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Chapter 08

Index Models

Multiple Choice Questions

1. As diversification increases, the total variance of a portfolio approaches

A. 0.

B. 1.

C. the variance of the market portfolio.

D. infinity.

E. None of the options

2. As diversification increases, the standard deviation of a portfolio approaches

A. 0.

B. 1.

C. infinity.

D. the standard deviation of the market portfolio.

E. None of the options

8-1
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3. As diversification increases, the firm-specific risk of a portfolio approaches

A. 0.

B. 1.

C. infinity.

D. (n - 1) × n.

4. As diversification increases, the unsystematic risk of a portfolio approaches

A. 1.

B. 0.

C. infinity.

D. (n - 1) × n.

5. As diversification increases, the unique risk of a portfolio approaches

A. 1.

B. 0.

C. infinity.

D. (n - 1) × n.

6. The index model was first suggested by

A. Graham.

B. Markowitz.

C. Miller.

D. Sharpe.

8-2
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7. A single-index model uses __________ as a proxy for the systematic risk factor.

A. a market index, such as the S&P 500

B. the current account deficit

C. the growth rate in GNP

D. the unemployment rate

8. Beta books typically rely on the __________ most recent monthly observations to calculate
regression parameters.

A. 12

B. 36

C. 60

D. 120

9. The index model has been estimated for stocks A and B with the following results:

RA = 0.03 + 0.7RM + eA.


RB = 0.01 + 0.9RM + eB.
σM = 0.35; σ(eA) = 0.20; σ(eB) = 0.10.

The covariance between the returns on stocks A and B is

A. 0.0384.

B. 0.0406.

C. 0.1920.

D. 0.0772.

E. 0.4000.

8-3
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10. According to the index model, covariances among security pairs are

A. due to the influence of a single common factor represented by the market index return.

B. extremely difficult to calculate.

C. related to industry-specific events.

D. usually positive.

E. due to the influence of a single common factor represented by the market index return and
usually positive.

11. The intercept in the regression equations calculated by beta books is equal to

A. α in the CAPM.

B. α + rf(1 + β).

C. α + rf(1 - β).

D. 1 - α.

12. Analysts may use regression analysis to estimate the index model for a stock. When doing so,
the slope of the regression line is an estimate of

A. the α of the asset.

B. the β of the asset.

C. the σ of the asset.

D. the δ of the asset.

8-4
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13. Analysts may use regression analysis to estimate the index model for a stock. When doing so,
the intercept of the regression line is an estimate of

A. the α of the asset.

B. the β of the asset.

C. the σ of the asset.

D. the δ of the asset.

14. In a factor model, the return on a stock in a particular period will be related to

A. firm-specific events.

B. macroeconomic events.

C. the error term.

D. both firm-specific events and macroeconomic events.

E. neither firm-specific events and macroeconomic events.

15. Rosenberg and Guy found that __________ helped to predict a firm's beta.

A. the firm's financial characteristics

B. the firm's industry group

C. firm size

D. the firm's financial characteristics and the firm's industry group

E. All of the options

8-5
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16. If the index model is valid, _________ would be helpful in determining the covariance between
assets GM and GE.

A. βGM

B. βGE

C. σM

D. All of the options

E. None of the options

17. If the index model is valid, _________ would be helpful in determining the covariance between
assets HPQ and KMP.

A. βHPQ

B. βKMP

C. σM

D. All of the options

E. None of the options

18. If the index model is valid, _________ would be helpful in determining the covariance between
assets K and L.

A. βk

B. βL

C. σM

D. All of the options

E. None of the options

8-6
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19. Rosenberg and Guy found that ___________ helped to predict firms' betas.

A. debt/asset ratios

B. market capitalization

C. variance of earnings

D. All of the options

E. None of the options

20. If a firm's beta was calculated as 0.6 in a regression equation, a commonly used adjustment
technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. less than 0.6 but greater than zero.

B. between 0.6 and 1.0.

C. between 1.0 and 1.6.

D. greater than 1.6.

E. zero or less.

21. If a firm's beta was calculated as 0.8 in a regression equation, a commonly used adjustment
technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. less than 0.8 but greater than zero.

B. between 1.0 and 1.8.

C. between 0.8 and 1.0.

D. greater than 1.8.

E. zero or less.

8-7
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22. If a firm's beta was calculated as 1.3 in a regression equation, a commonly used adjustment
technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. less than 1.0 but greater than zero.

B. between 0.3 and 0.9.

C. between 1.0 and 1.3.

D. greater than 1.3.

E. zero or less.

23. The beta of Exxon stock has been estimated as 1.6 using regression analysis on a sample of
historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. 1.20.

B. 1.32.

C. 1.13.

D. 1.40.

24. The beta of Apple stock has been estimated as 2.3 using regression analysis on a sample of
historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. 2.20.

B. 1.87.

C. 2.13.

D. 1.66.

8-8
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25. The beta of JCP stock has been estimated as 1.2 using regression analysis on a sample of
historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. 1.20.

B. 1.32.

C. 1.13.

D. 1.0.

26. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 150 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 150 investments. They will need to calculate _____________ expected returns and
___________ variances of returns.

A. 150; 150

B. 150; 22500

C. 22500; 150

D. 22500; 22500

27. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 100 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 100 investments. They will need to calculate _____________ expected returns and
___________ variances of returns.

A. 100; 100

B. 100; 4950

C. 4950; 100

D. 4950; 4950

8-9
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28. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 150 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 150 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 12

B. 150

C. 22,500

D. 11,175

29. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 125 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 125 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 125

B. 7,750

C. 15,625

D. 11,750

30. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 100 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 100 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 45

B. 100

C. 4,950

D. 10,000

8-10
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31. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 175 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained by
175 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of expected returns and
________ estimates of sensitivity coefficients to the macroeconomic factor.

A. 175; 15,225

B. 175; 175

C. 15,225; 175

D. 15,225; 15,225

32. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 125 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained by
125 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of expected returns and
________ estimates of sensitivity coefficients to the macroeconomic factor.

A. 125; 15,225

B. 15,625; 125

C. 7,750; 125

D. 125; 125

33. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 200 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained by
200 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of expected returns and
________ estimates of sensitivity coefficients to the macroeconomic factor.

A. 200; 19,900

B. 200; 200

C. 19,900; 200

D. 19,900; 19.900

8-11
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McGraw-Hill Education.
34. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 500 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained by
500 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of firm-specific variances
and ________ estimate/estimates for the variance of the macroeconomic factor.

A. 500; 1

B. 500; 500

C. 124,750; 1

D. 124,750; 500

E. 250,000; 500

35. Consider the single-index model. The alpha of a stock is 0%. The return on the market index
is 16%. The risk-free rate of return is 5%. The stock earns a return that exceeds the risk-free
rate by 11% and there are no firm-specific events affecting the stock performance. The β of
the stock is

A. 0.67.

B. 0.75.

C. 1.0.

D. 1.33.

E. 1.50.

8-12
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36. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities, and that
the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.20 and σ M was 0.16, the β of
the portfolio would be approximately

A. 0.64.

B. 0.80.

C. 1.25.

D. 1.56.

37. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities, and that
the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.22 and σ M was 0.19, the β of
the portfolio would be approximately

A. 1.34.

B. 1.16.

C. 1.25.

D. 1.56.

38. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities, and that
the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.18 and σ M was 0.24, the β of
the portfolio would be approximately

A. 0.75.

B. 0.56.

C. 0.07.

D. 1.03.

8-13
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39. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.25 + 0.75βt - 1.

If a stock had a β of 0.6 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.45

B. 0.60

C. 0.70

D. 0.75

40. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.31 + 0.82βt - 1.

If a stock had a β of 0.88 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.88

B. 0.82

C. 0.31

D. 1.03

8-14
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41. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.18 + 0.63βt - 1.

If a stock had a β of 1.09 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.87

B. 0.18

C. 0.63

D. 0.81

42. An analyst estimates the index model for a stock using regression analysis involving total
returns. The estimated the intercept in the regression equation is 6% and the β is 0.5. The
risk-free rate of return is 12%. The true β of the stock is

A. 0%.

B. 3%.

C. 6%.

D. 9%.

43. The index model for stock A has been estimated with the following result:

RA = 0.01 + 0.9RM + eA.

If σM = 0.25 and R2A = 0.25, the standard deviation of return of stock A is

A. 0.2025.

B. 0.2500.

C. 0.4500.

D. 0.8100.

8-15
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44. The index model for stock B has been estimated with the following result:

RB = 0.01 + 1.1RM + eB.

If σM = 0.20 and R2B = 0.50, the standard deviation of the return on stock B is

A. 0.1111.

B. 0.2111.

C. 0.3111.

D. 0.4111.

45. Suppose you forecast that the market index will earn a return of 15% in the coming year.
Treasury bills are yielding 6%. The unadjusted β of Mobil stock is 1.30. A reasonable forecast
of the return on Mobil stock for the coming year is _________ if you use a common method to
derive adjusted betas.

A. 15.0%

B. 15.5%

C. 16.0%

D. 16.8%

8-16
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46. The index model has been estimated for stocks A and B with the following results:

RA = 0.01 + 0.5RM + eA.


RB = 0.02 + 1.3RM + eB.
σM = 0.25; σ(eA) = 0.20; σ(eB) = 0.10.

The covariance between the returns on stocks A and B is

A. 0.0384.

B. 0.0406.

C. 0.1920.

D. 0.0050.

E. 0.4000.

47. The index model has been estimated for stocks A and B with the following results:

RA = 0.01 + 0.8RM + eA.


RB = 0.02 + 1.2RM + eB.
σM = 0.20; σ(eA) = 0.20; σ(eB) = 0.10.

The standard deviation for stock A is

A. 0.0656.

B. 0.0676.

C. 0.2561.

D. 0.2600.

8-17
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48. The index model has been estimated for stock A with the following results:

RA = 0.01 + 0.8RM + eA.


σM = 0.20; σ(eA) = 0.10.

The standard deviation of the return for stock A is

A. 0.0356.

B. 0.1886.

C. 0.1600.

D. 0.6400.

49. Security returns

A. are based on both macro events and firm-specific events.

B. are based on firm-specific events only.

C. are usually positively correlated with each other.

D. are based on firm-specific events only and are usually positively correlated with each
other.

E. are based on both macro events and firm-specific events and are usually positively
correlated with each other.

8-18
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50. The single-index model

A. greatly reduces the number of required calculations relative to those required by the
Markowitz model.

B. enhances the understanding of systematic versus nonsystematic risk.

C. greatly increases the number of required calculations relative to those required by the
Markowitz model.

D. greatly reduces the number of required calculations relative to those required by the
Markowitz model and enhances the understanding of systematic versus nonsystematic
risk.

E. enhances the understanding of systematic versus nonsystematic risk and greatly increases
the number of required calculations relative to those required by the Markowitz model.

51. The security characteristic line (SCL)

A. plots the excess return on a security as a function of the excess return on the market.

B. allows one to estimate the beta of the security.

C. allows one to estimate the alpha of the security.

D. All of the options

E. None of the options

52. The expected impact of unanticipated macroeconomic events on a security's return during
the period is

A. included in the security's expected return.

B. zero.

C. equal to the risk-free rate.

D. proportional to the firm's beta.

E. infinite.

8-19
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53. Covariances between security returns tend to be

A. positive because of SEC regulations.

B. positive because of Exchange regulations.

C. positive because of economic forces that affect many firms.

D. negative because of SEC regulations.

E. negative because of economic forces that affect many firms.

54. In the single-index model represented by the equation ri = E(ri) + βiF + ei, the term ei
represents

A. the impact of unanticipated macroeconomic events on security i's return.

B. the impact of unanticipated firm-specific events on security i's return.

C. the impact of anticipated macroeconomic events on security i's return.

D. the impact of anticipated firm-specific events on security i's return.

E. the impact of changes in the market on security i's return.

55. Suppose you are doing a portfolio analysis that includes all of the stocks on the NYSE. Using
a single-index model rather than the Markowitz model

A. increases the number of inputs needed from about 1,400 to more than 1.4 million.

B. increases the number of inputs needed from about 10,000 to more than 125,000.

C. reduces the number of inputs needed from more than 125,000 to about 10,000.

D. reduces the number of inputs needed from more than 4 million to about 9,000.

E. increases the number of inputs needed from about 150 to more than 1,500.

8-20
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56. One "cost" of the single-index model is that it

A. is virtually impossible to apply.

B. prohibits specialization of efforts within the security analysis industry.

C. requires forecasts of the money supply.

D. is legally prohibited by the SEC.

E. allows for only two kinds of risk—macro risk and micro risk.

57. The security characteristic line (SCL) associated with the single-index model is a plot of

A. the security's returns on the vertical axis and the market index's returns on the horizontal
axis.

B. the market index's returns on the vertical axis and the security's returns on the horizontal
axis.

C. the security's excess returns on the vertical axis and the market index's excess returns on
the horizontal axis.

D. the market index's excess returns on the vertical axis and the security's excess returns on
the horizontal axis.

E. the security's returns on the vertical axis and Beta on the horizontal axis.

58. The idea that there is a limit to the reduction of portfolio risk due to diversification is

A. contradicted by both the CAPM and the single-index model.

B. contradicted by the CAPM.

C. contradicted by the single-index model.

D. supported in theory, but not supported empirically.

E. supported both in theory and by empirical evidence.

8-21
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59. In their study about predicting beta coefficients, which of the following did Rosenberg and
Guy find to be factors that influence beta?

I) Industry group
II) Variance of cash flow
III) Dividend yield
IV) Growth in earnings per share

A. I and II

B. I and III

C. I, II, and III

D. I, II, and IV

E. I, II, III, and IV

60. If a firm's beta was calculated as 1.6 in a regression equation, a commonly used adjustment
technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. less than 0.6 but greater than zero.

B. between 0.6 and 1.0.

C. between 1.0 and 1.6.

D. greater than 1.6.

E. zero or less.

61. The beta of a stock has been estimated as 1.8 using regression analysis on a sample of
historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. 1.20.

B. 1.53.

C. 1.13.

D. 1.0.

8-22
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
62. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 40 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 40 investments. They will need to calculate _____________ expected returns and
___________ variances of returns.

A. 100; 100

B. 40; 40

C. 4950; 100

D. 4950; 4950

E. None of the options

63. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 40 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 40 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 45

B. 780

C. 4,950

D. 10,000

8-23
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McGraw-Hill Education.
64. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 60 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained by 60
investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of expected returns and ________
estimates of sensitivity coefficients to the macroeconomic factor.

A. 200; 19,900

B. 200; 200

C. 60; 60

D. 19,900; 19.900

E. None of the options

65. Consider the single-index model. The alpha of a stock is 0%. The return on the market index
is 10%. The risk-free rate of return is 3%. The stock earns a return that exceeds the risk-free
rate by 11%, and there are no firm-specific events affecting the stock performance. The β of
the stock is

A. 0.64.

B. 0.75.

C. 1.17.

D. 1.33.

E. 1.50.

8-24
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66. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities, and that
the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.25 and σ M was 0.21, the β of
the portfolio would be approximately ________.

A. 0.64

B. 1.19

C. 1.25

D. 1.56

67. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities, and that
the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.18 and σ M was 0.22, the β of
the portfolio would be approximately

A. 0.64.

B. 1.19.

C. 0.82.

D. 1.56.

68. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.4 + 0.6βt - 1.

If a stock had a β of 0.9 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.45

B. 0.60

C. 0.70

D. 0.94

8-25
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69. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.3 + 0.2βt - 1

If a stock had a β of 0.8 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.46

B. 0.60

C. 0.70

D. 0.94

70. The index model for stock A has been estimated with the following result:

RA = 0.01 + 0.94RM + eA

If σM = 0.30 and R2A = 0.28, the standard deviation of return of stock A is

A. 0.2025.

B. 0.2500.

C. 0.4500.

D. 0.5329.

8-26
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71. Suppose you forecast that the market index will earn a return of 12% in the coming year.
Treasury bills are yielding 4%. The unadjusted β of Mobil stock is 1.50. A reasonable forecast
of the return on Mobil stock for the coming year is _________ if you use a common method to
derive adjusted betas.

A. 15.0%

B. 15.5%

C. 16.0%

D. 14.6%

72. The index model has been estimated for stocks A and B with the following results:
RA = 0.01 + 0.8RM + eA.
RB = 0.02 + 1.1RM + eB.
σM = 0.30 σ(eA) = 0.20 σ(eB) = 0.10.
The covariance between the returns on stocks A and B is

A. 0.0384.

B. 0.0406.

C. 0.1920.

D. 0.0050.

E. 0.0792.

8-27
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73. If a firm's beta was calculated as 1.35 in a regression equation, a commonly used adjustment
technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. equal to 1.35.

B. between 0.0 and 1.0.

C. between 1.0 and 1.35.

D. greater than 1.35.

E. zero or less.

74. The beta of a stock has been estimated as 1.4 using regression analysis on a sample of
historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. 1.27.

B. 1.32.

C. 1.13.

D. 1.0.

75. The beta of a stock has been estimated as 0.85 using regression analysis on a sample of
historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. 1.01.

B. 0.95.

C. 1.13.

D. 0.90.

8-28
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76. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 125 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 125 investments. They will need to calculate _____________ expected returns and
___________ variances of returns.

A. 125; 125

B. 125; 15,625

C. 15,625; 125

D. 15,625; 15,625

E. None of the options

77. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 125 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 125 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 90

B. 125

C. 7,750

D. 15,625

78. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 132 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 132 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 100

B. 132

C. 4,950

D. 8,646

8-29
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79. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 217 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained by
217 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of expected returns and
________ estimates of sensitivity coefficients to the macroeconomic factor.

A. 217; 47,089

B. 217; 217

C. 47,089; 217

D. 47,089; 47,089

E. None of the options

80. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 750 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained by
750 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of firm-specific variances
and ________ estimate/estimates for the variance of the macroeconomic factor.

A. 750; 1

B. 750; 750

C. 124,750; 1

D. 124,750; 750

E. 562,500; 750

8-30
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81. Consider the single-index model. The alpha of a stock is 0%. The return on the market index
is 10%. The risk-free rate of return is 5%. The stock earns a return that exceeds the risk-free
rate by 5%, and there are no firm-specific events affecting the stock performance. The β of
the stock is

A. 0.67.

B. 0.75.

C. 1.0.

D. 1.33.

E. 1.50.

82. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities and that
the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.24 and σ M was 0.18, the β of
the portfolio would be approximately

A. 0.64.

B. 1.33.

C. 1.25.

D. 1.56.

83. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities and that
the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.14 and σ M was 0.19, the β of
the portfolio would be approximately

A. 0.74.

B. 0.80.

C. 1.25.

D. 1.56.

8-31
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84. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.30 + 0.70βt - 1

If a stock had a β of 0.82 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.91

B. 0.77

C. 0.63

D. 0.87

Short Answer Questions

85. Discuss the advantages of the single-index model over the Markowitz model in terms of
numbers of variable estimates required and in terms of understanding risk relationships.

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86. Discuss the security characteristic line (SCL).

87. Discuss a commonly used adjustment technique to provide an adjusted beta.

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Chapter 08 Index Models Answer Key

Multiple Choice Questions

1. As diversification increases, the total variance of a portfolio approaches

A. 0.

B. 1.

C. the variance of the market portfolio.

D. infinity.

E. None of the options

As more and more securities are added to the portfolio, unsystematic risk decreases and
most of the remaining risk is systematic, as measured by the variance of the market
portfolio.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

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2. As diversification increases, the standard deviation of a portfolio approaches

A. 0.

B. 1.

C. infinity.

D. the standard deviation of the market portfolio.

E. None of the options

As more and more securities are added to the portfolio, unsystematic risk decreases and
most of the remaining risk is systematic, as measured by the variance (or standard
deviation) of the market portfolio.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

3. As diversification increases, the firm-specific risk of a portfolio approaches

A. 0.

B. 1.

C. infinity.

D. (n - 1) × n.

As more and more securities are added to the portfolio, unsystematic risk decreases and
most of the remaining risk is systematic, as measured by the variance (or standard
deviation) of the market portfolio.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

8-35
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4. As diversification increases, the unsystematic risk of a portfolio approaches

A. 1.

B. 0.

C. infinity.

D. (n - 1) × n.

As more and more securities are added to the portfolio, unsystematic risk decreases and
most of the remaining risk is systematic, as measured by the variance (or standard
deviation) of the market portfolio.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

5. As diversification increases, the unique risk of a portfolio approaches

A. 1.

B. 0.

C. infinity.

D. (n - 1) × n.

As more and more securities are added to the portfolio, unsystematic risk decreases and
most of the remaining risk is systematic, as measured by the variance (or standard
deviation) of the market portfolio.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

8-36
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6. The index model was first suggested by

A. Graham.

B. Markowitz.

C. Miller.

D. Sharpe.

William Sharpe, building on the work of Harry Markowitz, developed the index model.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

7. A single-index model uses __________ as a proxy for the systematic risk factor.

A. a market index, such as the S&P 500

B. the current account deficit

C. the growth rate in GNP

D. the unemployment rate

The single-index model uses a market index, such as the S&P 500, as a proxy for the
market and thus for systematic risk.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

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8. Beta books typically rely on the __________ most recent monthly observations to calculate
regression parameters.

A. 12

B. 36

C. 60

D. 120

Most published betas and other regression parameters are based on five years of monthly
return data.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

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9. The index model has been estimated for stocks A and B with the following results:

RA = 0.03 + 0.7RM + eA.


RB = 0.01 + 0.9RM + eB.
σM = 0.35; σ(eA) = 0.20; σ(eB) = 0.10.

The covariance between the returns on stocks A and B is

A. 0.0384.

B. 0.0406.

C. 0.1920.

D. 0.0772.

E. 0.4000.

Cov(RA, RB) = bAbBs2M = 0.7(0.9)(0.35)2 = 0.0772.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

8-39
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10. According to the index model, covariances among security pairs are

A. due to the influence of a single common factor represented by the market index return.

B. extremely difficult to calculate.

C. related to industry-specific events.

D. usually positive.

E. due to the influence of a single common factor represented by the market index return
and usually positive.

Most securities move together most of the time and move with a market index, or market
proxy.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

11. The intercept in the regression equations calculated by beta books is equal to

A. α in the CAPM.

B. α + rf(1 + β).

C. α + rf(1 - β).

D. 1 - α.

The intercept that beta books call alpha is really, using the parameters of the CAPM, an
estimate of a + rf (1 - b). The apparent justification for this procedure is that, on a monthly
basis, rf(1 - b) is small and is apt to be swamped by the volatility of actual stock returns.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-40
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12. Analysts may use regression analysis to estimate the index model for a stock. When doing
so, the slope of the regression line is an estimate of

A. the α of the asset.

B. the β of the asset.

C. the σ of the asset.

D. the δ of the asset.

The slope of the regression line, β, estimates the volatility of the stock versus the
volatility of the market, and the α estimates the intercept.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

13. Analysts may use regression analysis to estimate the index model for a stock. When doing
so, the intercept of the regression line is an estimate of

A. the α of the asset.

B. the β of the asset.

C. the σ of the asset.

D. the δ of the asset.

The slope of the regression line, β, estimates the volatility of the stock versus the
volatility of the market, and the α estimates the intercept.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-41
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14. In a factor model, the return on a stock in a particular period will be related to

A. firm-specific events.

B. macroeconomic events.

C. the error term.

D. both firm-specific events and macroeconomic events.

E. neither firm-specific events and macroeconomic events.

The return on a stock is related to both firm-specific and macroeconomic events.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

15. Rosenberg and Guy found that __________ helped to predict a firm's beta.

A. the firm's financial characteristics

B. the firm's industry group

C. firm size

D. the firm's financial characteristics and the firm's industry group

E. All of the options

Rosenberg and Guy found that after controlling for the firm's financial characteristics, the
firm's industry group was a significant predictor of the firm's beta.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

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16. If the index model is valid, _________ would be helpful in determining the covariance
between assets GM and GE.

A. βGM

B. βGE

C. σM

D. All of the options

E. None of the options

If the index model is valid βGM, βGE, and σM are determinants of the covariance between
GE and GM.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

17. If the index model is valid, _________ would be helpful in determining the covariance
between assets HPQ and KMP.

A. βHPQ

B. βKMP

C. σM

D. All of the options

E. None of the options

If the index model is valid βHPQ, βKMP, and σM are determinants of the covariance
between HPQ and KMP.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate

8-43
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Topic: Index Models

18. If the index model is valid, _________ would be helpful in determining the covariance
between assets K and L.

A. βk

B. βL

C. σM

D. All of the options

E. None of the options

If the index model is valid βk, βL, and σM are determinants of the covariance between K
and L.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

19. Rosenberg and Guy found that ___________ helped to predict firms' betas.

A. debt/asset ratios

B. market capitalization

C. variance of earnings

D. All of the options

E. None of the options

Rosenberg and Guy found that debt/asset ratios, market capitalization, and variance of
earnings were determinants of firms' betas.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember

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McGraw-Hill Education.
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

20. If a firm's beta was calculated as 0.6 in a regression equation, a commonly used
adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. less than 0.6 but greater than zero.

B. between 0.6 and 1.0.

C. between 1.0 and 1.6.

D. greater than 1.6.

E. zero or less.

Betas, on average, equal one; thus, betas over time regress toward the mean, or 1.
Therefore, if historic betas are less than 1, adjusted betas are between 1 and the
calculated beta.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

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21. If a firm's beta was calculated as 0.8 in a regression equation, a commonly used
adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. less than 0.8 but greater than zero.

B. between 1.0 and 1.8.

C. between 0.8 and 1.0.

D. greater than 1.8.

E. zero or less.

Betas, on average, equal one; thus, betas over time regress toward the mean, or 1.
Therefore, if historic betas are less than 1, adjusted betas are between 1 and the
calculated beta.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

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22. If a firm's beta was calculated as 1.3 in a regression equation, a commonly used
adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. less than 1.0 but greater than zero.

B. between 0.3 and 0.9.

C. between 1.0 and 1.3.

D. greater than 1.3.

E. zero or less.

Betas, on average, equal one; thus, betas over time regress toward the mean, or 1.
Therefore, if historic betas are greater than 1, adjusted betas are between 1 and the
calculated beta.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

23. The beta of Exxon stock has been estimated as 1.6 using regression analysis on a sample
of historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted
beta of

A. 1.20.

B. 1.32.

C. 1.13.

D. 1.40.

Adjusted beta = 2/3 sample beta + 1/3(1); = 2/3(1.6) + 1/3 = 1.40.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate

8-47
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Topic: Index Models

24. The beta of Apple stock has been estimated as 2.3 using regression analysis on a sample
of historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted
beta of

A. 2.20.

B. 1.87.

C. 2.13.

D. 1.66.

Adjusted beta = 2/3 sample beta + 1/3(1); = 2/3(2.3) + 1/3 = 1.867.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

25. The beta of JCP stock has been estimated as 1.2 using regression analysis on a sample of
historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta
of

A. 1.20.

B. 1.32.

C. 1.13.

D. 1.0.

Adjusted beta = 2/3 sample beta + 1/3(1); = 2/3(1.2) + 1/3 = 1.13.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

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26. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 150 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio
constrained by 150 investments. They will need to calculate _____________ expected
returns and ___________ variances of returns.

A. 150; 150

B. 150; 22500

C. 22500; 150

D. 22500; 22500

The expected returns of each of the 150 securities must be calculated. In addition, the 150
variances around these returns must be calculated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

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27. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 100 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio
constrained by 100 investments. They will need to calculate _____________ expected
returns and ___________ variances of returns.

A. 100; 100

B. 100; 4950

C. 4950; 100

D. 4950; 4950

The expected returns of each of the 100 securities must be calculated. In addition, the 100
variances around these returns must be calculated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

28. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 150 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio
constrained by 150 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 12

B. 150

C. 22,500

D. 11,175

(n2 - n)/2 = (22,500 - 150)/2 = 11,175 covariances must be calculated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate

8-50
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Topic: Index Models

29. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 125 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio
constrained by 125 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 125

B. 7,750

C. 15,625

D. 11,750

(n2 - n)/2 = (15,625 - 125)/2 = 7,750 covariances must be calculated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

30. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 100 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio
constrained by 100 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 45

B. 100

C. 4,950

D. 10,000

(n2 - n)/2 = (10,000 - 100)/2 = 4,950 covariances must be calculated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-51
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31. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 175 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 175 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of expected returns
and ________ estimates of sensitivity coefficients to the macroeconomic factor.

A. 175; 15,225

B. 175; 175

C. 15,225; 175

D. 15,225; 15,225

For a single-index model, n(175), expected returns and n(175) sensitivity coefficients to
the macroeconomic factor must be estimated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-52
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32. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 125 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 125 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of expected returns
and ________ estimates of sensitivity coefficients to the macroeconomic factor.

A. 125; 15,225

B. 15,625; 125

C. 7,750; 125

D. 125; 125

For a single-index model, n(125), expected returns and n(125) sensitivity coefficients to
the macroeconomic factor must be estimated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

33. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 200 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 200 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of expected returns
and ________ estimates of sensitivity coefficients to the macroeconomic factor.

A. 200; 19,900

B. 200; 200

C. 19,900; 200

D. 19,900; 19.900

For a single-index model, n(200), expected returns and n(200) sensitivity coefficients to
the macroeconomic factor must be estimated.

AACSB: Analytic

8-53
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

34. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 500 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 500 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of firm-specific
variances and ________ estimate/estimates for the variance of the macroeconomic factor.

A. 500; 1

B. 500; 500

C. 124,750; 1

D. 124,750; 500

E. 250,000; 500

For the single-index model, n(500) estimates of firm-specific variances must be calculated
and 1 estimate for the variance of the common macroeconomic factor.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-54
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35. Consider the single-index model. The alpha of a stock is 0%. The return on the market
index is 16%. The risk-free rate of return is 5%. The stock earns a return that exceeds the
risk-free rate by 11% and there are no firm-specific events affecting the stock
performance. The β of the stock is

A. 0.67.

B. 0.75.

C. 1.0.

D. 1.33.

E. 1.50.

11% = 0% + b(11%); b = 1.0.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

36. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities, and
that the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.20 and σ M was 0.16, the
β of the portfolio would be approximately

A. 0.64.

B. 0.80.

C. 1.25.

D. 1.56.

s2p/s2m = b2; (0.2)2/(0.16)2 = 1.56; b = 1.25.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge

8-55
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Topic: Index Models

37. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities, and
that the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.22 and σ M was 0.19, the
β of the portfolio would be approximately

A. 1.34.

B. 1.16.

C. 1.25.

D. 1.56.

s2p/s2m = b2; (0.22)2/(0.19)2 = 1.34; b = 1.16.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

38. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities, and
that the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.18 and σ M was 0.24, the
β of the portfolio would be approximately

A. 0.75.

B. 0.56.

C. 0.07.

D. 1.03.

s2p/s2m = b2; (0.18)2/(0.24)2 = 0.5625; b = 0.75.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

8-56
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39. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.25 + 0.75βt - 1.

If a stock had a β of 0.6 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.45

B. 0.60

C. 0.70

D. 0.75

0.25 + 0.75(0.6) = 0.70.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

8-57
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40. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.31 + 0.82βt - 1.

If a stock had a β of 0.88 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.88

B. 0.82

C. 0.31

D. 1.03

0.31 + 0.82(0.88) = 1.0316.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

8-58
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41. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.18 + 0.63βt - 1.

If a stock had a β of 1.09 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.87

B. 0.18

C. 0.63

D. 0.81

0.18 + 0.63(1.09) = 0.8667.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

42. An analyst estimates the index model for a stock using regression analysis involving total
returns. The estimated the intercept in the regression equation is 6% and the β is 0.5. The
risk-free rate of return is 12%. The true β of the stock is

A. 0%.

B. 3%.

C. 6%.

D. 9%.

6% = a + 12% (1 - 0.5); a = 0%.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge

8-59
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Topic: Index Models

43. The index model for stock A has been estimated with the following result:

RA = 0.01 + 0.9RM + eA.

If σM = 0.25 and R2A = 0.25, the standard deviation of return of stock A is

A. 0.2025.

B. 0.2500.

C. 0.4500.

D. 0.8100.

R2 = b2s2M/s2; 0.25 = [(0.81)(0.25)2]/s2; s = 0.4500.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

8-60
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44. The index model for stock B has been estimated with the following result:

RB = 0.01 + 1.1RM + eB.

If σM = 0.20 and R2B = 0.50, the standard deviation of the return on stock B is

A. 0.1111.

B. 0.2111.

C. 0.3111.

D. 0.4111.

R2 = b2s2M/s2; 0.5 = [(1.1)2(0.2)2]/s2; s = 0.3111.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

45. Suppose you forecast that the market index will earn a return of 15% in the coming year.
Treasury bills are yielding 6%. The unadjusted β of Mobil stock is 1.30. A reasonable
forecast of the return on Mobil stock for the coming year is _________ if you use a common
method to derive adjusted betas.

A. 15.0%

B. 15.5%

C. 16.0%

D. 16.8%

Adjusted beta = 2/3(1.3) + 1/3 = 1.20; E(rM) = 6% + 1.20(9%) = 16.8%.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge

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Topic: Index Models

46. The index model has been estimated for stocks A and B with the following results:

RA = 0.01 + 0.5RM + eA.


RB = 0.02 + 1.3RM + eB.
σM = 0.25; σ(eA) = 0.20; σ(eB) = 0.10.

The covariance between the returns on stocks A and B is

A. 0.0384.

B. 0.0406.

C. 0.1920.

D. 0.0050.

E. 0.4000.

Cov(RA, RB) = bAbBs2M = 0.5(1.3)(0.25)2 = 0.0406.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

8-62
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47. The index model has been estimated for stocks A and B with the following results:

RA = 0.01 + 0.8RM + eA.


RB = 0.02 + 1.2RM + eB.
σM = 0.20; σ(eA) = 0.20; σ(eB) = 0.10.

The standard deviation for stock A is

A. 0.0656.

B. 0.0676.

C. 0.2561.

D. 0.2600.

σA = [(0.8)2(0.2)2 + (0.2)2]1/2 = 0.2561.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

8-63
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48. The index model has been estimated for stock A with the following results:

RA = 0.01 + 0.8RM + eA.


σM = 0.20; σ(eA) = 0.10.

The standard deviation of the return for stock A is

A. 0.0356.

B. 0.1886.

C. 0.1600.

D. 0.6400.

σB = [(.8)2(0.2)2 + (0.1)2]1/2 = 0.1886.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

8-64
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49. Security returns

A. are based on both macro events and firm-specific events.

B. are based on firm-specific events only.

C. are usually positively correlated with each other.

D. are based on firm-specific events only and are usually positively correlated with each
other.

E. are based on both macro events and firm-specific events and are usually positively
correlated with each other.

Stock returns are usually highly positively correlated with each other. Stock returns are
affected by both macroeconomic events and firm-specific events.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

8-65
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50. The single-index model

A. greatly reduces the number of required calculations relative to those required by the
Markowitz model.

B. enhances the understanding of systematic versus nonsystematic risk.

C. greatly increases the number of required calculations relative to those required by the
Markowitz model.

D. greatly reduces the number of required calculations relative to those required by the
Markowitz model and enhances the understanding of systematic versus nonsystematic
risk.

E. enhances the understanding of systematic versus nonsystematic risk and greatly


increases the number of required calculations relative to those required by the
Markowitz model.

The single index model both greatly reduces the number of calculations and enhances the
understanding of the relationship between systematic and unsystematic risk on security
returns.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

8-66
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51. The security characteristic line (SCL)

A. plots the excess return on a security as a function of the excess return on the market.

B. allows one to estimate the beta of the security.

C. allows one to estimate the alpha of the security.

D. All of the options

E. None of the options

The security characteristic line, which plots the excess return of the security as a function
of the excess return of the market, allows one to estimate both the alpha and the beta of
the security.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

52. The expected impact of unanticipated macroeconomic events on a security's return during
the period is

A. included in the security's expected return.

B. zero.

C. equal to the risk-free rate.

D. proportional to the firm's beta.

E. infinite.

The expected value of unanticipated macroeconomic events is zero, because by definition


it must average to zero or it would be incorporated into the expected return.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate

8-67
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Topic: Index Models

53. Covariances between security returns tend to be

A. positive because of SEC regulations.

B. positive because of Exchange regulations.

C. positive because of economic forces that affect many firms.

D. negative because of SEC regulations.

E. negative because of economic forces that affect many firms.

Economic forces, such as business cycles, interest rates, and technological changes, tend
to have similar impacts on many firms.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-68
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54. In the single-index model represented by the equation ri = E(ri) + βiF + ei, the term ei
represents

A. the impact of unanticipated macroeconomic events on security i's return.

B. the impact of unanticipated firm-specific events on security i's return.

C. the impact of anticipated macroeconomic events on security i's return.

D. the impact of anticipated firm-specific events on security i's return.

E. the impact of changes in the market on security i's return.

The textbook discusses a model in which macroeconomic events are used as a single
index for security returns. The ei term represents the impact of unanticipated firm-specific
events. The ei term has an expected value of zero. Only unanticipated events would affect
the return.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-69
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55. Suppose you are doing a portfolio analysis that includes all of the stocks on the NYSE.
Using a single-index model rather than the Markowitz model

A. increases the number of inputs needed from about 1,400 to more than 1.4 million.

B. increases the number of inputs needed from about 10,000 to more than 125,000.

C. reduces the number of inputs needed from more than 125,000 to about 10,000.

D. reduces the number of inputs needed from more than 4 million to about 9,000.

E. increases the number of inputs needed from about 150 to more than 1,500.

This example is discussed in the textbook. The main point for the students to remember is
that the single-index model drastically reduces the number of inputs required.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

56. One "cost" of the single-index model is that it

A. is virtually impossible to apply.

B. prohibits specialization of efforts within the security analysis industry.

C. requires forecasts of the money supply.

D. is legally prohibited by the SEC.

E. allows for only two kinds of risk—macro risk and micro risk.

One "cost" of the single-index model is that it allows for only two kinds of risk—macro risk
and micro risk.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-70
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57. The security characteristic line (SCL) associated with the single-index model is a plot of

A. the security's returns on the vertical axis and the market index's returns on the
horizontal axis.

B. the market index's returns on the vertical axis and the security's returns on the
horizontal axis.

C. the security's excess returns on the vertical axis and the market index's excess returns
on the horizontal axis.

D. the market index's excess returns on the vertical axis and the security's excess returns
on the horizontal axis.

E. the security's returns on the vertical axis and Beta on the horizontal axis.

The student needs to remember that it is the excess returns that are plotted and that the
security's returns are plotted as a dependent variable.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

58. The idea that there is a limit to the reduction of portfolio risk due to diversification is

A. contradicted by both the CAPM and the single-index model.

B. contradicted by the CAPM.

C. contradicted by the single-index model.

D. supported in theory, but not supported empirically.

E. supported both in theory and by empirical evidence.

The benefits of diversification are limited to the level of systematic risk.

AACSB: Analytic

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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

59. In their study about predicting beta coefficients, which of the following did Rosenberg and
Guy find to be factors that influence beta?

I) Industry group
II) Variance of cash flow
III) Dividend yield
IV) Growth in earnings per share

A. I and II

B. I and III

C. I, II, and III

D. I, II, and IV

E. I, II, III, and IV

All of the factors mentioned, as well as variance of earnings, firm size, and debt-to-asset
ratio, were found to help predict betas.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-72
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60. If a firm's beta was calculated as 1.6 in a regression equation, a commonly used
adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. less than 0.6 but greater than zero.

B. between 0.6 and 1.0.

C. between 1.0 and 1.6.

D. greater than 1.6.

E. zero or less.

Betas, on average, equal one; thus, betas over time regress toward the mean, or 1.
Therefore, if historic betas are more than 1, adjusted betas are between 1 and the
calculated beta.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

61. The beta of a stock has been estimated as 1.8 using regression analysis on a sample of
historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta
of

A. 1.20.

B. 1.53.

C. 1.13.

D. 1.0.

Adjusted beta = 2/3 sample beta + 1/3(1); = 2/3(1.8) + 1/3 = 1.53.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate

8-73
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Topic: Index Models

62. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 40 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio
constrained by 40 investments. They will need to calculate _____________ expected returns
and ___________ variances of returns.

A. 100; 100

B. 40; 40

C. 4950; 100

D. 4950; 4950

E. None of the options

The expected returns of each of the 40 securities must be calculated. In addition, the 40
variances around these returns must be calculated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

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63. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 40 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio
constrained by 40 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 45

B. 780

C. 4,950

D. 10,000

(n2 - n)/2 = (1,600 - 40)/2 = 780 covariances must be calculated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

64. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 60 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained by
60 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of expected returns and
________ estimates of sensitivity coefficients to the macroeconomic factor.

A. 200; 19,900

B. 200; 200

C. 60; 60

D. 19,900; 19.900

E. None of the options

For a single-index model, n(60), expected returns and n(60) sensitivity coefficients to the
macroeconomic factor must be estimated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember

8-75
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

65. Consider the single-index model. The alpha of a stock is 0%. The return on the market
index is 10%. The risk-free rate of return is 3%. The stock earns a return that exceeds the
risk-free rate by 11%, and there are no firm-specific events affecting the stock
performance. The β of the stock is

A. 0.64.

B. 0.75.

C. 1.17.

D. 1.33.

E. 1.50.

7% = 0% + b(11%); b = 0.636.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

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66. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities, and
that the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.25 and σ M was 0.21, the
β of the portfolio would be approximately ________.

A. 0.64

B. 1.19

C. 1.25

D. 1.56

s2p/s2m = b2; (0.25)2/(0.21)2 = 1.417; b = 1.19.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

67. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities, and
that the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.18 and σ M was 0.22, the
β of the portfolio would be approximately

A. 0.64.

B. 1.19.

C. 0.82.

D. 1.56.

s2p/s2m = b2; (0.18)2/(0.22)2 = 0.669; b = 0.82.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

8-77
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68. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.4 + 0.6βt - 1.

If a stock had a β of 0.9 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.45

B. 0.60

C. 0.70

D. 0.94

0.4 + 0.6(0.9) = 0.94.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

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69. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.3 + 0.2βt - 1

If a stock had a β of 0.8 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.46

B. 0.60

C. 0.70

D. 0.94

0.3 + 0.2(0.8) = 0.46.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

70. The index model for stock A has been estimated with the following result:

RA = 0.01 + 0.94RM + eA

If σM = 0.30 and R2A = 0.28, the standard deviation of return of stock A is

A. 0.2025.

B. 0.2500.

C. 0.4500.

D. 0.5329.

R2 = b2s2M/s2; s2 = [(0.94) 2(0.30) 2]/.28; s2 = 0.284; s = 0.5329.

AACSB: Analytic

8-79
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

71. Suppose you forecast that the market index will earn a return of 12% in the coming year.
Treasury bills are yielding 4%. The unadjusted β of Mobil stock is 1.50. A reasonable
forecast of the return on Mobil stock for the coming year is _________ if you use a common
method to derive adjusted betas.

A. 15.0%

B. 15.5%

C. 16.0%

D. 14.6%

Adjusted beta = 2/3(1.5) + 1/3 = 1.33; E(rM) = 4% + 1.33(8%) = 14.6%.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

8-80
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72. The index model has been estimated for stocks A and B with the following results:
RA = 0.01 + 0.8RM + eA.
RB = 0.02 + 1.1RM + eB.
σM = 0.30 σ(eA) = 0.20 σ(eB) = 0.10.
The covariance between the returns on stocks A and B is

A. 0.0384.

B. 0.0406.

C. 0.1920.

D. 0.0050.

E. 0.0792.

Cov(RA, RB) = bAbBs2M = 0.8(1.1)(0.30)2 = 0.0792.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

8-81
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73. If a firm's beta was calculated as 1.35 in a regression equation, a commonly used
adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of

A. equal to 1.35.

B. between 0.0 and 1.0.

C. between 1.0 and 1.35.

D. greater than 1.35.

E. zero or less.

Betas, on average, equal one; thus, betas over time regress toward the mean, or 1.
Therefore, if historic betas are more than 1, adjusted betas are between 1 and the
calculated beta.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

74. The beta of a stock has been estimated as 1.4 using regression analysis on a sample of
historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta
of

A. 1.27.

B. 1.32.

C. 1.13.

D. 1.0.

Adjusted beta = 2/3 sample beta + 1/3(1); = 2/3(1.4) + 1/3 = 1.27.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate

8-82
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Topic: Index Models

75. The beta of a stock has been estimated as 0.85 using regression analysis on a sample of
historical returns. A commonly used adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta
of

A. 1.01.

B. 0.95.

C. 1.13.

D. 0.90.

Adjusted beta = 2/3 sample beta + 1/3(1); = 2/3(0.85) + 1/3 = 0.90.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-83
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76. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 125 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio
constrained by 125 investments. They will need to calculate _____________ expected
returns and ___________ variances of returns.

A. 125; 125

B. 125; 15,625

C. 15,625; 125

D. 15,625; 15,625

E. None of the options

The expected returns of each of the 125 securities must be calculated. In addition, the 125
variances around these returns must be calculated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

77. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 125 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio
constrained by 125 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 90

B. 125

C. 7,750

D. 15,625

(n2 - n)/2 = (15,625 - 125)/2 = 7,750 covariances must be calculated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember

8-84
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

78. Assume that stock market returns do not resemble a single-index structure. An investment
fund analyzes 132 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio
constrained by 132 investments. They will need to calculate ____________ covariances.

A. 100

B. 132

C. 4,950

D. 8,646

(n2 - n)/2 = (17,424 - 132)/2 = 8,646 covariances must be calculated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-85
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79. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 217 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 217 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of expected returns
and ________ estimates of sensitivity coefficients to the macroeconomic factor.

A. 217; 47,089

B. 217; 217

C. 47,089; 217

D. 47,089; 47,089

E. None of the options

For a single-index model, n(217), expected returns and n(217) sensitivity coefficients to
the macroeconomic factor must be estimated.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-86
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80. Assume that stock market returns do follow a single-index structure. An investment fund
analyzes 750 stocks in order to construct a mean-variance efficient portfolio constrained
by 750 investments. They will need to calculate ________ estimates of firm-specific
variances and ________ estimate/estimates for the variance of the macroeconomic factor.

A. 750; 1

B. 750; 750

C. 124,750; 1

D. 124,750; 750

E. 562,500; 750

For the single-index model, n(750) estimates of firm-specific variances must be calculated
and 1 estimate for the variance of the common macroeconomic factor.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-87
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81. Consider the single-index model. The alpha of a stock is 0%. The return on the market
index is 10%. The risk-free rate of return is 5%. The stock earns a return that exceeds the
risk-free rate by 5%, and there are no firm-specific events affecting the stock
performance. The β of the stock is

A. 0.67.

B. 0.75.

C. 1.0.

D. 1.33.

E. 1.50.

5% = 0% + b(5%); b = 1.0.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

82. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities and
that the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.24 and σ M was 0.18, the
β of the portfolio would be approximately

A. 0.64.

B. 1.33.

C. 1.25.

D. 1.56.

s2p/s2m = b2; (0.24)2/(0.18)2 = 1.78; b = 1.33.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge

8-88
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Topic: Index Models

83. Suppose you held a well-diversified portfolio with a very large number of securities and
that the single index model holds. If the σ of your portfolio was 0.14 and σ M was 0.19, the
β of the portfolio would be approximately

A. 0.74.

B. 0.80.

C. 1.25.

D. 1.56.

s2p/s2m = b2; (0.14)2/(0.19)2 = 0.54; b = 0.74.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Challenge
Topic: Index Models

84. Suppose the following equation best describes the evolution of β over time:

βt = 0.30 + 0.70βt - 1

If a stock had a β of 0.82 last year, you would forecast the β to be _______ in the coming
year.

A. 0.91

B. 0.77

C. 0.63

D. 0.87

0.30 + 0.70(0.82) = 0.874.

AACSB: Analytic

8-89
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

Short Answer Questions

8-90
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McGraw-Hill Education.
85. Discuss the advantages of the single-index model over the Markowitz model in terms of
numbers of variable estimates required and in terms of understanding risk
relationships.

For a 50 security portfolio, the Markowitz model requires the following parameter
estimates:

n = 50 estimates of expected returns;


n = 50 estimates of variances;
(n2 - n)/2 = 1,225 estimates of covariances; or 1,325 estimates.
For a 50 security portfolio, the single-index model requires the following parameter
estimates:
n = 50 estimates of expected excess returns, E(R);
n = 50 estimates of sensitivity coefficients, βi;
n = 50 estimates of the firm-specific variances, σ2(ei);
1 estimate for the variance of the common macroeconomic factor, σ 2M;
or (3n + 1 = 151) estimates.
In addition, the single-index model provides further insight by recognizing that different
firms have different sensitivities to macroeconomic events. The model also summarizes
the distinction between macroeconomic and firm-specific risk factors.

Feedback: This question is designed to ascertain that the student understands the
significant simplifications and improvements offered by the single-index model over the
Markowitz model.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking


Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-91
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
86. Discuss the security characteristic line (SCL).

The security characteristic line (SCL) is the result of estimating the regression equation
of the single-index model. The SCL is a plot of the typical excess returns on a security
over the risk-free rate as a function of the excess return on the market. The slope of the
SCL is the beta of the security, and the intercept (alpha) is the excess return on the
security when the excess market return is zero.

Feedback: This question is designed to ascertain that the student understands how the
SCL is obtained, as this relationship is the one that is most frequently used by published
information services for the estimation of the regression parameters, alpha and beta.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking


Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Intermediate
Topic: Index Models

8-92
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
87. Discuss a commonly used adjustment technique to provide an adjusted beta.

Over time, security betas move toward 1, as the average beta of all securities is 1 and
variables regress toward the mean. Thus, if a historic beta has been greater than 1, the
chances are that in the future, this beta will be less than the historic beta. The opposite
relationship will be observed if the historic beta has been less than one. A commonly used
adjustment technique would provide an adjusted beta of 2/3 (sample beta) + 1/3 (1).

Feedback: This question is important, as many published sources quote an "adjusted


beta" with no explanation as to how such a number was obtained. The regression toward
the mean is a valid statistical concept and it is important that the student understands
that this concept represents the theory behind the possibly undocumented "adjusted
betas."

AACSB: Reflective Thinking


Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Index Models

8-93
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Another random document with
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raatelen sydäntäni, ruokin sitä vihalla. »Kyllä minä hänelle, kyllä
minä hänelle vielä sen maksan!» Näin huusin pimeässä. Ja kun
äkkiä muistan, että en voi tehdä hänelle mitään, mutta hän nyt
nauraa minulle tai kenties on kokonaan unohtanut eikä muistakaan,
niin heittäydyn vuoteesta lattialle, vuodatan voimattomia kyyneliä ja
vapisen päivän sarastukseen asti. Aamulla nousen vihaisempana
kuin koira, myöhemmin, mitäs arvelet: aloin koota pääomaa, tulin
säälimättömäksi, lihoin, — luuletko, että olen tullut viisaammaksi?
Enhän, ei kukaan sitä tiedä eikä näe koko maailmassa, mutta kun
alkaa yön pimeys, niin yhä vieläkin, kuten tyttönä viisi vuotta sitten,
toisinaan makaan kiristellen hampaitani ja itken koko yön: »Kyllä
minä hänelle, kyllä minä hänelle», ajattelen! Kuulitko tämän kaiken?
No, kuinka sinä siis nyt minut ymmärrät: kuukausi sitten tulee minulle
äkkiä juuri tuo kirje: hän saapuu, on jäänyt leskeksi, tahtoo tavata
minua. Ihan hengitykseni silloin pysähtyi, Herra Jumala, ja äkkiä
ajattelin: hän tulee ja viheltää minulle, kutsuu minua, ja minä ryömin
hänen luokseen kuin piesty koira, syyllisenä! Ajattelen tätä enkä
usko itsekään itseäni: »Olenko alhainen vai enkä ole alhainen,
juoksenko hänen luokseen vai enkö juokse?» Ja sellainen vihastus
itseäni kohtaan valtasi minut koko tämän kuukauden ajaksi, että sen
on vielä pahempi kuin viisi vuotta sitten. Näetkö nyt, Aljoša, kuinka
hurja minä olen, miten vihan vimmassa olen sanonut sinulle
totuuden: Leikin huvikseni Mitjan kanssa, etten rientäisi tuon toisen
luo. Ole vaiti, Rakitka, ei ole sinun asiasi tuomita minua, en ole
puhunut sinulle. Ennen teidän tuloanne makailin tässä, odotin,
ajattelin, koko kohtaloani punnitsin, ettekä te koskaan voi saada
tietää, mitä oli sydämessäni. Ei, Aljoša, sano neidillesi, että hän ei
olisi vihoissaan toissapäiväisestä!… Eikä tiedä kukaan koko
maailmassa, millaiselta minusta nyt tuntuu, eikä voikaan tietää…
Sillä kenties minä otan tänään sinne mukanani veitsen, en ole vielä
tehnyt päätöstäni…

Ja lausuttuaan tämän »surkean» sanan Grušenjka äkkiä ei voinut


hillitä itseään, ei puhunut loppuun, peitti kasvonsa käsiinsä, heittäytyi
sohvalle tyynyjen väliin ja alkoi itkeä ääneensä kuin pieni lapsi.
Aljoša nousi paikaltaan ja meni Rakitinin luo.

— Miša, — lausui hän, — älä ole vihainen. Hän on loukannut


sinua, mutta älä ole vihainen. Kuulitko häntä äsken? Ei saa pyytää
ihmisen sielulta niin paljon, pitää olla armahtavaisempi…

Aljoša lausui tämän sydämensä hillittömän purkauksen vallassa.


Hänen oli pakko saada lausutuksi sanottavansa ja hän kääntyi
Rakitinin puoleen. Jos Rakitinia ei olisi ollut, niin hän olisi
huudahdellut yksinään. Mutta Rakitin katsoi ivallisesti ja Aljoša
pysähtyi äkkiä.

— Sinut ladattiin äsken täyteen luostarinvanhintasi ja nyt sinä


laukaisit luostarinvanhimmallasi minuun, Aljošenjska, pieni Jumalan
mies, — lausui Rakitin hymyillen vihamielisesti.

— Älä naura, Rakitin, älä pilkkaa, älä puhu vainajasta: hän on


korkeampi kaikkia, jotka ovat eläneet maan päällä! — huudahti
Aljoša itku kurkussa. — En ole noussut puhumaan sinulle tuomarina,
vaan olen itse viimeinen tuomittavista. Mikä minä olen hänen
edessään? Minä tulin tänne joutuakseni tuomioon ja sanoin: Olkoon,
olkoon! ja tämän tein heikkoluontoisuudessani, mutta hän, joka on
kärsinyt viisi vuotta, heti kun vain joku tuli ja lausui hänelle
vilpittömän sanan, — antoi kaikki anteeksi, unohti kaikki ja itkee!
Hänen loukkaajansa on tullut takaisin, kutsuu häntä, ja hän antaa
tälle anteeksi kaiken ja kiiruhtaa hänen luokseen riemuissaan eikä
ota veistä, ei ota! Ei, minä en ole sellainen. En tiedä, oletko sinä,
Miša, sellainen, mutta minä en ole sellainen. Olen tänään, nyt juuri
saanut tämän opin… Hän on rakkaudessa yläpuolella meitä…
Oletko kuullut häneltä ennen sitä, minkä hän nyt kertoi? Et, et ole
kuullut; jos olisit kuullut, niin olisit jo kauan sitten ymmärtänyt
kaiken… ja toinen, jota loukattiin toissa päivänä, antakoon hänkin
hänelle anteeksi! Ja hän antaakin, kunhan saa tietää… ja hän saa
tietää… Tämä on vielä lepyttämätön sielu, täytyy häntä säästää…
kenties tässä sielussa on aarre…

Aljoša vaikeni, sillä hän oli tukahtua. Rakitin katsoi kaikesta


vihastuksestaan huolimatta häneen ihmetellen. Hän ei olisi koskaan
odottanut hiljaiselta Aljošalta moista sanatulvaa.

— Jopa ilmestyi asianajaja! Oletko rakastunut häneen, vai mitä?


Agrafena Aleksandrovna, paastoojammehan on todellakin
rakastunut sinuun, olet voittanut! — huudahti hän julkeasti nauraen.

Grušenjka nosti päänsä tyynyjen välistä ja katsoi Aljošaan


hymyillen hellää hymyä, joka äkkiä oli valaissut hänen kyynelistä
pöhöttyneet kasvonsa.

— Anna sinä hänen olla, Aljoša, kerubini, näethän millainen hän


on, jopa löysitkin, kenelle puhua. Minä, Mihail Osipovitš, — kääntyi
hän Rakitinin puoleen, — tahdoin pyytää sinulta anteeksi sitä, että
olin sinua haukkunut, mutta nyt taas en tahdo. Aljoša, tule luokseni,
istuudu tähän, — houkutteli hän Aljošaa iloisesti hymyillen, — kas
niin, istuudu tähän, sano sinä minulle (hän tarttui Aljošan käteen ja
katseli hymyillen hänen kasvojaan), — sano sinä minulle: rakastanko
minä häntä vai enkö? Loukkaajaani nimittäin, rakastanko vai enkö?
Makasin ennen teidän tuloanne täällä pimeässä kysellen yhä
sydämeltäni: rakastanko häntä vai enkö? Ratkaise sinä se minulle,
Aljoša, aika on tullut, mitä päätät, niin tapahtuu. Onko minun
annettava hänelle anteeksi vai eikö?

— Olethan jo antanut anteeksi, — lausui Aljoša hymyillen.

— Olen todellakin antanut anteeksi, — lausui Grušenjka


mietteissään. — Kuinka halpamainen sydän. Halpamaisen sydämeni
malja! — sanoi hän temmaten äkkiä pöydältä pikarin, joi sen yhdellä
kertaa pohjaan, kohotti ylös ja paiskasi voimakkaasti lattiaan. Lasi
meni helisten sirpaleiksi. Jokin kova piirre vilahti hänen hymyssään.

— Kenties vielä en olekaan antanut anteeksi, — lausui hän


omituisen uhkaavasti luoden silmänsä maahan aivan kuin puhuisi
itsensä kanssa. — Kenties sydän vasta valmistautuu antamaan
anteeksi. Taistelen vielä sydäntäni vastaan. Näetkö, Aljoša, minä
olen alkanut kovasti rakastaa viiden vuoden vanhoja kyyneliäni…
Ehkäpä olen rakastanut ainoastaan kärsimääni loukkausta enkä
ollenkaan häntä.

— Enpä tahtoisi olla hänen nahoissaan! — sähisi Rakitin.

— Etkä tule olemaankaan, Rakitka, et koskaan tule olemaan


hänen nahoissaan. Sinä saat ommella minulle kenkiä, Rakitka,
semmoiseen työhön minä sinua käytän, etkä sinä koskaan saa
nähdäkään sellaista kuin minä… Ja ehkäpä hänkään ei saa nähdä…

— Hänkö? Entä miksi olet koristautunut? — ärsytti Rakitin


ilkeämielisesti hymyillen.

— Älä moiti minua ulkoasuni tähden, Rakitka, et tunne vielä koko


minun sydäntäni! Jos tahdon, niin repäisen heti koristeeni, heti
repäisen, tällä hetkellä, — huudahti Grušenjka heleällä äänellä. — Et
tiedä sinä, miksi olen tässä puvussa, Rakitka! Kenties astun hänen
eteensä ja sanon: »Oletko nähnyt minut tämmöisenä, vai etkö vielä
ole?» — Hänhän jätti minut seitsemäntoistavuotiaana, laihana,
keuhkotautisena vetistelijänä. Istuudun hänen viereensä, ihastutan
hänet, saan hänet hehkumaan: »Näitkö millainen nyt olen», sanon,
»no, riittäköön se sinulle, hyvä herra, pyyhi suutasi, sivu suun meni!»
— kenties tämä asu on vain sitä varten, Rakitka, — lopetti Grušenjka
vihaisesti nauraen. — Hurja minä olen, Aljoša, villitty. Riistän yltäni
tämän asuni, raatelen itseni, kauneuteni, poltan kasvoni ja viiltelen
niitä veitsellä, menen kerjäämään. Jos tahdon, niin en mene nyt
mihinkään enkä kenenkään luo; jos päähäni pistää, — niin jo
huomenna lähetän Kuzjmalle takaisin kaikki, mitä hän on minulle
lahjoittanut, ja kaikki hänen rahansa, ja lähden itse koko elämäni
ajaksi tekemään työtä päiväläisenä!… Luuletko, että minä en tee
tätä, Rakitka, etten uskalla tehdä? Teen, teen, heti voin sen tehdä,
älkää vain minua ärsyttäkö… Mutta hänet minä ajan pois, hänelle
näytän pitkännenän, hän ei minua näe!

Viimeiset sanat hän huusi hysteerisesti, mutta ei taaskaan


jaksanut hillitä itseään, kätki kasvonsa käsiinsä, heittäytyi tyynyä
vastaan ja alkoi taas väristä nyyhkytyksistä. Rakitin nousi paikaltaan:

— On jo aika, — sanoi hän. — On myöhä, luostariin ei päästetä.

Grušenjka hypähti heti paikaltaan.

— Tahdotko, Aljoša, todellakin mennä pois! — huudahti hän


surullisen hämmästyksen valtaamana. — Mitä sinä nyt teetkään
minulle: olet kohottanut minut ja kokonaan näännyttänyt, ja nyt taas
tämä yö, taas minun on jäätävä yksin!
— Eihän hän voi jäädä yöksi sinun luoksesi? Mutta jos tahdot —
niin olkoon! Voin lähteä yksinkin! — sanoi Rakitin leikillään ja
myrkyllisesti.

— Ole vaiti, paha- henki, — huudahti Grušenjka hänelle


raivostuneena, — et ole koskaan puhunut minulle sellaisia sanoja,
jollaisia hän on tullut minulle sanomaan.

— Mitä hän sitten on sanonut sinulle? — mutisi Rakitin


ärsyttävästi.

— En tiedä minä, en käsitä, en tiedä mitään, mitä hän on minulle


sanonut, sydämelle on puhunut, sydämeni hän on kääntänyt… Hän
on ensimmäinen ja ainoa, joka on minua säälinyt, siinä se! Miksi
sinä, kerubi, et ole tullut ennen, — hän lankesi äkkiä Aljošan eteen
polvilleen aivan kuin pois suuniltaan joutuneena. — Minä olen koko
elämäni ajan odottanut sellaista kuin sinä, olen tietänyt, että joku
sellainen tulee ja antaa minulle anteeksi. Olen uskonut, että joku
rakastaa minuakin kehnoa, ei vain riettauden tähden!…

— Mitä minä oikeastaan olen sinulle tehnyt? — vastasi hellästi


hymyillen Aljoša, kumartui hänen puoleensa ja tarttui hellästi hänen
käsiinsä. — Sipulin olen sinulle antanut, vain hyvin pienen sipulin, en
mitään muuta!…

Ja tämän sanottuaan hän alkoi itsekin itkeä. Sillä hetkellä alkoi


ulkoeteisestä äkkiä kuulua kolinaa, joku astui sisälle eteiseen.
Grušenjka hyppäsi pystyyn aivan kuin olisi hirveästi pelästynyt.
Huoneeseen juoksi kolisten ja huutaen Fenja.

— Rouva-kulta, rouva, pikalähetti on tullut! — huusi hän iloisesti ja


hengästyneenä. — Mokrojesta ovat tulleet matkavaunut teitä
hakemaan.
Kyytimies Timotei kolmivaljakolla, heti vaihdetaan uudet hevoset…
Kirje, kirje, rouva, tässä on kirje!

Hänellä oli kirje kädessä, ja kaiken aikaa huutaessaan hän


heilutteli sitä ilmassa. Grušenjka sieppasi häneltä kirjeen ja vei sen
lähelle kynttilää. Se oli vain kirjelippu, muutamia rivejä, hän luki sen
silmänräpäyksessä.

— Huusi! — huudahti hän aivan kalpeana, ja hänen kasvonsa


vääristyivät tuskalliseen hymyyn. — Vihelsi! Ryömi, koiranpentu!

Mutta vain silmänräpäyksen hän seisoi ikäänkuin empien. Äkkiä


tulvahti veri hänen päähänsä, ja hänen poskensa hehkuivat kuin
tulessa.

— Minä lähden! — huudahti hän äkkiä. — Viisi elämäni vuotta!


Hyvästi! Hyvästi, Aljoša, kohtaloni on ratkaistu… Menkää, menkää,
menkää pois nyt luotani kaikki, etten teitä enää näkisi!… Grušenjka
on lentänyt uuteen elämään… Älä muistele minua pahalla sinäkään,
Rakitka. Kenties menen kohti kuolemaa! Uh! Olen kuin juovuksissa!

Hän jätti heidät äkkiä ja juoksi makuuhuoneeseensa.

— No, ei hän nyt jouda meitä ajattelemaan! — mutisi Rakitin. —


Menkäämme, muuten kukaties taas alkaa tuo akkojen huuto. Minua
tympäisevät jo nämä kyynelpitoiset huudot…

Aljoša antoi koneellisesti kuljettaa itsensä ulos. Pihalla seisoivat


matkavaunut, hevosia riisuttiin valjaista, kuljetettiin lyhdyt käsissä,
touhuttiin. Avoimesta portista tuotiin vereksiä hevosia
kolmivaljakkoon. Mutta tuskin olivat Aljoša ja Rakitin päässeet ulos
ovesta, kun äkkiä Grušenjkan makuuhuoneen ikkuna avautui ja hän
huusi sointuvalla äänellä Aljošan jälkeen:

— Aljošetška, sano terveisiä veljellesi Mitenjkalle, ja sano hänelle,


ettei muistelisi minua, pahantekijäänsä, pahalla. Ja kerro hänelle
myös näillä minun sanoillani: »Grušenjka joutui lurjuksen omaksi,
eikä sinulle, jalolle miehelle!» Ja lisää hänelle myös, että Grušenjka
rakasti häntä tunnin ajan, ainoastaan yhden tunnin kaiken kaikkiaan
rakasti, — niin että hän tästä lähin muistaisi tuon tunnin koko
elämänsä ajan, niin määräsi, sano, Grušenjka sinulle koko elämän
ajaksi!…

Hän lopetti äänellä, joka oli täynnä nyyhkytystä. Ikkuna sulkeutui.

— Hm! Hm! — mylvähti Rakitin nauraen. — Surmasi veli


Mitenjkan ja käskee vielä muistamaan sitä koko elämän ajan. Siinä
peto!

Aljoša ei vastannut mitään, aivan kuin ei olisi kuullut; hän kulki


Rakitinin vieressä nopeasti, aivan kuin hänellä olisi ollut hyvin kiire;
oli kuin hän olisi unohtanut kaiken, hän kulki koneellisesti. Rakitinia
äkkiä pisti jokin aivan kuin häntä olisi sormella kosketettu kipeään
haavaan. Aivan toista hän oli odottanut äsken, kun oli vienyt
Grušenjkan ja Aljošan yhteen; aivan toista oli tapahtunut eikä sitä,
mitä hän niin mielellään olisi tahtonut.

— Hän on puolalainen, tuo Grušenjkan upseeri, — alkoi hän taas


puhua hillitysti, — eikä hän nyt ole ensinkään mikään upseeri, vaan
palveli tullivirkamiehenä Siperiassa, jossakin Kiinan rajalla
luullakseni, mikä lieneekin raihnainen pieni puolalainen. Kuuluu
menettäneen paikkansa. On nyt saanut kuulla Grušenjkalle
kertyneen omaisuutta ja on tullut takaisin, — siinä koko se ihme.
Aljoša ei näyttänyt taaskaan kuulevan. Rakitin ei voinut hillitä
itseään:

— No, käännytitkö syntisen? — naurahti hän ilkeästi Aljošalle. —


Palautitko porton oikealla tielle? Taisit ajaa pois seitsemän
riivaajaista? Kas siinähän tapahtuivat nuo äskeiset ihmeemme, joita
odotettiin!

— Lakkaa, Rakitin, — lausui Aljoša kärsien sielussaan.

— Sinä »halveksit» kai nyt minua äskeisten viidenkolmatta ruplan


tähden? Möi muka todellisen ystävän. Mutta ethän sinä ole Kristus
enkä minä ole Juudas.

— Ah, Rakitin, vakuutan sinulle, että olin sen kokonaan unohtanut,


— huudahti Aljoša, — sinä itse nyt juuri muistutit sen mieleeni…

Mutta Rakitin oli jo lopullisesti suuttunut.

— Piru teidät vieköön kaikki ja jokaisen! — karjaisi hän äkkiä. —


Ja mitä perhanaa minä puutuin tekemisiin kanssasi! En tahdo tästä
lähin enää tuntea sinua. Mene yksin, tuossa on sinun tiesi!

Ja hän kääntyi äkkiä toiselle kadulle jättäen Aljošan yksin


pimeyteen.
Aljoša lähti kaupungista ja meni kedon poikki luostariin.

4.

Galilean Kaanaa
Oli jo sangen myöhä luostarin tapojen mukaan, kun Aljoša saapui
erakkomajaan; hänet päästi portinvahti sisälle erikoista tietä. Kello oli
jo lyönyt yhdeksän, — oli yleisen levähdyksen ja rauhan hetki kaikille
niin levottoman päivän jälkeen. Aljoša avasi arasti oven ja astui
luostarinvanhimman kammioon, jossa nyt oli tämän ruumisarkku.
Kammiossa ei ollut ketään muita kuin isä Paísi, joka yksinään luki
ruumisarkun ääressä evankeliumia, ja nuori palvelijamunkki Porfiri,
joka väsyneenä eilisestä yöllisestä keskustelusta ja tämän päivän
touhusta nukkui viereisessä huoneessa lattialla sikeätä nuoren
miehen unta. Vaikka isä Paísi kuulikin Aljošan tulon, niin hän ei
katsahtanutkaan häneen päin. Aljoša meni ovesta oikealla olevaan
nurkkaan, polvistui ja alkoi rukoilla. Hänen sydämensä oli täysi,
mutta kaikki oli omituisen epäselvää eikä yksikään tunne eronnut
toisista muita voimakkaampana, päinvastoin toinen työnsi tieltään
toisen jonkinmoisessa hiljaisessa, tasaisessa kiertoliikkeessä ollen.
Mutta sydämessä tuntui suloiselta, eikä Aljoša, omituista kyllä
ihmetellyt sitä. Taas hän näki edessään tämän ruumisarkun, mutta
itkuista, valittelevaa, kipeätä surua ei ollut hänen sielussaan, kuten
oli ollut aamulla. Heti sisään tultuaan hän oli langennut polvilleen
niinkuin pyhän esineen eteen langetaan, mutta riemu, riemu säteili
hänen mielessään ja hänen sydämessään. Yksi kammion ikkunoista
oli auki, ilma oli raikas ja kylmänpuoleinen, — haju on siis tullut vielä
voimakkaammaksi, koska on katsottu tarpeelliseksi avata ikkuna, —
ajatteli Aljoša. Mutta ei tämäkään mädänneen hajun ajatteleminen,
joka hänestä vielä äsken tuntui niin kauhealta ja kunnialle käyvältä,
synnyttänyt hänessä äskeistä surumielisyyttä ja äskeistä
paheksumista. Hän alkoi hiljaa rukoilla, mutta tunsi pian itse
rukoilevansa miltei koneellisesti. Ajatusten katkelmia välähteli hänen
sielussaan, ne syttyivät kuin tähdet ja sammuivat hamassa,
vaihtuivat toisiin, mutta sen sijaan hänen sielussaan oli vallalla
jotakin kokonaista, lujaa, viihdyttävää, ja hän oli itse siitä tietoinen.
Väliin hän aloitti palavan rukouksen, hänen teki niin kovin mieli kiittää
ja rakastaa… Mutta aloitettuaan rukouksen hän siirtyi äkkiä johonkin
muuhun, vaipui ajatuksiinsa, unohti sekä rukouksen että sen, mikä
oli sen katkaissut. Hän alkoi kuunnella, mitä isä Paísi luki, mutta kun
hän oli hyvin uupunut, niin hän alkoi vähitellen torkahdella…

»Ja kolmantena päivänä olivat Häät Galilean Kaanaassa», luki isä


Paísi, »ja Jeesuksen äiti oli siellä. Niin Jeesus ja hänen
opetuslapsensa kutsuttiin myös häihin.»

— Häät? Mitä tämä on… häät… pyöri vihurina Aljošan mielessä,


— hänellä on myös onni… lähti kemuihin… Ei, hän ei ottanut veistä,
ei ottanut veistä… Se oli vain »surkea» sana… No… surkeat sanat
täytyy antaa anteeksi, ehdottomasti. Surkeat sanat tuovat lohtua
sielulle… ilman niitä kävisi suru liian raskaaksi ihmisille. Rakitin lähti
syrjäkadulle. Niin kauan kuin Rakitin ajattelee kärsimiään
loukkauksia, hän aina poikkeaa syrjäkadulle… Mutta tie… tie on
suuri valtatie, suora, valoisa, kristallinkirkas, ja sen päässä on
aurinko… Mitä?… mitä luetaan?

»… Ja koska viini puuttui, sanoi Jeesuksen äiti hänelle: ei heillä


ole viiniä»… kuuli Aljoša.

— Niin, minulta jäi tässä huomaamatta, vaikka en tahtonut jättää


huomaamatta, mutta tästä paikasta minä pidän: tämä on Galilean
Kaanaa, on ensimmäinen ihme… Ah, tämä on ihme, ah, tämä on
ihana ihme! Ei murheessa, vaan ihmisten riemussa oli läsnä Kristus,
kun teki ensimmäisen kerran ihmeen, ihmisten iloa hän auttoi…
»Ken rakastaa ihmisiä, hän rakastaa heidän iloaankin»… Tätä
toisteli vainaja myötäänsä, tämä oli yksi hänen pääajatuksiaan…
Ilman iloa ei voi elää, sanoi Mitja… Niin, Mitja… Kaikki, mikä on totta
ja kaunista, on aina täynnä kaiken anteeksi antamusta — tätä hän
myös puhui…

»… Jeesus sanoi hänelle: vaimo, mitä minun on sinun kanssasi?


Ei minun aikani ole vielä tullut. Hänen äitinsä sanoi palvelijoille: mitä
hän teille sanoo, se tehkäät…»

— Tehkäät… Ilo, joittenkin köyhien, hyvin köyhien ihmisten ilo…


Tietysti köyhien, kun ei häissäkään heillä ollut viiniä…
Historiantutkijat kirjoittavat, että Gennesaretin järven ympärillä ja
niillä seuduin kaikkialla asui silloin kaikkein köyhintä väestöä, mitä
vain voi kuvitella… Ja tiesi silloin toisen siellä olevan suuren olennon
suuri sydän, Hänen äitinsä sydän, että Hän ei ollut tullut silloin alas
maan päälle ainoastaan suurta, peloittavaa sankaritekoaan
suorittamaan, vaan että Hänen sydämensä ymmärtää myös
joidenkin aivan valistumattomien ja viekastelemattomien olentojen
vilpittömän ja yksinkertaisen ilon, noiden olentojen, jotka olivat
ystävällisesti kutsuneet Hänet köyhiin häihinsä. »Ei minun aikani ole
vielä tullut», sanoo Hän hiljaa hymyillen (aivan varmasti Hän hymyili
äidilleen lempeästi!)… Tosiaankin, sitä vartenko Hän oli astunut alas
maan päälle, että antaisi lisää viiniä köyhissä häissä? Mutta Hän
meni kuitenkin ja teki äitinsä pyynnön mukaisesti… Ah, hän lukee
taas:

»… Jeesus sanoi heille: täyttäkää vesiastiat vedellä. Ja he täyttivät


ne ylön täyteen.

»Ja hän sanoi heille: pankaat nyt sisälle ja viekäät edeskäyvälle.


Ja he veivät.

»Mutta kun edeskäypä maisti sitä vettä, joka viiniksi tullut oli (eikä
tietänyt, kusta se tuli, mutta palvelijat tiesivät, jotka veden
ammensivat), kutsui edeskäypä yljän.

»Ja sanoi hänelle: jokainen antaa ensisti hyvää viiniä, ja kun


juovutaan, niin sitte huonompaa; sinä kätkit hyvän viinin tähän asti.»

— Mutta mitä tämä on, mitä tämä on? Miksi huone liikkuu… Ah,
niin… nythän on häät, hääpidot… niin, tietysti. Tuossa ovat
vieraatkin, tuossa istuvat nuoret ja iloinen joukko ja… missä on
viisas edeskäypä? Mutta kuka tämä on? Kuka? Taas huone siirtyy
paikaltaan… Kuka nousee tuolta suuren pöydän äärestä? Kuinka?…
Hänkin on täällä? Hänhän on ruumisarkussa… Mutta hän on
täälläkin… on noussut, nähnyt minut, tulee tänne… Herra Jumala!…

Niin, hänen luokseen, hänen luokseen astui hän, kuivettunut pieni


ukko, jolla oli pieniä ryppyjä kasvoissa, iloisena ja nauraen hiljaisesti.
Ruumisarkkua ei ole enää, ja hän on samassa puvussa, jossa
eilenkin istui heidän parissaan, kun vieraat kokoontuivat hänen
luokseen. Kasvot ovat avoimet, silmät säteilevät. Kuinka, hän on siis
myös kemuissa, myös kutsuttu häihin Galilean Kaanaassa..

— Olen myös, rakkaani, kutsuttu, kutsuttu ja pyydetty, — kuuluu


hiljainen ääni hänen päällään. — Miksi olet hautautunut tänne, niin
ettei sinua saa nähdäkään… tule sinäkin meille.

Hänen äänensä, luostarinvanhin Zosiman ääni… Miten siis on


hänen laitansa, jos hän kerran kutsuu? Vanhus nosti Aljošan
kädellään, ja Aljoša kohosi pystyyn polviltaan.

— Iloitkaamme, — jatkoi kuivettunut ukko, — juokaamme uutta


viiniä, uuden suuren riemun viiniä; näetkö, miten paljon on vieraita?
Tuossa on sulhanen ja morsian, tuossa on viisas edeskäypä,
maistaa uutta viiniä… Miksi ihmetellen katsot minua? Minä olen
antanut sipulin, siksi minäkin olen täällä. Ja monet täällä ovat
antaneet vain sipulin, yhden pienen sipulin vain… Mitä ovat meidän
tekomme? Sinäkin, hiljainen, sinäkin, nöyrä poikani, sinäkin olet
tänään osannut antaa sipulin isoovalle. Aloita, rakkaani, aloita, sinä
lempeä, toimintasi!… Näetkö Aurinkomme, näetkö Hänet?

— Minä pelkään… en uskalla katsoa… — kuiskasi Aljoša.

— Älä pelkää Häntä. Peloittava on Hän suuruudessaan meidän


edessämme, kauhistuttava korkeudessaan, mutta loppumattomasti
armollinen, tuli rakkaudesta meidän kaltaiseksemme ja iloitsee
kanssamme, muuttaa veden viiniksi, ettei vierasten ilo loppuisi,
odottaa uusia vieraita, kutsuu uusia vieraita lakkaamatta ja ikuisiin
aikoihin. Kas, tuossa tuodaan uutta viiniä, näetkö, pikareita tuodaan.

Jotakin paloi Aljošan sydämessä, jokin täytti sen äkkiä, niin että
teki kipeätä, innostuksen kyynelet tulvahtivat hänen sielustaan…
Hän levitti kätensä, huudahti ja heräsi…

Taas oli siinä ruumisarkku, avoin ikkuna ja hiljaista, juhlallista,


selvää evankeliumin lukua. Mutta Aljoša ei enää kuunnellut mitä
luettiin. Omituista, hän oli nukahtanut polvistuneena, mutta nyt hän
seisoi, ja äkkiä hän ikäänkuin riuhtaisten itsensä liikkeelle astui
kolmella lujalla ja nopealla askelella aivan ruumisarkun luo. Hipaisipa
hän olkapäällään isä Paísiakin eikä huomannut sitä. Tämä kohotti
hetkeksi silmänsä kirjasta häneen, mutta käänsi ne heti taas
toisaalle, sillä hän ymmärsi nuorukaiselle tapahtuneen jotakin
omituista. Aljoša katsoi noin puoli minuuttia ruumisarkkuun peitettyä,
liikkumattomana pitkänään makaavaa ruumista, jonka rinnalla oli
jumalankuva ja päässä päähine kahdeksankärkisine risteineen. Hän
oli äsken juuri kuullut hänen äänensä, ja tämä ääni kaikui vielä
hänen korvissaan. Hän koetti vielä kuunnella, hän odotti vielä
ääniä… mutta äkkiä hän teki jyrkän käännöksen ja meni ulos
kammiosta.

Hän ei pysähtynyt kuistillekaan, vaan meni nopeasti portaita alas.


Hänen riemun täyttämä sydämensä janosi vapautta, tilaa, avaraa
alaa. Hänen yläpuolellaan oli leveänä, näkymättömänä taivaan
kupukatto, täynnä hiljaa tuikkivia tähtiä. Keskitaivaalta
taivaanrannalle asti häämötti vielä epäselvänä kaksihaarainen
linnunrata. Maata ympäröi raikas ja liikkumattoman hiljainen yö.
Kirkon valkeat tornit ja kultaiset kupukatot kimmelsivät safiirinsinistä
taivasta vastaan. Upeat syyskukkaset lavoissaan talon vierellä olivat
vaipuneet uneen aamuun asti. Maan hiljaisuus näytti sulavan yhteen
taivaan hiljaisuuden kanssa, maan salaisuus kosketti tähtien
salaisuutta… Aljoša seisoi ja katsoi, ja äkkiä hän, aivan kuin jalkansa
olisivat pettäneet, lankesi maahan.

Hän ei tietänyt, minkä tähden hän syleili maata, hän ei selvitellyt


itselleen, miksi hänen niin vastustamattomasti teki mieli sitä
suudella, suudella sitä kokonaisuudessaan, mutta hän suuteli sitä
itkien, ääneensä nyyhkyttäen ja kostuttaen sitä kyynelillään, ja hän
vannoi kiihkeästi rakastavansa sitä, rakastavansa ikuisiin aikoihin
asti. »Kostuta maa ilokyynelilläsi ja rakasta näitä kyyneliäsi»… kaikui
hänen sielussaan. Mitä hän itki? Oi, hän itki innostuksessaan noita
tähtiäkin, jotka tuikkivat häntä vastaan syvyydestä, »eikä hävennyt
tätä innostusta». Oli kuin rihmoja kaikista noista lukemattomista
Luojan maailmoista olisi samalla kertaa yhtynyt hänen sielussaan, ja
se värisi »koskettaessaan toisia maailmoita». Teki mieli antaa
anteeksi kaikille ja kaikki ja pyytää anteeksi, oi! — ei itselleen, vaan
kaikkien ja kaiken puolesta, ja »toisetkin pyytävät minun puolestani»,
kaikui taas hänen sielussaan. Ja joka silmänräpäys hän tunsi
selvästi ja ikäänkuin kouraantuntuvasti, kuinka jotakin lujaa ja
järkähtämätöntä niinkuin tuo taivaan holvi siirtyi hänen sieluunsa.
Jokin aate tuntui saavan vallan hänen mielessään — koko elämän
ajaksi ja ikuisiin aikoihin. Hän oli langennut maahan heikkona
nuorukaisena, mutta hän nousi taistelijana, joka oli pysyvä lujana
koko elämänsä ajan, ja hän oli siitä tietoinen ja tunsi sen yhtäkkiä
tuona samana innostuksensa hetkenä. Eikä koskaan, ei koskaan
sitten koko elämänsä aikana Aljoša voinut unohtaa tätä hetkeä.
»Joku kävi sielussani sillä hetkellä!» sanoi hän myöhemmin uskoen
lujasti omiin sanoihinsa…

Kolmen päivän kuluttua hän jätti luostarin, mikä oli sopusoinnussa


myös hänen luostarinvanhin-vainajansa sanan kanssa, tämä kun oli
käskenyt häntä »olemaan maailmassa».

Kolmas osa jatkuu II niteessä.


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