +
( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1) ( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1)
3x ( x + 3) − 2 x ( x + 5)
= y ( y + 4 ) + 4 ( y + 1)
( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5) =
( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1)
3x 2 + 9 x − 2 x 2 − 10 x
= y2 + 4 y + 4 y + 4
( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5) =
( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1)
x2 − x
= y2 + 8 y + 4
( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5) =
( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1)
x x
54. − y 4
x − 2 x − 24 x − 7 x + 6
2 2 56. +
y + 5y + 6
2
y − y−6
2
x 2 − 2 x − 24 = ( x − 6 )( x + 4 )
y + 5 y + 6 = ( y + 2 )( y + 3)
2
x 2 − 7 x + 6 = ( x − 6 )( x − 1)
y 2 − y − 6 = ( y − 3)( y + 2 )
LCD = ( x − 6 )( x + 4 )( x − 1)
LCD = ( y + 2 )( y + 3)( y − 3)
x x
− y 4
x 2 − 2 x − 24 x 2 − 7 x + 6 +
x x y + 5y + 6
2
y − y−6
2
= −
( )(
x − 6 x + 4 ) ( )( x − 1)
x − 6 =
y
+
4
x ( x − 1) x ( x + 4) ( y + 2 )( y + 3) ( y − 3)( y + 2 )
= − y ( y − 3) 4 ( y + 3)
( x − 6 )( x + 4 )( x − 1) ( x − 6 )( x − 1)( x + 4 ) = +
x ( x − 1) − x ( x + 4 ) ( y + )( y + )( y − ) ( y − )( y + 2 )( y + 3)
2 3 3 3
= y ( y − 3 ) + 4 ( y + 3)
( x − 6 )( x + 4 )( x − 1) =
x2 − x − x2 − 4 x
( y + 2 )( y + 3)( y − 3)
=
( x − 6 )( x + 4 )( x − 1) =
y 2 − 3 y + 4 y + 12
−5 x ( y + 2 )( y + 3)( y − 3)
=
( )( + 4 )( x − 1)
x − 6 x
=
y 2 + y + 12
( y + 2 )( y + 3)( y − 3)

x−5 x +3 7 2
57. + 60. −
x+3 x −5 5y − 5y 2 5y − 5
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 5 ) 5 y 2 − 5 y = 5 y ( y − 1)
x−5 x +3
+ 5 y − 5 = 5 ( y − 1)
x+3 x −5
LCD = 5 y ( y − 1)
( x − 5)( x − 5) ( x + 3)( x + 3)
= + 7 2 7 2
( x + 3)( x − 5) ( x − 5)( x + 3) 5y − 5y 2
− = −
5 y − 5 5 y ( y − 1) 5 ( y − 1)
( x − 5)( x − 5) + ( x + 3)( x + 3) 7 2⋅ y
= = −
( x + 3)( x − 5) 5 y ( y − 1) 5 ( y − 1) ⋅ y
=
(x 2
) (
− 10 x + 25 + x 2 + 6 x + 9 ) =
7 − 2y
( x + 3)( x − 5) 5 y ( y − 1)
2 x − 4 x + 34
2
4x + 3 x +1
= 61. −
( x + 3)( x − 5) x2 − 9 x − 3
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
x−7 x+4
58. + 4x + 3
−
x +1
=
4x + 3
−
( x + 1)( x + 3)
x+4 x−7
x −92 x − 3 ( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
LCD = ( x + 4 )( x − 7 )
=
(4 x + 3) − ( x + 1)( x + 3)
x−7 x+4
x+4 x−7
+ ( x + 3)( x − 3)
( x − 7 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 4 )( x + 4 ) (4 x + 3) − ( x 2 + 4 x + 3)
= + =
( x + 4 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 4 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
( x − 7 )( x − 7 ) + ( x + 4 )( x + 4 ) 4 x + 3 − x2 − 4 x − 3
= =
( x + 4 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
(x 2
) (
− 14 x + 49 + x 2 + 8 x + 16 ) =
− x2
=−
x2
=
( x + 4 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2 x 2 − 6 x + 65 2 x − 1 6 − 5x
= 62. −
( x + 4 )( x − 7 ) x + 6 x 2 − 36
LCD = ( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
5 3 2 x − 1 6 − 5x
59. − −
2y − 2y
2 2y − 2 x + 6 x 2 − 36
2 y 2 − 2 y = 2 y ( y − 1) =
2x − 1
−
6 − 5x
2 y − 2 = 2 ( y − 1) x + 6 ( x + 6)( x − 6)
LCD = 2 y ( y − 1) =
(2 x − 1)( x − 6) − 6 − 5x
5 3 ( x + 6)( x − 6) ( x + 6)( x − 6)
−
2y − 2y
2 2y − 2
=
(2 x − 1)( x − 6) − (6 − 5x )
5 3 ( x + 6)( x − 6)
= −
2 y ( y − 1) 2 ( y − 1) 2 x 2 − 13x + 6 − 6 + 5 x
=
=
5
−
3⋅ y ( x + 6)( x − 6)
2 y ( y − 1) 2 y ( y − 1) 2 x2 − 8x
=
=
5 − 3y ( x + 6)( x − 6)
2 y ( y − 1)

y 2 − 39 y−7 y 2 − 6 − ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
63. − =
y 2 + 3 y − 10 y−2 ( y + 3)( y + 6 )
y 2 + 3 y − 10 = ( y − 2 )( y + 5 )
=
(
y 2 − 6 − y 2 − y − 12 )
y − 2 = 1( y − 2 )
( y + 3)( y + 6 )
LCD = ( y − 2 )( y + 5 )
y − 6 − y 2 + y + 12
2
=
y − 39 y−7 ( y + 3)( y + 6 )
2
−
y + 3 y − 10
2
y−2 y+6 1
= =
=
y 2 − 39
−
y−7 ( y + 3)( y + 6 ) y + 3
( y − 2 )( y + 5) y − 2
y 2 − 39 ( y − 7 )( y + 5) 65. 4 +
1
= − x−3
( y − 2 )( y + 5) ( y − 2 )( y + 5) LCD = x − 3
=
(y 2
)
− 39 − ( y − 7 )( y + 5 )
4+
1
=
4 ( x − 3)
+
1
( y − 2 )( y + 5) x−3 x−3 x−3
4 ( x − 3) + 1
=
(y 2
) (
− 39 − y 2 − 2 y − 35 ) =
x −3
( y − 2 )( y + 5) 4 x − 12 + 1
=
y − 39 − y 2 + 2 y + 35
2
x −3
=
( y − 2 )( y + 5) =
4 x − 11
2y − 4 2 ( y − 2) x −3
= =
( y − 2 )( y + 5) ( y − 2 )( y + 5) 1
2 66. 7 +
= x−5
y+5 LCD = x − 5
1 7 ( x − 5) 1
y2 − 6 y−4 7+ = +
64. − x−5 x −5 x−5
y + 9 y + 18
2 y+6 7 ( x − 5) + 1
=
y 2 + 9 y − 18 = ( y + 3)( y + 6 ) x −5
y + 6 = 1( y + 6 ) 7 x − 35 + 1
=
LCD = ( y + 3)( y + 6 ) x−5
7 x − 34
y2 − 6 y−4 =
− x−5
y + 9 y + 18
2 y+6
y2 − 6 y−4 3y
= − 67. 3 −
( y + 3)( y + 6 ) y + 6 y +1
LCD = y + 1
y2 − 6 ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
= − 3 ( y + 1) 3 y
( y + 3)( y + 6 ) ( y + 6 )( y + 3) 3−
3y
= −
y +1 y +1 y +1
3 ( y + 1) − 3 y
=
y +1
3y + 3 − 3y
=
y +1
3
=
y +1

68. 7 −
4y x2 + 9 x 5
70. +
y+5 x − 2x − 3 3 − x
2
LCD = y + 5 x 2 − 2 x − 3 = ( x − 3)( x + 1)
4y 7 ( y + 5) 4y Note that −1( 3 − x ) = x − 3
7− = −
y+5 y+5 y+5 LCD = ( x − 3)( x + 1)
7 ( y + 5) − 4 y
= x2 + 9 x 5
y+5 +
x − 2x − 3
2 3− x
7 y + 35 − 4 y
= x2 + 9 x 5
y+5 = 2 +
x − 2x − 3 3 − x
3 y + 35
= x2 + 9x −5
y+5 = +
( x − 3)( x + 1) x − 3
9x + 3 x x2 + 9x −5 ( x + 1)
69. + = +
x2 − x − 6 3− x ( x − 3)( x + 1) ( x − 3)( x + 1)
x 2 − x − 6 = ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) x 2 + 9 x − 5 ( x + 1)
3 − x = −1 ( x − 3 ) =
( x − 3)( x + 1)
LCD = ( x − 3)( x + 2 )
x2 + 9 x − 5x − 5
9x + 3 =
+
x
( x − 3)( x + 1)
x − x −6 3− x
2
x2 + 4 x − 5
9x + 3 ( −1) x =
= + ⋅ ( x − 3)( x + 1)
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) ( −1) 3 − x
9x + 3 −x x+3 2
= + −
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) x−3 71.
x + x − 2 x −1
2 2
9x + 3 − x ( x + 2) x 2 + x − 2 = ( x − 1)( x + 2 )
= +
( )(
x − 3 x + 2 ) ( − 3)( x + 2 )
x x 2 − 1 = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
9x + 3 − x ( x + 2) LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
=
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) x+3 2
−
9x + 3 − x − 2x
2
x + x − 2 x −1
2 2
=
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) =
x+3
−
2
− x2 + 7 x + 3 ( x − 1)( x + 2 ) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
=
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) ( x + 3)( x + 1)
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
2 ( x + 2)
−
( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
( x + 3)( x + 1) − 2 ( x + 2 )
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
x2 + 4 x + 3 − 2 x − 4
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
x2 + 2x − 1
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )

x x−4 y−7 y−2

72. − 74. −
x − 10 x + 25
2 2 x − 10 3y 2 12 y
x 2 − 10 x + 25 = ( x − 5 )( x − 5) LCD = 12 y 2
2 x − 10 = 2 ( x − 5 ) y−7 y−2
−
LCD = 2 ( x − 5 )( x − 5 ) 3y 2
12 y
x
−
x−4
=
( y − 7 )( 4 ) − ( y − 2 )( y )
x 2 − 10 x + 25 2 x − 10 3 y2 ( 4) 12 y ( y )
x x−4
= −
( x − 5)( x − 5) 2 ( x − 5) ( 4 y − 28) − ( y 2 − 2 y )
=
( x − 4 )( x − 5) 12 y 2
2x
= −
2 ( x − 5)( x − 5 ) 2 ( x − 5 )( x − 5 ) =
4 y − 28 − y 2 + 2 y
2 x − ( x − 4 )( x − 5 ) 12 y 2
= − y 2 + 6 y − 28
2 ( x − 5 )( x − 5 ) =
12 y 2
=
(
2 x − x 2 − 9 x + 20 )
2 ( x − 5 )( x − 5 ) x+3 x
75. +
2 x − x + 9 x − 20
2 3x + 6 4 − x 2
= 3x + 6 = 3 ( x + 2)
2 ( x − 5 )( x − 5)
− x 2 + 11x − 20 4 − x 2 = ( 2 + x )( 2 − x )
=
2 ( x − 5)( x − 5 ) Note that −1( 2 − x ) = x − 2
LCD = 3 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
y+3 y −5
73. − x+3 x
5y 2 15 y +
3x + 6 4 − x 2
LCD = 15y 2 x+3 x
= +
y+3 y −5 3 ( x + 2 ) ( 2 + x )( 2 − x )
−
5y 2 15 y x+3 ( −1) x
= + ⋅
( y + 3)( 3) − ( y − 5)( y ) 3 ( x + 2 ) ( −1) ( 2 + x )( 2 − x )
=
5 y 2 ( 3) 15 y ( y ) x+3 −x
= +
3 ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
(3 y + 9) − ( y2 − 5 y )
=
15 y 2
( x + 3)( x − 2 ) − x ( 3)
= +
3 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) 3 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
3y + 9 − y2 + 5 y
= x2 + x − 6 − 3x
15 y 2 =
3 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
− y2 + 8 y + 9
= x2 − 2 x − 6
15 y 2 =
3 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )

x+7 x y⋅ y −2 y ( y + 1)
76. + = +
4 x + 12 9 − x 2 y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
4 x + 12 = 4 ( x + 3)
y 2 − 2 y ( y + 1) y2 − 2 y2 − 2 y
9 − x = ( 3 + x )( 3 − x )
2 = =
y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
Note that −1( 3 − x ) = x − 3 − y ( y + 2)
− y2 − 2 y
= =
LCD = 4 ( x + 3)( x − 3) y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
x+7 x −1( y + 2 ) −y − 2
+ = =
4 x + 12 9 − x 2
( y + 1)( y − 1) ( y + 1)( y − 1)
x+7 x
= +
4 ( x + 3) ( 3 + x )( 3 − x ) y 5y
78. +
x+7 ( −1) x y2 −1 y − y2
= + ⋅
4 ( x + 3) ( −1) ( 3 + x )( 3 − x ) y 2 − 1 = ( y + 1)( y − 1)
x+7 −x y − y 2 = y (1 − y )
= +
4 ( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
Note that −1(1 − y ) = y − 1
( x + 7 )( x − 3) − x ( 4)
LCD = y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
= +
4 ( x + 3)( x − 3) 4 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
y 5y
x 2 + 4 x − 21 − 4 x +
= y2 −1 y − y2
4 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
y 5y
= +
=
x 2 − 21 ( y + 1)( y − 1) y (1 − y )
4 ( x + 3)( x − 3) ( −1) 5 y
y
= + ⋅
y 2y
( y + 1)( y − 1) ( −1) y (1 − y )
77. + y −5 y
y2 −1 y − y2 = +
( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y − 1)
y 2 − 1 = ( y + 1)( y − 1)
y⋅ y −5 y ( y + 1)
y − y 2 = y (1 − y ) = +
y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
Note that −1(1 − y ) = y − 1
y 2 − 5 y ( y + 1) y2 − 5 y2 − 5 y
LCD = y ( y + 1)( y − 1) = =
y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
y 2y
+ −4 y 2 − 5 y − y ( 4 y + 5)
y2 −1 y − y2 = =
y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
y 2y
= + −1 ( 4 y + 5 )
( y + 1)( y − 1) y (1 − y ) = =
−4 y − 5
y ( −1) 2 y ( y + 1)( y − 1) ( y + 1)( y − 1)

= + ⋅
( y + 1)( y − 1) ( −1) y (1 − y )
y −2 y
= +
( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y − 1)

x −1 y + 1
79. +
x y
LCD = xy
x −1 y + 1
+
x y
( x − 1)( y ) ( y + 1)( x )
= +
xy xy
xy − y + xy + x
=
xy
x + 2 xy − y
=
xy
x+2 y−2
80. +
y x
LCD = xy
x+2 y−2
+
y x
( x + 2 )( x ) ( y − 2 )( y )
= +
xy xy
x + 2x − 2 y + y
2 2
=
xy
3x 2
81. −
x2 − y2 y−x
x 2 − y 2 = ( x + y )( x − y )
Note that y − x = −1( x − y )
LCD = ( x + y )( x − y )
3x 2
−
x −y2 2 y−x
3x ( −1) 2
= − ⋅
( x + y )( x − y ) ( −1) y − x
3x −2
= −
( x + y )( x − y ) x − y
3x −2 ( x + y )
= −
( x + y )( x − y ) ( x + y )( x − y )
3x + 2 ( x + y ) 3x + 2 x + 2 y
= =
( x + y )( x − y ) ( x + y )( x − y )
5x + 2 y
=
( x + y )( x − y )

7x 3
82. −
x −y2 2 y−x
x 2 − y 2 = ( x + y )( x − y )
Note that y − x = −1( x − y )
LCD = ( x + y )( x − y )
7x 3
−
x −y2 2 y−x
7x ( −1) 3
= − ⋅
( x + y )( x − y ) ( −1) y − x
7x −3
= −
( x + y )( x − y ) x− y
7x 3( x + y )
= +
( x + y )( x − y ) ( y )( x − y )
x +
7 x + 3( x + y ) 7 x + 3x + 3 y
= =
( x + y )( x − y ) ( x + y )( x − y )
10 x + 3 y
=
( x + y )( x − y )
x+6 x+3 x−3
83. − +
x −4 x+2 x−2
2
LCD = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x+6 x+3 x−3 x+6 x+3 x−3
− + = − +
x2 − 4 x + 2 x − 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x + 2 x − 2
x+6 ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( x − 3)( x + 2 )
= − +
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
=
x + 6 − ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) + ( x − 3)( x + 2 )
=
( ) (
x + 6 − x2 + x − 6 + x2 − x − 6 )
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x + 6 − x2 − x + 6 + x2 − x − 6 −x + 6
= =
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x +8 x+2 x−2
84. −+
x −9 x +3 x −3
2
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
x +8 x+2 x−2 x +8 x+2 x−2
− + = − +
x −92 x + 3 x − 3 ( x + 3)( x − 3) x + 3 x − 3
=
x+8
−
( x + 2 )( x − 3) + ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x − 3)( x + 3)
=
x + 8 − ( x + 2 )( x − 3) + ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
=
( ) (
x + 8 − x2 − x − 6 + x 2 + x − 6 )
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
x + 8 − x2 + x + 6 + x2 + x − 6 3x + 8
= =
( )( )
x + 3 x − 3 ( 3)( x − 3)
x +

5 4 3
85. + −
x − 25 x − 11x + 30
2 2
x − x − 30
2
x 2 − 25 = ( x + 5 )( x − 5 )
x 2 − 11x + 30 = ( x − 6 )( x − 5 )
x 2 − x − 30 = ( x − 6 )( x + 5 )
LCD = ( x + 5)( x − 5 )( x − 6 )
5 4 3
+ −
x − 25
2
x − 11x + 30
2
x − x − 30
2
5 4 3
= + −
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x − 6 )( x − 5) ( x − 6 )( x + 5)
5 ( x − 6) 4 ( x + 5) 3 ( x − 5)
= + −
( x + 5)( x − 5)( x − 6 ) ( x − 6 )( x − 5)( x + 5) ( x − 6 )( x + 5)( x − 5)
5 ( x − 6 ) + 4 ( x + 5 ) − 3 ( x − 5 ) 5 x − 30 + 4 x + 20 − 3x + 15
= =
( x + 5)( x − 5)( x − 6 ) ( x + 5)( x − 5)( x − 6 )
6x + 5
=
( x + 5)( x − 5)( x − 6 )
3 2 5
86. + −
x 2 − 49 x 2 − 15 x + 56 x 2 − x − 56
x 2 − 49 = ( x + 7 )( x − 7 )
x 2 − 15 x + 56 = ( x − 7 )( x − 8)
x 2 − x − 56 = ( x − 8)( x + 7 )
LCD = ( x + 7 )( x + 7 )( x − 8 )
3 2 5
+ −
x − 49
2
x − 15 x + 56
2
x − x − 56 2
3 2 5
= + −
( x + 7 )( x − 7 ) ( x − 7 )( ) ( )( x + 7 )
x − 8 x − 8
3 ( x − 8) 2( x + 7) 5( x − 7)
= + −
( x + 7 )( x − 7 )( x − 8) ( x − 7 )( x − 8)( x + 7 ) ( x − 8)( x + 7 )( x − 7 )
3 ( x − 8 ) + 2 ( x + 7 ) − 5 ( x − 7 ) 3x − 24 + 2 x + 14 − 5 x + 35 25
= = =
( x + 7 )( x − 7 )( x − 8) ( x + 7 )( x − 7 )( x − 8) ( x + 7 )( x − 7 )( x − 8)
x+6 x
87. −
x3 − 27 x3 + 3 x 2 + 9 x
( )
x3 − 27 = ( x − 3) x 2 + 3 x + 9
x + 3x + 9 x = x ( x + 3x + 9 )
3 2 2
LCD = x ( x − 3) ( x + 3x + 9 )2

x+6 x x+6 x
− = −
x − 27
3
x + 3x + 9 x
3
( x − 3) ( x + 3 x + 9 )
2 2
(
x x + 3x + 9
2
)
( x + 6) x x ( x − 3)
= −
( x − 3) ( x + 3 x + 9 ) x x ( x + 3x + 9 ) ( x − 3)
2 2
x ( x + 6 ) − x ( x − 3) x2 + 6 x − x2 + 3x
= =
x ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) x ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 )
9x 9
= =
(
x ( x − 3) x + 3 x + 9
2
) ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 )
x+8 x
88. −
x −83
x + 2x2 + 4 x
3
x − 8 = ( x − 2) x2 + 2 x + 4
3
( )
x3 + 2 x 2 + 4 x = x x 2 + 2 x + 4 ( )
LCD = x ( x − 2 ) x 2 + 2 x + 4 ( )
x+8 x x+8 x
− = −
x −83
x + 2x + 4x
3 2
( x − 2) ( x 2
+ 2x + 4 ) x(x 2
+ 2x + 4 )
( x + 8) x x ( x − 2)
= −
( x − 2) ( x + 2x + 4) x x ( x + 2x + 4) ( x − 2)
2 2
x ( x + 8) − x ( x − 2 ) x2 + 8x − x2 + 2 x
= =
x ( x − 2) ( x2 + 2 x + 4) x ( x − 2) ( x2 + 2 x + 4)
10 x 10
= =
(
x ( x − 2) x + 2x + 42
) ( x − 2 ) ( x2 + 2 x + 4)
9y + 3 y y −1
89. + +
y − y−6
2 3− y y + 2
y 2 − y − 6 = ( y − 3)( y + 2 )
3 − y = −1 ( y − 3 )
y + 2 = 1( y + 2 )
LCD = ( y − 3)( y + 2 )
9y + 3 y y −1 9y + 3 y y −1
+ + = + +
y − y−6
2 3 − y y + 2 ( y − 3)( y + 2 ) −1( y − 3) y + 2
9y + 3 − y ( y + 2) ( y − 1)( y − 3)
= + +
( y − 3)( y + 2 ) ( y − 3)( y + 2 ) ( y + 2 )( y − 3)
9 y + 3 + − y ( y + 2 ) + ( y − 1)( y − 3) 9 y + 3 − y2 − 2 y + y2 − 4 y + 3
= =
( y − 3)( y + 2 ) ( y − 3)( y + 2 )
3y + 6 3( y + 2) 3
= = =
( y − 3)( y + 2 ) ( y − 3)( y + 2 ) y −3

7y − 2 2y y +1
90. + +
y − y − 12
2 4− y y+3
y 2 − y − 12 = ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
4 − y = −1( y − 4 )
y + 3 = 1( y + 3)
LCD = ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
7y − 2 2y y +1 7y − 2 2y y +1
+ + = + +
y − y − 12
2 4 − y y + 3 ( y − 4 )( y + 3) −1( y − 4 ) y + 3
7y − 2 −2 y ( y + 3) ( y + 1)( y − 4 )
= + +
( y − 4 )( y + 3) ( y − 4 )( y + 3) ( y + 3)( y − 4 )
7 y − 2 + −2 y ( y + 3) + ( y + 1)( y − 4 ) 7 y − 2 − 2 y2 − 6 y + y2 − 3y − 4
= =
( y − 4 )( y + 3) ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
− y2 − 2 y − 6 y2 + 2 y + 6
= or −
( y − 4 )( y + 3) ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
3 5 2
91. − +
x + 4 xy + 3 y
2 2
x − 2 xy − 3 y
2 2
x − 9 y2
2
x 2 + 4 xy + 3 y 2 = ( x + y )( x + 3 y )
x 2 − 2 xy − 3 y 2 = ( x − 3 y )( x + y )
x 2 − 9 y 2 = ( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
LCD = ( x + y )( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
3 5 2
− +
x + 4 xy + 3 y
2 2
x − 2 xy − 3 y
2 2
x − 9 y2
2
3 5 2
= − +
( x + y )( x + 3 y ) ( x − 3 y )( x + y ) ( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
3( x − 3 y ) 5( x + 3y) 2( x + y)
= − +
( x + y )( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y ) ( x − 3 y )( x + y )( x + 3 y ) ( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )( x + y )
3 ( x − 3 y ) − 5 ( x + 3 y ) + 2 ( x + y ) 3 x − 9 y − 5 x − 15 y + 2 x + 2 y
= =
( x + y )( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y ) ( x + y )( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
−22 y
=
( x + y )( + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
x

5 7 4
92. − +
x + 3xy + 2 y
2 2
x − xy − 2 y
2 2
x − 4 y2
2
x 2 + 3 xy + 2 y 2 = ( x + y )( x + 2 y )
x 2 − xy − 2 y 2 = ( x + y )( x − 2 y )
x 2 − 4 y 2 = ( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y )
LCD = ( x + y )( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y )
5 7 4
− +
x + 3xy + 2 y
2 2
x − xy − 2 y
2 2
x − 4 y2
2
5 7 4
= − +
( x + y )( x + 2 y ) ( x + y )( x − 2 y ) ( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y )
5( x − 2 y) 7( x + 2y) 4( x + y)
= − +
( x + y )( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y ) ( x + y )( x − 2 y )( x + 2 y ) ( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y )( x + y )
5 ( x − 2 y ) − 7 ( x + 2 y ) + 4 ( x + y ) 5 x − 10 y − 7 x − 14 y + 4 x + 4 y 2 x − 20 y
= = =
( x + y )( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y ) ( x + y )( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y ) ( x + y )( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y )
DA
93. Young’s Rule: C =
A + 12
A = 8;
D ⋅ 8 8D 2 D
C= = =
8 + 12 20 5
A = 3;
D ⋅ 3 3D D
C= = =
3 + 12 15 5
2D D D
Difference: − =
5 5 5
D
The difference in dosages for an 8-year-old child and a 3-year-old child is .This means that an 8-year-old should be
5
1
given of the adult dosage more than a 3-year-old.
5
DA
A + 12
A = 10;
D ⋅10 10 D 5D
C= = =
10 + 12 22 11
A = 3;
D ⋅ 3 3D D
C= = =
3 + 12 15 5
5D D 25 D 11D 14 D
Difference: − = − =
11 5 55 55 55
14 D
The difference in dosages for a 10-year- old child and a 3-year-old child is . This means that a 10-year-old should
55
14
be given of the adult dosage more than a 3-year-old.
55

DA 101. P = 2 L + 2W
A + 12  x   x 
= 2  + 2 
D ( A + 1)  x+3  x−4
Cowling’s Rule: C =
24 2x 2x
= +
For A = 12, Young’s Rule gives x+3 x+4
D ⋅12 12 D D 2x ( x + 4) 2 x ( x + 3)
C= = = and Cowling’s Rule gives = +
12 + 12 24 2 ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) ( x + 3)( x + 4 )
D (12 + 1) 13D
C= = . 2 x2 + 8x + 2 x2 + 6 x
24 24 =
The difference between the dosages given by ( x + 3)( x + 4 )
Cowling’s Rule and Young’s Rule is 4 x 2 + 14 x
=
13D 12 D D
− = . ( x + 3)( x + 4 )
24 24 24
This means that Cowling’s Rule says to give a 12- 102. P = 2 L + 2W
1
year-old of the adult dose more than Young’s  x   x 
24 = 2  + 2 
 x+5  x−6
Rule says the dosage should be.
2x 2x
= +
D ( A + 1) x+5 x+6
96. Cowling’s Rule: C = 2x ( x + 6) 2 x ( x + 5)
24 = +
A = 12 : ( x + 5)( x + 6 ) ( x + 5)( x + 6 )
D (12 + 1) 13D
C= = 2 x 2 + 12 x + 2 x 2 + 10 x
=
A = 10 :
24 24
( x + 5)( x + 6 )
D (10 + 1) 11D 4 x 2 + 22 x
C= = =
24 24 ( x + 5)( x + 6 )
Difference:
13D 11D 2 D D 103. Answers will vary.
− = =
24 24 24 12 104. Answers will vary.
The difference in dosages for a 12-year-old child
D 105. Explanations will vary. The right side of the
and a 10-year-old child is This means that a
12. 3 5 + 2x
equation should be charged from to .
1 x+5 5x
12-year-old should be given of the adult dosage
12
more than a 10-year-old. 106. Explanations will vary. The right side of the
1 1+ 7x
equation should be changed from to .
97. No, because the graphs cross, neither formula gives x+7 x
a consistently smaller dosage.
107. Answers will vary.
98. Yes, the dosage given by Cowling’s Rule becomes
greater at about 10 years. 108. makes sense
99. The difference in dosage is greatest at 5 years. This 109. makes sense
is where the graphs are farthest apart.
110. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
100. The age over 11 at which the difference in dosage is Sample explanation: The denominators are
greatest is 13 years. opposites. The fastest method is to multiply both the
numerator and denominator of the second fraction
by –1.

111. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.  1 1

Sample explanation: It is acceptable to leave the 117.  − ÷h
numerator in factored form.  x+h x
 1( x ) 1( x + h ) 
= − ÷h
112. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.  ( x + h )( x ) x ( x + h ) 
1 5x 1 5x −1  
A sample change is: x − = − = .  x − ( x + h) 
5 5 5 5 = ÷h
 x ( x + h ) 
 
A sample change is: The LCD is  x−x−h −h
= ÷h = ÷h
x( x − 1) or x 2 − x.  x ( x + h )  x ( x + h)
 
−h 1 −1
114. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. = ⋅ =
x ( x + h) h x ( x + h)
1 x 1 x2 x2 + 1
A sample change is: + = + = .
x 1 x x x
2 ? 2 x2 + 3x − 1
118. − =
115. true x −1 ? x 2 ( x − 1)
x2
y2 + 5 y + 4 y2 + y − 6
2 If the first rational expression is multiplied by ,
116. ⋅ 2 − x2
y + 2y − 3 y + 2y − 3
2 y −1
2 x2 2 x2
=
( y + 4 )( y + 1) ⋅ ( y + 3)( y − 2 ) − 2 the result will be ⋅ 2 = 2
x−2 x x ( x − 1)
.
( y + 3)( y − 1) ( y + 3)( y − 1) y − 1
2 x2 3x − 1 2 x2 + 3x − 1
( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y − 2 ) − 2 Then, + = .
= x 2 ( x − 1) x 2 ( x − 1) x 2 ( x − 1)
( y + 3)( y − 1)( y − 1) y − 1 Therefore, the missing rational expression is
=
( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y − 2 ) − 2 ( y − 1)( y + 3) 3x − 1
( y + 3)( y − 1)( y − 1) ( y − 1)( y − 1)( y + 3) x 2 ( x − 1) .
( y + 4) ( y2 − y − 2) 2 ( y 2 + 2 y − 3)
= − 4 ? 2x + 8
( y + 3)( y − 1)( y − 1) ( y + 3)( y − 1)( y − 1) 119. − =
x−2 ? ( x − 2 )( x + 1)
y3 − y2 − 2 y + 4 y2 − 4 y − 8 2 y2 + 4 y − 6
= − The missing rational expression must have ( x + 1)
( y + 3)( y − 1)( y − 1) ( y + 3)( y − 1)( y − 1) as a factor in its denominator or as the complete
y3 + 3 y 2 − 6 y − 8 2 y2 + 4 y − 6 denominator. Let y = the numerator of the missing
= −
( y + 3)( y − 1)( y − 1) ( y + 3)( y − 1)( y − 1) rational expression.
4 y 2x + 8
y3 + 3 y 2 − 6 y − 8 − 2 y 2 − 4 y + 6 − =
= x − 2 x + 1 ( x − 2 )( x + 1)
( y + 3)( y − 1)( y − 1)
4 ( x + 1) − y ( x − 2 ) 2x + 8
y 3 + y 2 − 10 y − 2 Then, −
=
( y + 3)( y − 1)( y − 1) ( x − 2 )( x + 1) ( x − 2 )( x + 1)
So 4 x + 4 − yx + 2 y = 2 x + 8, which implies that
4 x − yx = 2 x and 4 + 2 y = 8 . Both of these
equations give y = 2. Thus, the missing rational
2
expression is .
x +1

120. ( 3x + 5)( 2 x − 7 ) b.
1 1 1 1  y+x
÷ +  = ÷ 
= 6 x 2 − 21x + 10 x − 35 xy  x y  xy  xy 
1 xy
= 6 x 2 − 11x − 35 = ⋅
xy y + x
121. 3x − y = 3 1
=
Find the x-intercept. y+x
3x − y = 3
3x − 0 = 3  1 1  xy xy
125. xy  +  = + = y+x
3x = 3 x y x y
x =1
Find the y-intercept.
3x − y = 3
Mid-Chapter Check Point - Chapter 7
3(0) − y = 3
−y = 3 x2 − 4
1.
y = −3 x2 − 2 x − 8
x2 − 2 x − 8 = 0
( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) = 0
x−4 = 0 or x+2 =0
x=4 x = −2
The rational expression is undefined for x = 4 and
x = −2.
0 − ( −4 ) 4 3x 2 − 7 x + 2
=
( 3x − 1)( x − 2 )
122. First find the slope m = = =1 2.
1 − ( −3 ) 4 6x + x −12
( 3x − 1)( 2 x + 1)
Use m = 1 and ( x1 , y1 ) = (1, 0 ) in the point-slope =
x−2
form and simplify to find the slope-intercept form. 2x +1
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
9 − 3y 3(3 − y )
y − 0 = 1( x − 1) 3. =
y = x −1
y − 5y + 6
2
( y − 3)( y − 2 )
−3 ( y − 3) −3
= =
123. a.
1 2 1 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 3 5 6 11
+ = + = + = ( y − 3)( y − 2 ) y−2
3 5 3 ⋅ 5 5 ⋅ 3 15 15 15
16 w3 − 24w2 8 w2 ( 2 w − 3 ) 2
2 1 2 ⋅ 3 1⋅ 5 6 5 1 4. = =
b. − = − = − = 8w − 12w 4 3
4w ( 2w − 3)
3
w
5 3 5 ⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 5 15 15 15
 1 2   2 1  11 1 11 15 7x − 3 3x + 1 7 x − 3 − 3x − 1
c.  +  ÷  −  = ÷ = ⋅ = 11 5. − =
 3 5   5 3  15 15 15 1 x + 3x − 4
2
x + 3x − 4
2
( x − 1)( x + 4 )
4x − 4 4 ( x − 1)
1 1 1⋅ y 1⋅ x y+x = =
124. a. + = + =
y
+
x
= ( )(
x − 1 x + 4 ) ( 1)( x + 4 )
x −
x y x ⋅ y y ⋅ x xy xy xy
4
=
x+4

Mid-Chapter Check Point
x+2 8
6. ⋅ 2
2x − 4 x − 4
x+2 8
= ⋅
2 ( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
4 4
= or
( )( x − 2 )
x − 2 ( x − 2 )2
7 x−2 7 x+5
7. 1 + = + =
x−2 x−2 x−2 x−2
2x2 + x − 1 x 2 − 3x − 4
8. ÷
2x − 7x + 3
2
x2 − x − 6
2 x2 + x − 1 x2 − x − 6
= ⋅
2 x 2 − 7 x + 3 x 2 − 3x − 4
( 2 x − 1)( x + 1) ( x − 3)( x + 2 )
= ⋅
( 2 x − 1)( x − 3) ( x − 4 )( x + 1)
x+2
=
x−4
1 1
9. +
x + 2x − 3
2
x + 5x + 6
2
x 2 + 2 x − 3 = ( x + 3)( x − 1)
x 2 + 5 x + 6 = ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
1 1 1 1
+ = +
x + 2x − 3
2
( x + 3)( x − 1) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
x + 5x + 6
2
1( x + 2 ) 1( x − 1)
= +
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)( x − 1)
x + 2 + x −1 2x +1
= =
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x + 2 ) ( x + 3)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
17 x +8
10. +
x−5 5− x
Note: 5 − x = −1( x − 5 )
LCD = x − 5
17 −1 ( x + 8 ) 17 − x − 8 17 − x − 8 9 − x
+ = + = =
x − 5 −1 ( 5 − x ) x − 5 x − 5 x −5 x−5

11.
4 y2 −1
⋅
( 2 y + 1)( 2 y − 1) ⋅ ( y − 4 )( y − 3)
y 2 − 7 y + 12
=
9 y − 3y 2 y − 7 y − 4
2 2
3 y (3 − y ) ( 2 y + 1)( y − 4 )
−1( 2 y + 1)( 2 y − 1) ( y − 4 )( y − 3) −1( 2 y + 1)( 2 y − 1) ( y − 4 )( y − 3)
= ⋅ = ⋅
−1 ⋅ 3 y ( 3 − y ) ( 2 y + 1)( y − 4 ) 3 y ( y − 3) ( 2 y + 1)( y − 4 )
− ( 2 y − 1) −2 y + 1
= =
3y 3y
y 2y
12. −
y +1 y + 2
LCD = ( y + 1)( y + 2 )
y ( y + 2) 2 y ( y + 1) y2 + 2 y − 2 y2 − 2 y − y2
− = =
( y + 1)( y + 2 ) ( y + 2 )( y + 1) ( y + 1)( y + 2 ) ( y + 1)( y + 2 )
w2 + 6 w + 5 w2 + 10w + 25 w2 + 6 w + 5 7 w + 21
13. ÷ = ⋅ 2
7 w − 63
2
7 w + 21 7 w − 63 w + 10w + 25
2
( w + 5)( w + 1) 7 ( w + 3) ( w + 5)( w + 1) 7 ( w + 3) w +1
= ⋅ = ⋅ =
(
7 w −9
2
)
( w + 5)( w + 5) 7 ( w + 3)( w − 3) ( w + 5)( w + 5) ( w − 3)( w + 5)
2z 5
14. −
z −92
z + 4z + 3
2
z − 9 = ( z + 3)( z − 3)
2
z 2 + 4 z + 3 = ( z + 3)( z + 1)
LCD = ( z + 3)( z − 3)( z + 1)
2z 5 2z 5
− = −
z2 − 9 ( z + 3)( z − 3) ( z + 3)( z + 1)
z2 + 4z + 3
2 z ( z + 1) 5 ( z − 3) 2 z 2 + 2 z − 5 z + 15 2 z 2 − 3 z + 15
= − = =
( z + 3)( z − 3)( z + 1) ( z + 3)( z + 1)( z − 3) ( z + 3)( z − 3)( z + 1) ( z + 3)( z − 3)( z + 1)
z+2 5
15. +
3z − 1 ( 3z − 1)2
LCD = ( 3z − 1)( 3z − 1)
( z + 2 )( 3z − 1) 5 3z 2 + 5 z − 2 + 5 3z 2 + 5z + 3
+ = =
( 3z − 1)( 3z − 1) ( 3z − 1)2 ( 3z − 1)2 ( 3z − 1)2

Mid-Chapter Check Point
8
+
3 x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 x 2 − xy
16. 19. ÷
x + 4 x − 21
2 x+7 x+ y 5x + 5 y
x 2 + 4 x − 21 = ( x + 7 )( x − 3) x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 5 x + 5 y
= ⋅ 2
x + 7 = 1( x + 7 ) x+ y x − xy
LCD = ( x + 7 )( x − 3) ( x − y )( x − y ) 5 ( x + y )
= ⋅
8 3 x+ y x( x − y)
+
x + 4 x − 21
2 x+7 5 ( x − y ) 5x − 5 y
8 3 = =
= + x x
( x + 7 )( x − 3) x + 7
5 x 11x − 8
8 3 ( x − 3) 20. + − 2
= + x + 5 x − 4 x + x − 20
( x + 7 )( x − 3) ( x + 7 )( x − 3)
x 2 + x − 20 = ( x + 5 )( x − 4 )
8 + 3x − 9 3x − 1
= = LCD = ( x + 5)( x − 4 )
( x + 7 )( x − 3) ( x + 7 )( x − 3)
5 x 11x − 8
+ − 2
x − 27 x
4
x+3 x + 5 x − 4 x + x − 20
17. ⋅
x −92
x + 3x + 9
2 5 x 11x − 8
= + −
x + 5 x − 4 ( x + 5)( x − 4 )
=
(
x x − 27
3
) ⋅
x+3
5 ( x − 4) x ( x + 5)
( x + 3)( x − 3) x 2 + 3x + 9 = +
( x + 5)( x − 4 ) ( x − 4 )( x + 5)
x ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) x+3
= ⋅ 2 11x − 8
( x + 3)( x − 3) x + 3x + 9 −
( x + 5)( x − 4 )
x
= =x 5 x − 20 + x 2 + 5 x − 11x + 8
1 =
( x + 5)( x − 4 )
x −1 x+2 x 2 − x − 12 ( x + 3)( x − 4 )
18. − = =
x −x−2
2
x + 4x + 3
2
( x + 5)( x − 4 ) ( x + 5)( x − 4 )
x − x − 2 = ( x − 2 )( x + 1)
2
x+3
=
x 2 + 4 x + 3 = ( x + 3)( x + 1) x+5
LCD = ( x − 2 )( x + 1)( x + 3)
x −1 x+2
−
x2 − x − 2 x2 + 4 x + 3
x −1 x+2
= −
( x − 2 )( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x + 3)
( x − 1)( x + 3) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
= −
( x − 2 )( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 1)( x + 3)( x − 2 )
=
x2 + 2 x − 3 − x2 − 4 ( )
( x − 2 )( x + 1)( x + 3)
x2 + 2 x − 3 − x2 + 4
=
( x − 2 )( x + 1)( x + 3)
2x +1
=
( x − 2 )( x + 1)( x + 3)

7.5 Check Points Invert and multiply.

y−x
1 2 y − x xy
+ xy
= ⋅ = y−x
1. 4 3 1 xy 1
2 1
− xy
3 4
Add to get a single rational expression in the 1 2
numerator. +
1 2 3 8 11 4. 4 3
+ = + = 2 1
−
4 3 12 12 12 3 4
Subtract to get a single rational expression in the Multiply the numerator and the denominator by the
denominator. LCD of 12.
2 1 8 3 5 1 2
− = − = 1 2 1
12  +  12 ⋅ + 12 ⋅
2
3 4 12 12 12 +
4 3 =  4 3  = 4 3 = 3 + 8 = 11
Perform the division indicated by the fraction bar. 2 1
− 2 1 2 1 8−3 5
Invert and multiply. 12  −  12 ⋅ − 12 ⋅
3 4 3 4 3 4
1 2 11
+
4 3 = 12 = 11 ⋅ 12 = 11 1
2 1 5 12 5 5 2−
− x
3 4 12 5.
1
2+
1 x
2− Multiply the numerator and the denominator by the
2. x LCD of x.
1
2+ 1  1 1
x 2− x2 −  x⋅2 − x⋅
Subtract to get a single rational expression in the x =  x
= x = 2x −1
2+
1  1 1 2x + 1
numerator. x2 +  x⋅2 + x⋅
1 2x 1 2x −1 x  x x
2− = − =
x x x x
1 1
Add to get a single rational expression in the −
denominator. x y
6.
1 2x 1 2x + 1 1
2+ = + = xy
x x x x
Perform the division indicated by the fraction bar. Multiply the numerator and the denominator by the
Invert and multiply. LCD of xy.
1 1 1 1 1
2− − xy  − 
x = 2x −1
= 
x y x y
1 2x + 1 1  1 
2+ xy  
x xy  xy 
1 1 1 1
− xy ⋅ − xy ⋅
x y x y y−x
3. = = = y−x
1 1 1
xy ⋅
xy xy
Subtract to get a single rational expression in the
numerator.
1 1 y x y−x
− = − = 7.5 Concept and Vocabulary Check
x y xy xy xy
Perform the division indicated by the fraction bar. 1. complex; complex
2. 18; 12; 30; 9; 4; 5; 6

Section 7.5 Complex Rational Expressions
3. 30; 2 x 2 ; 24; x 2 5+
2 25 2
+
3. 5 = 5 5
4. 2x; 3; 5x; x 2 1 70 1
7− −
10 10 10
27
27 10 9 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 18
7.5 Exercise Set = 5 = ⋅ = =
69 5 69 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 23 23
1 1 10
+
1. 2 4 3 5 3 8
1 1 1+ +
+ 5 = 5 5 = 5 = 8 ⋅ 4 = 32
2 3 4.
1 8 1 7 5 7 35
Add to get a single rational expression in the 2− −
numerator. 4 4 4 4
1 1 2 1 3
+ = + = 2 1
2 4 4 4 4 −
Add to get a single rational expression in the 5. 5 3
2 3
denominator. −
3 4
1 1 3 2 5
+ = + = LCD = 60
2 3 6 6 6
2 1 60 ⋅  2 − 1 
Perform the division indicated by the fraction bar. −  5 3
Invert and multiply. 5 3 =  
1 1 3 2 3
−  2 3 
+ 60 ⋅  − 
2 4 = 4 = 3⋅6 = 9 3 4 3 4
1 1 5 4 5 10 2 1
+ 60 ⋅ − 60 ⋅
2 3 6 = 5 3
2 3
1 1 60 ⋅ − 60 ⋅
+ 3 4
2. 3 4 24 − 20 4 4
1 1 = = =−
+ 40 − 45 −5 5
3 6
Add to get a single rational expression in the 1 1
numerator. −
1 1 4 3 7 6. 2 4
+ = + = 3 1
+
3 4 12 12 12 8 16
Add to get a single rational expression in the LCD = 16
denominator. 1 1
1 1 2 1 3 1 16 ⋅  −  16 ⋅ 1 − 16 ⋅ 1
+ = + = = 2 4 = 2 4
3 6 6 6 6 2  3 1  16 ⋅ 3 + 16 ⋅ 1
Perform the division indicated by the fraction bar. 16 ⋅  + 
Invert and multiply.  8 16  8 16
1 1 7 8−4 4
+ = =
3 4 = 12 = 7 ⋅ 2 = 14 = 7 6 +1 7
1 1 1 12 1 12 6
+
3 6 2

3 3 4x 1 3 2 − 3y
−x − −
4 = 4 4 y 2 2y
7. 13. =
3
+x
3 4x
+ 1 3 4 + 3y
+
4 4 4 y 4 4y
3 − 4x 2 − 3y 4 y
= ⋅
= 4 2 y 4 + 3y
3 + 4x
4 2 (2 − 3y) 4 − 6y
= =
3 − 4x 4 3 − 4x 4 + 3y 4 + 3y
= ⋅ =
4 3 + 4x 3 + 4x
1 3
−
2 y 4
−x 14.
1 2
8. 3 +
2 y 3
+x
3 LCD = 12 y
LCD = 3
1 3 1 3
2  12 y  −  12 y ⋅ − 12 y ⋅
3⋅  − x  3⋅ 2 − 3⋅ x  y 4 = y 4
3 = 3 2 − 3x
=  1 2  12 y ⋅ 1 + 12 y ⋅ 2
2  2 2 + 3x 12 y  + 
3⋅ + x  3⋅ + 3⋅ x y 3
3  3  y 3
12 − 9 y
=
2 7x − 2 12 + 8 y
7−
9. x = x = 7x − 2 ⋅ x = 7x − 2
1 5x + 1 x 5x + 1 5x + 1 x 5
5+ −
x x 15. 5 x
1 1
+
3 8x 3 8x + 3 5 x
8+ +
x = x x = x LCD = 5x
10.
7 x 7 x−7 x 5 5x ⋅  x − 5 
1− − − 5 x
x x x x 5 x =  
8x + 3 x 8x + 3 1 1  1 1
= ⋅ = + 5x ⋅  + 
x x−7 x−7 5 x 5 x
x 5
3 2y + 3 5x ⋅ − 5x ⋅
2+ 5 x
y y =
11. = 1 1
7 y−7 5 x ⋅ + 5x ⋅
1− 5 x
y y
x 2 − 25
2y + 3 y 2y + 3 =
= ⋅ = x+5
y y−7 y−7
( + 5)( x − 5)
x
= = x−5
7 x+5
4−
y
12. 3 x 9 x2 9 + x2
2 + +
3− x 3 = 3x 3 x = 3 x
y 16.
x 3
− x2 9 x2 − 9
LCD = y −
3 x 3x 3x 3x
 7 7
y4 −  y⋅4 − y⋅ 9 + x2 3x 9 + x2
 y = y 4y − 7 = ⋅ =
= 3x x2 − 9 x 2 − 9
 2  y ⋅3 − y ⋅ 2 3y − 2
y3− 
 y y

1 x +1 1 1 y 9 y −9
1+ − −
x = x 9 y 9y 9y 9y
17. 20. = =
1
1− 2 x2 − 1 9− y 9− y 9− y
x x2 9 9 9
y −9 9 y −9 9
x + 1 x2 = ⋅ = ⋅
= ⋅ 9y 9 − y 9 y −1 ( y − 9 )
x x2 − 1
−1 1
x +1 x2 = =−
= ⋅ y y
x ( x + 1)( x − 1)
=
x 2 xy + 2
x+
x −1 y y xy + 2 y xy + 2
21. = = ⋅ =
x x y x x
2
1+ y y
18. x
4
1− 2 2
x x−
y
22.
LCD = x 2 x
 2 2 y
x 2 1 +  x 2 ⋅1 + x 2 ⋅
 x = x LCD = y
 4  2 2 4  2
x 2 1 − 2  x ⋅1 − x ⋅ 2 y x − 
 x  x  y  xy − 2
=
x2 + 2x x ( x + 2) x x x
= = = y 
2
x −4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x−2  y
1 1 1 1
− +
7 y x y
19. 23.
7− y xy
7 LCD = xy
LCD = 7y
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 + xy  + 
x y y+x
= 
− 7y −  x y
7 y =
7 y
= xy xy ( xy ) x2 y2
7− y 7− y 
7y 
7  7  1 1 y x y+x
+ +
1 1 x y xy xy xy
7y  − 7y  24. = =
7 y x+ y x+ y x+ y
=
 7− y  y+x 1 1
7y  = ⋅ =
 7  xy x + y xy
y−7
=
y (7 − y ) x 1 x2 + y
+
−1 ( 7 − y ) y x xy x2 + y x
1 25. = = ⋅
= =− y 1 y +1 xy y +1
y (7 − y ) y +
x x x
x2 + y
=
y ( y + 1)

1 1 2 8 8 2x 8 − 2x
+ − − 2
2 2
26.
x y
30. x
x
= x x = x2
1 1 10 6 10 x 6 10 x − 6
− − − 2
x y x x2 x 2
x x2
LCD = xy 8 − 2x x2 8 − 2x
= ⋅ =
1 1 x2 10 x − 6 10 x − 6
xy  + 
 x y = y+x 2 (4 − x) 4− x
= =
1 1 y−x 2 ( 5 x − 3) 5x − 3
xy  − 
x y
6
2+
1 2 y
+ 31.
y y2 9
27. 1− 2
2 y
+1
y
LCD = y 2
2
LCD = y
6  6
2+ y2  2 + 
1 2 1 2  y  y
+ 2 y2  + 2  =
y y  
y y   9
1− 2 9 
= y 2 1 − 2 
2 2  y  y 
+1 y 2  + 1 
y y  2 y2 + 6 y
 2  =
1 y2 − 9
y2   + y2  2 
 y y 
=   2 y ( y + 3) 2y
= =
22 ( y + 3)( y − 3) y −3
y   + y (1)
2
 y
y+2 12
= 3+
2 y
2y + y 32.
16
( y + 2) 1 1− 2
= = y
y (2 + y) y
LCD = y 2
1 3 y 3 y+3  12 
+ + y2  3 + 
y y2 y2 y 2
y 2
 y  3 y 2 + 12 y
28. = = =
3 3 y 3+ y
+1 + 2 16  y 2 − 16
y y y y y 1 − 2 
 y 

y+3 y 1
= ⋅ = 3 y ( y + 4) 3y
y2 3 + y y = =
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) −4 y
123 12 3x 12 − 3x
2
− 2
− 2 1
29. x
x
= x x = x2
15 9 15 x 9 15 x − 9 33. x + 2
− − 2 1
x x2 x 2
x x2 1+
x+2
12 − 3x x2 12 − 3x LCD = x + 2
= ⋅ =
x2 15 x − 9 15 x − 9
( x + 2 ) 
1 1 
3( 4 − x ) 4− x x+2 =  x + 2  1 1
= = = =
3 ( 5 x − 3)
( x + 2 ) 1 +
5x − 3 1 1  x + 2 +1 x + 3
1+
x+2  x + 2 

1 2 5
+
34. x −2 x y 3
xy 4
1 38.
1− 5
−
3
x−2 3
x y xy
LCD = x − 2
LCD = x3 y 4
( x − 2 ) 
1 

 x−2 = 1
=
1  2 5 
1  ( x − 2) −1 x − 3 x3 y 4  3 + 4 
( x − 2 ) 1 −  x y xy 

3
 = 2 y + 5x
2
 x − 2 
 5 3  5 y − 3x y
3 2 3
x3 y 4  3 − 
3  x y xy 
x −5+  
35. x
2
x−7+ 3 3
x −
39. x +1 x −1
LCD = x 5
3 x x −5+ 3  x2 − 1
x −5+ 
x =  x  x 2 − 5 x + 3
= 3 ( x − 1) − 3 ( x + 1)
2  2  x2 − 7 x + 2
x−7+ x x − 7 +  ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x  x =
5
7 x −1 2
x+9−
36. x 3x − 3 − 3 x − 3
4
x−6+ ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x =
5
LCD = x
x2 − 1
 7
x x + 9 −  −6
 x  x2 + 9 x − 7
 4
=
2 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x  x − 6 +  x − 6x + 4 =
5
 x
x2 − 1
3 2 3x 2y
+ + −6 x2 − 1
xy 2 x2 y x2 y2 x2 y2 = ⋅
37. = ( x + 1)( x − 1) 5
1 2 y2 2x
2
+ 3 + 2 3 −6 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x y xy 2
x y 3
x y = ⋅
( x + 1)( x − 1) 5
3x + 2 y
6
x2 y 2 =−
= 5
y2 + 2 x
x 2 y3
3x + 2 y x2 y3
= ⋅
x2 y 2 y2 + 2x
3x + 2 y x2 y3
= ⋅
x2 y 2 y2 + 2x
( 3x + 2 y )( y )
=
y2 + 2 x
3xy + 2 y 2
=
y2 + 2x

3 3 3 3
− −
40. x+2 x−2 = x+2 x−2
5 5
2
x −4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
LCD = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) 
3 3 
− 
 x+2 x−2
 5 
( x + 2 )( x − 2 )  
 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) 
3( x − 2) − 3( x + 2)
=
5
3x − 6 − 3x − 6 −12
= =
5 5
6 1 6 1
− −
x 2 + 2 x − 15 x−3( x + 5)( x − 3) x−3
41. =
1 1
+1 +1
x+5 x+5
LCD = ( x + 5 )( x − 3)
6 1  6 1 
− ( x + 5)( x − 3)  − 
( x + 5)( x − 3) x −3  ( x + 5 )( x − 3) x − 3 
=
( x + 5)( x − 3)  
1 1
+1 + 1
x+5 x+5 
6 − ( x + 5) 6− x −5 −x +1 1− x
= = = =
x − 3 + ( x + 5 )( x − 3) 2
x − 3 + x + 2 x − 15 2
x + 3x − 18 ( x − 3)( x + 6 )
1 6 1 6
− −
x − 2 x + 3x − 10
2 x − 2 ( x − 2 )( x + 5)
42. =
1 1
1+ 1+
x−2 x−2
LCD = ( x − 2 )( x + 5 )
1 6  1 6 
− ( x − 2 )( x + 5)  − 
x − 2 ( x − 2 )( x + 5 )  x − 2 ( x − 2 )( x + 5 ) 
=
( x − 2 )( x + 5) 1 +
1 1 
1+
x−2  x − 2 
x+5−6 x −1 x −1 x −1 1
= = = = =
( x − 2 )( x + 5) + x + 5 x + 3x − 10 + x + 5 x + 4 x − 5 ( x − 1)( x + 5) x + 5
2 2

1 1
−1 −
y −1 − ( y + 5 ) y y+5
43. =
5 5
LCD= y ( y + 5 )
1 1 1 1 
− y ( y + 5)  − 
y y+5  y y +5 y +5− y 5 1
= = = =
5 y ( y + 5 )( 5 ) 5 y ( y + 5 ) 5 y ( y + 5) y ( y + 5 )
1 1
−1 −
y −1 − ( y + 2 ) y y+2
44. =
2 2
LCD = y ( y + 2 )
1 1 1 1 
− y ( y + 2)  − 
y y+2  y y +2 y+2− y 2 1
= = = =
2 y ( y + 2 )( 2 ) 2 y ( y + 2) 2 y ( y + 2) y ( y + 2)
1 x (1) x x x −1 x − x + 1 1
45. −1 = −1 = −1 = − = =
1−
1  1 x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1
x 1 − 
x  x
46.
1
−1 =
( x + 1)(1) −1 =
x +1
−1 =
x +1
−1 =
x +1 x
−
( x + 1) 1 −
1 1  x + 1 −1 x x x
1− 
x +1  x +1 
x +1− x 1
= =
x x
47.
1
=
1
=
1
=
( x + 1)(1) = x + 1 = x + 1
x (1)
( x + 1) 1 +
1 x x  x + 1+ x 2x + 1
1+ 1+ 1+
1+
1  1 x + 1  x + 1 
x x 1 + 
 x
1 1
48. =
1+
1
1+
( 2 )1
1
( 2 ) 1 +
1+ 1
2 2  
1 1 1
= = =
2 2 3 2
1+ 1+ +
2 +1 3 3 3
1 3 3
= = 1⋅ =
5 5 5
3

2d 10 135  10 135 
49. 1+
+ x 2 1 + + 2 
d d x 2  x x 
+ 52. a. x =
r1 r2 85 525
9− + 2  85 525 
x2  9 − + 2 
LCD = r1r2 x x  x x 
2d r r ( 2d ) 10 135
= 12 x 2 ⋅1 + x 2 ⋅ + x 2 ⋅ 2
d d
+ d d  =
x x
r1r2  +  2 85 2 525
r1 r2 2
x ⋅9 − x ⋅ + x ⋅ 2
 r1 r2 
x x
2r1r2 d
= x 2 + 10 x + 135
r2 d + r1d =
2r1r2 d 2r r 9 x 2 − 85 x + 525
= = 12
d ( r2 + r1 ) r2 + r1
3.4
If r1 = 40 and r2 = 30, the value of this expression b. According to the data in the bar graph, or
7.0
2 ⋅ 40 ⋅ 30 2400 2 about 49% was revenue from digital sales in 2010.
will be = = 34 .
30 + 40 70 7
2 x 2 + 10 x + 135 (3)2 + 10(3) + 135
Your average speed will be 34 miles per hour. c. =
7 9 x 2 − 85 x + 525 9(3)2 − 85(3) + 525
174
1 1 1 RR = ≈ 0.50
50. = = = 1 2 351
1 1 R2 R1 R2 + R1 R2 + R1
+ + According to the model about 50% was revenue
R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2 from digital sales in 2010.
Let R1 = 10 and R2 = 20, This overestimates the actual percent by 1%.
R1 R2 10 ⋅ 20 200 20
= = = ohms 53. – 55. Answers will vary.
R2 + R1 20 + 10 30 3
56. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
10 135  10 135  Sample explanation: If you multiply the numerator
1+ + x 2 1 + + 2 
51. a.
x 2
x =  x x  by a particular value, you must also multiply the
85 525
9− + 2 2  85 525  denominator by the same value.
x 9 − + 2 
x x  x x  57. makes sense
10 135
x 2 ⋅1 + x 2 ⋅ + x 2 ⋅ 2 58. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
x x
= Sample explanation: You forgot to also multiply the
2 2 85 2 525
x ⋅9 − x ⋅ + x ⋅ 2 constants, 1 and 3, by the LCD.
x x
x 2 + 10 x + 135 59. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
= Sample explanation: The expression simplifies to
9 x 2 − 85 x + 525
x+ y
.
4.6 x− y
b. According to the data in the bar graph, or
6.9
about 67% was revenue from digital sales in 2013. 60. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
A sample change is: It is not complex because it
x 2 + 10 x + 135 (6)2 + 10(6) + 135 does not contain any secondary fractions.
c. =
9 x 2 − 85 x + 525 9(6) 2 − 85(6) + 525
61. true
231
= ≈ 0.68
339 62. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
According to the model about 68% was revenue A sample change is: The numerator simplifies to
from digital sales in 2013. 1 1
This overestimates the actual percent by 1%. − . The expression simplifies to − .
12 6

63. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.  1

A sample change is: All complex rational 2 1 − 
y  y y2 − y
expressions can be simplified by both methods. ⋅ =
y2  2 3  y2 − 2 y − 3
64. Simplify the given complex fraction.  1 − − 2 
 y y 
LCD = x 6
Now subtract.
1 1 1 
 + 2+ 4 y2 + y − 6 y2 − y
6
x x x x  −
⋅ y2 − 5 y + 6 y2 − 2 y − 3
6  1 1 1 
x
 4+ 5+ 6 y2 + y − 6 y2 − y
x x x  = −
( y − 2 )( y − 3) ( y − 3)( y + 1)
x6 x6 x 6
+ + ( y − 2 )( y + 3) y2 − y
x x 2 x3 = −
=
x6 x6 x6 ( y − 2 )( y − 3) ( y − 3)( y + 1)
+ +
x 4 x5 x 6 y+3 y2 − y
= −
x5 + x 4 + x3 y − 3 ( y − 3)( y + 1)
=
x2 + x + 1 ( y + 3)( y + 1) y2 − y
= −
(
x3 x 2 + x + 1 ) ( y − 3)( y + 1) ( y − 3)( y + 1)
( y + 3)( y + 1) − ( y 2 − y )
=
2
x + x +1
=
=x 3
( y − 3)( y + 1)
(y ) ( )
Because the rational expression can be simplified to 2
+ 4 y + 3 − y2 − y
x3 , this is what it does to each number x; it cubes x. =
( y − 3)( y + 1)
   
y2 + 4 y + 3 − y2 + y
2y y y  2y  y y  =
65. + = 
1 y
+   ( y − 3)( y + 1)
2+
2
1+
2  y  1+ 1 
 2+ y    5y + 3
y y    y  =
( y − 3)( y + 1)
2 y2 y2 2 y2 y2
= + = +
2 y + 2 y + 1 2 ( y + 1) y + 1 67. The graphs coincide.
2 2 2
y y 2y
= + = 68. The graphs do not coincide.
y +1 y +1 y +1 1 1 x 1+ x
+1 +
x = x x = x
1 6 1
1+ − 1− 1 1 1
y y2 y x x x
66. −
5
1− +
2 3
−
6
1− 1+ x x
2 = ⋅ = 1+ x
y y y y2 x 1
Simplify the first complex rational expression using Change the expression on the right to 1 + x.
the LCD method.
 1 6  69. The graphs do not coincide.
 1 + − 2  1 1 3x  1 + 1 
y 2  y y  y2 + y − 6 +  
⋅ = x 3 =  x 3 = 3+ x = 3+ x
y2  5 6  y2 − 5 y + 6 1  1  1
 1 − + 2  3x  
 y y  3x  3x 
Simplify the second complex algebraic expression 1
Therefore, x + should be 3 + x.
by the LCD method. 3

70. 2 x3 − 20 x 2 + 50 x 75. 2 x2 + 2 = 5x
(
= 2 x x 2 − 10 x + 25 ) 2 x2 − 5x + 2 = 0
(2 x − 1)( x − 2) = 0
= 2 x ( x − 5)
2
2x −1 = 0 or x−2= 0
71. 2 − 3 ( x − 2 ) = 5 ( x + 5 ) − 1 2x = 1 x=2
2 − 3x + 6 = 5 x + 25 − 1 1
x=
2
8 − 3x = 5 x + 24
1 
8 − 3x − 5 x = 5 x + 24 − 5 x The solution set is  , 2  .
2 
8 − 8 x = 24
8 − 8 x − 8 = 24 − 8 7.6 Check Points
−8 x = 16
−8 x 16 x 1 x
= 1. = +
−8 −8 6 6 8
x = −2 There are no restrictions on the variable because the
variable does not appear in any denominator.
The solution set is {−2} . The LCD is 24.
x 1 x
72. ( x + y ) ( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) = +
6 6 8
( ) (
= x x 2 − xy + y 2 + y x 2 − xy + y 2 ) x 1 x
24   = 24  + 
6 6 8
= x3 − x 2 y + xy 2 + x 2 y − xy 2 + y 3 x 1 x
24 ⋅ = 24 ⋅ + 24 ⋅
= x3 + y 3 6 6 8
4 x = 4 + 3x
x x 5 x=4
73. + = The solution set is {4} .
3 2 6
x x 5 Check:
6 +  = 6  x 1 x
3 2 6 = +
6x 6x 6 ⋅ 5 6 6 8
+ = 4 1 4
3 2 6 = +
2 x + 3x = 5 6 6 8
16 4 12
5x = 5 = +
24 24 24
x =1
16 16
The solution set is {1} . =
24 24
2 x 14 x
74. = −
3 3 2
 2x   14 x 
6  = 6 − 
 3  3 2
6 ⋅ 2 x 6 ⋅14 6 ⋅ x
= −
3 3 2
4 x = 28 − 3x
7 x = 28
x=4
The solution set is {4} .

Section 7.6 Solving Rational Equations
5 17 1
2. = −
2 x 18 3x
The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
The LCD is 18 x.
5 17 1
= −
2 x 18 3x
 5   17 1 
18 x   = 18 x  − 
 2x   18 3x 
5 17 1
18 x ⋅ = 18 x ⋅ − 18 x ⋅
2x 18 3x
45 = 17 x − 6
51 = 17 x
3= x
6
3. x + = −5
x
The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
The LCD is x.
6
x + = −5
x
 6
x  x +  = x ( −5 )
 x
6
x ⋅ x + x ⋅ = −5 x
x
x 2 + 6 = −5 x
x2 + 5 x + 6 = 0
( x + 3)( x + 2) = 0
x+3 = 0 or x+2=0
x = −3 x = −2
The solution set is {−3, −2} .
11 4 3
4. + =
2
x − 25 x + 5 x −5
11 4 3
+ =
( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 5 x − 5
The restrictions are x ≠ −5 and x ≠ 5.
The LCD is ( x + 5)( x − 5).

11 4 3
+ =
( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 5 x − 5
 11 4   3 
( x + 5)( x − 5)  +  = ( x + 5)( x − 5)  x − 5 
 ( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 5   
11( x + 5)( x − 5) 4( x + 5)( x − 5) 3( x + 5)( x − 5)
+ =
( x + 5)( x − 5) x+5 x−5
11 + 4( x − 5) = 3( x + 5)
11 + 4 x − 20 = 3x + 15
4 x − 9 = 3x + 15
x − 9 = 15
x = 24
x 3
5. = +9
x−3 x −3
The restriction is x ≠ 3.
The LCD is x − 3.
x 3
= +9
x−3 x −3
( x − 3)  x  = ( x − 3)  3 + 9 
 x −3  x−3 
x ( x − 3) 3 ( x − 3)
= + 9 ( x − 3)
x −3 x−3
x = 3 + 9( x − 3)
x = 3 + 9 x − 27
x = 9 x − 24
−8 x = −24
x=3
The proposed solution, 3, is not a solution because of the restriction x ≠ 3.
The solution set is { } .
250 x
6. y =
100 − x
250 x
750 =
100 − x
 250 x 
(100 − x)(750) = (100 − x)  
 100 − x 
75, 000 − 750 x = 250 x
75, 000 = 1000 x
75 = x
If government funding is increased to $750 million, then 75% of pollutants can be removed.

b 7.6 Exercise Set

7. a=
x+2
x x
 b  1. = −2
( x + 2) ( a ) = ( x + 2)   3 2
 x+2 There are no restrictions on the variable because the
ax + 2a = b variable does not appear in any denominator.
ax = b − 2a The LCD is 6.
ax b − 2a x x
= = −2
a a 3 2
b − 2a x x 
x= 6  = 6 − 2
a 3 2 
x x
6⋅ = 6⋅ − 6⋅2
1 1 1 3 2
8. + =
x y z 2 x = 3 x − 12
1 1 1 0 = x − 12
xyz  +  = xyz  
x y z 12 = x
1 1 The solution set is {12} .
xyz   + xyz   = xy
x  y
x x
yz + xz = xy 2. = +1
5 6
xz − xy = − yz There are no restrictions on the variable because the
x( z − y ) = − yz variable does not appear in any denominator.
− yz The LCD is 30.
x= x x
z−y = +1
5 6
yz
x=  x x 
y−z 30   = 30  + 1
5 6 
x x
30 ⋅ = 30 ⋅ + 30 ⋅1
5 6
7.6 Concept and Vocabulary Check 6 x = 5 x + 30
1. LCD x = 30
2. 0
4x x x
3. 8x 3. = −
3 18 6
4. 12( x + 3) There are no restrictions.
The LCD is 18.
5. 1 − x = 3x 2 4x x x
= −
3 18 6
6. 6 − 5( x + 1) + 3( x − 1)  4x   x x
18   = 18  − 
 3  18 6 
7. x ≠ −2
8. x ≠ 3; x ≠ 2
9. true
10. false

4x x x 9
18 ⋅ = 18 ⋅ − 18 ⋅ 6. 1 − =4
3 18 6 x
24 x = x − 3x The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
24 x = −2 x The LCD is x.
9
26 x = 0 1− = 4
x
x=0
 9
The solution set is {0} . x 1 −  = x ⋅ 4
 x
5x x x 9
4. = − x ⋅1 − x ⋅ = x ⋅ 4
4 12 2 x
There are no restrictions. x − 9 = 4x
The LCD is 12. −9 = 3x
5x x x −3 = x
= −
4 12 2
The solution set is {−3} .
 5x   x x
12   = 12  − 
 4   12 2  2 1 4
5x x x 7. + =
12 ⋅ = 12 ⋅ − 12 ⋅ x 3 x
4 12 2 The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
15 x = x − 6 x The LCD is 3x.
15 x = −5 x 2 1 4
+ =
20 x = 0 x 3 x
x=0  2 1 4
3x  +  = 3 x  
The solution set is {0} .  x 3 x
2 1 4
3x ⋅ + 3x ⋅ = 3 x ⋅
8 x 3 x
5. 2 − =6
x 6 + x = 12
The restriction is x ≠ 0 . x=6
The LCD is x.
8
2− = 6
x 5 1 6
 8 8. + =
x2 −  = x⋅6 x 3 x
 x The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
8 The LCD is 3x.
x⋅2 − x⋅ = x⋅6
x 5 1 6
+ =
2x − 8 = 6x x 3 x
−8 = 4 x 5 1 6
3x  +  = 3 x  
−2 = x  x 3  x
The solution set is {−2} . 5 1
3x ⋅ + 3x ⋅ = 3 x ⋅
6
x 3 x
15 + x = 18
x=3

2 5 13 5 8 1 1
9. +3= + 12. − = −
x 2x 4 2 x 9 18 3x
The restriction is x ≠ 0 The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
The LCD is 4x. The LCD is 18x.
2 5 13 5 8 1 1
+3 = + − = −
x 2x 4 2 x 9 18 3x
2   5 13   5 8  1 1 
4x  + 3 = 4x  +  18 x  −  = 18 x  − 
x   2x 4   2x 9   18 3x 
8 + 12 x = 10 + 13x 45 − 16 x = x − 6
8 = 10 + x −16 x = x − 51
−2 = x −17 x = −51
The solution set is {−2} . x=3
7 5 22
10. = +
2 x 3x 3 6 4
13. =
The restriction is x ≠ 0 x+3 x −3
The LCD is 6x. Restrictions: x ≠ −3, x ≠ 3
7
=
5 22
+ LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2 x 3x 3
6 4
 7   5 22  =
6x   = 6x  +  x +3 x −3
 2x   3x 3  6 4
21 = 10 + 44 x ( x + 3)( x − 3) ⋅ = ( x + 3)( x − 3) ⋅
x+3 x −3
11 = 44 x
( ) ( )
x − 3 ⋅ 6 = x + 3 ⋅ 4
11 1
x= = 6 x − 18 = 4 x + 12
44 4
2 x − 18 = 12
1
The solution set is   . 2 x = 30
4
x = 15
2 1 11 1 The solution set is {15} .
11. + = −
3x 4 6 x 3
The restriction is x ≠ 0 . 7 5
14. =
The LCD is 12x. x +1 x − 3
2 1 11 1 Restrictions: x ≠ −1, x ≠ 3
+ = −
3x 4 6 x 3 LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 3)
 2 1  11 1  7 5
12 x  +  = 12 x  −  =
 3x 4   6x 3  x +1 x − 3
8 + 3x = 22 − 4 x 7 5
( x + 1)( x − 3) ⋅ = ( x + 1)( x − 3) ⋅
8 + 7 x = 22 x +1 x −3
7 x = 14 ( x − 3) ⋅ 7 = ( x + 1) ⋅ 5
x=2 7 x − 21 = 5 x + 5
The solution set is {2} . 2 x − 21 = 5
2 x = 26
x = 13

x−2 x +1 7
15. +1 = 18. x + = −8
2x x x
Restriction: x ≠ 0 Restriction: x ≠ 0
LCD = 2x. LCD = x
x−2 x +1 7
+1 = x + = −8
2x x x
 x−2   x +1   7
2x  + 1 = 2 x   x  x +  = x ( −8 )
 2x   x   x
x − 2 + 2 x = 2 ( x + 1) x 2 + 7 = −8 x
3x − 2 = 2 x + 2
x2 + 8x + 7 = 0
x−2 = 2
( x + 7 )( x + 1) = 0
x=4
x + 7 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = −7 x = −1
7x − 4 9 4
16. = −
5x 5 x
x 5
Restriction: x ≠ 0 19. − =0
LCD = 5x. 5 x
7x − 4 9 4 Restriction: x ≠ 0
= − LCD = 5x
5x 5 x
x 5
 7x − 4  9 4 − =0
5x   = 5x  −  5 x
 5x  5 x
 x 5
7 x − 4 = 9 x − 20 5x  −  = 5x ⋅ 0
5 x
7 x = 9 x − 16
x 5
−2 x = −16 5x ⋅ − 5x ⋅ = 0
5 x
x =8
x 2 − 25 = 0
( x + 5)( x − 5) = 0
6 x + 5 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
17. x + = −7
x x = −5 x=5
Restriction: x ≠ 0 The solution set is {−5,5} .
LCD = x
6 x 4
x + = −7 20. − =0
x 4 x
 6  Restriction: x ≠ 0
x  x +  = x ( −7 )
 x LCD = 4x
x 4
x 2 + 6 = −7 x − =0
4 x
x2 + 7 x + 6 = 0  x 4
4x  −  = 4x ⋅ 0
( x + 6 )( x + 1) = 0 4 x
x + 6 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x 2 − 16 = 0
x = −6 x = −1
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) = 0
x + 4 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = −4 x=4
The solution set is {−4, 4} .

3 12 4 1
21. x + = 24. − =y
x x 3y 3
Restriction: x ≠ 0 Restrictions: y ≠ 0
LCD = x LCD = 3y
3 12
x+ = 4 1
− =y
x x 3y 3
 3  12 
x x +  = x   4 1
 x  x  3y  −  = 3y ⋅ y
 3y 3 
x 2 + 3 = 12
4 − y = 3y2
x2 − 9 = 0
0 = 3y2 + y − 4
( x + 3)( x − 3) = 0 0 = ( 3 y + 4 )( y − 1)
x + 3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
3 y + 4 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
x = −3 x=3
3 y = −4 y =1
The solution set is {−3,3} .
4
y=−
3 19 3
22. x + =
x x  4 
The solution set is  − , 1 .
Restriction: x ≠ 0  3 
LCD = x
3 19 x−4 15
x+ = 25. =
x x x x+4
 3  19  Restrictions: x ≠ 0, x ≠ −4
x x +  = x 
 x   x  LCD = x ( x + 4 )
x 2 + 3 = 19 x−4 15
=
x x+4
x 2 − 16 = 0
 x−4  15 
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) = 0 x ( x + 4)  = x ( x + 4)  
 x   x+4
x + 4 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) = x ⋅15
x = −4 x=4
The solution set is {−4, 4} . x 2 − 16 = 15 x
x 2 − 15 x − 16 = 0
23.
4 y 7
− = ( x + 1)( x − 16 ) = 0
y 2 2 x + 1 = 0 or x − 16 = 0
Restrictions: y ≠ 0 x = −1 x = 16
LCD = 2y
4 y 7
− =
y 2 2
4 y 7
2y −  = 2y 
 y 2  2
8 − y2 = 7 y
0 = y2 + 7 y − 8
0 = ( y + 8 )( y − 1)
y + 8 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
y = −8 y =1

x −1 6 3 1
26. = =
2x + 3 x − 2 x + 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
3 3 1
Restrictions: x ≠ − , x ≠ 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1) = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2 x +1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
LCD = ( 2 x + 3)( x − 2 ) 3( x − 1) = 1
x −1 6 3x − 3 = 1
( 2 x + 3)( x − 2 ) = ( 2 x + 3)( x − 2 )
2x + 3 x−2 3x = 4
( x − 2 )( x − 1) = ( 2 x + 3) ⋅ 6 4
x=
x 2 − 3x + 2 = 12 x + 18 3
x 2 − 15 x − 16 = 0 4
The solution set is   .
3
( x + 1)( x − 16 ) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x − 16 = 0 1 11
x = −1 x = 16 29. +5 =
x −1 x −1
The solution set is {−1,16} . Restriction: x ≠ 1
LCD = x − 1
2 4 1 11
27. = +5 =
2
x −1 x +1 x −1 x −1
2 4  1   11 
=
( x + 1)( x − 1) x + 1
( x − 1)  + 5  = ( x − 1)  
 x −1   x −1 
Restrictions: x ≠ −1, x ≠ 1 1 + ( x − 1) ⋅ 5 = 11
LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 1) 1 + 5 x − 5 = 11
2 4 5 x − 4 = 11
=
( x + 1)( x − 1) x + 1 5 x = 15
2 4 x=3
( x + 1)( x − 1) = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
( x + 1)( x − 1) x +1
2 = 4( x − 1)
2 = 4x − 4 3 −4
30. −7 =
6 = 4x x+4 x+4
6 Restrictions: x ≠ −4
=x
4 LCD = x + 4
3 3 −4
=x −7 =
2 x+4 x+4
 −4 
3 ( x + 4 )  
3
The solution set is   . − 7  = ( x + 4)  
2  x+4   x+4
3 − ( x + 4 ) ⋅ 7 = −4
28.
3
=
1 3 − 7 x − 28 = −4
x + 1 x −1
2
−7 x − 25 = −4
3 1 −7 x = 21
=
x + 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) x = −3
Restrictions: x ≠ −1, x ≠ 1
LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 1)

8y 8 3 8
31. = 4− 33. + =3
y +1 y +1 x −1 x
Restriction: y ≠ −1 Restrictions: x ≠ 1, x ≠ 0
LCD = y + 1 LCD = x ( x − 1)
8y 8 3 8
= 4− + =3
y +1 y +1 x −1 x
 8y   8   3 8
( y + 1)  x ( x − 1)  +  = x ( x − 1) ⋅ 3
 = ( y + 1)  4 −   x −1 x 
 y +1   y +1 
8 y = ( y + 1) ⋅ 4 − 8  3 8
x ( x − 1)  +  = 3x ( x − 1)
8y = 4y + 4 − 8  x −1 x 
8y = 4y − 4 3x + 8 ( x − 1) = 3x 2 − 3 x
4 y = −4 3x + 8 x − 8 = 3x 2 − 3 x
y = −1 11x − 8 = 3x 2 − 3 x
The proposed solution, −1, is not a solution because
of the restriction x ≠ −1. Notice that −1 makes two 0 = 3x 2 − 14 x + 8
of the denominators zero in the original equation. 0 = ( 3 x − 2 )( x − 4 )
Therefore, the equation has no solution. The 3x − 2 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
solution set is { } . 3x = 2 x=4
2
2 y x=
32. = −2 3
y−2 y−2
2 
Restriction: y ≠ 2 The solution set is  , 4  .
3 
LCD = y − 2
2 y 2 4 2
= −2 34. + =2
y−2 y−2 x−2 x 3
 2
2   y  Restriction: x ≠ 0, x ≠ 2
( y − 2 )   = ( y − 2 )  − 2
 ( y − 2) 
3
 y−2 
LCD = x ( x − 2 )
2 = y − ( y − 2) ⋅ 2
2 4
2 = y − 2y + 4 + =2
x−2 x
2 = −y + 4
 2 4
y+2 = 4 x ( x − 2)  +  = x ( x − 2) ⋅ 2
 x−2 x
y=2
2 4
The proposed solution, 2, is not a solution because x ( x − 2) ⋅ + x ( x − 2) ⋅ = 2x ( x − 2)
x−2 x
of the restriction y ≠ 2 . Notice that 2 makes two of
the denominators zero in the original equation. 2 x + 4 ( x − 2 ) = 2 x2 − 4 x
Therefore, the given equation has no solution. The 2 x + 4 x − 8 = 2 x2 − 4 x
solution set is { } .
6 x − 8 = 2 x2 − 4 x
0 = 2 x 2 − 10 x + 8
(
0 = 2 x2 − 5 x + 4 )
0 = 2 ( x − 1)( x − 4 )
x − 1 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x =1 x=4
The solution set is {1, 4} .

3y 12 1 1 x−2
35. −5 = 37. + =
y−4 y−4 x x−3 x−3
Restriction: y ≠ 4 Restrictions: x ≠ 0, x ≠ 3
LCD = y − 4 LCD = x ( x − 3)
3y 12 1 1 x−2
−5 = + =
y−4 y−4 x x −3 x −3
 3y   12  1 1  x−2
( y − 4)  − 5  = ( y − 4)  x ( x − 3)  +  = x ( x − 3) ⋅ x − 3
  x x − 3 
 y−4   y−4
3 y − 5 ( y − 4 ) = 12 x − 3 + x = x ( x − 2)
3 y − 5 y + 20 = 12 2 x − 3 = x2 − 2 x
−2 y + 20 = 12 0 = x2 − 4 x + 3
−2 y = −8 0 = ( x − 3)( x − 1)
y=4 x − 3 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
The proposed solution, 4, is not a solution because x=3 x =1
of the restriction y ≠ 4 .Therefore, this equation has The proposed solution 3 is not a solution because of
no solution. The solution set is { }. the restriction x ≠ 3 .
10 5y
36. = 3−
y+2 y+2 1 2 x
38. + =
Restrictions: y ≠ −2 x −1 x x −1
LCD = y + 2 Restriction: x ≠ 1, x ≠ 0
10 5y LCD = x ( x − 1)
= 3−
y+2 y+2 1 2 x
+ =
 10   5y  x −1 x x −1
( y + 2)   = ( y + 2)  3 −   1 2  x 
 y + 2   y +2 x ( x − 1)  +  = x ( x − 1) ⋅  
10 = 3 ( y + 2 ) − 5 y  x −1 x   x −1 
10 = 3 y + 6 − 5 y x + 2 ( x − 1) = x 2
10 = −2 y + 6 x + 2 x − 2 = x2
4 = −2 y 3x − 2 = x 2
−2 = y
0 = x 2 − 3x + 2
The proposed solution, −2, is not a solution because
of the restriction y ≠ −2. Therefore, the equation 0 = ( x − 1)( x − 2 )
x − 1 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
has no solution. The solution set is { }.
x =1 x=2
The proposed solution, 1, is not a solution because
of the restriction x ≠ 1.

x +1 x 2
39. + =
3x + 9 2 x + 6 4 x + 12
To find any restrictions and the LCD, factor the denominators.
x +1 x 2
+ =
3 ( x + 3) 2 ( x + 3 ) 4 ( x + 3)
Restriction: x ≠ −3
LCD = 12 ( x + 3)
 x +1 x   2 
12 ( x + 3)  +  = 12 ( x + 3)  
 3 ( x + 3) 2 ( x + 3)   4 ( x + 3) 
4 ( x + 1) + 6 x = 6
4x + 4 + 6x = 6
10 x + 4 = 6
10 x = 2
2
x=
10
1
x=
5
1 
The solution set is  . .
5 
3 1 2 1
40. + = .
2 y − 2 2 y −1 5
To find any restrictions and the LCD, factor the denominators.
2 y − 2 = 2 ( y − 1)
3 1 2
+ =
2 ( y − 1) 2 y − 1
Restrictions: y ≠ 1
LCD = 2 ( y − 1)
 3 1 2
2 ( y − 1)  +  = 2 ( y − 1) ⋅
 2 ( y − 1) 2  y −1
3 + y −1 = 4
2+ y = 4
y=2
4y 2 1
41. + =
2
y − 25 y −5 y +5
To find any restrictions and the LCD, factor the first denominator.
4y 2 1
+ =
( y + 5)( y − 5) y − 5 y + 5
Restrictions: y ≠ −5, y ≠ 5
LCD = ( y + 5 )( y − 5 )

 4y 2  1
( y + 5)( y − 5)  +  = ( y + 5 )( y − 5 ) ⋅
 ( y + 5 )( y − 5 ) y − 5  y +5
4 y + 2 ( y + 5) = y − 5
4 y + 2 y + 10 = y − 5
6 y + 10 = y − 5
5 y + 10 = −5
5 y = −15
y = −3
1 1 22
42. + =
x+4 x − 4 x 2 − 16
1 1 22
+ =
x+4 x − 4 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
Restrictions: x ≠ 4, x ≠ −4
LCD = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) 
1 1  22
+  = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
 x+4 x−4 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
x − 4 + x + 4 = 22
2 x = 22
x = 11
1 5 6
43. − =
x − 4 x + 2 x2 − 2 x − 8
Factor the last denominator.
1 5 6
− =
x − 4 x + 2 ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
LCD = ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
 
( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) 
1 5  6
−  = ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )  
 x −4 x + 2  ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) 
( x + 2 ) ⋅1 − ( x − 4 ) ⋅ 5 = 6
x + 2 − 5 x + 20 = 6
−4 x + 22 = 6
−4 x = −16
x=4
The proposed solution 4 is not a solution because of the restriction x ≠ 4 . Therefore, the given equation has no solution.
The solution set is { } .

6 5 −20
44. − =
x+3 x−2 x + x−62
Factor the denominators.
6 5 −20
− =
x + 3 x − 2 ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
 −20 
( x + 3)( x − 2 ) 
6 5 
−  = ( x + 3)( x − 2 )  
 x +3 x −2  ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) 
( x − 2 )( 6 ) − ( x + 3)( 5) = −20
6 x − 12 − 5 x − 15 = −20
x − 27 = −20
x=7
2 2x + 3 6x − 5
45. − =
x + 3 x −1 2
x + 2x − 3
2 2x + 3 6x − 5
− =
x + 3 x − 1 ( x + 3)( x − 1)
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 1)
2x + 3   6x − 5 
( x + 3)( x − 1) 
2
−  = ( x + 3)( x − 1)  
 x + 3 x −1   ( x + 3)( x − 1) 
( x − 1) ⋅ 2 − ( x + 3)( 2 x + 3) = 6 x − 5
( )
2 x − 2 − 2 x2 + 9 x + 9 = 6 x − 5
2 x − 2 − 2x2 − 9 x − 9 = 6 x − 5
−2 x 2 − 7 x − 11 = 6 x − 5
0 = 2 x 2 + 13x + 6
0 = ( x + 6 )( 2 x + 1)
x + 6 = 0 or 2 x + 1 = 0
x = −6 2 x = −1
1
x=−
2
 1 
The solution set is  −6, − . .
 2

x − 3 x + 1 2 x 2 − 15
46. + =
x − 2 x + 3 x2 + x − 6
Factor the last denominator.
x − 3 x +1 2 x 2 − 15
+ =
x − 2 x + 3 ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
LCD = ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
x − 3 x +1  2 x 2 − 15
( x − 2 )( x + 3)  +  = ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
 x−2 x+3 ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
( x + 3)( x − 3) + ( x − 2 )( x + 1) = 2 x2 − 15
x 2 − 9 + x 2 − x − 2 = 2 x 2 − 15
2 x 2 − x − 11 = 2 x 2 − 15
− x − 11 = −15
− x = −4
x=4
V1 P2
47. =
V2 P1
 V1   P2 
1 2
PV  = PV1 2 
 2
V  P1 
P1 (V1 ) = V2 ( P2 )
1 1 = P2V2
PV
PV PV
1 1
= 2 2
V1 V1
P2V2
P1 =
V1
V1 P2
48. =
V2 P1
 V1   P2 
1 2
PV  = PV
1 2 
 V2   P1 
1 1 = P2V2
PV
PV
V2 = 1 1
P2

1 1 1
49. + =
p q f
1 1 1
fpq  +  = fpq  
 p q  f 
1 1
fpq   + fpq   = pq
 p q
fq + fp = pq
f ( q + p ) = pq
f (q + p) pq
=
q+ p q+ p
pq
f =
q+ p
1 1 1
50. + =
p q f
1 1 1
pqf  +  = pqf  
 p q  f 
qf + pf = pq
pf = pq − qf
pf = q ( p − f )
pf
q=
p− f
A
51. P=
1+ r
(1 + r )( P ) = (1 + r ) 
A 

 1+ r 
P + Pr = A
Pr = A − P
Pr A − P
=
P P
A− P
r=
P
a
52. S=
1− r
S − Sr = a
− Sr = a − S
a−S S −a
r=− or
S S

Gm1m2
53. F=
d2
 Gm1m2 
d2 (F ) = d2  
 d
2

d 2 F = Gm1m2
d 2 F Gm1m2
=
Gm2 Gm2
d 2F
m1 =
Gm2
Gm1m2
54. F=
d2
Fd 2 = Gm1m2
Fd 2
m2 =
Gm1
x−x
55. z=
s
 x−x 
s(z) = s 
 s 
zs = x − x
x = x + zs
x−x
56. z=
s
sz = x − x
x−x
s=
z
E
57. I=
R+r
( R + r )( I ) = ( R + r ) 
E 

 +r 
R
IR + Ir = E
IR = E − Ir
IR E − Ir
=
I I
E − Ir
R=
I
E
58. I=
R+r
IR + Ir = E
Ir = E − IR
E − IR
r=
I

f1 f 2
59. f =
f1 + f 2
 f1 f 2 
( f1 + f 2 )( f ) = ( f1 + f 2 )  
 f1 + f 2 
ff1 + ff 2 = f1 f 2
ff 2 = f1 f 2 − ff1
ff 2 = f1 ( f 2 − f )
ff 2 f1 ( f 2 − f )
=
f2 − f f2 − f
ff 2
f1 =
f2 − f
f1 f 2
60. f =
f1 + f 2
ff1 + ff 2 = f1 f 2
ff1 = f1 f 2 − ff 2
ff1 = f 2 ( f1 − f )
ff1
f2 =
f1 − f
x 2 − 10 7 1
61. Solve = 1+− .
2
x − x − 20 x−5 2
Factor the first denominator.
x 2 − 10 7 1
= 1+ − .
( x − 5)( x + 4 ) x−5 2
LCD = ( x − 5 )( x + 4 )
 x 2 − 10   7 
( x − 5)( x + 4 )   = ( x − 5 )( x + 4 ) ⋅1 + ( x − 5)( x + 4 )  
 ( x − 5 )( x + 4 ) 
  x −5
x 2 − 10 = ( x − 5 )( x + 4 ) + ( x + 4 ) ⋅ 7
x 2 − 10 = x 2 − x − 20 + 7 x + 28
x 2 − 10 = x 2 + 6 x + 8
−10 = 6 x + 8
−18 = 6 x
−3 = x

x2 + 4 x − 2 4
62. Solve = 1+ .
2
x − 2x − 8 x − 4
x2 + 4 x − 2 4
= 1+
( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) x−4
LCD = ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
 x2 + 4 x − 2   4 
( x − 4 )( x + 2 )   = ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) ⋅1 + ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) 
 
2
 x − 2x − 8   x−4
x2 + 4 x − 2 = x2 − 2 x − 8 + ( x + 2) ⋅ 4
x2 + 4 x − 2 = x2 − 2 x − 8 + 4 x + 8
x2 + 4 x − 2 = x2 + 2 x
4x − 2 = 2x
2x = 2
x =1
x 2 − 10 7
63. Simplify −1 −.
2
x − x − 20 x −5
x 2 − 10 7
−1 −
( x − 5)( x + 4 ) x −5
LCD = ( x − 5 )( x + 4 )
x 2 − 10 ( x − 5)( x + 4 ) 7 ( x + 4) x 2 − 10 − ( x − 5)( x + 4 ) − 7 ( x + 4 )
− − =
( x − 5)( x + 4 ) ( x − 5)( x + 4 ) ( x − 5)( x + 4 ) ( x − 5)( x + 4 )
=
( )
x 2 − 10 − x 2 − x − 20 − 7 x − 28
( x − 5)( x + 4 )
x 2 − 10 − x 2 + x + 20 − 7 x − 28
=
( x − 5)( x + 4 )
−6 x − 18
=
( x − 5)( x + 4 )

x2 + 4 x − 2 4
64. Simplify −1 − .
2
x − 2x − 8 x − 4
x2 + 4x − 2 4
−1 −
( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) x−4
LCD = ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
x2 + 4x − 2 ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) 4 ( x + 2) x 2 + 4 x − 2 − ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) − 4 ( x + 2 )
− − =
( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
=
( )
x 2 + 4 x − 2 − x2 − 2 x − 8 − 4 x − 8
( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
x2 + 4x − 2 − x2 + 2 x + 8 − 4 x − 8
=
( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
2x − 2
=
( 4 )( x + 2 )
x −
65. Solve 5 y −2 + 1 = 6 y −1
5 6
+1 =
2 y
y
LCD = y 2
 5  6
y2  + 1 = y 2  
 y2   y
 
5
y2 ⋅ + y 2 ⋅1 = 6 y
y2
5 + y2 = 6 y
y2 − 6 y + 5 = 0
( y − 5)( y − 1) = 0
y − 5 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
y=5 y =1
The solution set is {1,5} .

66. Solve 3 y −2 + 1 = 4 y −1
3 4
+1 =
2 y
y
LCD = y 2
 3  4
y2  + 1 = y 2  
 y2   y
 
3
y2 ⋅ + y 2 ⋅1 = 4 y
y2
3 + y2 = 4 y
y2 − 4 y + 3 = 0
( y − 3)( y − 1) = 0
y − 3 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
y=3 y =1
The solution set is {1,3} .
3 1 10
67. Solve − = .
y + 1 1− y y −12

3 ( −1) ⋅1 10
− =
y + 1 ( −1)(1 − y ) ( y + 1)( y − 1)
3 −1 10
− =
y + 1 y − 1 ( y + 1)( y − 1)
3 1 10
+ =
y + 1 y − 1 ( y + 1)( y − 1)
Restrictions: y ≠ −1, y ≠ 1
LCD = ( y + 1)( y − 1)
 3 1   10 
( y + 1)( y − 1)  +  = ( y + 1)( y − 1)  
 y +1 y −1   ( y + 1)( y − 1) 
( y − 1) ⋅ 3 + ( y + 1) ⋅1 = 10
3 y − 3 + y + 1 = 10
4 y − 2 = 10
4 y = 12
y =3

4 1 25
68. Solve − =
y−2 2− y y+6
4 1 25
+ =
y−2 y−2 y+6
Restrictions: y ≠ 2, y ≠ −6
LCD = ( y − 2 )( y + 6 )
 4 1   25 
( y − 2 )( y + 6 )  +  = ( y − 2 )( y + 6 )  
 y−2 y−2  y+6
( y + 6 ) ⋅ 4 + ( y + 6 ) ⋅1 = ( y − 2 ) ⋅ 25
4 y + 24 + y + 6 = 25 y − 50
5 y + 30 = 25 y − 50
80 = 20 y
4= y
400 x + 500, 000

69. C = ; C = 450
x
400 x + 500,000
450 =
x
LCD = x
 400 x + 500, 000 
x ⋅ 450 = x  
 x 
450 x = 400 x + 500, 000
50 x = 500, 000
x = 10, 000
At an average cost of $450 per wheelchair, 10,000 wheelchairs can be produced.
400 x + 500, 000

70. C = ; C = 405
x
400 x + 500, 000
405 =
x
LCD = x
 400 x + 500, 000 
x ⋅ 405 = x  
 x 
405 x = 400 x + 500,000
5 x = 500, 000
x = 100,000
At an average cost of $405 per wheelchair, 100,000 wheelchairs can be produced.

2x DA
71. C = ;C = 2 74. C = ; C = 500, D = 1000
100 − x A + 12
2x 1000 A
2= 500 =
100 − x A + 12
LCD = 100 − x LCD = A + 12
( A + 12 ) ⋅ 500 = ( A + 12 ) 
2x 1000 A 
(100 − x ) ⋅ 2 = (100 − x ) ⋅ 
100 − x  A + 12 
200 − 2 x = 2 x 500 A + 6000 = 1000 A
200 = 4 x 6000 = 500 A
50 = x 12 = A
For $2 million, 50% of the contaminants can be The child’s age is 12 years old.
removed.
10, 000
75. C = + 3x; C = 350
2x x
72. C = ;C = 8
100 − x 10, 000
350 = + 3x
2x x
8=
100 − x LCD = x
LCD = 100 − x  10, 000 
x ⋅ 350 = x  + 3x 
(100 − x ) ⋅ 8 = (100 − x ) ⋅
2x  x 
100 − x
350 x = 10, 000 + 3 x 2
800 − 8 x = 2 x
800 = 10 x 0 = 3x 2 − 350 x + 10, 000
80 = x 0 = ( 3x − 200 )( x − 50 )
For $8 million, 80% of the contaminants can be 3x − 200 = 0 or x − 50 = 0
removed. 3x = 200 x = 50
200
DA x=
73. C = ; C = 300, D = 1000 3
A + 12
2
1000 A = 66 ≈ 67
300 = 3
A + 12
For yearly inventory costs to be $350, the owner
LCD = A + 12
should order either 50 or approximately 67 cases.
( A + 12 ) ⋅ 300 = ( A + 12 ) 
1000 A 
 These solutions correspond to the points ( 50,350 )
 A + 12 
300 A + 3600 = 1000 A  2 
and  66 ,350  on the graph.
3600 = 700 A  3 
3600
=A
700
36
A= ≈ 5.14
7
To the nearest year, the child is 5 years old.

10, 000
76. C = + 3x; C = 790
x
10, 000
790 = + 3x
x
LCD = x
 10, 000 
x ⋅ 790 = x  + 3x 
 x 
790 x = 10, 000 + 3 x 2
0 = 3 x 2 − 790 x + 10, 000
0 = ( 3x − 40 )( x − 250 )
3x − 40 = 0 or x − 250 = 0
3x = 40 x = 250
40
x=
3
1
= 13 ≈ 13
3
For yearly inventory costs to be $790, the owner should order either approximately 13 or 250 cases at a time. These
 1 
solutions correspond to the points 13 , 790  and ( 250, 790 ) on the graph.
 3 
77. – 82. Answers will vary.
83. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: The sum of two rational expressions is an expression
and thus does not have a solution set.
84. makes sense
85. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: If one or both of the solutions of the quadratic
equation make any of the denominators of the rational equation equal to zero, then such a value must be excluded from
the solution set.
86. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: If all potential solutions make any of the
denominators of the rational equation equal to zero, then the equation will have no solution.
1 1 6 1 x1 6 x 6+ x
87. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: + = ⋅ + = + = .
x 6 6 x x 6 6x 6x 6x
88. true
89. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: 0 does not satisfy the equation.
90. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: You could begin by multiplying both sides by
the LCD, 3x.

x +1 x−7 2x − 6
91. = −
2 x − 11x + 5 2 x + 9 x − 5 x 2 − 25
2 2
x +1 x−7 2x − 6
= −
( 2 x − 1)( x − 5) ( 2 x − 1)( x + 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5)
1
Restrictions: x ≠ , x ≠ 5, x ≠ −5
2
LCD = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 5)( x + 5)
x +1 x−7 2x − 6
( 2 x − 1)( x − 5)( x + 5) = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 5 )( x + 5 ) − ( 2 x − 1)( x − 5)( x + 5)
( 2 x − 1)( x − 5) ( 2 x − 1)( x + 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5)
( x + 5)( x + 1) = ( x − 5)( x − 7 ) − ( 2 x − 1)( 2 x − 6 )
(
x 2 + 6 x + 5 = x 2 − 12 x + 35 − 4 x 2 − 14 x + 6 )
2 2 2
x + 6 x + 5 = x − 12 x + 35 − 4 x + 14 x − 6
x 2 + 6 x + 5 = −3x 2 + 2 x + 29
4 x 2 + 4 x − 24 = 0
(
4 x2 + x − 6 = 0 )
4 ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x = −3 x=2
2 4
 x +1   x +1 
92.   ÷  =0
 x+7  x+7
2 4
 x +1   x + 7 
 x + 7  ⋅ x +1  = 0
   
( x + 1)2 ⋅ ( x + 7 )4 =0
( x + 7 )2 ( x + 1)4
Restrictions: x ≠ −7, x ≠ −1
( x + 7 )2 =0
( x + 1)2
Multiply both sides by ( x + 1) .
2
 ( x + 7 )2 
( x + 1)2   = ( x + 1)2 ⋅ 0
 ( x + 1)2 
 
( x + 7 )2 = 0
x+7 = 0
x = −7
The proposed solution, −7, is not a solution of the original equation because it is on the list of restrictions. Therefore, the
given equation has no solution. The solution set is { } .

7x + 4 97. x 4 + 2 x3 − 3x − 6
93. + 13 = x
b Factor by grouping.
If x = −6, this equation because x 4 + 2 x3 − 3x − 6
7 ( −6 ) + 4
b
+ 13 = −6. ( )
= x 4 + 2 x 3 + ( −3 x − 6 )
Solve this equation for b. = x3 ( x + 2 ) − 3 ( x + 2 )
−38
b
= −19 (
= ( x + 2 ) x3 − 3 )
 −38 
 = b ( −19 )
b
 b  98. (3x )( −4 x )
2 −10
−38 = −19b
= ( 3 ⋅ −4 ) ( x ⋅ x ) = −12 x
2 −10 2 +( −10 )
−38
b=
−19 12
= −12 x −8 = −
b=2 x8
x x 99. −5  4 ( x − 2 ) − 3 = −5 [ 4 x − 8 − 3]
94. + =6
2 4 = −5 [ 4 x − 11]
= −20 x + 55
Check x = 8 :
8 8 15 9
+ =6 100. =
2 4 8+ x 8− x
4+2 = 6 15 9
(8 + x)(8 − x) = (8 + x)(8 − x)
6 = 6 true 8+ x 8− x
15(8 − x) = 9(8 + x)
50
95. = 2x 120 − 15 x = 72 + 9 x
x
−24 x = −48
x=2
6
96. x + = −5
x
1
The solution set is {−3, −2} . 101. In 1 hour you can complete of the job.
5
Check −3: Check −2:
3
6 6 In 3 hours you can complete of the job.
x + = −5 x + = −5 5
x x
x
6 6 In x hours you can complete of the job.
−3 + = −5 −2 + = −5 5
−3 −2
−3 + ( −2 ) = −5 −2 + ( −3) = −5 63 7
−5 = −5, true −5 = −5, true 102. =
x 5

7.7 Check Points
1. Let x = the rate of the current.

Then 3 + x = the canoe’s rate with the current.
and 3 − x = the canoe’s rate against the current.
Distance
Distance Rate Time =
Rate
10
With the current 10 3+ x
3+ x
2
Against the current 2 3− x
3− x
10 2
=
3+ x 3− x
Use the cross-products principle to solve this equation.
10 2
=
3+ x 3− x
10 ( 3 − x ) = 2 ( 3 + x )
30 − 10 x = 6 + 2 x
30 − 12 x = 6
−12 x = −24
x=2
The rate of the current is 2 miles per hour.
2. Let x = the number of hours for both people to paint a house together.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 hour together in x hours
1 x
First person x
8 8
1 x
Second person x
4 4
x x
Working together, the two people can complete the whole job, so + = 1.
8 4
Multiply both sides by the LCD, 8.
x x
8  +  = 8 ⋅1
8 4
x + 2x = 8
3x = 8
8
x=
3
2
x=2
3
2
It will take 2 hours (or 2 hours 40 minutes) if they work together.
3

Section 7.7 Applications Using Rational Equations and Proportions
3. Let x = the property tax on the $420,000 house.

Tax on $250, 000 house Tax on $420, 000 house
=
Assessed value ($250, 000) Assessed value ($420, 000)
$3500 $x
=
$250, 000 $420, 000
3500 x
=
250, 000 420, 000
250, 000 x = (3500)(420, 000)
250, 000 x = 1,470,000,000
250, 000 x 1,470,000,000
=
250, 000 250,000
x = 5880
The property tax is $5880.
4. Let x = the total number of deer in the refuge.

120 25
=
x 150
25 x = (120)(150)
25 x = 18, 000
25 x 18,000
=
25 25
x = 720
There are about 720 deer in the refuge.
3 12
5. =
8 x
3x = 8 ⋅12
3x = 96
x = 32
The missing length is 32 inches.
h 56
6. =
2 3.5
3.5h = 2 ⋅ 56
3.5h = 112
112
h=
3.5
h = 32
The height of the tower is 32 yards.
1. distance traveled; rate of travel
2. 1
x
3.
5

4. ad = bc
5. similar
7.7 Exercise Set
10 15
1. The times are equal, so =
x x+3
To solve this equation, multiply both sides by the LCD, x ( x + 3) .
10 15
x ( x + 3) ⋅ = x ( x + 3) ⋅
x x+3
10 ( x + 3) = 15 x
10 x + 30 = 15 x
30 = 5 x
6=x
If x = 6, x + 3 = 9 .
10 15
Note: The equation = is a proportion, so it can also be solved by using the cross-products principle.
x x+3
10 ( x + 3) = 15 x
This allows you to skip the first step of the solution process shown above.
The walking rate is 6 miles per hour and the car’s rate is 9 miles per hour.
40 15
2. The times are equal, so =
x + 20 x
To solve this equation, multiply both sides by the LCD, x ( x + 20 ) .
40 15
x ( x + 20 ) ⋅ = x ( x + 20 ) ⋅
x + 20 x
40 x = 15 ( x + 20 )
40 x = 15 x + 300
25 x = 300
x = 12
If x = 12, x + 20 = 32.
The bicycle’s rate is 12 mph and the motorcycle’s rate is 32 mph.
40 15
Note: The equation = is a proportion, so it can also be solved by using the cross-products principle. This
x + 20 x
allows you to skip the first step of the solution process shown above.
3. Let x = the jogger’s rate running uphill.

Then x+ 4 = the jogger’s rate running downhill.
Distance
Rate
5
Downhill 5 x+4
x+4
3
Uphill 3 x
x

5 3
The times are equal, so = .
x+4 x
5x = 3 ( x + 4)
5 x = 3x + 12
2 x = 12
x=6
If x = 6, x + 4 = 10.
The jogger runs 10 miles per hour downhill and 6 miles per hour uphill.
4. Let x = the car’s rate.

Then x−20 = the truck’s rate.
Distance
Rate
120
Truck 120 x − 20
x − 20
180
Car 180 x
x
120 180
The times are equal, so = .
x − 20 x
120 x = 180 ( x − 20 )
120 x = 180 x − 3600
−60 x = −3600
x = 60
If x = 60, x − 20 = 40.
The truck’s rate is 40 miles per hour and car’s rate is 60 miles per hour.

Then 15 + x = the boat’s rate with the current.
and 15 − x = the boat’s rate against the current.
Distance
Rate
20
With the current 20 15 + x
15 + x
10
Against the current 10 15 − x
15 − x
20 10
=
15 + x 15 − x
20 (15 − x ) = 10 (15 + x )
300 − 20 x = 150 + 10 x
300 = 150 + 30 x
150 = 30 x
5= x

6. Let x = the rate of the current. Then 18 + x = the boat’s rate with the current and 18 − x = the boat’s rate against the
current.
Distance
Rate
33
With the current 33 18 + x
18 + x
21
Against the current 21 18 − x
18 − x
33 21
The times are equal so, = .
18 + x 18 − x
33 (18 − x ) = 21(18 + x )
594 − 33x = 378 + 21x
594 = 378 + 54 x
216 = 54 x
4= x
The rate of the current is 4 mph.
7. Let x = walking rate.

Then 2x = jogging rate.
Distance
Rate
2
Walking 2 x
x
2
Jogging 2 2x
2x
2 2
+ =1
x 2x
The total time is 1 hour, so
2 1
+ = 1.
x x
To solve this equation, multiply both sides by the LCD, x.
2 1
x  +  = x ⋅1
 x x
2 +1 = x
3= x
If x = 3, 2x = 6.
The walking rate is 3 miles per hour and the jogging rate is 6 miles per hour.
8. Let x = running.
Then 9x = driving rate.
Distance
Rate
5
Running 5 x
x
90
Driving 90 9x
9x

5 90 5 10
The total time is 3 hours, so + = 3 or + = 3.
x 9x x x
 5 10 
x +  = x⋅3
x x 
5 + 10 = 3x
15 = 3x
5= x
If x = 5, 9x = 45.
The driving rate is 45 mph and the running rate is 5 mph.
9. Let x = the boat’s average rate in still water.

Then x + 2 = the boat’s rate with the current (downstream).
and x − 2 = the boat’s rate against the current (upstream).
Distance
Rate
6
Downstream 6 x+2
x+2
4
Upstream 4 x−2
x−2
The times are equal so solve the following equation.
6 4
=
x+2 x−2
6 ( x − 2) = 4 ( x + 2)
6 x − 12 = 4 x + 8
2 x − 12 = 8
2 x = 20
x = 10
The boat’s average rate in still water is 10 miles per hour.
10. Let x = the canoe’s average rate in still water. Then x + 2 = the canoe’s rate with the current and x − 2 = the canoe’s
rate against the current.
Distance
Rate
6
Downstream 6 x+2
x+2
2
Upstream 2 x−2
x−2
6 2
=
x+2 x−2
6 ( x − 2) = 2 ( x + 2)
6 x − 12 = 2 x + 4
4 x − 12 = 4
4 x = 16
x=4
The boat’s average rate in still water is 4 miles per hour.

11. Let x = the time in minutes, for both people to shovel the driveway together.
in 1 minute together in x minutes
1 x
You x
20 20
1 x
Your brother x
15 15
x x
Working together, you and your brother complete the whole job, so + = 1.
20 15
 x x 
60  +  = 60 ⋅1
 20 15 
3x + 4 x = 60
7 x = 60
60
x= ≈ 8.6
7
It will take about 8.6 minutes, which is enough time.
12. Let x = the time in minutes, for both people to wash the car together.
in 1 minute together in x minutes
1 x
You x
40 40
1 x
Your sister x
30 30
Working together, the two people complete the whole job, so
x x
+ = 1.
40 30
 x x 
120  +  = 120 ⋅1
 40 30 
3x + 4 x = 120
7 x = 120
120
x= ≈ 17.1
7
It will take about 17.1 minutes, which is not enough time.
13. Let x = the time, in hours, for both teams to clean the streets working together.
1 x
First team x
400 400
1 x
Second team x
300 300

x x
Working together, the two teams complete one whole job, so + = 1.
400 300
 x x 
1200  +  = 1200 ⋅1
 400 300 
3 x + 4 x = 1200
7 x = 1200
1200
x= ≈ 171.4
7
It will take about 171.4 hours for both teams to clean the streets working together. One week is 7 ⋅ 24 = 168 hours, so
even if both crews work 24 hours a day, there is not enough time.
14. Let x = the time, in hours, for all three crews to dispense food and water working together.
1 x
First team x
10 10
1 x
Second team x
15 15
1 x
Third team x
20 20
x x x
Working together, the two teams complete one whole job, so + + = 1.
10 15 20
 x x x 
60  + +  = 60 ⋅1
 10 15 20 
6 x + 4 x + 3x = 60
13x = 60
60
x= ≈ 4.6
13
It will take about 4.6 hours for all three crews to dispense food and water working together. To express this time in
minutes and seconds, divide 60 by 13 on a calculator, subtract 4, multiply the decimal by 60 and round to the nearest
whole number, 37. It will take 4 hours 37 minutes to complete the job.
15. Let x = the time, in hours, for both pipes to fill in the pool.
1 x
First pipe x
4 4
1 x
Second pipe x
6 6

x x
+ =1
4 6
x x
12  +  = 12 ⋅1
4 6
3x + 2 x = 12
5 x = 12
12
x= = 2.4
5
Using both pipes, it will take 2.4 hours or 2 hours 24 minutes to fill the pool.
16. Let x = the time, in hours, for both pipes to fill in the pool.
1 x
First pipe x
3 3
1 x
Second pipe x
6 6
x x
+ =1
3 6
x x
6  +  = 6 ⋅1
3 6
2x + x = 6
3x = 6
x=2
Using both pipes, it will take 2 hours to fill the pool.
17. Let x = the tax on a property with an assessed value of $162,500.

Tax on $62,000 house Tax on $162, 500 house
=
Assessed value ($62,000) Assessed value ($162, 500)
$720 $x
=
$65, 000 $162,500
720 x
=
65, 000 162,500
65, 000 x = (720)(162,500)
65, 000 x = 117, 000,000
65, 000 x 117, 000, 000
=
65, 000 65, 000
x = 1800
The tax on a property assessed at $162,500 is $1800.

18. Let x = the maintenance bill on a store that is 4800 21. Let x = the number of people, in billions, suffering
square feet. from malnutrition (in 2010).
Bill on shopping center Bill on store 28 x
= =
Size of shopping center Size of store 200 6.9
$45, 000 $x 200 x = (28)(6.9)
=
180, 000 ft 2
4800 ft 2 200 x = 193.2
45, 000 x 200 x 193.2
= =
180, 000 4800 200 200
1 x x ≈ 0.97
=
4 4800
0.97 billion people suffered from malnutrition in
4 x = 4800 2010.
x = 1200
The maintenance bill for the store is $1200. 22. Let x = the number of people, in billions, who get
drunk every day (in 2010).
19. Let x = the total number of fur seal pups in the 9 x
rookery. =
200 6.9
Original # tagged # tagged in sample 200 x = (9)(6.9)
=
Total # fur seal pups # in sample 200 x = 62.1
4963 218
= 200 x 62.1
=
x 900 200 200
218 x = (4963)(900) x ≈ 0.31
218 x = 4, 466, 700
218 x 4, 466, 700 0.31 billion people get drunk every day.
=
218 218
23. Let x = the height of the critter.
x ≈ 20, 489
foot length person foot length critter
There were approximately 20,489 fur seal pups in =
the rookery. height of person height of critter
10 inches 23 inches
20. Let x = the total number of bass in the lake. =
67 inches x
Original number Number of tagged 10 23
of tagged bass bass in sample =
= 67 x
Total number Number of bass
of bass in sample 10 x = (67)(23)
50 27 10 x = 1541
=
x 108 x = 154.1
27 x = ( 50 )(108 ) The height of the critter is 154.1 in.
27 x = 5400 24. Let x = the length of Sain’s moustache.
x = 200
8 inches x inches
=
There are about 200 bass in the lake. 2 years 17 years
8 x
=
2 17
2 x = 136
x = 68
Sain’s moustache was 68 inches long.

18 10 8 x
25. = 31. =
9 x 6 12
18 x = 9 ⋅10 6 x = 8 ⋅12
18 x = 90 6 x = 96
x=5 x = 16
The length of the side marked x is 5 inches. The tree is 16 feet tall.
12 x 32. Let h = the height of the tree.

26. =
18 12 h 86
=
18 x = 12 ⋅12 5 6
18 x = 144 6h = 5 ⋅ 86
x=8 6h = 430
The length of the side marked x is 8 inches. 430
h= ≈ 71.7
6
10 x The tree’s height is about 71.7 feet.
27. =
30 18
33. – 41. Answers will vary.
30 x = 10 ⋅18
30 x = 180 42. makes sense
x=6 43. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
The length of the side marked x is 6 meters. Sample explanation: In the same amount of time,
you will go further with the current than against it.
28. Notice that the length of the base of the larger
triangle is ( x + 5 ) inches. 44. makes sense
5 x+5 45. makes sense
=
4 5
46. Let x = the length of the trail.
4 ( x + 5) = 5 ⋅ 5
Distance
4 x + 20 = 25 Distance Rate Time =
Rate
4x = 5
x
5 Faster skier x 9
x= = 1.25 9
4 x
The length of the side marked x is 1.25 inches. Slower skier x 6
6
20 x 1
29. = It takes the slower skier hour longer to complete
15 12 4
15 x = 12 ⋅ 20 x x 1
the trail than the faster skier, so = + .
15 x = 240 6 9 4
x = 16 To solve this equation, multiply both sides by the
LCD, 36.
The length of the side marked x is 16 inches.
 x  x 1
36   = 36  + 
5 4 6 9 4
30. =
7.5 x 6x = 4x + 9
5 x = 4 ⋅ 7.5 2x = 9
5 x = 30 9
x= = 4.5
x=6 2
The length of the side marked x is 6 feet. The length of the trail is 4.5 miles.

47. Let x = the usual average rate.

Then x − 15 = the average rate, in miles per hour, of the bus in the snowstorm.
Distance
Rate
60
Usual conditions 60 x
x
60
Snowstorm conditions 60 x − 15
x − 15
Since the time during the snowstorm is 2 hours longer than the usual time, solve the following equation.
60 60
+2 =
x x − 15
Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD, x ( x − 15 )
 60   60 
x ( x − 15 )  + 2  = x ( x − 15 )  
 x   x − 15 
( x − 15) ⋅ 60 + x ( x − 15) ⋅ 2 = 60 x
60 x − 900 + 2 x 2 − 30 x = 60 x
2 x 2 + 30 x − 900 = 60 x
2 x 2 − 30 x − 900 = 0
x 2 − 15 x − 450 = 0
( x − 30 )( x + 15) = 0
x − 30 = 0 or x + 15 = 0
x = 30 x = −15
Since the rate cannot be negative, the solution is 30. Therefore, the usual average rate of the bus is 30 miles per hour.
48. Let x = number of hours to fill the pool with all three pipes working.
1 x
First pipe x
2 2
1 x
Second pipe x
3 3
1 x
Third pipe x
4 4
x x x
+ + =1
2 3 4
 x x x
12  + +  = 12 ⋅1
2 3 4
6 x + 4 x + 3x = 12
13x = 12
12
x=
13
12
It will take hours or approximately 55 minutes to fill the pool.
13

49. Let x = the time, in hours, it takes to prepare one report working together.
1 x
Ben x
3 3
1 10 5 5x
Shane = = x
4.2 42 21 21
x 5x
Working together, Ben and Shane prepare one report, so + =1
3 21
To solve this equation, multiply both sides by the LCD, 21.
 x 5x 
21 ⋅  +  = 21⋅1
 3 21 
7 x + 5 x = 21
12 x = 21
21
x= = 1.75
12
Ben and Shane can prepare one report in 1.75 hours. Multiply this by four to determine how many hours it takes to
prepare four reports. 4 (1.75 ) = 7 . Therefore, working together Ben and Shane can prepare four reports in 7 hours.
50. Let x = the time, in hours, for the experienced carpenter to panel the room.
Then 3x = the time, in hours, for the apprentice to panel the room.
Experienced 1 6
6
Carpenter x x
1 6
Apprentice 6
3x 3x
6 6 6 2
Together, the two carpenters complete one whole job, so + = 1 or + =1.
x 3x x x
6 2
x  +  = x ⋅1
 x x
6+2 = x
8= x
If x = 8, 3x = 24.
Working alone, it would take the experienced carpenter 8 hours and the apprentice 24 hours to panel the room.
51. Let x = time, in hours, to fill empty swimming pool.

Normal filling 1 x
x
of pool 2 2
1 x
Leak − x −
10 10
x x
The situation can be modeled by the equation − = 1.
2 10

Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD, 20.

x x 
20 ⋅  −  = 20 ⋅1
 2 10 
10 x − 2 x = 20
8 x = 20
x = 2.5
It will take 2.5 hours to fill the empty swimming pool.
52. Let x = lower interest rate and x + 1 = higher interest rate.

Principal Interest rate Interest earned
Investment at higher 200
x +1 200
interest rate x +1
Investment at lower 175
x 175
interest rate x
Since the principal is the same at each rate, solve the following equation.
200 175
=
x +1 x
200 x = 175 ( x + 1)
200 x = 175 x + 175
25 x = 175
x=7
Therefore, the lower interest rate is 7% and the higher interest rate is 8%.
53. 25 x 2 − 81 = ( 5 x ) − 92
2
= ( 5 x + 9 )( 5 x − 9 )
54. x 2 − 12 x + 36 = 0
( x − 6 )2 = 0
x−6 = 0
x=6
The solution set is {6}.
2
55. y = − x+4
3
2 −2
slope = − =
3 3
y-intercept = 4
Plot (0,4). From this point, move 2 units down and 3 units to the right to reach the point (3,2). Draw a line through (0,4)
and (3,2).

56. a. Substitute to find k. 7.8 Check Points

y = kx 2
1. Since W varies directly with t, we have W = kt.
y = kx 2 Use the given values to find k.
64 = k ⋅ 22 W = kt
64 = 4k 30 = k ⋅ 5
k = 16 30 k ⋅ 5
=
5 5
b. y = kx 2 6=k
The equation becomes W = 6t.
y = 16 x 2
Find W when t = 11.
W = 6t
c. y = 16 x 2
W = 6 ⋅11
y = 16 ⋅ 52
W = 66
y = 400 An 11 minute shower will use 66 gallons of water.
57. a. Substitute to find k. 2. Beginning with y = kx 2 , we will use s for the

k stopping distance and v for the speed of the car.
y=
x Use the given values to find k.
k s = kv 2
12 =
8
200 = k ⋅ 602
k = 12 ⋅ 8
200 = k ⋅ 3600
k = 96
200
=k
k 3600
b. y =
x 1
k=
96 18
y=
x The equation becomes s = kv 2
1 2
96 s= v
c. y = 18
x
v2
96 s=
y= 18
3
Find s when v = 100.
y = 32
v2
s=
kA 18
58. S=
P 1002
s=
k ⋅ 60, 000 18
12, 000 =
40 1002
s=
k ⋅ 60, 000 18
12, 000 =
40 s ≈ 556
12, 000 = 1500k About 556 feet are required to stop a car traveling
k =8 100 miles per hour.

Section 7.8 Modeling Using Variation
3. Beginning with y =
k
, we will use l for the length 5. Find k: V = khr 2
x 120π = k ⋅10 ⋅ 62
of the string and f for the frequency.
Use the given values to find k. 120π = k ⋅ 360
k 120π k ⋅ 360
f = =
l 360 360
k π
640 = =k
8 3
k π π hr 2
8 ⋅ 640 = 8 ⋅ Thus, V = hr 2 = .
8 3 3
5120 = k π hr 2
k V=
The equation becomes f = 3
l
π ⋅ 2 ⋅122
5120 V= = 96π
f = 3
l
The volume of a cone having a radius of 12 feet and
Find f when l = 10. a height of 2 feet is 96π cubic feet.
5120
f =
l
5120
f = 7.8 Concept and Vocabulary Check
10
f = 512 1. y = kx ; constant of variation
A string length of 10 inches will vibrate at 512
cycles per second. 2. y = kx n
4. Let m = the number of minutes needed to solve an
k
exercise set. 3. y =
Let p = the number of people working on the x
problems.
Let x = the number of problems in the exercise set. kx
4. y =
kx z
Use m = to find k.
p
5. y = kxz
kx
m=
p 6. directly; inversely
k16
32 = 7. jointly; inversely
4
32 = 4k
k =8
7.8 Exercise Set
8x
Thus, m = .
p 1. Since y varies directly with x, we have y = kx.
Find m when p = 8 and x = 24. Use the given values to find k.
8 ⋅ 24 y = kx
m=
8 65 = k ⋅ 5
m = 24 65 k ⋅ 5
It will take 24 minutes for 8 people to solve 24 =
5 5
problems.
13 = k
The equation becomes y = 13 x.
When x = 12, y = 13 x = 13 ⋅12 = 156.

2. y = kx kb
6. a=
45 = k ⋅ 5 c2
9=k k (9)
7=
y = 9 x = 9 ⋅13 = 117 ( 6 )2
k (9)
7=
k 36
3. Since y varies inversely with x, we have y = .
x k
Use the given values to find k. 7=
4
k 28 = k
y=
x
k 28 ( 4 ) 28 ( 4 ) 7
12 = a= = =
5
(8) 2 64 4
k
5 ⋅12 = 5 ⋅
5 7. Since y varies jointly as x and y, we have y = kxz .
60 = k Use the given values to find k.
60 y = kxz
The equation becomes y = .
x
25 = k ( 2 )( 5 )
60
When x = 2, y = = 30. 25 = k (10 )
2
25 k (10 )
k =
4. y = 10 10
x 5
k =k
6= 2
3 5
18 = k The equation becomes y = xz.
2
When x = 8 and z = 12,
18
y= =2 4
9 y=
5
2
5
2
( )
( 8)(12 ) = 8 (12 ) = 240.
5. Since y varies inversely as x and inversely as the
kx 8. C = kAT
square of z, we have y = 2 .
z 175 = k ( 2100 )( 4 )
Use the given values to find k.
175 = k ( 8400 )
kx
y= 2 1
z =k
k ( 50 ) 48
20 =
52 1 14400
k ( 50 ) C= ( 2400 )( 6 ) = = 300
20 = 48 48
25
20 = 2k
10 = k
10 x
The equation becomes y = .
z2
When x = 3 and z = 6,
10 x 10 ( 3) 10 ( 3) 30 5
y= 2 = 2 = = = .
z 6 36 36 6

9. Since y varies jointly as a and b and inversely as the 12. x = kyz 2 ;

kab
square root of c, we have y = . Solving for y :
c
x = kyz 2
kab x kyz 2
y= 2
=
c kz kz 2
k (3)(2) x
12 = y=
25 kz 2
k (6)
12 = kz 3
5 13. x = ;
k (6) y
12(5) = (5)
5 Solving for y:
60 = 6k kz 3
x=
60 6k y
=
6 6 kz 3
10 = k xy = y ⋅
y
10ab
The equation becomes y = . xy = kz 3
c
When a = 5, b = 3, c = 9, xy kz 3
=
10ab 10(5)(3) 150 x x
y= = = = 50 .
c 9 3 kz 3
y=
x
kmn 2
10. y =
p k3 z
14. x=
k (2)(1) 2 y
15 =
6 k3 z
yx = y ⋅
2k y
15 =
6 yx = k 3 z
2k
15(6) = (6) yx k 3 z
6 =
x x
90 = 2k
3
k z
k = 45 y=
x
45mn 2 45(3)(4) 2 2160
y= = = = 216
p 10 10
11. x = kyz ;
Solving for y:
x = kyz
x kyz
= .
kz yz
x
y=
kz

kyz kz
15. x = ; 19. x = ;
w y−w
Solving for y: Solving for y:
kyz kz
x= x=
w y−w
x ( w ) = ( w ) kyzw ( y − w) x = ( y − w)
kz
y−w
x w = kyz xy − wx = kz
x w kyz xy = kz + wx
=
kz kz xy kz + wx
=
x w x x
y= kz + wx
kz y=
x
kyz
16. x= kz
w2 20. x=
y+w
 w2  w2 kyz
  x = kz
 kz  kz w2 ( y + w) x = ( y + w)
y+w
xw2 yx + xw = kz
y=
kz yx = kz − xw
17. x = kz ( y + w) ; yx kz − xw
=
Solving for y: x x
x = kz ( y + w) kz − xw
y=
x = kzy + kzw x
x − kzw = kzy 21. Since T varies directly as B, we have T = kB .
x − kzw kzy Use the given values to find k.
= T = kB
kz kz
x − kzw 3.6 = k (4)
y=
kz 3.6 k (4)
=
4 4
18. x = kz ( y − w) 0.9 = k
x = kzy − kzw The equation becomes T = 0.9 B .
x + kzw = kzy When B = 6 , T = 0.9(6) = 5.4 . The tail length is
x + kzw kzy 5.4 feet.
=
kz kz 22. M = kE
x + kzw
y= 60 = k ( 360 )
kz
60 k ( 360 )
=
360 360
1
=k
6
1
M = (186 ) = 31
6
A person who weighs 186 pounds on Earth will

weigh 31 pounds on the moon.

23. Since B varies directly as D, we have B = kD. 26. d = ks 2

B = kD 67.5 = k (45)2
67.5 = k (2025)
8.4 = k (12 )
67.5 k (2025)
8.4 k (12 ) =
= 2025 2025
12 12 1
8.4 =k
k= = 0.7 30
12
The equation becomes B = 0.7 D. 1 2 1 1
When B = 56 , d= s = (60) 2 = (3600) = 120
30 30 30
56 = 0.7 D
56 0.7 D The stopping distance is 120 feet.
=
0.7 0.7
27. Since the banking angle varies inversely as the
56
D= = 80 k
0.7 turning radius, we have B = .
It was dropped from 80 inches. r
24. d = kf k
B=
9 = k (12) r
k
9 k (12) 28 =
= 4
12 12
k
0.75 = k 28 ( 4 ) = 28  
4
d = 0.75 f 112 = k
15 = 0.75 f 112
The equation becomes B = .
15 0.75 f r
=
0.75 0.75 112 112
When r = 3.5 , B = = = 32 .
20 = f r 3.5
The banking angle is 32 when the turning radius is
A force of 20 pounds is needed. 3.5 feet.
25. Since a man’s weight varies directly as the cube of k
his height, we have w = kh3 . 28. t=
d
k
w = kh3 4.4 =
1000
170 = k ( 70 )
3
k
(1000)4.4 = (1000)
170 = k ( 343, 000 ) 1000
4400 = k
170 k ( 343, 000 )
=
343, 000 343, 000 4400 4400
t= = = 0.88
0.000496 = k d 5000
The equation becomes w = 0.000496h3 .
The water temperature is 0.88 Celsius at a depth
w = 0.000496 (107 )
3
When h = 107, of 5000 meters.
= 0.000496 (1, 225, 043) ≈ 607.
Robert Wadlow’s weight was approximately 607
pounds.

k 1890
29. a. Use L = to find k. b. L=
R R
k 1890
L= 20 =
R R
k 20 R = 1890
30 =
63 1890
k R=
63 ⋅ 30 = 63 ⋅ 20
63 R ≈ 95
1890 = k The model estimates a mammal with a life span
1890 of 20 years will have a heart rate of about 95
Thus, L = . beats per minute.
R
c. The data for horses is represented on the graph
b. This is an approximate model.
by the point (63,30).
1890
c. L = 32. a. A mammal with a life span of 50 years will have
R a heart rate of about 40 beats per minute.
1890
L= = 70 1890
27 b. L=
The average life span of an elephant is 70 years. R
1890
50 =
k R
30. a. Use L = to find k.
R 50 R = 1890
k 1890
L= R=
R 50
k R ≈ 38
15 =
126 The model estimates a mammal with a life span
k of 50 years will have a heart rate of about 38
126 ⋅15 = 126 ⋅ beats per minute.
126
1890 = k c. The data for lions is represented on the graph by
1890 the point (76, 25).
Thus, L = .
R
33. Since intensity varies inversely as the square of the
b. This is an approximate model. k
distance, we have I = 2 .
d
1890 Use the given values to find k.
c. L =
R k
1890 I= 2.
L= ≈3 d
634 k
The average life span of a mouse is about 3 62.5 = 2
years. 3
k
62.5 =
31. a. A mammal with a life span of 20 years will have 9
a heart rate of about 90 beats per minute. k
9 ( 62.5 ) = 9  
9
562.5 = k
562.5
The equation becomes I = .
d2
562.5 562.5
When d = 2.5 , I = = = 90
2.52 6.25
The intensity is 90 milliroentgens per hour.

k km
34. i= 2
36. i=
d c
k k (25)
3.75 = 125 =
402 20
k k (25)
3.75 = 20(125) = (20)
1600 20
k 2500 = 25k
(1600)3.75 = (1600)
1600 2500 25k
=
6000 = k 25 25
100 = k
6000 6000 6000
i= 2
= 2
= = 2.4
d 50 2500 100m
i=
c
The illumination is 2.4 footcandles at a distance of 100(40)
50 feet. 80 =
c
35. Since index varies directly as weight and inversely 4000
80 =
kw c
as the square of one’s height, we have I = 2 .
h 4000
80c = c ⋅
Use the given values to find k. c
kw 80c = 4000
I= 2
h 80c 4000
=
k (180 ) 80 80
35.15 =
602 c = 50
k (180)
35.15 = The chronological age is 50.
3600
k (180) 37. Since heat loss varies jointly as the area and
(3600)35.15 =
3600 temperature difference, we have L = kAD .
126540 = k (180) Use the given values to find k.
L = kAD
126540
k= = 703 1200 = k (3 ⋅ 6)(20)
180
703w 1200 = 360k
The equation becomes I = 2 .
h 1200 360k
=
703(170) 360 360
When w = 170 and h = 70, I = ≈ 24.4.
(70) 2 k= 3
10
This person has a BMI of 24.4 and is not The equation becomes L = 103 AD
overweight.
When A = 6 ⋅ 9 = 54 , D = 10 ,
L = 103 ( 9 ⋅ 6 ) (10) = 1800 .
The heat loss is 1800 Btu.

38. e = kmv 2 0.02(650, 000)(490, 000)

c. C =
36 = k (8)(3) 2 (400)2
36 = k (8)(9) ≈ 39,813
36 = 72k The average number of calls is approximately
36 72k 39,813 daily phone calls.
=
72 72
k = 0.5 42. f = kas 2
e = 0.5mv 2 = 0.5(4)(6)2 = 0.5(4)(36) = 72 150 = k (4 ⋅ 5)(30) 2

150 = k (20)(900)
A mass of 4 grams and velocity of 6 centimeters per
150 = 18, 000k
second has a kinetic energy of 72 ergs.
150 18, 000k
39. Since intensity varies inversely as the square of the =
18, 000 150
k
distance from the sound source, we have I = 2 . 1
d =k
120
If you move to a seat twice as far, then d = 2d .So
k k 1 k 1 1
we have I = 2
= 2
= ⋅ 2 . The intensity f = as 2 = (3 ⋅ 4)(60)2
(2d ) 4d 4 d 120 120
1
will be multiplied by a factor of
1
. So the sound = (12)(3600)
4 120
1 = 360
intensity is of what it was originally.
4 Yes, the wind will exert a force of 360 pounds on
the window.
k
40. t = 43. a.
a
k 1 k
t= = ⋅
3a 3 a
1
A year will seem to be of a year.
3
41. a. Since the average number of phone calls varies

jointly as the product of the populations and
inversely as the square of the distance, we have
kP P
C = 12 2 .
d b. Current varies inversely as resistance. Answers
will vary.
b. Use the given values to find k.
c. Since the current varies inversely as resistance
kP1 P2 k
C= we have R = . Use one of the given ordered pairs
d2 I
k ( 777, 000 ) (3, 695, 000) k
326, 000 = 12 =
( 420 )2 0.5
( )
k
k 2.87 × 1012 to find k . 12(0.5) = (0.5)
326, 000 = 0.5
176, 400 k =6
326, 000 = 16, 269,841.27k
6
0.02 ≈ k The equation becomes R = .
I
0.02 P1 P2
The equation becomes C = . 44. – 48. Answers will vary.
d2

49. z varies directly as the square root of x and inversely For the heat to be tripled, the resistance must be
as the square root of y. 1
multiplied by (or divided by 3).
3
50. z varies jointly as the square of x and the square root
59. Since the brightness of a source point varies
of y.
inversely as the square of its distance from an
51. Answers will vary. k
observer, we have B = 2 . We can now see things
d
52. Answers will vary. 1
that are only as bright.
53. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. 50
Sample explanation: This would cause division by
0. Division by zero is undefined. 1 k k
B= ⋅ 2 =
50 d 50d 2
54. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. k k
Sample explanation: With a positive constant of = =
variation, both variables will increase. ( 7.07 ) d ( 7.07d )2
2 2
55. makes sense The distance that can be seen is about 7.07 times
farther with the space telescope.
56. makes sense
60. 8 ( 2 − x ) = −5 x
57. Since wind pressure varies directly as the square of
the wind velocity, we have P = kv 2 . If the wind 16 − 8 x = −5 x
speed doubles then the value of v has been 16 = 3x
multiplied by two. In the formula, 16
=x
P = k (2v)2 = k (4v 2 ) = 4kv 2 . Then the wind 3
pressure will be multiplied by a factor of 4. So if 16 
the wind speed doubles, the wind pressure is 4 times The solution set is   .
3
more destructive.
58. Since heat varies directly as the square of the 9 x2 − 6 x + 4

voltage and inversely as the resistance, we have 61. 3x + 2 27 x + 0 x 2 + 0 x − 8
3
kv 2
H= . To triple the amount of heat generated 27 x3 + 18 x 2
r
while voltage remains constant, we must change the − 18 x 2 + 0 x
resistance.
kv 2 −18 x 2 − 12 x
H= 12 x − 8
r
 kv 2  12 x + 8
3( H ) = 3
 r  − 16
  3
27 x + 8 16
3kv 2 = 9 x2 − 6 x + 4 −
3H = 3x + 2 3x + 2
r
1
3
(
3kv 2 ) (
62. 6 x3 − 6 x 2 − 120 x = 6 x x 2 − x − 20 )
3H =
1
(r) = 6 x ( x − 5 )( x + 4 )
3
kv 2
3H = 63. Set 1 has each x-coordinate paired with only one y-
1 coordinate.
r
3

64. r 3 − 2r 2 + 5 = (−5)3 − 2(−5)2 + 5 16 x 2 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ x ⋅ x 4 x

5. = =
= −125 − 50 + 5 12 x 4⋅3⋅ x 3
= −170
x 2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
6. = = x+2
65. 5 x + 7 = 5(a + h) + 7 x−2 ( x − 2)
= 5a + 5h + 7
x3 + 2 x 2 x ( x + 2 )
2
7. = = x2
x+2 ( x + 2)
8.
x 2 + 3x − 18
=
( x + 6 )( x − 3)
Chapter 7 Review Exercises
x − 36
2
( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
5x x −3
1. =
6 x − 24 x−6
6 x − 24 = 0
9.
x2 − 4 x − 5
=
( x + 1)( x − 5)
6 x = 24 x + 8x + 7
2
( x + 1)( x + 7 )
x=4 x−5
=
The rational expression is undefined for x = 4. x+7
y2 + 2 y y ( y + 2)
10. =
x+3 y + 4y + 4
2
( y + 2 )( y + 2 )
2.
( x − 2 )( x + 5) =
y
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. y+2
( x − 2 )( x + 5) = 0
x − 2 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 x2
11.
x=2 x = −5 x2 + 4
The numerator and denominator have no common
The rational expression is undefined for
factor, so this rational expression cannot be
x = 2 and x = −5 .
simplified.
3.
x2 + 3
x − 3x + 2
2
12.
2 x 2 − 18 y 2 2 x − 9 y
=
2 2
( )
3y − x 3y − x
x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0
2 ( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
( x − 1)( x − 2 ) = 0 =
x − 1 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
(3 y − x )
2 ( x + 3 y )( −1)( 3 y − x )
x =1 x=2 =
The rational expression is undefined for x = 1 and (3 y − x)
x = 2. = −2 ( x + 3 y ) or − 2 x − 6 y
4.
7
13.
x 2 − 4 3x
⋅ =
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ⋅ 3x
x + 81
2
12 x x + 2 12 x ( x + 2)
The smallest possible value of x 2 is 0, so
x−2
x 2 + 81 ≥ 81 for all real numbers x. This means that =
4
there is no real number for x for which
x 2 + 81 = 0. Thus, the rational expression is defined
for all real numbers.

5 x + 5 3x 5 ( x + 1) 3x 1 7
14. ⋅ 2 = ⋅ 20. ÷
x ( x + 1) y + 8 y + 15 y+5
2
6 x +x 6
5 y+5
1
= = ⋅
2 y + 8 y + 15 7
2
1 ( y + 5)
x2 + 6 x + 9 x − 2 = ⋅
15. ⋅ ( y + 3 )( y + 5 ) 7
x2 − 4 x+3
1
( x + 3)( x + 3) x − 2 =
= ⋅ 7 ( y + 3)
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x + 3
x+3
= y 2 + y − 42 y+7
x+2 21. ÷
y −3 ( y − 3)2
y2 − 2 y + 1 2 y2 + y −1 y 2 + y − 42 ( y − 3)
2
16. ⋅ = ⋅
y2 −1 5y − 5 y −3 y+7
( y − 1)( y − 1) ( 2 y − 1)( y + 1) ( y + 7 )( y − 6 ) ⋅ ( y − 3)( y − 3)
= ⋅ =
( y + 1)( y − 1) 5 ( y − 1) ( y − 3) y+7
2 y −1 = ( y − 6 )( y − 3) or y 2 − 9 y + 18
=
5
8x + 8 y x2 − y2
2 y2 + y − 3 3y + 3 22. ÷
17. ⋅ x2 x2
4 y2 − 9 5 y − 5 y2
8x + 8 y x2
( 2 y + 3)( y − 1) 3 ( y + 1) = ⋅
= ⋅ x2 x2 − y2
( 2 y + 3)( 2 y − 3) 5 y (1 − y )
8( x + y) x2
−3 ( y + 1) 3 ( y + 1) = ⋅
= or − x2 ( x + y )( x − y )
5 y ( 2 y − 3) 5 y ( 2 y − 3)
8
=
x− y
x2 + x − 2 2 x + 4
18. ÷
4 x + 20 4 ( x + 5 )
10 5
4x 20
x2 + x − 2 5 23. + = = =4
= ⋅ x+5 x+5 x+5 x+5
10 2x + 4
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) 5 8x − 5 4 x + 1 8x − 5 + 4 x + 1
+ =
= ⋅ 24.
10 2 ( x + 2) 3x − 1 3x − 1 3x − 1
x −1 12 x − 4
= =
4 3x − 1
4 ( 3x − 1)
= =4
6x + 2 3x 2 + x 3x − 1
19. ÷
x −12 x −1
6x + 2 x −1
= 2 ⋅
x − 1 3x2 + x
2 ( 3x + 1) ( x − 1)
= ⋅
( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( 3x + 1)
2
=
x ( x + 1)

3x 2 + 2 x 10 x − 5 3 11
25. − 30. and
x −1 x −1 x 2
( x − 1) x ( x − 1)
2
=
( 3x 2
)
+ 2 x − (10 x − 5) LCD = x 2 ( x − 1)
2
x −1
3x + 2 x − 10 x + 5
2 x 17
= 31. and
x −1 x + 4x + 3
2
x + 10 x + 21 2
3x − 8 x + 5
2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 = ( x + 3)( x + 1)
=
x −1 x 2 + 10 x + 21 = ( x + 3)( x + 7 )
( 3x − 5)( x − 1) LCD = ( x + 3)( x + 1)( x + 7 )
=
x −1
= 3x − 5 7 5
32. + 2
3x 2 x
6 y 2 − 4 y 12 − 3 y LCD = 6x 2
26. −
2y − 3 2y − 3 7 6 7 2x 5 3
+ 2 = ⋅ + 2⋅
=
(6 y 2
)
− 4 y − (12 − 3 y ) 3x 2 x 3x 2 x 2 x 3
14 x + 15
2y − 3 =
6 x2
6 y − 4 y − 12 + 3 y
2
=
2y − 3 5 2
33. +
6 y − y − 12
2
x +1 x
=
2y − 3 LCD = x ( x + 1)
=
( 2 y − 3)( 3 y + 4 ) 5 2 5x 2 ( x + 1)
+ = +
2y − 3 x + 1 x x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)
= 3y + 4 5 x + 2 ( x + 1) 5x + 2x + 2
= =
x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)
x
+
x−4
=
x
+
( −1) ⋅ x − 4
27. 7x + 2
x − 2 2 − x x − 2 ( −1) x − 2 =
x ( x + 1)
x −x + 4
= +
x−2 x−2 7 4
x−x+4 4 34. +
= = x + 3 ( x + 3 )2
x−2 x−2
LCD = ( x + 3) or ( x + 3)( x + 3)
2
x+5 x x + 5 ( −1) x
28. − = − ⋅ 7
+
4
x − 3 3 − x x − 3 ( −1) 3 − x x + 3 ( x + 3 )2
x+5 x
= + 7 4
x−3 x −3 = +
x + 3 ( x + 3)( x + 3)
x + 5 + x 2x + 5
= = 7 ( x + 3)
x −3 x −5 = +
4
( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x + 3)
7 5
29. and 7 ( x + 3) + 4 7 x + 21 + 4
9 x3 12 x = =
( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x + 3)
9 x3 = 32 x3
7 x + 25 7 x + 25
12 x = 22 ⋅ 3x = or
( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)2
LCD = 22 ⋅ 32 ⋅ x3 = 36 x3

6y 3 2x x
35. − 38. +
y −4
2 y+2 x + 2x +1 x −1
2 2
y − 4 = ( y + 2 )( y − 2 )
2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)( x + 1)
y + 2 = 1( y + 2 ) x 2 − 1 = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
LCD = ( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) LCD = ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
6y 3 2x x
− +
y2 − 4 y+2 x + 2x + 1 x −1
2 2
2x x
6y 3 = +
= −
( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) y + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2 x ( x − 1) x ( x + 1)
6y 3( y − 2) = +
= −
( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) ( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 1)
2 x ( x − 1) + x ( x + 1)
6 y − 3( y − 2) 6 y − 3y + 6 =
=
( y + 2 )( y − 2 )
=
( + 2 )( y − 2 )
y ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
3( y + 2) 2 x2 − 2x + x2 + x
3y + 6 =
= =
( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) ( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
3 3x 2 − x
= =
y−2 ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
y −1 y +1 5x
−
2x
36. − 39.
y − 2y +1
2 y −1 x + 1 1 − x2
y −1 y +1 x + 1 = 1( x + 1)
= −
( )( ) y − 1
y − 1 y − 1 ( )
1 − x 2 = −1 x 2 − 1 = − ( x + 1)( x − 1)
1 y +1 LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
= −
y −1 y −1
5x 2x
1 − ( y + 1) −
1− y −1 x + 1 1 − x2
= =
y −1 y −1 5 x ( −1) 2 x 5x −2 x
= − ⋅ = −
−y y x + 1 ( −1) 1 − x 2 x + 1 x 2 − 1
= or −
y −1 y −1
5 x ( x − 1) −2 x
= −
x+ y y−x ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
37. −
y x 5 x ( x − 1) + 2 x 5 x 2 − 5 x + 2 x
= =
LCD = xy ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x + y y − x ( x + y) x ( x − y) y 5 x 2 − 3x
− = ⋅ − ⋅ =
y x y x x y ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x 2 + xy xy − y 2
= −
xy xy
=
(x 2
) (
+ xy − xy − y 2 )
xy
x + xy − xy + y 2
2
=
xy
x2 + y2
=
xy

4 4 2y − 5 4
40. − − 2
x −x−6 x −4
2 2 6y + 9 2y + 3y
x 2 − x − 6 = ( x + 2 )( x − 3) 2y − 5 4
= −
x − 4 = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
2 3 ( 2 y + 3) y ( 2 y + 3 )
LCD = ( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 2 )
=
( 2 y − 5)( y ) − 4 ( 3)
4 4 3 ( 2 y + 3)( y ) y ( 2 y + 3)( 3)
−
x −x−6 x −4 2 y 2 − 5 y − 12 ( 2 y + 3)( y − 4 )
2 2
= =
=
4
−
4 3 y ( 2 y + 3) 3 y ( 2 y + 3)
( x + 2 )( x − 3) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) y−4
=
4 ( x − 2) 4 ( x − 3) 3y
= −
( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 2 )
1 3 4 3 7
4 ( x − 2 ) − 4 ( x − 3) + +
= 2 8 = 8 8 = 8 = 7⋅4 = 7
( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 2 ) 43.
3 1 3 2 1 8 1 2
− −
4 x − 8 − 4 x + 12 4 2 4 4 4
=
( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 2 )
1
4
= x
( x + 2 )( − 3)( x − 2 )
x 44.
1
1−
x
7 LCD = x
41. +2
x+3 1 1
LCD = x + 3 x x  x 
= ⋅
7 7 2 ( x + 3) 1 x  1
+2 = + 1− 1 − x 
x+3 x+3 x+3 x  
7 + 2 ( x + 3) 1
= x⋅
x+3 x 1
= =
7 + 2x + 6 1 x −1
= x ⋅1 − x ⋅
x+3 x
2 x + 13
= 1 1
x+3 +
x y
45.
2y − 5 4 1
42. − 2 xy
6y + 9 2y + 3y
LCD = xy
6 y + 9 = 3 ( 2 y + 3)
1 1 1 1
2 y 2 + 3 y = y ( 2 y + 3) +  + 
x y xy  x y 
= ⋅
LCD = 3 y ( 2 y + 3) 1 xy  1 
xy  
 xy 
1 1
xy ⋅ + xy ⋅
x y
=
1
xy ⋅
xy
y+x
= = y + x or x + y
1

1 1 2 x 2−x 3 1 1
− − 49. = +
46. x 2 = 2x 2x = 2x 4x x 4
1 x 2 x 2−x The restriction is x ≠ 0.
− −
3 6 6 6 6 The LCD is 4x.
2− x 6 3 3 1 1
= ⋅ = = +
2x 2 − x x 4x x 4
 3  1 1
12 4x   = 4x  + 
3+  4x   x 4
47. x
16 3= 4+ x
1− 2
x −1 = x
LCD = x 2 The solution set is {−1}.
12  12 
3+ 2 3+ x  50. x + 5 =
6
x =x ⋅  x
16 x 2
1− 2  16  The restriction is x ≠ 0.
1 − 2 
x  x  The LCD is x.
12 6
x2 ⋅ 3 + x2 ⋅ x+5 =
x = 3x + 12 x
2
= x
16 x 2 − 16 6
x 2 ⋅1 − x 2 ⋅ 2 x ( x + 5) = x  
x x
3x ( x + 4 ) 3x x2 + 5x = 6
= =
( x + 4 )( ) − 4
x − 4 x
x2 + 5x − 6 = 0
( x + 6 )( x − 1) = 0
x + 6 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
3 1 1 x = −6 x =1
48. − =
x 6 x The solution set is {−6,1} .
The LCD is 6x.
x 5
3 1 1 51. 4 − =
− = x+5 x+5
x 6 x
The restriction is x ≠ −5.
3 1 1 The LCD is x + 5 .
6x  −  = 6x  
 x 6  x
( x + 5)  4 −
x   5 
3 1 1  = ( x + 5)  
6x ⋅ − 6x ⋅ = 6x ⋅  x+5  x+5
x 6 x
( x + 5) ⋅ 4 − ( x + 5) 
x   5 
18 − x = 6
+  = ( x + 5)  x + 5 
 x 5   
− x = −12
4 x + 20 − x = 5
x = 12
3x + 20 = 5
3x = −15
x = −5
The only proposed solution, −5, is not a solution
because of the restriction x ≠ −5 . Notice that −5
makes two of the denominators zero in the original
equation. The solution set is { } .

2 4 8
52. = + 2
x−3 x +3 x −9
To find any restrictions and the LCD, all denominators should be written in factored form.
2 4 8
= +
x − 3 x + 3 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2  4 8 
( x + 3)( x − 3) ⋅ = ( x + 3)( x − 3) 

+ 
x−3  x + 3 ( x + 3)( x − 3) 
2 ( x + 3) = 4 ( x − 3 ) + 8
2 x + 6 = 4 x − 12 + 8
2x + 6 = 4x − 4
6 = 2x − 4
10 = 2 x
5= x
2 2 x
53. = +
x 3 6
Restriction: x ≠ 0
LCD = 6x
2 2 x
6x   = 6x  + 
 x 3 6
12 = 4 x + x 2
0 = x 2 + 4 x − 12
0 = ( x + 6 )( x − 2 )
x + 6 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x = −6 x=2
13 1
54. −3 =
y −1 y −1
Restriction: y ≠ 1
LCD = y − 1
 13   1 
( y − 1)  − 3  = ( y − 1)  
 y −1   y −1 
13 − 3 ( y − 1) = 1
13 − 3 y + 3 = 1
16 − 3 y = 1
−3 y = −15
y=5

1 1 x +1
55. − = 2
x+3 x −1 x + 2x − 3
1 1 x +1
− =
x+3 x − 1 ( x + 3)( x − 1)
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 1)
 x +1 
( x + 3)( x − 1) 
1 1 
−  = ( x + 3)( x − 1) ⋅  
 x + 3 x −1  ( x + 3)( x − 1) 
( x − 1) − ( x + 3) = x + 1
x −1− x − 3 = x +1
−4 = x + 1
−5 = x
250 ( 3t + 5 )
56. P=
t + 25
250 ( 3t + 5)
125 =
t + 25
250 ( 3t + 5)
125 ( t + 25 ) = ⋅ ( t + 25 )
t + 25
125t + 3125 = 250 ( 3t + 5 )
125t + 3125 = 750t + 1250
3125 = 625t + 1250
1875 = 625t
3=t
It will take 3 years for the population to reach 125 elk.
C
57. S=
1− r
140
200 =
1− r
140
200 (1 − r ) = ⋅1 − r
1− r
200 − 200r = 140
−200r = −60
−60 3
r= = = 30%
−200 10
The markup is 30%.

R −C
58. P=
n
 R −C 
n ( P) = n  
 n 
nP = R − C
nP + C = R
C = R − nP
PV
1 1 PV
59. = 2 2
T1 T2
 PV   PV 
T1T2  1 1  = T1T2  2 2 
 T1   T2 
1 2V1 = P2T1V2
PT
PT
1 2V1 P TV
= 2 1 2
P2V2 P2V2
PT
1 2V1
T1 =
P2V2
A− P
60. T =
Pr
 A− P 
Pr (T ) = Pr  
 Pr 
PrT = A − P
PrT + P = A
P ( rT + 1) = A
P ( rT + 1) A
=
rT + 1 rT + 1
A
P=
rT + 1
1 1 1
61. = +
R R1 R2
1  1 1 
RR1 R2   = RR1R2  + 
R  R1 R2 
 1   1 
R1 R2 = RR1 R2   + RR1 R2  
 1
R  R2 
R1 R2 = RR2 + RR1
R1 R2 = R ( R2 + R1 )
R1 R2 R ( R2 + R1 )
=
R2 + R1 R2 + R1
R1 R2
R=
R2 + R1

nE
62. I =
R + nr
( R + nr )( I ) = ( R + nr ) 
nE 

 R + nr 
IR + Inr = nE
IR = nE − Inr
IR = n ( E − Ir )
IR n ( E − Ir )
=
E − Ir E − Ir
IR
n=
E − Ir
63. Let x = the rate of the current. Then 20 + x = the rate of the boat with the current and 20 − x = the rate of the boat
against the current.
Distance
Rate
72
Downstream 72 20 + x
20 + x
48
Upstream 48 20 − x
20 − x
72 48
The times are equal, so =
20 + x 20 − x
72 ( 20 − x ) = 48 ( 20 + x )
1440 − 72 x = 960 + 48 x
1440 = 960 + 120 x
480 = 120 x
4=x
The rate of the current is 4 miles per hour
64. Let x = the rate of the slower car. Then x + 10 = the rate of the faster car.
Distance
Rate
60
Slow car 60 x
x
90
Faster Car 90 x + 10
x + 10
60 90
=
x x + 10
60 ( x + 10 ) = 90 x
60 x + 600 = 90 x
600 = 30 x
20 = x
If x = 20, x + 10 = 30.
The rate of the slower car is 20 miles per hour and the rate of the faster car is 30 miles per hour.

65. Let x = the time, in hours, for both people to paint the fence together.
1 x
Painter x
6 6
1 x
Apprentice x
12 12
x x
Working together, the two people complete one whole job, so + = 1.
6 12
x x 
12  +  = 12 ⋅1
 6 12 
2 x + x = 12
3 x = 12
x=4
It would take them 4 hours to paint the fence working together.
66. Let x = number of teachers needed for 5400 students.

3 x
=
50 5400
50 x = 3 ⋅ 5400
50 x = 16, 200
50 x 16, 200
=
50 50
x = 324
For an enrollment of 5400 students, 324 teachers are needed.
67. Let x = number of trout in the lake.

Original Number Tagged Deer Number Tagged Deer in Sample
=
Total Number of Deer Total Number Deer in Sample
112 32
=
x 82
32 x = 112 ⋅ 82
32 x = 9184
32 x 9184
=
32 32
x = 287
There are 287 trout in the lake.
8 10
68. =
4 x
8 x = 40
x=5
The length of the side marked with an x is 5 feet.

69. Write a proportion relating the corresponding sides 72. Since the pitch of a musical tone varies inversely as
of the large and small triangle. Notice that the k
length of the base of the larger triangle is its wavelength, we have p = .
w
9 ft + 6 ft = 15 ft. Use the given values to find k.
x 15 k
= p=
5 6 w
6 x = 5 ⋅15 k
660 =
6 x = 75 1.6
75  k 
x= = 12.5 660 (1.6 ) = 1.6  
6  1.6 
The height of the lamppost is 12.5 feet. 1056 = k
1056
70. Since the profit varies directly as the number of The equation becomes p = .
products sold, we have p = kn. Use the given w
values to find k. 1056
When w = 2.4 , p = = 440.
p = kn. 2.4
1175 = k ( 25) The tone’s pitch is 440 vibrations per second.
1175 k ( 25 ) 73. Since loudness varies inversely as the square of the

=
25 25 k
distance, we have l = .
47 = k d2
The equation becomes p = 47 n Use the given values to find k.
When n = 105 products, p = 47(105) = 4935 . l=
k
If 105 products are sold, the company’s profit is d2
$4935. k
28 =
71. Since distance varies directly as the square of the 82
k
time, we have d = kt 2 . 28 =
Use the given values to find k. 64
 k 
d = kt 2 64 ( 28 ) = 64  
 64 
144 = k ( 3)
2
1792 = k
144 = k ( 9 ) 1792
The equation becomes l = .
144 k ( 9 ) d2
= 1792 1792
9 9 When d = 4, l = = = 112.
16 = k ( 4 )2 16
The equation becomes d = 16t 2 . When t = 10, At a distance of 4 feet, the loudness of the stereo is
112 decibels.
d = 16 (10 ) = 16 (100 ) = 1600.
2
A skydiver will fall 1600 feet in 10 seconds.

74. Since time varies directly as the number of

2.
x2 + 2 x − 3
=
( x − 1)( x + 3) = x + 3
computers and inversely as the number of workers,
kn
x − 3x + 2
2
( x − 1)( x − 2 ) x − 2
we have t = .
w
4 x 2 − 20 x 4 x ( x − 5) 4x
Use the given values to find k. 3. = =
kn x − 4x − 5
2
( x + 1)( x − 5) x +1
t=
w
k ( 30 ) 4.
x 2 − 16 5
⋅ =
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) ⋅ 5
10 =
6 10 x+4 10 ( x + 4)
10 = 5k x−4
=
10 5k 2
=
5 5
2=k x 2 − 7 x + 12 x2
5. ⋅
2n x − 4x
2
x −9 2
The equation becomes t = .
w ( x − 3)( x − 4 ) x2
= ⋅
2 ( 40 ) 80 x ( x − 4) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
When n = 40 and w = 5, t = = = 16.
5 5 x
=
It will take 16 hours for 5 workers to assemble 40 x+3
computers.
75. Since the volume varies jointly as height and the 2 x + 8 x2 + 5x + 4
6. ÷
area of the base, we have v = kha. x−3 x2 − 9
Use the given values to find k. 2x + 8 x2 − 9
= ⋅ 2
175 = k (15)( 35 ) x − 3 x + 5x + 4
175 = k ( 525 ) 2 ( x + 4 ) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
= ⋅
175 k ( 525 ) ( x − 3) ( x + 4 )( x + 1)
=
525 525 2 ( x + 3) 2x + 6
= =
1
=k x +1 x +1
3
1 5y + 5 y2 −1
The equation becomes v = ha. When h = 20 feet 7. ÷
3 ( y − 3 )2 y −3
1
and a = 120 square feet, v = ( 20 )(120 ) = 800. =
5y + 5
⋅
y −3
3
If the height is 20 feet and the area is 120 square ( y − 3) 2
y2 −1
feet, the volume will be 800 cubic feet. 5 ( y + 1) ( y − 3)
= ⋅
( y − 3)( y − 3) ( y + 1)( y − 1)
5
=
Chapter 7 Test
( y − 3)( y − 1)
x+7
1.
x + 5 x − 36
2

x 2 + 5 x − 36 = 0
( x + 9 )( x − 4 ) = 0
x+9 = 0 or x−4=0
x = −9 x=4
The rational expression is undefined for
x = −9 and x = 4.

Chapter 7 Test
2 y2 + 5 6 y − 5 2
+
6
8. + 11.
y+3 y+3 x − 4x + 3 x + x − 2
2 2
x 2 − 4 x + 3 = ( x − 1)( x − 3)
(2 y 2
)
+ 5 + ( 6 y − 5)
= x 2 + x − 2 = ( x − 1)( x + 2 )
y+3
LCD = ( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
2 y2 + 5 + 6 y − 5
= 2 6
y+3 +
x − 4x + 3 x + x − 2
2 2
2 y2 + 6 y
= 2 6
y+3 = +
( x − 1)( x − 3) ( x − 1)( x + 2 )
2 y ( y + 3)
= = 2y 2 ( x + 2)
y+3 =
( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
y − 2y + 3
2
y − 4y −5
2 6 ( x − 3)
9. − +
y + 7 y + 12
2
y 2 + 7 y + 12 ( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
=
(y 2
) (
− 2 y + 3 − y2 − 4 y − 5 ) =
2 ( x + 2 ) + 6 ( x − 3)
y + 7 y + 12
2 ( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
2 x + 4 + 6 x − 18
y2 − 2 y + 3 − y2 + 4 y + 5 =
=
y 2 + 7 y + 12
( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
8 x − 14
2y + 8 =
=
y 2 + 7 y + 12
( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
2 ( y + 4) 4 x+5
= 12. +
( y + 3)( y + 4 ) x −3 3− x
2 3 − x = −1 ( x − 3 )
=
y+3 LCD = x − 3
4 x+5
+
x −3 3− x
10.
x
+
5 4 ( −1) ( x + 5)
x+3 x −3 = + ⋅
x − 3 ( −1) ( 3 − x )
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
4 −x − 5
x 5 = +
+ x −3 x −3
x+3 x −3 4 − x − 5 −x −1
x ( x − 3) 5 ( x + 3) = =
= + x−3 x−3
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
3
x ( x − 3) + 5 ( x + 3) 13. 1 +
= x −1
( x + 3)( x − 3) LCD = x − 1
x − 3x + 5 x + 15 1( x − 1)
2
= 3 3
1+ = +
( x + 3)( x − 3) x −1 x −1 x −1
x 2 + 2 x + 15 x −1 + 3 x + 2
= = =
( x + 3)( x − 3) x −1 x −1

2x + 3 2 ( x − y )2 x 2 − xy
14. − 16. ÷
x − 7 x + 12
2 x−3 x+ y 3x + 3 y
x 2 − 7 x + 12 = ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
x − 3 = 1( x − 3)
( x − y )2 3x + 3 y
= ⋅
x+ y x 2 − xy
LCD = ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
( x − y )( x − y ) 3 ( x + y )
2x + 3 2 = ⋅
−
x−3
( x + y) x( x − y)
x 2 − 7 x + 12
2 ( x − 4) 3 ( x − y ) 3x − 3 y
2x + 3 = =
= −
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) ( x − 3)( x − 4 ) x x
2x + 3 − 2 ( x − 4) 5 5x 5 5x + 5
= 5+ +
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 17. x = x x = x
1 2x 1 2x + 1
2x + 3 − 2x + 8 2+ +
= x x x x
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 5x + 5 x 5x + 5
11 = ⋅ =
= x 2x + 1 2x + 1
( x − 3)( x − 4 )
1 1
8y 4 −
15. − 18.
x y
y − 16
2 y −4 1
y 2 − 16 = ( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) x
y − 4 = 1( y − 4 ) LCD = xy
LCD = ( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) 1 1
−
1 1
−
x y xy x y
8y 4 = ⋅
− 1 xy 1
y − 16
2 y−4
x x
8y 4
= − 1 1
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) y − 4 xy ⋅ − xy ⋅
x y y−x
4 ( y + 4) = =
8y 1 y
= − xy ⋅
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) ( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) x
8 y − 4 ( y + 4)
=
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) 19.
5 2
+ = 2− −
2 1
x 3 x 6
8 y − 4 y − 16
= Restriction: x ≠ 0
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) LCD = 6x
4 y − 16 5 2  2 1
= 6x  +  = 6x  2 − − 
( y + 4 )( y − 4 )  x 3  x 6
4 ( y − 4) 5 2 2 1
= 6x ⋅ + 6x ⋅ = 6x ⋅ 2 − 6x ⋅ − 6x ⋅
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) x 3 x 6
4 30 + 4 x = 12 x − 12 − x
=
y+4 30 + 4 x = 11x − 12
30 = 7 x − 12
42 = 7 x
6= x

Chapter 7 Test
3 4− y
20. −1 =
y+5 2 y + 10
3 4− y
−1 =
y+5 2 ( y + 5)
Restriction: y ≠ −5
LCD = 2 ( y + 5 )
 3   4− y 
2 ( y + 5)  − 1 = 2 ( y + 5 )  
 y+5   2 ( y + 5 ) 
6 − 2 ( y + 5) = 4 − y
6 − 2 y − 10 = 4 − y
−4 − 2 y = 4 − y
−4 = 4 + y
−8 = y
The solution set is {−8}.
2 3
21. = +1
x − 1 x2 − 1
2 3
= +1
x − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2 3
( x + 1)( x − 1) = ( x + 1)( x − 1) +1
x −1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2 ( x + 1) = 3 + ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2x + 2 = 3 + x2 − 1
2x + 2 = 2 + x2
0 = x2 − 2x
0 = x ( x − 2)
x = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x=2
The solution set is {0, 2} .
as
22. R =
a+s
as
(a + s ) R = (a + s )
a+s
aR + Rs = as
aR = as − Rs
aR − as = − Rs
a ( R − s ) = − Rs
a ( R − s) Rs
=−
R−s R−s
Rs Rs
a=− or
R−s s−R


Then 30 + x = the rate of the boat with the current and 30 − x = the rate of the boat against the current.
Distance
Rate
16
Downstream 16 30 + x
30 + x
14
Upstream 14 30 − x
30 − x
16 14
=
30 + x 30 − x
16 ( 30 − x ) = 14 ( 30 + x )
480 − 16 x = 420 + 14 x
480 = 420 + 30 x
60 = 30 x
2=x
24. Let x = the time (in minutes) for both pipes to fill the hot tub.
x x
+ =1
20 30
LCD = 60
 x x 
60  +  = 60 ⋅1
 20 30 
3x + 2 x = 60
5 x = 60
x = 12
It will take 12 minutes for both pipes to fill the hot tub.
25. Let x = number of tule elk in the park.

200 5
=
x 150
5 x = 30, 000
x = 6000
There are 6000 tule elk in the park.
10 8
26. =
4 x
10 x = 8 ⋅ 4
10 x = 32
x = 3.2
The length of the side marked with an x is 3.2 inches.

Cumulative Review
27. Let C = the current (in amperes).

Then R = the resistance (in ohms).
k
Step 1 C =
R
Step 2 To find k, substitute 42 for C and 5 for R.
k
42 =
5
k
42 ⋅ 5 = ⋅ 5
5
210 = k
210
Step 3 C =
R
Step 4 Substitute 4 for R and solve for C.
210
C= = 52.5
4
When the resistance is 4 ohms, the current is 52.5 amperes.
Cumulative Review Exercises (Chapters 1-7)
1. 2 ( x − 3) + 5 x = 8 ( x − 1)
2x − 6 + 5x = 8x − 8
7 x − 6 = 8x − 8
−6 = x − 8
2= x
2. −3 ( 2 x − 4 ) > 2 ( 6 x − 12 )
−6 x + 12 > 12 x − 24
−18 x + 12 > −24
−18 x > −36
−18 x −36
<
−18 −18
x<2
( −∞, 2 )
3. x 2 + 3x = 18
x 2 + 3x − 18 = 0
( x + 6 )( x − 3) = 0
x + 6 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
x = −6 x=3

2x 1 2
4. + =
x −4
2 x−2 x+2
x 2 − 4 = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
LCD = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
 2x 1  2
( x + 2 )( x − 2 )  +  = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ⋅
 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x − 2  x+2
2x + ( x + 2) = 2 ( x − 2)
3x + 2 = 2 x − 4
x = −6
5. y = 2 x − 3
x + 2y = 9
To solve this system by the substitution method, substitute 2 x − 3 for y in the second equation.
x + 2y = 9
x + 2 ( 2 x − 3) = 9
x + 4x − 6 = 9
5x − 6 = 9
5 x = 15
x=3
Back-substitute 3 for x into the first equation.
y = 2x − 3
y = 2⋅3− 3 = 3
The solution set is {( 3,3)}.
6. 3x + 2 y = −2
−4 x + 5 y = 18
To solve this system by the addition method, multiply the first equation by 4 and the second equation by 3.
Then add the equations.
12 x + 8 y = −8
−12 x + 15 y = 54
23 y = 46
y=2
Back-substitute 2 for y in the first equation of the original system.
3 x + 2 y = −2
3 x + 2 ( 2 ) = −2
3 x + 4 = −2
3 x = −6
x = −2
The solution set is {( −2, 2 )}.

Mid-Textbook Check Point
7. 3 x − 2 y = 6 1
−2
x-intercept: 2 12. x
y-intercept: −3 1
4−
checkpoint: (4,3) x
Draw a line through (2,0), (0, −3) and (4,3). LCD = x
1 1 
− 2 x − 2
=  
x x
4−
1  1
x4 − 
x  x
1
x⋅ − x⋅2
= x
1
−2 x⋅4 − x⋅
8. Graph y = −2 x + 3 by using its slope, −2 = , and x
1
1 − 2x
its y-intercept, 3. =
4x −1
13. 4 x 2 − 13 x + 3 = ( 4 x − 1)( x − 3)
14. 4 x 2 − 20 x + 25 = ( 2 x ) − 2 ( 2 x ⋅ 5 ) + 52
2
= ( 2 x − 5)
2
9. y = −3
The graph is a horizontal line with y-intercept −3.
(
15. 3x 2 − 75 = 3 x 2 − 25 )
= 3 ( x + 5 )( x − 5 )
16. ( 4 x − 3x + 2 ) − ( 5 x − 7 x − 6 )
2 2
= ( 4 x − 3x + 2 ) + ( −5 x + 7 x + 6 )
2 2
= − x2 + 4 x + 8
10. −21 − 16 − 3 ( 2 − 8 ) = −21 − 16 − 3 ( −6 )

−8 x 6 + 12 x 4 − 4 x 2 −8 x 6 12 x 4 4 x2
= −21 − 16 + 18 17. = + −
4x2 4x2 4 x2 4 x2
= −37 + 18 = −19
= −2 x 4 + 3x 2 − 1
3
 4 x5 
( ) ( )
3 3
 = 2 x = 23 ⋅ x 3 = 8 x9
3
11.  2
 2x
 

x + 6 2x + 1 Mid-Textbook Check Point

18. +
x−2 x+3
1. 2 − 4 ( x + 2 ) = 5 − 3 ( 2 x + 1)
LCD = ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
2 − 4x − 8 = 5 − 6x − 3
x + 6 2x + 1
+ −4 x − 6 = −6 x + 2
x−2 x+3
−4 x − 6 + 6 x = −6 x + 2 + 6 x
( x + 6 )( x + 3) ( 2 x + 1)( x − 2 )
= + 2x − 6 = 2
( x − 2 )( x + 3) ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
2x − 6 + 6 = 2 + 6
( x + 6 )( x + 3) + ( 2 x + 1)( x − 2 ) 2x = 8
=
( x − 2 )( x + 3) 2x 8
=
x 2 + 9 x + 18 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 2 2 2
=
( x − 2 )( x + 3) x=4
The solution set it {4}.
3 x 2 + 6 x + 16
=
( x − 2 )( x + 3) x x
2. −3 =
2 5
19. Let x = the amount invested at 5%. Multiply both sides by the least common
Then 4000 − x = the amount invested at 9%. denominator of the fractions, 10:
0.05 x + 0.09 ( 4000 − x ) = 311 x  x
10  − 3  = 10  
0.05 x + 360 − 0.09 x = 311 2  5
−0.04 x + 360 = 311 5 x − 30 = 2 x
−0.04 x = −49 3x − 30 = 0
−49 3 x = 30
x=
−0.04 x = 10
x = 1225 The solution set it {10}.
If x = 1225, then 4000 − x = 2775.
$1225 was invested at 5% and $2775 at 9%. 3. 3x + 9 ≥ 5 ( x − 1)
3x + 9 ≥ 5 x − 5
20. Let x = the length of the shorter piece.
Then 3x = the length of the larger piece. 3x + 9 − 5 x ≥ 5 x − 5 − 5 x
x + 3x = 68 −2 x + 9 ≥ −5
4 x = 68 −2 x + 9 − 9 ≥ −5 − 9
x = 17 −2 x ≥ −14
If x = 17, then 3x = 51. −2 x −14
≤
The lengths of the pieces are 17 inches and 51 −2 −2
inches. x≤7
The solution set is ( −∞, 7 ] .
4. 2 x + 3 y = 6
x + 2y = 5
Multiply the second equation by −2 and add the
result to the first equation.
2x + 3y = 6
−2 x − 4 y = −10
− y = −4
y=4

Back-substitute 4 for y into either of the original 6

equations to find x. We choose to use the second 7. x + = −5
x
equation: Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD, x.
x + 2y = 5
 6
x + 2 ( 4) = 5 x  x +  = x ( −5 )
 x
x +8 = 5
x 2 + 6 = −5 x
x = −3
x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
The solution set is {( −3, 4 )} .
( x + 3)( x + 2 ) = 0
5. 3x − 2 y = 1 x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
y = 10 − 2 x x = −3 x = −2
Substitute the expression 10 − 2x for y into the first Both proposed solutions check, so the solution set is
equation and solve for x. {−3, −2} .
3x − 2 (10 − 2 x ) = 1
3x − 20 + 4 x = 1 12 x3 12 x3 4
8. = ⋅ = 4 x3−12 = 4 x −9 =
7 x − 20 = 1 3x12 3 x12
x9
7 x = 21
x=3 9. 4 ⋅ 6 ÷ 2 ⋅ 3 + ( −5) = 24 ÷ 2 ⋅ 3 + ( −5 )
Back-substitute 3 for x into either of the original = 12 ⋅ 3 + ( −5)
equations to find y. We choose to use the second
= 36 + ( −5 )
equation:
y = 10 − 2 x = 31
y = 10 − 2 ( 3)
y = 10 − 6
10. (6x 2
) (
− 8 x + 3 − −4 x 2 + x − 1 )
y=4 = 6 x 2 − 8 x + 3 + 4 x2 − x + 1
The solution set is {(3, 4 )} . = 10 x 2 − 4 x + 4
3 4− x 11. ( 7 x + 4 )( 3x − 5)
6. −1 =
x+5 2 x + 10 = 7 x ( 3x ) − 7 x ( 5 ) + 4 ( 3x ) − 4 ( 5 )
3 4− x
−1 = = 21x 2 − 35 x + 12 x − 20
x+5 2 ( x + 5)
Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD, = 21x 2 − 23x − 20
2 ( x + 5) .
12. ( 5x − 2 )2 = ( 5 x )2 − 2 ( 5x )( 2 ) + 22
 3   4− x 
2 ( x + 5)  − 1 = 2 ( x + 5 ) 
 x+5   2 ( x + 5 )  = 25 x 2 − 20 x + 4
 
2 ( 3) − 2 ( x + 5)(1) = 4 − x 13. ( x + y ) ( x2 − xy + y 2 )
6 − 2 x − 10 = 4 − x
−2 x − 4 = 4 − x ( )
= x x 2 − x ( xy ) + x y 2 ( )
−x − 4 = 4
−x = 8
( )
+ y x 2 − y ( xy ) + y y 2 ( )
x = −8 = x3 − x 2 y + xy 2 + x 2 y − xy 2 + y 3
This proposed solution checks, so the solution set is = x3 + y 3
{−8} .

18. x3 + 3x 2 − x − 3 = x 2 ( x + 3) − 1( x + 3)
14.
x2 + 6 x + 8
(
÷ 3x2 + 6 x )
2
x2
x + 6x + 8 1
= ( x + 3) x 2 − 1 ( )
= ⋅ = ( x + 3)( x + 1)( x − 1)
x2 3x 2 + 6 x
( x + 4 )( x + 2 )
( )
1
= ⋅ 19. 2 x 2 + 8 x − 42 = 2 x 2 + 4 x − 21
x 2 3x ( x + 2 )
( x + 4) ( x + 2) = 2 ( x − 3)( x + 7 )
1
= ⋅
x2 3x ( x + 2 )
x+4
(
20. x5 − 16 x = x x 4 − 16 )
= x(x + 4 )( x − 4 )
= 2 2
3x3
x x = x(x 2
+ 4 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
15. −
x2 + 2 x − 3 x2 − 5 x + 4
=
x
−
x (
21. x3 − 10 x 2 + 25 x = x x 2 − 10 x + 25 )
( x + 3)( x − 1) ( x − 4 )( x − 1)
= x ( x − 5)
2
The LCD is ( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 4 )
x ( x − 4) x ( x + 3) 22. x3 − 8 = x3 − 23
−
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 4 ) ( x − 4 )( x − 1)( x + 3)
x ( x − 4 ) − x ( x + 3)
(
= ( x − 2 ) x 2 + x ⋅ 2 + 22 )
= ( x − 2) ( x )
= 2
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 4 ) + 2x + 4
x2 − 4 x − x2 − 3x
= 1
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 4 ) 23. y = x −1
3
−7 x
= 1
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 4 ) The slope is
3
, and the y-intercept is −1 . Plot the
point ( 0, −1) . We move up 1 unit and to the right 3

1
x− units to the point ( 3, 0 ) . Find additional points as
16. 5
1 needed and connect with a line.
5− y
x
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the 5
LCD, 5x.
1 1 (3, 0)
x− 5x ⋅ x − 5x ⋅
5x 5 5 -5 5 x
⋅ = (0,-1)
5 x 5 − 1 5x ⋅ 5 − 5x ⋅ 1
x x -5
2
5x − x x ( 5x − 1) x
= = =
25 x − 5 5 ( 5 x − 1) 5
17. 4 x 2 − 49 = (2 x)2 − 7 2
= ( 2 x + 7 )( 2 x − 7 )

24. 3 x + 2 y = −6 28. Let x = the number.

Let x = 0 : 3 ( 0 ) + 2 y = −6 5 x − 7 = 208
5 x = 215
2 y = −6
x = 43
y = −3
The number is 43.
The y-intercept is −3 , so the line passes through the
point ( 0, −3) . 29. Let x = the price before the reduction.
x − 0.20 x = 256
Let y = 0 : 3x + 2 ( 0 ) = −6
0.80 x = 256
3 x = −6
x = 320
x = −2 The price of the digital camera before the reduction
The x-intercept is −2 , so the line passes through the is $320.
point ( −2, 0 ) . Find additional points to check and
connect them with a straight line. 30. Let x = the width of the field.
y 3x = the length of the field.
5 2 x + 2 ( 3x ) = 400
2 x + 6 x = 400
8 x = 400
(-2,0) 5 x
x = 50
(0,-3)
3x = 150
-5 The width of the field is 50 yards, and the length of
the field is 150 yards.
25. y = −2
The graph is a horizontal line that passes through 31. Let x = the amount invested at 7%.
the point ( 0, −2 ) . y = the amount invested at 9%.
y Principal Rate Interest
5 7% x 0.07 0.07 x
9% y 0.09 0.09 y
20, 000 1550
-5 5 x
(0,-2)
x + y = 20,000
-5 0.07 x + 0.09 y = 1550
Multiply the first equation by −0.07 and add the
y −y −3 − 3 −6 result to the second equation.
26. m = 2 1 = = = −2
x2 − x1 2 − ( −1) 3 −0.07 x − 0.07 y = −1400
0.07 x + 0.09 y = 1550
y −y 6−2 4
27. m = 2 1 = = =2 0.02 y = 150
x2 − x1 3 − 1 2
y = 7500
The point-slope equation is
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) Back-substitute 7500 for y into one of the original
y − 2 = 2 ( x − 1) or y − 6 = 2 ( x − 3) equations. We use the first equation.
x + 7500 = 20, 000
The slope-intercept equation is
y − 2 = 2 ( x − 1) x = 12,500
y − 2 = 2x − 2 $12,500 was invested at 7% and $7500 was invested

y = 2x at 9%.

32. Let x = the number of liters of 40% acid solution. 35. Let x = the price of a TV.
y = the number of liters of 70% acid solution. y = the price of a stereo.
No. of Percent Amount
3x + 4 y = 2530
liters of acid of acid
4 x + 3 y = 2510
40% Sol x 40% = 0.4 0.4 x
Multiply the first equation by 4, multiply the second
70% Sol y 70% = 0.7 0.7 y equation by −3 , and add the results.
50% Mix 12 50%=0.5 0.5 (12 ) = 6 12 x + 16 y = 10,120
−12 x − 9 y = −7530
x + y = 12 7 y = 2590
0.4 x + 0.7 y = 6 y = 370
Multiply the first equation by −0.4 and add the
result to the second equation. Back-substitute 370 for y into one of the original
−0.4 x − 0.4 y = −4.8 equations. We use the first equation.
0.4 x + 0.7 y = 6 3x + 4 ( 370 ) = 2530
0.3 y = 1.2 3x + 1480 = 2530
y=4 3x = 1050
x = 350
Back-substitute 4 for y into one of the original
equations. We use the first equation. The price of the TV is $350, and the price of the
x + 4 = 12 stereo is $370.
x=8
36. Let x = the width of the rectangle.
x + 6 = the length of the rectangle.
The chemist should mix 8 liters of 40% acid
solution with 4 liters of 70% acid solution. x ( x + 6 ) = 55
33. Let x = the height. x 2 + 6 x = 55

1 x 2 + 6 x − 55 = 0
⋅15 ⋅ x = 120
2 ( x + 11)( x − 5) = 0
15 x x + 11 = 0 of x − 5 = 0
= 120
2
x = −11 x=5
15 x = 240
Disregard −11 because the width of a rectangle
x = 16 cannot be negative. So x = 5 and x + 6 = 11 .
The triangular sail is 16 feet high. The width of the rectangle is 5 meters, and the
length is 11 meters.
34. Let x = the measure of the 2nd angle.
x + 10 = the measure of the 1st angle.
4 x + 20 = the measure of the 3rd angle.
x + ( x + 10 ) + ( 4 x + 20 ) = 180
6 x + 30 = 180
6 x = 150
x = 25
x + 10 = 35
4 x + 20 = 120
The 1st angle measures 35° ; the 2nd angle measures

25° , and the 3rd angle measures 120° .

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Hedda was quite frankly snoring in the rocker, back in the gloom, but
Gabrielle obediently roused herself from deep study, and kissed
Margret, and retraced her way up through the cold halls. Her room
looked tumbled and was cold; she opened the window. Still night,
night, night, black and cold and unbroken—there was no end to this
winter night! But Gabrielle was young and cruelly wearied in mind
and body, and after three minutes in the cool sheets a heavenly
warmth began to envelop her, and she fell deeply asleep.
CHAPTER XI
Winter sunlight was slanting into the room when she awakened,
and for a while she lay still, trying to reconcile these beams from the
southwest with any possible hour on a January morning. Her watch
had stopped at half-past three. Or had it stopped?
She sat up, bewildered, the ticking watch at her ear. Sunshine from
the southwest, and her watch briskly ticking at half-past three!
“It can’t be!” Gabrielle said aloud, beginning heavily the business of
dressing. “Why, where are they all?” she murmured, gradually fitting
together in her mind the events of the past night. “Why didn’t
someone——”
Flooding sunlight and cold pure air from the southwest! The day
seemed turned around as, fifteen minutes later, she went slowly
downstairs. Nobody anywhere—sitting room, dining room, halls,
pantry; but Hedda and Margret were quietly talking over some busy
chopping and peeling in the spotless kitchen, and Margret started a
wood fire in the dining-room stove, and Hedda brought Gabrielle a
delicious breakfast luncheon and placed it on a small table near the
blaze.
Gabrielle was there alone, thoughtful over her meal, when David
came cheerfully in. He looked just his pleasant self as he sat down,
his dark hair a little tumbled, and his old corduroy jacket spotted
about the cuffs with paint, but Gabrielle thought he gave her an
unusually sharp keen look, and felt tears prick behind her eyes as
she smiled in answer.
“Well,” he said, “you got some sleep!”
“Eleven hours,” said Gay.
“I’m glad. You looked all in last night. And Margret said you came
down to the kitchen, late as it was, and talked things over——”
“For an hour.” Gay pushed away her table, almost untouched.
“Feel like a walk?”
“Oh, no, thank you, David.” She smiled gratefully, but he heard the
sharp sigh that followed the words. “I feel—broken,” she said, with
suddenly wet eyes.
“I don’t blame you,” he answered, gently. “But you mustn’t take all
this too hard, Gay. There’s nothing—disgraceful about it, after all.
Your mother had typhoid fever, and it left her—like this. She doesn’t
suffer—indeed, poor Aunt Flora suffers much, much more than she
does! Aunt Flora’s just been telling me that Aunt Lily is usually
perfectly serene and happy, wanders in the garden, loves the flowers
——”
Balm was creeping into the girl’s heart with every word he said, and
David saw, with a deep relief in his heart, that he was making an
impression.
“Finish your chocolate,” he pleaded. And smiling over the brink of her
cup with wearied eyes, Gay obediently picked it up and drank it to
the dregs.
“It seems that Aunt Lily has been restless since you came home,”
David added. “They never really know how much she understands or
how she learns things. But she knew that you were here and she has
been wild to see you. Being winter, she had been indoors most of the
time, and since Christmas, Aunt Flora says, she has been unusually
restless. That’s really the whole explanation—and that isn’t so
terrible, is it?” he finished, with a smile.
Gabrielle looked at him soberly.
“I would like to see her again,” she said, slowly.
“Well, by all means!” he answered, cheerfully. “I hear from Margret
that she seems to have a heavy cold and she’s in bed. But you can
go up there—talk to her——”
“My mother, David——” the girl faltered. And the eyes she turned
from his were brimming again. “It’s so different—from what most girls
think—when they say ‘Mother!’” she managed to say.
“I know,” David said, quickly, with infinite pity in his voice, “I know,
Gay. It’s very hard, dear.”
“What I realize now,” Gay began again, after a brief silence, and in a
voice she resolutely held steady, “what has come to me—suddenly!
—is that my name really is Fleming, that there was never any
marriage at all—between my mother and Charpentier.”
It was quite true that the thought had come to her suddenly, for at the
actual commencement of the sentence she had had no distinct
suspicion in the matter. Forlornly, she had been instinctively
searching for some phrase that should win David’s sympathy, that
should help him to realize how lonely and sad she felt.
But now the vague sorrow in her heart, the indefinable weight upon
her spirit, seemed to crystallize into these words, and almost
frightened of herself when she had said them, she ended on a note
of interrogation, and turned toward David for his denial.
There was a revulsion almost nauseating in its violence upon her
when David only looked at her with infinite pity and concern, and
asked:
“Gay, my dear, dear Gay, why do you say that?”
“Oh, my God, my God, my God!” Gay exclaimed, suffocating. And
she got to her feet and walked to the embrasure of the big eastern
bay window, where she stood staring blindly out at the paths white
with shabby snow and the trees’ bare wet branches twinkling in the
sunlight. A passionate childish wish that she had never voiced this
horrible thought and so made it concrete in his consciousness and
hers shook her from head to foot. It was said—it was said—and now
they must say more!
The fire in the stove had burned itself out; a chill was beginning to
pervade the gloomy great spaces of the dining room. The ugliest
hour of a cold, glaring winter afternoon lay upon the bare garden;
through the denuded shrubs they could see the steely ripple of the
sea.
“You see that explains it all, David,” Gay said, hurriedly and briefly.
“Aunt Flora’s anger against my mother, and her anxiety to keep the
knowledge of her marriage from everyone. There was no marriage
——”
“That is a thing you could easily find out, Gay,” David reminded her,
watching her anxiously.
“Could find out?” There was a glint of hope in her voice, and in the
heavy, beautiful eyes she raised to his. “Do you mean that you don’t
know?”
“I think of course your mother was married!” David said, stoutly. “But
how can I convince you? I never gave it a moment’s thought before.
Or if I did,” he added, conscientiously, remembering vaguely some
talk before the fire with Aunt Flora, on the day that Gay had come
home last fall, “I must have been entirely reassured, for I never
understand that there was anything irregular about it at all.”
“I can ask,” Gay mused, sombrely.
“I would ask, if I were you!” David answered, with a quick nod. “Only
remembering,” he added, “that if it should be what you fear, it does
not really touch you, Gay. You are not yet nineteen, and you are sure
to win friends, and your own place, and create your own life and your
own happiness, in these years that are ahead. Don’t feel anything
but pity, if this should be the case.”
She glanced at him gravely over her shoulder. Then he saw the
blood creep up under her clear, warmly colourless skin.
“I would like to have something—one thing!—in my life,” she said,
slowly, “of which I might be proud!”
David watched her as she walked slowly, and with her head held
high in a sort of weary dignity, from the room.
Flora, before the sitting-room fire later, told him that the girl had been
upstairs with poor Lily, who was in the drowsy state that followed
fatigue and the rather strong astringent medicine that Margret had
given her for a heavy cold. Gabrielle had sat beside her mother’s
fire, peacefully reading, Flora reported. Flora herself seemed oddly
relieved and at ease about the matter.
Gabrielle came into the room just before dinner, with her eyes still
clouded and heavy, but wearing the prettiest of her plain black
uniforms, with the white collar and cuffs that enhanced the delicate
beauty of her wrists and throat. She seemed composed but
subdued, and was so extraordinarily lovely, sitting silent in her chair
after dinner, raising her long curved lashes to look seriously at
whoever addressed her, that David thought that if anything could
make Gay more beautiful than before, this touch of tragedy and
sorrow had done so. To-night she seemed to have no heart for
cards, and David dared not suggest them; once, when Aunt Flora
had left the room, she told him in a hurried phrase, and with the hot
colour burning in her cheeks, that at the first opportunity she meant
to question her aunt and clear up the whole matter.
“I think you’re wise!” David said, warmly. “And meanwhile, would it
do any good to have me stay at Wastewater? Are you in the least
nervous about being left here?”
“Left here? With Margret and Daisy and Sarah and Hedda and Trude
and Aunt Flora?” she queried, looking up with the shadow of a sad
smile. “My dear David,” she added, as if half to herself, staring back
at the fire again, “what I have to fear is nothing from which you can
save me!”
“Sad times come into every life, Gay,” the man said, trying to comfort
her. “I remember,” he blundered on, “I remember the day Tom and I
were brought home from school—when our mother died. That was
before you were born, or Sylvia was born. Aunt Flora wasn’t even
married, if I remember rightly—no, of course she wasn’t. For she
was engaged to Uncle Roger after that——”
“Ah, losing your mother is different!” Gay said, in a voice of pain. “But
with me, Davy, it would be better if I had lost her. If I had never had
her!”
Nothing more was said until Aunt Flora returned, and then David felt
a thrill of genuine admiration for the girl who could forget her own
heartache to watch the elderly woman’s card game, prompting her,
correcting her, discussing plays. Watching them both, he told himself
that he would remain at Wastewater, whatever the inconvenience to
himself, at least until he could make sure that Gabrielle had settled
the wretchedly upsetting question of her own legitimacy.
But the next day was bright, and the sunshine almost warm. Gay
seemed over the stormiest pain of her new shock and new
suspicions, and David saw that she did not intend to hurry any
further investigations. Moreover, his closest friend and associate, the
lazy, happy-go-lucky Jim Rucker, in whose city studio David
occasionally set up an easel, wired him distressedly concerning a
question of some frames. Billings wanted to know if the snowscapes
were to have the same frames as the picture called “White’s Barn,
Keyport.” And if those three pictures came back from the Washington
Exhibition, where did David want them left?
David was needed. He departed, carrying the comforting last
memory of Gay, gloved and muffled, walking briskly in the winter
garden, and promising him that if there were any really sensational
weather developments in the next few weeks, she would send him
word.
“If there’s a blizzard,” she promised, with almost her old smile, “you
shall come back and paint it. Or one of those ice storms that coat all
the branches with glass! And be sure to let me know if the ‘notes’—
those little scrappy sketches I love so—sell, and which ones.”
“Lord, she is beautiful. Beautiful,” David said aloud, in the taxi. “I
guess she’ll be sensible. She’s all right now!”
He did not know that she watched him out of sight with a heart like
lead. With him the winter sunlight seemed to go, too, leaving only
gray skies, gray sea, bare trees and frozen earth, leaving only
shadows and damp odours of plaster and dust and kerosene in
Wastewater’s big walls, leaving loneliness and fear and shame to
Gabrielle.
Almost three weeks later she wrote him. David saw the Crowchester
postmark and instantly knew whose pretty, square handwriting that
must be. She wrote closely, evenly, yet there were a dash and a
finish about the blocked letters that gave the sheet the effect of a
rather unusual copper-plate engraving:
I had a long talk with Aunt Flora about ten days ago. And
she told me the truth. It was what I suspected. There was
never a marriage, and that was what broke her heart, and
incidentally my poor mother’s heart. The disgrace of it,
and the fever, coming all at once, were too much for her
soul and mind, and can you wonder? I think I had braced
myself to hear it, David, and expected it, and I am trying to
meet it as well as I can, trying to work hard, and to keep
busy, and to believe that it is only fair that I should pay for
what was not my fault. That is the reason, of course—I
mean the fact that it was all secret and wrong—that Uncle
Roger never made any search for Charpentier, my father.
My mother had no claim on him.
Aunt Flora was kindness itself about all this, and I think
she feels bitterly sorry for me. She talked to me so kindly
about Sylvia and herself always wanting me here, and
indeed I could hardly be anywhere else now, for my
mother has been pretty sick, and likes to have me about
her. It seems that she fears any doctor we call in may be
from one of those sanitariums she so hates, so we have
not called one. She lies very peaceful and still, and, oddly
enough, likes best to have me play and sing to her. One
kind thing that Aunt Flora did was to have the old square
piano upon which Sylvia and I used to practise years ago,
brought up to my mother’s room, and often we spend our
evenings there now.
And the letter went on, in a composed and courageous tone that
David found astonishing in any girl so young:
While she lives, which will not be long, for she seems
more like eighty than fifty now, and is so frail we hardly
know whether she will ever get up again—while she lives I
must stay here, since Sylvia and Aunt Flora will let me,
whether my pride likes it or not, of course. Afterward, I
look to work—[she had underscored it twice]—any sort of
work, to help me get my balance back, to help me feel that
life is just in the long run, and that there is good
somewhere under all this.
David read the thin sheets more than once, and mused far more
steadily than he realized upon the situation of the lovely and loving
young creature to whom life had been so strangely harsh. There was
not, truly, as she had said, one thing of which she might be proud.
Her father was nothing to her, her mother was poor little weak-
minded Aunt Lily, the bread she ate, the roof that covered her, were
Sylvia’s. Nameless, penniless, at eighteen she faced the world with
bare hands.
One day he stopped at a fancier’s, in the East Thirties, and sent up
to Wastewater a coffee-coloured airedale, seven weeks old. The
creature had somewhat the shape and feeling of a little muff, but was
stocky, warm, and wriggling, with a little eager red tongue coming
and going, and an entreating whine for whosoever stopped to finger
his soft little head. If Aunt Flora objected, David scribbled on his
card, Gay was to ask John please to keep Benbay, who was alas
somewhat lacking in points, but whose father was Champion Benbay
Westclox II, until David could take him away.
David, however, hoped that Aunt Flora would not object to Benbay.
His lack of “points” would not prevent the woolly little affectionate
creature from being a real companion and comfort to the lonely girl
at Wastewater. Studying, practising, brooding, walking alone in the
snow, eating meals alone with Aunt Flora in the dreary dining room,
singing her little songs to her forlorn and dying mother in the winter
evenings—David would shut his eyes and shake his head at the
mere thought of such a life for such a girl!
His exhibition was early in April, and was followed by another in
Chicago, where he would show pictures, and must be, if possible.
David planned to go to Wastewater immediately afterward and
establish himself there for the summer. Sylvia would be coming
home in June, and there would be all sorts of questions to settle.
Sylvia would have plans—she brimmed with plans. And of late
David, musing over the problem of Gay and her youth and her
beauty and her future, had been entertaining a new plan of his own.
It had come to him suddenly, this thought of a new solution for Gay,
and it had a strangely thrilling and heart-warming quality about it, for
all its undoubted whimsicality and unexpectedness. David had first
found himself thinking of it on the day when he and Jim Rucker were
bound for Chicago. David had been thinking idly, in his comfortable
big Pullman chair, and staring through the wide window at a
landscape that, although still bleak and bare, was already so
different from what it had been even a few weeks before.
Clouds so heavily packed then were flying wildly now across a sky
that seemed nearer, more accessible. Trees, leafless, yet had a
faintly moist and expectant air, as they whipped madly about. There
were thawing, and the taste of rain, and a great softening in the air;
there was ploughing under way, and children’s coats and winter hats
were already shabby and ready to be shed. Shadows lay longer, and
daylight lingered in the car almost until the dinner hour. David
watched school children stamping and running by the big roadside
pools that were ruffled by the wind; he saw mired cars in the muddy
roads that were hard as steel a few weeks before, and except on the
northeastern sides of fences and barns there was no more snow.
He was thinking of Gay, in a desultory fashion that had been
customary of late, just of Gay at Wastewater, coming and going in
her plain frocks, with her beautiful hand set off by the thin lawn cuff,
and her beautiful creamy throat rising from the broad, transparent
organdy collar, with that husky sweetness in her voice, and the
fashion of raising her up-curled lashes to look at him. Gay, opening
doors, walking by the sea——
And suddenly, full-grown in his mind, was the idea of marrying Gay.
He did not know whence it had come; it seemed complete, it was
finished to the last detail.
David was oddly shaken by this extraordinary inspiration. He did not
think of it as an idea: it was an obsession. Once in his mind, he could
think of nothing else, nor did he wish to think of anything else. Under
his desultory rambling conversations with Jim Rucker, during their
dinner, and while he was trying to read afterward, the insidious
sweetness of this astonishing vision persisted. David abandoned
himself to it over and over, as he might have done to some subtle
and dream-provoking drug.
He always imagined his homecoming to Wastewater, to find Gay in
the sitting room, sitting alone by the fire. He would come in to her,
and she would raise to his those beautiful, serious eyes, and he
would hear that husky, sweet voice in greeting. Sometimes the mere
pleasure of this much so intrigued David that he was obliged to go
back to the beginning and picture it all over again: the upstairs sitting
room, the drowsy coal fire in the steel-rodded grate; Uncle Roger’s
smiling picture, with the favourite horse and the greyhound, looking
down from above the mantel.
Then they would talk a little about her mother and Aunt Flora and
Sylvia, and then David would say unexpectedly: “I’ve thought of a
wonderful solution for you and all your troubles, dear old Gay. I want
you to marry me.” And when David reached this point in his dream,
he had to stop short. An odd, happy sort of suffocation would
envelop him, something that had nothing to do with love, but that
seemed sheer emotion, by a realization of the poignant dramatic
beauty of the scene.
To be sure, David had said almost these very words to Sylvia only a
few months before. But strangely, strangely!—they had not seemed
to have anything in common with the same phrases when addressed
to Gay. In the first place, for ten years he had been steadily and
admiringly moving toward the day of his marriage to Sylvia. He had
administered her fortune with that in view, and being at this moment
under a flexible sort of promise to marry Sylvia, an “understanding”
that was to be made more definite presently, only if she so decreed,
he had given some concerned thought a few months before to his
future status as the husband of a rich young wife, as a money-
hating, society-hating, display-hating painter married to a girl of
twenty-one who might quite naturally be expected to enjoy her
money and the social advantages it would give her.
David even now thought of himself as loving Sylvia and of being the
proper mate for her. But Sylvia did not love him, or if she did, she
also loved the thought of her independence, of travel with her
mother. They had always thought they loved each other, and, there
being no change now in his feeling toward her, David quite honestly
believed that he loved her still.
But part of his plan for Gay included an explanation to Sylvia of the
complications of the situation. Oddly enough, David did not dwell, in
his thoughts, upon this explanation. There was no thrill in imagining
that. He thought of it hurriedly; Sylvia beautiful and understanding, of
course; Sylvia saying, “Why, certainly, David. It does solve
everything for poor little Gay, and is much the wisest arrangement all
round!”
That would be gotten through as briefly as possible; probably by
letter, or perhaps David could see her for a moment at college. And
immediately this was over, he would be free for that strangely thrilling
scene with Gay—a scene of which he did not think as connected
with love-making in any way. He had “loved” Sylvia for years, and
there was none of that feeling here. No, this was just an inspired
solution of poor little Gay’s affairs.
For however wise and charming, she was not the type of girl who
battles, or who wishes to battle, successfully with the world. She was
alone, poor, nameless, and beautiful, and David shuddered as he
thought what life might add to her present load of troubles and
wrongs.
On the other hand, it would be excruciating to her to live along
indefinitely at Wastewater. She would be dependent upon Sylvia,
she would have no real place in the family, and on every side would
be constant reminders of her mother’s unhappy life and of her own
illegitimacy.
But—married to him, established in the sunshiny little farmhouse in
Keyport where he kept a sort of studio—Mrs. David Fleming——!
“What a wonderful thing marriage is!” David thought, shutting the
book he could not read and lapsing contentedly into his golden
dream again. He pictured Gay as his happy, simple, busy young
wife, pictured them breakfasting on the shabby little east porch of the
Keyport house on some summer morning when the peaceful ocean
swelled and shone like a stretch of blue Chinese silk. “What a
wonderful thing it is to take a woman right out of her own house like
that!” David said, with a strange plunging at his heart. “I don’t know
that I ever realized just what an extraordinary thing it is, before!”
He began to imagine himself as introducing her to the simple
household arrangements there: the little wood stove, the saucepans
in which he and Rucker had sometimes scrambled eggs, the odd
sketches and “notes” on the walls, the whole slipshod, comfortable
little bachelor establishment. And his heart sang at the thought.
He was only Uncle Roger’s stepson, whose income was something
like four thousand a year. Gay was—nothing. What they did, where
they went, how they spent the little money they had, would be
nobody’s business. They would go to Spain, if a few pictures sold at
some sale, next year, or the year after—and if they had a child some
day, David added in his thoughts, with a little unconscious squaring
of his shoulders, and a grin, they would take him with them—drag
him along and toughen him, and let Aunt Flora and Sylvia say what
they would!
The relief of not having to think of Wastewater, Aunt Flora, and—and,
yes, of Sylvia, too, made him feel a sort of shamed joy. In that
arrangement he would always have been self-conscious, fighting
against nameless and subtle and cramping opposition for his identity
and his freedom. If he wanted a studio in Wastewater, he knew just
how Sylvia would cushion it and beautify it. If he wanted old Rucker
to come up and paint for a while, he knew just how Aunt Flora,
abetted by Sylvia, would ask innocently: “How long will Mr. Rucker
be with us, David?” He knew—because he had indeed experienced
it, when rendering her accounts—exactly how conscientiously and
incessantly Sylvia would discuss money matters with him.
“If you are in that neighbourhood, David,” he could imagine her
saying pleasantly, “do get those bonds from Crocker and put them in
the safety-deposit boxes. I do think it was just a little irregular to
leave them there since they aren’t needed.” And, “Will you go over
that once again, David? You say they are reorganizing the company
and want me to accept these securities for the old—I don’t
understand.”
“You only have to sign that certificate, dear; all the other
stockholders in the old company are doing it,” he imagined himself
responding, for the tenth time.
“Yes, but David, suppose this is so much worthless paper?” Sylvia
would ask, intelligently. And Aunt Flora would nod in grave approval
and admiration. No cheating Sylvia! “I don’t believe in scribbling my
signature anywhere and everywhere,” Sylvia would go on,
reinforced. “Please let’s go over it again and again, until it’s all quite
clear!”
But with Gay, how simple and easy it would all be! Just their own
happy daily plans to discuss, and their own microscopic income to
administer. They would go up to Wastewater for Sunday dinner with
Sylvia and Aunt Flora, and Gay would really be a Fleming then, and
all her old unhappiness forgotten. Who would know—or care!—that
beautiful young Mrs. David Fleming had been born outside of Mrs.
Grundy’s garden walls? Gay would come in to her husband’s
exhibitions, wearing that little velvet gown, or another like it, so vitally
eager, so interested, so familiar with every stroke of the brush——
And at this point in his musing David would go back to the beginning
again, and think of Wastewater in an April twilight, a week or two
from now, and himself arriving there, to find Gay dreaming alone
before the fire in the upstairs sitting room. She would raise those
star-sapphire eyes and give him that radiant smile, and they would
talk about Aunt Lily, and Aunt Flora, and Sylvia, and then he would
say suddenly:
“I’ve thought out a real plan for you, Gay! It involves my having a talk
with Sylvia, and it involves a little green-and-white farmhouse and
barn in Keyport, for which I pay a hundred dollars rent a year, and a
plain gold ring——!”
How bewildered she would look; he could see that faintly smiling,
maternally indulgent look——!
His dream took complete possession of David, and made everything
he did and said in these days seem unreal. The exhibition was
under-run by a strong current of it: “It involves you and me, Gay, and
my having a talk with Sylvia,” David was saying to himself over and
over, and the sale of a picture only made him think suddenly that he
would like to give her a little present. Oh, and he had his mother’s
beautiful old-fashioned diamond engagement ring, and also some
almost valueless but pretty topazes that had been hers, a ring and
earrings and a chain, and an oval onyx pin with a pearl in it. These
would be charming with Gay’s warm golden colouring—especially if
she wore those plain little velvet frocks——
Life took on quite a new meaning for David, and he said to himself
that it must be because he was moving in this matter with Gay’s
safety and comfort and future rather than his own predominant in his
mind, that this odd fluttering happiness, this poignant interest in the
tiniest things in his day—because oddly they all seemed connected
with his dream—this new delightful sense of values in anything and
everything, had come to him.
Spring was always late at Wastewater, but spring was surely here,
he thought, when he reached the old place late in an afternoon early
in May.
He had hoped to get to Wastewater in the middle of, or at least by
the third week in April, but upon returning to New York he found
business matters of Sylvia’s there which could not wait. It was with a
grim little twitch in the corner of his mouth that David devoted himself
to them. Sylvia would pay her next administrator; and it would not be
her affectionate cousin David!
Now he would not get to Wastewater until May, and the twenty-third
of April was Gay’s birthday! David felt quite disproportionately
provoked by the delay. Poor little Gay, she would not have much fun
on her nineteenth anniversary. And because it seemed so newly and
delightfully his business to think of Gay’s pleasure now before his
own, he sent her a birthday letter.
David wrote, with something less than the truth:
I’ve been thinking a lot about you, and hoping that,
between us all this summer, we can lighten that sad heart
of yours. Or no, I won’t say “us,” for I hope to do
something toward it all by myself. I’ve got a most attractive
plan to propose to you, and you must make up your mind
to agree to it. I’m writing Sylvia about it, for she comes into
it a little—but not much. It is almost entirely dependent
upon you, and somewhat upon yours ever faithfully and
affectionately,
David.
She would get nothing from that, David assured himself as he mailed
the letter. Having done so he tried to think just why the thrilling
excitement that possessed him had seemed to exact that he relieve
his overcharged emotions with just so much of a hint. It would only
puzzle her——
CHAPTER XII
Gabrielle, however, was more affronted than puzzled by it. It made
her definitely uneasy. She suspected at once what was in his mind,
and in the utter despair that engulfed her she felt that this would be
the crowning trial, the crowning indignity, in a life that was filled with
both.
The days since her discovery regarding her mother had seemed
endless to her. They were the cold dark days that follow the coming
in of the new year, there was nothing of the holidays’ snap and
exhilaration about them. Rain, clouds, winds, heavy snows, rushing
storms had thundered and banged about Wastewater; Gay felt that
every out-of-door garment she had was twisted and soaked and half
dried; she was sick with loneliness and discouragement.
In vain she made herself practise, made herself walk and study.
There was no life in it; everything she did come up against a blank
wall, a dreary “What’s the use?” What was the use of living, to find
that so much that was weak and stupid and wrong was blended into
one’s blood?
If there had been a sweet, interested mother to put her arm about
one, or a big father to advise and adore, if there had been normal
friendships, neighbours, all the cheerful life of the average American
girl—ah, that would have been so different! But Gabrielle was alone,
yet curiously imprisoned in this dreary old silent place, tied to the
poor little invalid who rarely identified her, and to dismal, quiet Aunt
Flora, and to all the ghosts and echoes of Wastewater.
Tied, too, to an unceasing contemplation of Sylvia’s perfections,
Sylvia’s good fortune, Sylvia’s charms. Sylvia would be home in June
as the daughter of the house, and the heiress; already some
papering and painting was being done in preparation for her return;
she herself had selected papers and hangings in Boston weeks ago.
Gabrielle had borne bravely the initial shock of discovering her
mother but she weakened as the slow, cold weeks went by, let her
music go, neglected her books, wept and brooded a great deal.
David’s birthday letter brought the first smile of many days to her
face, and she opened it with the old brightness he always brought to
her shining in her eyes.
The cryptic phrases made her bite her lip thoughtfully; look off into
space for a little while. And presently she went for a lonely walk by
the sea, and half-a-mile away from the house, seated upon a rock
above the ebbing teeth of the cold tide, she read the letter again.
Then she tore it to scraps and buried it under a stone. Her cheeks
blazed with colour and a nervous hammering commenced in her
heart. He could not mean—but he could not mean that he meant to
ask her to marry him?
This would be preposterous; it certainly was not that. Yet as
Gabrielle remembered the phrases of the short letter the horrible
conviction came to her that her suspicion was justified. He was
engaged to Sylvia, or at least there was between them an
understanding more or less definite; that was what he meant by
Sylvia’s part, Sylvia’s “coming into it a little.” And the rest was
between him and Gabrielle.
Oh, he could not intend to hurt her so terribly, to add this insufferably
humiliating thing to all that she was enduring now!
“I don’t believe it!” Gabrielle said aloud to the gulls and the sea.
“David wouldn’t do it. It wouldn’t be honest, and he would know how
mortally—how mortally hurt I would be!”
But the uncomfortable fear persisted. David always entered into
Sylvia’s and Aunt Flora’s plans with all the affectionate interest of a
devoted son. He knew they were troubled about Gay. He would step
into the breach and solve the Gay problem once and for all.
“Oh, my God, I cannot bear it, if he begins to say something like that
to me!” Gay said, passionately, getting to her feet and beginning to
walk along the rough shore blindly, hardly conscious of what she was
doing. “How cruel—how cruel they are! They don’t know, you see,”
she added, to herself, more quietly. “They don’t know how hard it is!
Aunt Flora will think it over and decide that David would be a most
wonderful match for me——”
Her heart began to beat fast again, and her face burned.
“If he comes here next week,” she said, hurriedly and feverishly, “I
will not be here! Where can I go? I won’t—I can’t have him tell me
about it, that Sylvia thinks it wise, and Aunt Flora thinks it wise. No,
my dear David,” Gay said, stumbling on, and crying bitterly as she
went, “you are the one man in the world who cannot solve my
problems by marrying me! You would do it, to have them happy, and
to make me happy, but that would be more than I can bear! I’ve
borne a great deal—I wish I had never been born!” And blinded by
tears, she sat down upon a rock, and buried her head in her arms,
and sobbed aloud.
But when she got home she was quite herself again, and had the
puppy in the sitting room before dinner, playing with him charmingly
in her low chair; standing him up on his indeterminate little hind legs,
in a dancing position, doubling him up with little bites and woofs of
affection, to which the struggling puppy made little woofing and biting
replies.
Gabrielle had by this time quite convinced herself that it was idiotic to
suspect sensible David of anything so fantastic as disposing of
Sylvia, whom he so heartily admired, and offering himself to her,
whom he had not seen for twelve long weeks. She put the suspicion
resolutely from her.
Aunt Flora had softened so much to Ben, as the puppy was called,
that he was a regular third in the evening group, and had even been
up to Lily’s room. Flora often pretended that Ben could not be
comfortable curled up in a ball in an armchair and sound asleep, and
would drag him into her lap with an impatient “Here, if you won’t be
quiet anywhere else!” To-night Gay forestalled this by surrendering
him to Aunt Flora as soon as dinner was over. Neither played cards
to-night, Flora thoughtfully pulled the little dog’s soft ears, Gabrielle
sat opposite, with Emerson’s Essays open in her lap.
“Poor Lily isn’t going to last much longer, Gabrielle,” Flora said,
presently, with a sigh. The relief of sharing her secret had quite
visibly softened Flora, and she often discussed Gay’s mother with
the girl as with a confidante and an equal. “I think we must have a
doctor, now. I know, of course, what he will say; she had constant
care from a doctor while she was at Crosswicks. But, afterward, it is
as well to have had some advice.”
Gabrielle, listening soberly, nodded with a sigh. She could not
pretend to grieve. More, she could not pretend that it would not be a
great lightening of her load when that frail little babbling personality
was no more. She thirsted to get away from Wastewater, away from
ghosts and shadows and echoes, into the world again! Away from
David, with his kind eyes and his interested smile, away from Sylvia,
who was so cruelly armed at all points with beauty and intelligence,
with friends and money and position and power!
Presently Flora spoke of Sylvia; David would be home in a few days
now, and Sylvia in less than five weeks. It would be so wonderful to
have Sylvia home for always.
“Do you know, Gabrielle,” said Flora, jerking her yarn composedly
over Ben’s little sleeping head, “I would not be intensely surprised if
nothing came of the understanding between David and Sylvia. From
something she wrote me, I rather suspect that there is somebody
—— No, I can’t say that. Perhaps it is only that she does not want to
think of anything so serious so soon. She’s not yet twenty-one, after
all. But she wrote me as if she might be thinking it wiser for David
——”
Gabrielle heard no more. Her throat constricted again, and her
hands grew cold. All the fears of the afternoon returned in full force.
But surely—surely they couldn’t all be so simple as to think that she
would placidly and gratefully accept this solution of her problem, her
poverty, her namelessness, her superfluousness!
David would not, anyway, she told herself a hundred times in the
days to come. David was understanding, David was everything that
was kind and good. He would help her find her independence, he
would always be her friend, and Gay knew, in her own secret heart,

Introductory and Intermediate Algebra for College Students 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual instant download all chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introductory and Intermediate Algebra for College Students 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual instant download all chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introductory and Intermediate Algebra

for College Students 5th Edition Blitzer

Introductory and Intermediate Algebra for College

Introductory and Intermediate Algebra for College

Introductory and Intermediate Algebra for College

Introductory Algebra for College Students 7th Edition

Intermediate Algebra for College Students 7th Edition

Introductory Algebra for College Students 7th Edition

Introductory Algebra for College Students 6th Edition

Intermediate Algebra for College Students 7th Edition

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 469

x=5 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.

470 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

y+7 −15 −15 −5 5

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 471

472 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

62. The numerator and denominator of this rational y 2 − y − 12 ( y − 4 )( y + 3)

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 473

474 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

This means it costs $520 million to inoculate 87. D = 1000, A = 8

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 475

The cost per canoe when manufacturing 100 104. true

102. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. 2 2 1 2 2 ⋅1 1

476 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 477

7.2 Concept and Vocabulary Check x + 2 ( x + 5 )( x − 5 ) ( x + 2 )

478 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 479

480 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 481

482 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 483

3xy + ay + 3xb + ab y 3 + b3 3xy + ay + 3xb + ab 6 x − 2a

484 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

77. − 79. Answers will vary.

80. makes sense

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 485

81. makes sense

83. makes sense

486 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

91. The graph coincides. 97. x ( 2x + 9) = 5

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 487

3x 2 + 4 x 11x − 4 3x 2 + 4 x − (11x − 4) 7.3 Concept and Vocabulary Check

488 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 489

490 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 491

492 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 493

494 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

L + 60W L − 40W 76. P = 2 L + 2W

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 495

496 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 497

2. x and x + 3; x + 3 and x + 5; x( x + 3)( x + 5)

498 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

7.4 Exercise Set 17 18

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 499

500 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 501

502 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 503

504 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 505