CALCULUS 1

PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRAL
EVALUATION

Agustus 2017
PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRAL EVALUATION

1. AN OVERVIEW OF INTEGRATION METHODS

2. INTEGRATION BY PARTS

3. INTEGRATING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

4. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS

5. INTEGRATING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL

FRACTIONS
AN OVERVIEW OF INTEGRATION
METHODS
A REVIEW OF FAMILIAR INTEGRATION FORMULAS

 CONSTANTS, POWERS, EXPONENTIALS

A REVIEW OF FAMILIAR INTEGRATION FORMULAS

 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
A REVIEW OF FAMILIAR INTEGRATION FORMULAS

 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
A REVIEW OF FAMILIAR INTEGRATION FORMULAS

 ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS (a > 0)

A REVIEW OF FAMILIAR INTEGRATION FORMULAS

 ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS (a > 0)

SUBSTITUTION IN INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Let g be a differentiable function and suppose that F is antiderivative of f. Then, if
u = g(x),

 f  g  x  g '  x  dx   f u  du  F u   C  F  g  x   C
EXAMPLE

x
Find  cos  x  dx
2 2

3
Find
 5  9x 2
dx
SUBSTITUTION IN DEFINITE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Find  t t 2  4 dt

3
Find  x3 x 4  11 dx
1
EXERCISE 1
1. Perform the indicated integrations

  x  2  dx
5
a.
dx
b.  x2  4
1
c .  t 3 dt
t2

1
d.  2 dx
x  2x  5
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
THE PRODUCT RULE AND INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Our primary goal in this section is to develop a general method for attacking
integrals of the form :
 f  x  g  x  dx
Let G(x) be any antiderivative of g(x).

We can express in integral form as :

THE PRODUCT RULE AND INTEGRATION BY PARTS
In practice, we usually rewrite :

as :
THE PRODUCT RULE AND INTEGRATION BY PARTS
EXAMPLE
1. Use integration by parts to evaluate :
GUIDELINES FOR INTEGRATION BY PARTS
 The main goal in integration by parts is to choose u and dv to obtain a new
integral that is easier to evaluate than the original.
 A strategy that often works is to choose u and dv so that u becomes “simpler”
when differentiated, while leaving a dv that can be readily integrated to obtain v.
EXAMPLE. Evaluate

 There is another useful strategy for choosing u and dv

Logs, Inverse trig, Polynomial, Exponential, Trig

GUIDELINES FOR INTEGRATION BY PARTS
EXAMPLE.
REPEATED INTEGRATION BY PARTS
It is sometimes necessary to use integration by parts more than once in the same
problem.
EXAMPLE
REPEATED INTEGRATION BY PARTS
EXAMPLE
Another integration by parts applied to

Finally :
A TABULAR METHOD FOR REPEATED INTEGRATION
BY PARTS
Integrals of the form :

where p(x) is a polynomial, can sometimes be evaluated using repeated integration

by parts in which u is taken to be p(x) or one of its derivatives at each stage.
A TABULAR METHOD FOR REPEATED INTEGRATION
BY PARTS
EXAMPLE
1. Evaluate
A TABULAR METHOD FOR REPEATED INTEGRATION
BY PARTS
EXAMPLE
1. Evaluate
INTEGRATION BY PARTS FOR DEFINITE INTEGRALS
For definite integrals the formula :
INTEGRATION BY PARTS FOR DEFINITE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
REDUCTION FORMULAS
Integration by parts can be used to derive reduction formulas for integrals. If n is
a positive integer and n ≥ 2 :

EXAMPLE
EXERCISE 2
1. Use integration by part to evaluate each integral

a.  x sin 2 x dx
 t ln  t  dt
5 7
b.
3
ln 2 x 5
c  2 dx
2 x

 x e dx
5 x2
d.

 t cos t dt
2
e
INTEGRATING TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
INTEGRATING POWERS OF SINE AND COSINE
We begin by recalling two reduction formulas from the preceding section :

In the case where n = 2, these formulas yield :

INTEGRATING POWERS OF SINE AND COSINE
Alternative forms of these integration formulas can be derived from the
trigonometric identities:
INTEGRATING POWERS OF SINE AND COSINE
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINES AND COSINES
If m and n are positive integers, then the integral can be
evaluated by :
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINES AND COSINES
EXAMPLE
Evaluate
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINES AND COSINES
EXAMPLE Evaluate
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINES AND COSINES
Integrals of the form :

can be found by using the trigonometric identities :

INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINES AND COSINES

EXAMPLE

Evaluate
INTEGRATING POWERS OF TANGENT AND SECANT
Reduction formulas :
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENTS AND SECANTS

If m and n are positive integers, then the integral :

can be evaluated by :
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENTS AND SECANTS
EXAMPLE : Evaluate
INTEGRATING POWERS OF TANGENT AND SECANT
EXAMPLE : Evaluate
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENTS AND SECANTS
EXAMPLE : Evaluate
AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR INTEGRATING POWERS OF
SINE, COSINE,TANGENT, AND SECANT
The methods in Tables 1 and 2 can sometimes be applied if m = 0 or n = 0 to
integrate positive integer powers of sine, cosine, tangent, and secant without
reduction formulas

EXAMPLE
EXERCISE 3
1. Perform the indicated integrations :

5 2
sin 4 x cos 4 x dx

 sin 4 y cos 5 y dy

 x dx
4
tan


3 2
tan x sec x dx
TRIGONOMETRIC
SUBSTITUTIONS
INTEGRAL INVOLVING n
ax  b
If n
ax  b appears in an integral, the substitution u  n ax  b will eliminate
the radical

EXAMPLE
dx
1. Find  x x
INTEGRAL INVOLVING n
ax  b
 x  4 dx
3
2. Find x
INTEGRAL INVOLVING n
ax  b
 x  x  1
2
3. Find 5
dx
THE METHOD OF TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
We will be concerned with integrals that contain expressions of the form :

in which a is a positive constant.

The basic idea for evaluating such integrals is to make a substitution for x
that will eliminate the radical.

For example, to eliminate the radical in the expression

we can make the substitution
THE METHOD OF TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

EXAMPLE

1.
THE METHOD OF TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
EXAMPLE

1.

Using the result from Example 1 with the x-limits of integration yields :

Using the result from Example 1 with the θ-limits of integration yields :
THE METHOD OF TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
THE METHOD OF TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

EXAMPLE
dx
Find 
9  x2
INTEGRALS INVOLVING ax2 + bx + c

Integrals that involve a quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c, where a  0

and b  0, can often be evaluated by first completing the square, then
making an appropriate substitution.

EXAMPLE

Completing the square yields :

INTEGRALS INVOLVING ax2 + bx + c
Thus, the substitution :
EXERCISE 4
1. Perform the indicated Integrations

x x  1 dx

x 2  3x
 x4
dx

2. Evaluate the integral

x2
 16  x 2
dx

2x  1
 x2  2 x  2 dx
INTEGRATING RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL
FRACTIONS
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
In algebra, one learns to combine two or more fractions into a single fraction
by finding a common denominator :

For purposes of integration, the left side of is preferable to the right side
since each of the terms is easy to integrate :

Thus, it is desirable to have some method that will enable us to obtain the
left side of ,starting with the right side.
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Thus, to find the left side of , starting from the right side, we could factor the
denominator of the right side and look for constants A and B such that :

The terms on the right side of are called partial fractions of the expression
on the left side because they each constitute part of that expression.
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Suppose that P(x)/Q(x) is a proper rational function, by which we mean that
the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator.

Every proper rational function can be expressed as a sum :

where F1(x), F2(x), . . . , Fn(x) are rational functions of the form :

FINDING THE FORM OF A PARTIAL FRACTION
DECOMPOSITION
The first step in finding the form of the partial fraction decomposition
of a proper rational function P(x)/Q(x) is to factor Q(x) completely
into linear and irreducible quadratic factors.

Then collect all repeated factors so that Q(x) is expressed as a product

of distinct factors of the form :
FINDING THE FORM OF A PARTIAL FRACTION
DECOMPOSITION
The first step in finding the form of the partial fraction decomposition
of a proper rational function P(x)/Q(x) is to factor Q(x) completely
into linear and irreducible quadratic factors.

Then collect all repeated factors so that Q(x) is expressed as a product

of distinct factors of the form :
LINEAR FACTORS

If all of the factors of Q(x) are linear, then the partial fraction decomposition
of P(x)/Q(x) can be determined by using the following rule :
LINEAR FACTORS
EXAMPLE
dx
Evaluate  x2  x  2
The integrand is a proper rational function that can be written as :
LINEAR FACTORS
EXAMPLE
2x  4
Evaluate x
3
dx
 2x
2

The integrand can be written as :

QUADRATIC FACTORS

If some of the factors of Q(x) are irreducible quadratics, then the

contribution of those factors to the partial fraction decomposition of
P(x)/Q(x) can be determined from the following rule:
QUADRATIC FACTORS

If some of the factors of Q(x) are irreducible quadratics, then the

contribution of those factors to the partial fraction decomposition of
P(x)/Q(x) can be determined from the following rule:
LINEAR FACTORS
EXAMPLE
x2  x  2
Evaluate
 3x3  x2  3x  1 dx
The denominator in the integrand can be factored by grouping :
INTEGRATING IMPROPER RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE
3x 4  3x3  5 x 2  x  1
Evaluate  2
x  x2
dx

Thus, we first perform the long division :

It follows that the integrand can be expressed as :

INTEGRATING IMPROPER RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE
EXERCISE 5
1. Use the method of partial fraction decomposition to perform the
integral
1
 x  x  1 dx

2 x2  x  4
 x3  x2  2 x dx