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 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association
Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Chair of Committee's Message

The 12th HISAS (Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific Meeting) met
in Sapporo at March 21, 2015, hosted by PPIH (Indonesian student Association in Hokkaido)
with the gracious support from Hokkaido University by providing venue in the Faculty of Earth
and Environmental Science. Our thanks and appreciation go out to KBRI Tokyo, KITAGAS and
other sponsors, great invited speakers, participants and to all the others that contributed in the
largest HISAS meeting ever held.

We are very pleased to have been able to invite Prof. Shunitz Tanaka from
Environmental Science Development, Hokkaido University, Assoc. Prof. Toshikazu Kawaguchi
from Environmental Material Science, Hokkaido University, and Dr. Eng. Khoirul Anwar from
Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) We had very great talk delivered
by such experts in their respective field which can broaden our knowledge.
The aim of HISAS is communicating research progress from Indonesian student
under sustainability framework for better future. Although it originally targeted Indonesian
students who are studying at Hokkaido, many participants came from outside of Japan
with diverse scientific background. More than 20 papers were delivered and presentations
made on these and related topics. All of the presented papers will be available in this
proceeding. It was almost impossible to capture all of the content and enthusiasm from the
various fields of new information and new technologies which were introduced in this
meeting. We are optimistic these proceeding will broaden our knowledge in many topics and
related fields.

At last we want to acknowledge the editors. We are extraordinarily grateful to the

generous help of these colleagues. It was with great pleasure that our colleagues and we
had this opportunity to host such a great meeting.

La Ode Muhammad Yasir Haya

Sapporo, 2015
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association
Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Table of Content

Preface i
Table of content ii
Editorial iii

Parallel Sessions

Comparison of Antibiotic and Probiotic as Growth Promotors using 2

Histological Analysis on Chicken Intestine
Syabilla Rivenia, Hanan Asyrofi
Gadjah Mada University

Characterization of Cellulase in the Cellulolytic Bacteria 8

of Termites (Order: Isoptera) as Composting Accelerator Agensia
Rifqi Z. Janatunaim, Cornellius Y. Wijaya, Adilah R. Azizah,
Eka Ramadhani, Fajar Priyambada, Yekti A. Purwestri
Gadjah Mada University

OLIVE-BACKED SUNBIRD (Nectarinia jugularis) BEHAVIOR

in IPB CAMPUS, DRAMAGA 13
Hidayatul Munawaroh#1, Kurnia Wachidah#2, Redho Darma Satria FZ
Bogor Agricultural University

Assessing Natural Organic Matter Characteristics 17

During Coagulation Process
Okik Hendriyanto Cahyonugroho, Euis Nurul Hidayah
UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur

Qausun Quzah Home, Save Street Child 22

Arum Retno Ningsih, Dr. Djuniadi M.T.
Semarang State University

Revolution Water Treatment “Ecogreen” With Nano Filter Technology 26

as Solution of Fresh Water for the Future
Supriady RP Siregar , Rifky Meisa Anugrah, M. Sayyid Aziz
Padjadjaran University

Time Allocation of Women In Coastal Areas of Purworejo 30

District Central Java Province, Indonesia
Arta Kusumaningrum, Subejo, Endang Sulastri
Gadjah Mada University,

Wet Salting System Based Co doped ZnO Photocatalyst 34

to Produce a More Qualified and Healthier Salted Fish in Indonesia
Yoyon Wahyono, Alfin Darari, Heri Sutanto, Eko Siswoyo
Diponegoro University
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

The Survival Strategy of Scavengers in Putri Cempo Landfills, 39

Mojosongo, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
Triana Rahmawati, Andi Sulistiawan, Anita Ekasari, Maflahah, Widia Lestari
Sebelas Maret University

Kledung Tourism Initiatives (KRISNA): Integrated 43

Ecotourism Institutional Framework to Foster Prosperity
in Kledung, Indonesia
Prita Ramadiani, Willy Zoel Fauzie, Fitri Wulandari
Diponegoro University

Noise Barrier Design on Entrance Gate Area 51

of Bogor Agricultural University to Reduce The Noise Level
Based on Façade Design
Ario Wisnu Wicaksono, Muhammad Nofal , Tubagus Verry Snovile Arunda
Bogor Agricultural University

Economic Dispatch Considering Emission Using 56

Multi-Objective Flower Pollination Algorithm (MOFPA)
Muhammad Fadli Azis, Albert Ryanta, Dimas Fajar Uman Putra,
Okto Fenno
Sepuluh November Institute of Technology

Effective Salt Pond Potential Area Mapping Using Geographic 60

Information System-Based Map and Analysis
(Case Study: Sampang, Madura)
Zulfikar Adlan Nadzir, Nafizah, Enira Suryaningsih

SOBATEX: Solution for Batik Wastewater through Photocatalytic 65

and Ozonation Process
Singgih Wibowo, Heri Sutanto, Faris Gustomi Salim ,Yanuar Aji Saputro,
Muhammad Zainal Mahfud
Diponegoro Univesity

Increasing the Performance of Anode for Li-Ion Batteries 70

by Using Silicon-CNF Nanocomposite: A Systematic literature Review
Muh Fadhil Albab, Shafira Rahma, Winda Rizky Amalia
University of Indonesia
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

PROCEEDINGS OF THE HOKKAIDO

INDONESIAN STUDENT ASSOCIATION
SCIENTIFIC MEETING (HISAS)

Editor in Chief
La Ode Muhammad Yasir Haya (Halu Oleo University)

Contributing Editor
Suherman (Gadjah Mada University
Rochim B. Cahyono (Gadjah Mada University)
Ahmad Saifuddin (Sepuluh November Institute of Technology)
Erik Prasetyo Zen (LIPI)
Muhammad Rondhi (Jember University)
Dhian Dwibadra (Palangkaraya University)
LesnantoPutranto (Gadjah Mada University)
Haryo Edi Wibowo (Gadjah Mada University)
Yudistira Wahyu Kurnia (Sriwijaya University)
Iman Abdullah (Indonesia University)
Najib Fauzi (Diponegoro University)
Fiolentina Marpaung (Agency of Research & Technolgy Development)
Effendi (Padang State University)
Fajar Fatriansyah
Isma Rosyida
Atfritedy Limin
Putri Pratiwi
Jamal Musa Hole

Cover Design
Devi Novi Astuti

Layout
Nur Wakhid

Finance
Rifatunnisa

Editorial Office
Persatuan Pelajar Indonesia di Hokkaido (PPI Hokkaido)
The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science,
Hokkaido University,
Kita-ku Kita 10 Nishi 5, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
www.ppi-hokkaido.org
hisas12_ppi@yahoo.co.id

Printed by SIAGA PRINTING

Bogor, Indonesia
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association
Scientific Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Topic [A]
Natural Science and Agriculture

1
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association
Scientific Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Comparison of Antibiotic and Probiotic as

Growth Promotors using Histological
Analysis on Chicken Intestine
Syabilla Rivenia1, Hanan Asyrofi2
1
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 2 Faculty of Biology
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
1
syabillarivenia@gmail.com
2
hasyrofi@gmail.com

Abstract— Current use of antibiotics as a feed
additive in broiler chicken has become a trend in
Indonesia for years. It is known to improve rate of
weight gain and feed efficiency. Since 2005,
antibiotics are used massively. Several researches
reported that many broiler meat has antibiotic
residue. Therefore the risk of using antibiotics has
provided many opportunities for finding harmless
additive. Probiotics are living microorganism which
beneficially affect the host physiology, by improving
nutritional and microbial balance in the intestinal
tract without leaving residue in the meat. Current
research shows that combination of Lactobacillus
murinus, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Streptococcus
thermophillus can increase nutritional absorption.
Several histological studies revealed that treating
chicken’s intestine with antibiotic and probiotic
shows a significant difference. Both improve rate of
weight gain and feed efficiency. The purpose of this
article is to provide clearer information about
probiotic effectivity by using histological analysis.
Probiotic is expected to replace antibiotic as a growth
promotor to provide a healthier chicken’s product in
Indonesia.
Keywords— Antibiotic; Probiotic; Chicken Intestine;
Histological analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
Chicken meat consumption in Indonesia is a major
commodity to fulfill the need of protein derived from
animals. In 2008, chicken meat consumption in
Indonesia reached 84.07% from the total consumption of
other types of meat. This shows an increase of 22.19%
from the year before. Based on data from the Direcrorate
General of Livestock the Indonesia Ministry of
Agriculture, the average of chicken meat consumption is
3.8 kg per capita per year [1]. The continuously
increasing attempt to fulfill the need of chicken meat
encourage poultry industry to increase the quantity of
production in various ways, for example with genetic
development and antibiotic usage [2][3]. Antibiotics are
popular as a growth promotor (AGP) in which it is given
as a feed additive or administrated via drinking water.
Antibiotic is well known due to the improvement of
health status, weight gain, and carcas yield by
preventing diseases occurance and treatment of existing
diseases [4].
Unfortunately, the massive use of antibiotics was
reported to be the factor of the emergence of bacterial
resistance in broiler intestine [5]. In addition, antibiotic
can leave residue in broiler meat, which then accumulate
in the body and cause resistency towards normal
microbia in the intestine [6]. Accumulation of antibiotic
residue in broiler meat was estimated to have a strong
correlation with microbial resistance in human,
eventhough the transfer mechanisms is still debatable [7].
In addition, antibiotic residue can cause hypersensitivity,
skin inflammation, vomitting, and diarrhea in human [4]
[8]. Therefore, Uni European countries has banned the
use of antibiotics as a growth promotor in broiler
chicken since 2006 [9].
The ban carries out a wide opportunity of research
[10]. Several researchs has been conducted to find an
AGP alternative for broiler chicken, one of them is
probiotic [11]. Probiotic is defined as a living
microorganism that can give health benefit to the host
when administered in a certain amount [9]. The use of
probiotics as a substitute for antibiotics is expected to
provide a healthy chicken meat production without
containing any residue [12]. One of the latest research of
probiotics in Indonesia had been conducted by refernce
[13] in Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah
Mada. She found that performance of broiler chicken
treated with probiotic were similar with those treated
using antibiotic.
This article begin with some information regarding
antibiotic usage as a growth promotor in broiler chicken,
followed by probiotic as antibiotic‘s alternative, and
morphological structure of broiler intestine as one of the
parameters observed.

2
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
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II. ANTIBIOTIC AS GROWTH PROMOTOR
Antibiotic has been widely used in poultry to treat
diseases and also as a growth promotor [11] [14].
Several common antibiotics used in Indonesia are zinc
bacitracin, tetracycline, doxyciclin, spiramycin,
virginiamycin, tylosin and nitrofuranz group [7][15-19].
The performance of antimicrobial antibiotic can be
found in various mechanisms, such as: by decreasing
subclinical infection, decreasing nutrition absorbed by
the microbia, increasing nutrition absorption due to the
thinning of intestitinal wall, and minimizing metabolite
produced by gram negative bacteria. [11]. Reference [20]
said that AGP can increase weight gain by triggering
microbia in the intestinal tract to boost the utilization of
vitamin B complex.
The maximum residual concentrations of various
antibiotics which are allowed in chicken meat has been
stipulated in the reference [43]. Maximum residue limits
of Bacitracin is 0.5 mg/kg; tetracycline is 0.1 mg / kg.
Reference [21] reported that the addition of tetracyclin
HCl in chicken ratio up to the dossage of 250 mg/kg
ration does not cause residue in fresh meat. Meanwhile,
reference [15] found the vice versa, that the residue level
of oxytetracycline (0.1107 ppm), tetracycline (0.0987
ppm), and chlortetracycline (0.0799 ppm) have
approached approximately treshhold standard while it
should have been far below it. Nevertheless, Darsono,
Dewi et al., and Murdiati et al., in reference [22]
reported that most of residual level in chicken meat
have been exceeding the treshold [22].
The people who eat chicken meat with residue of
antibiotic can develop a resistances. If humans are
resistant to antibiotics, treatment of the disease becomes
ineffective. So, a higher dose of antibiotics are needed to
cure the disease. It is necessary to find an alternative to
antibiotic growth promotor, in order to provide a safe
and healthier poultry meat for human. Therefore,
countries in Europe has banned the use of antibiotics as
growth promoters since 2006 [9].
The ban of using antibiotics as growth promoters has
provided many opportunities to study the possibility of
looking for an alternative. The characteristics of growth
for the poultry which use the alternatives should be
comparable to those using antibiotics, in improving the
performance of broiler chickens [10]. One study which
popular is the use of probiotics.
III. PROBIOTIC
Probiotics are living organisms that live in a host
body and beneficially improve the health status in a
certain amount by enhancing the intestinal microbial
balance and modulating immunity [9][23-25]. In the
poultry industry, probiotics are used as an alternative
3
supplement which serves as a protection against disease,
to improve the microbial balance in the guts, and to
reduce enteric diseases in poultry [9][23][26][27].
Enteric diseases in poultry will result in losses of income
for farmers due to decreasing productivity, increasing
mortality and it may contaminate poultry products
consumed by humans. [28].
Ideally, probiotics which are used to substitute AGP
have the following characteristics: non-pathogenic,
withstand processing and storage, resist gastric acid and
bile, adhere to the epithelium or mucus, persist in the
intestinal tract, pathogenic bacteria produce inhibitory
compounds, modulate immune respons, alter microbial
activities, and derived from the digestive tract of the
animal itself (Indigenous microbia). [27][28].
Indigenous microbia contributes to the host‘s nutrition
and defense against pathogenic bacteria in the guts. A
healthy microbial digestive tract reduces the chance of
opportunistic and pathogenic microbial colonization
through the mechanism of competitive exclusion
[29][30][31]. In addition, probiotics have been reported
to activate lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate system in the
gastrointestinal tract, which inhibit the growth of
pathogenic bacteria and also resulted in a low pH
environment. The decrease in pH can cause damage to
the cell membrane of gram negative microorganisms or
pathogens. There is also probiotic which releases
mannanoligosakarida, which is assumed to activate
intestinal receptors, thus preventing the attachment or
colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine [32].
Probiotics which often used in poultry farming are
lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria, such as
Lactobacillus which known to have the ability to
increase resistance to disease by stimulating the immune
system (SIgA) [29]. The use of probiotics can be
supplied with one type of microbes (single probiotic)
and a combination of some microbial species (multi
probiotics). Research carried out by using a single
probiotic was done by reference [27], meanwhile,
reference [33] conducted a study using a combination of
Lactobacillus murinus, Streptococcus thermophillus, and
Pediococcus acidilactici which results in the more
optimal feed conversion ratio than the administration of
single probiotic. The use of probiotics is considered
more advantageous than the use of antibiotics, because
antibiotics do not only destroy microbial pathogens but
also beneficial microbes [34].
IV. INTESTINAL HISTOLOGICAL APPROACH
The structure of broiler chicken‘s small intestine is
similiar to mammalia. It consists of duodenum, jejunum,
and ileum. It has several layers, the first is tunica
mucosa that consists of lamina epitelialis mucosae,
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398
lamina propia mucosae, and lamina muscularis mucosae.
The second is tunica submucosa, the third is tunica
muscularis and the fourth is tunica serosa as seen in
Figure 1. The vili are spread evenly along the small
intestine. Villi in duodenum is the longest and it
becomes shorter nearing the caudal area [35-38].
Figure 1. The duodenum of broiler. (A) Tunica mucosa
with three layers: (1) Lamina epthelialis mukosae, (2)
Lamina propia mukosae and (3) Lamina muskularis
mikosae; (B) Tunika submucosa; (C) Tunika muscularis
(D) Tunica serosa; (E) Blunt villi [37].
The small intestine functions as the absorption area of
food and the normal habitat of several microbes.
Microbial balance in the intestine is an indication of a
healthy chicken. Therefore, several studies have been
conducted to observe the comparison of the histological
structure of the chicken intestines of those which were
given antibiotic and probiotic. The parameter used are
generally villi height and crypt depth as showed in
research done by reference [13][39][40][41].
4
Figure 2. The comparison of Histological Structure of
Broiler jejunum and ileum which was given
probiotic Bacillus subtilis. Description: (1) the
jejunum control (2) Probiotics jejunum (3) ileum
control (4) probiotic ileum [39].
Villi height of the chickens which were given
probiotics had significant differences with those which
were given antibiotics. This can be seen in Table 1.
From this table, it can be observed that the jejunum and
ileum treated with probiotics has a higher villi than those
treated with antibiotics. Probiotic treatment can increase
the height of the chicken intestinal villi [13][42][41].
The villi height was induced by dietary amylase which is
increased after probiotic administration, whether it is a
single probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus or a mixture
of Lactobacillus strains [41]. However, crypt depth does
not get affected by the treatment [40].
Table 1. Comparison of villi height and crypt depth of
broiler‘s small intestine after given probiotics and
antibiotics [40].
Control Probiotic Antibiotic
Vili height (µm)
Jejunum 680 811,67 671,67
Ileum 528,89 665 523,33
Crypt depth (µm)
Jejunum 114,44 125 116,11
Ileum 103,33 110,56 101,67
Description: Probiotics used in the research are
Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus,
L. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophillus, Aspergillus
oryzhea, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus
paecium, Candida pintolepesii. Antibiotic used is
Flavomycin.
Body weight gain and feed intake of the broilers
which were given probiotic are actually smaller than
those given with antibiotic. However, the FCR is smaller
than the antibiotic and control. This can be seen in Tabel
2 [33]. Meanwhile, [40] result is the opposite. Body
weight gain and feed intake from broiler which were
given probiotic is still smaller than those provided with
antibiotic, but the FCR is higher than the antibiotic and
control. This differences can occur probably because the
different probiotic composition.
Table 2. Comparison of weight gain, feed intake and
food convertion rate (FCR) in broiler provided with
probiotic and antibiotics on reference [40] and [33]
research.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

[4] Dipeolu, M.A., Eruvbetine, D., Oguntona, E.B.,

Control Probiotic Antibiotic Bankole, O.O., and Sowunmi, K.S. 2005.
Gunal Comparison Effects of Antibiotics and Enzyme
Weight gain (g) 762,82 751,17 779,49 Inclusion in Diets of Laying Birds. Arch. Zootec.
Feed intake (g) 1057,25 1030,13 1045,27 54: 3-11.
FCR (g:g) 1,39 1,38 1,33 [5] Borras, S., Companyo, R., Granados, M., Guiteras,
Harimurti J., Perez-Vendrell, A.M., Brufau, J., Medina, M.,
Weight gain (g) 1432,33 1592,33 1613,33 Bosch, J. 2011. Analysis of antimicrobial agents
Feed intake (g) 2920,72 2847,61 3033,37 in animal feed. Trends in analytical chemistry.
FCR (g:g) 2,04 1,79 1,86 Vol.30, No.7: 1042-1064.
[6] Palupi, M.F. 2014. pentingnya penilaian resiko (risk
Description: Probiotics used in [40] are Lactobacillus
assessment) dalam penggunaan antibiotik pemacu
acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus,
Streptococcus thermophillus, Aspergillus oryzhea, pertumbuhan (antibiotic growth promotor).
Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus paecium, https://artikeledp.files.wordpress.com/
2014/05/pentingnya-penilaian-resiko-risk-
Candida pintolepesii. Antibiotic used is Flavomycin.
assessment-dalam-penggunaan-antibiotik-
Probiotics used in [33] are Lactobacillus murinus,
pemacu-pertumbuhan-antibiotic-growth-
Streptococcus thermophilus, and Pseudococcus
acidilactici. Antibiotic used is Zinc Bacitracin. promotor_maria-fatima.pdf [22 February 2015].
[7] Kelly, L., Smith, D.L., Snary, E.L., Johnson, J.A.,
V. CONCLUSIONS Harris, A.D., Wooldridge, M., Morris Jr, J.G.
2004. Animal growth promotors: to ban or not to
Probiotics administration can increase the villi height
ban? A risk assessment approach. International
and crypt depth. The higher villi and deeper crypt
Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 24: 7-14.
indicate the activation of intestinal vili function. Thus
[8] Arslan, C, and Saatci, M. 2004. Effects of probiotic
providing greater surface area for nutrient absorption.
administration either as feed additive or by
Hence, the performance of broiler becomes more
drinking water on performance and blood
optimal. Probiotics and antibiotics resulted in a common
parameters of Japanese quail. Arch. Geflu¨gelk.
intestinal morphology characteristic, which is the
68(4), 160 – 163.
increase of villi height and crypt depth. Therefore,
[9] Collins, J.W., Roberto, M.L.R., Martin, J.W., and
probiotics can subtitute antibiotic as growth promoters in
Laura, E.J.S. 2009 .Application of Prebiotic and
providing a healthier and residue-free chicken meat.
Probiotic in Livestock, Charalampopoulos, D.,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Rastal, R.R. (ed) Prebiotics and Probiotics
Science and Technology, Springer.New York. pp
We thank Mrs. Sri Harimurti for the supervision in
1123-1140.
collaborating the idea. Firman Alamsyah who help
[10] Millet, Sam., and Maertens, Luc. 2011. The
reviewing this article and our beloved parents that
European ban on antibiotic growth promoters in
always supporting us.
animal feed: From challenges to opportunities.
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ISSN: 2355-4398
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Subtitute for Antibiotic in Broiler Chickens.
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6366-2000.

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Characterization of Cellulase in the Cellulolytic

Bacteria of Termites (Order: Isoptera) as
Composting Accelerator Agensia
Rifqi Z. Janatunaim#1, Cornellius Y. Wijaya#, Adilah R. Azizah*2, Eka Ramadhani#,
Fajar Priyambada#, Yekti A. Purwestri#
#
Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
1
rifqi.zahroh.j@mail.ugm.ac.id
*
Department of Agricultural Socio-Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
adilahra@gmail.com

Abstract— Termites’ feeding habit yield bad impact

to human life due to consumption of wood, but
termites in symbiosis with various kinds of
cellulolytic bacteria in the digestive organs that
have the potential of cellulose that degrade cellulose
as the organic waste from plants. This needs to be
developed as an effort to recycle organic waste into
something more useful, like composts that give
benefit to reduce organic waste which give negative
impact to the environment. Cellulase can be used to
its full potential when environmental conditions
optimum. The aim of this study was to determine
the activity of cellulase in cellulolytic that live inside
termites’ digestive tract. Stages of the study include
the isolation of cellulolytic bacteria in the gut of
termites, bacterial growth curve measurement, and
enzyme characterization with the DNS method that
includes the optimum pH and temperature by the
time the highest growth. Based on the results of
isolation of cellulolytic bacteria from the gut of
termites, it obtained four isolates which were BSR 2,
BSR 3, BSR 8, and BSR 9. Based on the results
obtained isolates that have the highest cellulolytic
index are BSR 8 and BSR 3. The growth curve
showed maximum growth in the next 48 hours of
BSR 8and BSR 3 in the next 24 hours. Both isolates
had an optimum enzyme activity at 24 hours. The
enzyme characterization showed optimum
temperature of both isolates were 30ºC, then
optimum pH 4 of BSR 8 and BSR 3 by pH 2.
Keywords— Termites, Cellulase, Cellulolytic
Bacteria, Enzyme Characterization, Compost
I. INTRODUCTION
Termites are one of the insects that consume
wood litter as food, so it give bad impact to human life
such as physical damage to the structure of the building,
damaging crops, and others. However, termites (order:
Isoptera) is an insect that very important to recycle
nutrients in natural ecosystems [1]. This is caused by
the ability of termites to digest lignoselulotik biomass
(cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) into simple sugars
which are absorbed as energy and carbon source.
Termites play an important role in the turnover and
mineralization complex biopolymers such as wood and
other cellulose and hemicellulose containing material.
Lignocellulose is a predominant component in wood
and plant material that has died, and the most abundant
biomass on earth, especially in terrestrial ecosystems
[2].
The ability to digest obtained from their
symbiosis with microorganisms (Bacteria, Archaea,
and Eukarya) at the base of the intestine (hindgut). The
presence of cellulolytic bacteria producing cellulase
has potential to be used by humans, such as agricultural
waste for composting, the milling process (biorefining),
producing environmentally friendly paper, as well as to
improve the digestibility of feed and bioethanol
production [4]-[6].
Thus, the potential of cellulase produced from
cellulolytic bacterial excretion termites as cellulose
degrading the organic waste derived from plants, to
become something more useful like compost heap. It
can reduce organic waste which gives negative impacts

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ISSN: 2355-4398
to the environment, and be able to increase the value
order of termites which is still considered the harm.
In an effort to use the enzyme cellulase, important
to determine the characteristics of the enzyme and an
appropriate environmental conditions. This study aims
to determine the characteristics of cellulase in
cellulolytic bacteria from the gut of termites in the
form of a bacterial growth, enzyme activity during
growth, as well as the conditions of pH and
temperature optimum cellulase enzymes in their
activities.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
This research is about studying ―Characterization
of Cellulase in the Cellulolytic Bacteria of Termites
(Order : Isoptera) as Composting Accelerator Agensia‖
was done at Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada.Materials and tools
used in this studying including termites, congo red
0.1%, NaCl 0.9%, alcohol 70%, aquades, CMC
medium, buffer solute, DNS, glucose, petridish, loop,
test tubes, razor blade, tissue, sterile cotton, brown
paper, alumunnium foil, micropipet, yellow and blue
tip, small brush, flacon and microtube.
Samples Preparation
Termites obtained from the Faculty of Biology
drawn at random on scrap wood pile. Samples were
taken from the pile and placed in 70% alcohol, then
placed in a phosphate buffer pH 7. The digestive
organs (intestine) were taken by cutting the base of the
abdomen termites then disected so that its bowels out.
Further included in the termite gut placed in microtube
contained phosphate buffer pH 7 and centrifuged at
15,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The pellets were taken and
planted in the Carboxil Methil Cellulose (CMC) media
with pour plate method and incubated for two weeks in
room temperature.
Bacterial colonies grown on agar slant medium
CMC. One loop of each bacterium was grown in a petri
dish with a streak plate method on CMC medium agar
plates and grown for 1-2 weeks in room temperature.
Colonies that had grown soaked with congo red
solution of 0.1% for 24 hours and the clear zone size
was calculated. Pure potential cellulolytic bacteria
isolate stored at room temperature for further testing.
Measuring for Growth Curve and Testing for Cellulose
Activity
Morphology
A total of two bacteria full loops were inoculated
in 100 ml of 1 % CMC liquid medium and incubated
Color
on the shaking incubator for 24 hours. That starter Shape
would be used to measure growth curve and cellulase Elevation
activity testing. Growth of bacteria was measured by
spectrophotometer 600 nm wavelength every 24 hours.
The 5 ml of starter culture was taken. Then the
sample was centrifuged with 10.000 rpm for 10
minutes, until pellet and supernatant gained. That
obtained supernatant was the crude enzyme that will be
tested the activity.
The cellulase activity was measured by Miller
method (1959) by adding 1 ml of crude enzyme into 1%
CMC substrate in phosphate buffer of pH 7 for 15
minutes. The reaction was stopped by adding of 2 ml of
Dinitro Salicylate Acid (DNS) and boiled for 15
minutes, and then the sample awaited until the
temperature down become room temperature and
measured by spectrophotometer 600 nm wavelength. A
number of sugars that produced decided by glucose
standard. One unit of cellulase activity is defined as
number of enzyme that produces 1 μmol of glucose per
minutes.
Enzyme Characterization
Cellulase characterization includes determination
of optimum pH and temperature. Determination of
optimum pH was done by dissolving of the crude
enzyme into 1% of CMC substrate in the different pH
condition (acid condition in pH 2 and 4, neutral
condition in pH 7, and alkali condition in pH 8 and 10)
by using citrate acid buffer (pH 2 and 4), phosphate
buffer (pH 7), and glycine buffer (pH 8 and 10). The
cellulase activity of crude enzyme was tested in
different temperature (20°C until 50°C within interval
10°C) in 1% of CMC substrate in optimum pH buffer
and incubated for 30 minutes.
III. RESULTS
This study aimed to obtain the optimal conditions
of cellulase in the cellulolytic bacterial isolates
potential to be used as agencia composting accelerator.
A. Isolation and Selection
Based on the researched, the results showed that
originate from the gut of termites, named BSR. The
isolates that BSR 2, BSR 3, BSR 8, and 9 which was a
BSR aerobic bacteria (Table I).
TABLE I
CHARACTERISTIC OF ISOLATES BACTERIA
Isolate
Colony BSR 2 BSR 3 BSR 8 BSR 9
White White White White
Circulair Circulair Ameboid Irregular
Low Effuse Effuse Effuse
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Convex 90,000
Edge Eintire Eintire Undulate Lobate 80,000
Inner Structure Opaque Trans Trans Trans
70,000
lucent lucent parent
60,000
Bacterial isolates were tested using congo red to 50,000 BSR 8

CFU
determine its ability to degrade cellulose and isolates 40,000 BSR 3
obtained with the largest cellulolytic index (Table II). 30,000
20,000
TABLE II 10,000
CELLULOLYTIC ABILITY OF BACTERIA 0,000
0 50 100 150
Isolate Colony Clear Zone Clear Zone Time (Hours)
Diameter (cm) Diameter (cm) Area (cm2)
BSR 2 1 1.3 1.33
Fig. 1 Growth curve of bacteria cellulolytic
BSR 3 0.5 1.5 1.77 isolate BSR 8 and BSR 3 in 0 to 96 hours
BSR 8 0.8 1.7 2.27 incubation
BSR 9 0.15 0.65 0.33

Cellulolytic ability detection using congo red 2,50

aimed to determine an ability of the isolates were
isolated from termites gut to degrade cellulose
contained in the CMC. This capability could be
detected from the cellulolytic index generated after
administration of congo red reagent. Cellulolytic index
represents the difference between diameter of the clear
zone with diameter of the colonies. Cellulolytic index
value could be used for the selection of cellulolytic
bacteria that had the best ability to hydrolyze cellulose
[7].
The observation of a clear zone indicates that the
best cellulolytic index contained on BSR 8 and BSR 3.
This indicates the ability of a non-cellulase complex
owned isolates due process of hydrolase enzymes
cellulase "free cell" which is released by the isolates.
Thus, the more the cellulase "free cell" is generated, the
greater celullolytic index [7].
B. Growth Curve and Testing for Cellulose Activity
Measurement of bacterial growth curve with the
measurement of enzyme activity was to determine the
optimum time to the cellulolytic bacteria isolates on
producing cellulase and rewarding to see a relationship
between the growth of bacteria with the enzyme
cellulase activities. Based on the research,
measurement of the growth curve isolates BSR BSR 8
and 3 is shown by the increase in the number of cells
per day (Fig 1) at the same time also conducted testing
cellulose activity per day (Fig 2)
Concentration (Unit/mL)
2,00
1,50
BSR 8
1,00
BSR 3
0,50
0,00
0 50 100 150
Time (Hours)
Fig. 2 Cellulolase enzyme activity of cellulolytic
bacteria isolate BSR 8 and BSR 3
Cells growth in both isolates were measured with
an optical density (OD600) increased by the time of
growth. Cellulase activity also increased by the time
and the amount of cells growth. This caused by more
cell that excreted of cellulase. This enzyme is used by
bacteria to degrade CMC into reducing sugar as a
carbon source for cell growth. Thus, in the stationary
growth phase, cellulase activity did not increased.
The growth curve showed maximum growth in
the next 48 hours of BSR 8 and BSR 3 in the next 24
hours. Both isolates had an optimum enzyme activity at
24 hours. However, at 72 hours cellulase activity of
both isolates increased. It was possible because the
glucose levels in the crude enzyme which was the
result of cellulase activity during growth [8].

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ISSN: 2355-4398

C. Enzyme Characterization The research that has been conducted on C.

Characterization of enzymes aimed to determine
the optimum conditions of cellulase produced by both
potential cellulolytic bacteria. Thus, the best enzyme
activity in the composting process was known.
1,40
Concentration (Unit/mL)
formosanus termite workers showed that in the anterior
and posterior hindgut of termites had the pH range of
5-7. This caused by the presence of acetic acid in the
process of cellular energy production [10]. In addition,
the research conducted on wood termites are endemic
in North Sulawesi showed that the optimum pH isolates

1,20 were 4, 5.5, and 6, while the optimum temperature

were 30-40ºC isolates [9]. The bacteria which had this
1,00
pH and temperature condition was called mesophilic
0,80 bacteria [11].
The result showed, the cellulolytic bacteria
0,60
isolates obtained from wood-feeding termites in scrap
0,40
BSR 8
wood pile in the Faculty of Biology were the
0,20 BSR 3 mesophilic bacteria. However, BSR 3 enzyme activity
optimum at pH 2. It possible because of the influence
0,00 of the isolates adaptation to acidic conditions during
0 5 pH 10 15 fermentation activity. Reference [10] also showed that
Fig. 3 Cellulolase enzyme activity of cellulolytic the pH of the termite gut may be affected by enzymes
bacteria isolate BSR 8 and BSR 3 at all various of excreted in the area and symbiosis with
pH microorganisms.

2,50 IV. CONCLUSIONS

Bacteria isolate BSR 8 and BSR 3 had the
BSR 8
Concentration (Unit/mL)

greatest cellulolytic index, IS value for each isolate

2,00 BSR 3 were 2.27 and 1.77. The growth curve showed
maximum growth in the next 48 hours of BSR 8 and
1,50 BSR 3 in the next 24 hours. Both isolates had an
optimum enzyme activity at 24 hours. In the enzyme
1,00 characterization showed optimum temperature of both
isolates were 30º, then optimum pH 4 of BSR 8 and
BSR 3 by pH 2.
0,50

0,00 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (ºC) Special thanks to PKM-P DIKTI 2013 for
Fig. 4 Cellulolase enzyme activity of cellulolytic funding reasearch.
bacteria isolate BSR 8 and BSR 3 at all various of
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The optimum temperature of both isolates were 30º, Science :13.
then the optimum pH 4 of BSR 8 and BSR 3 by pH 2. Upadhyaya, S.K., A.Manandhar., H.Mainali.,
The pH and temperature condition that may affected to A.R.Pokhrel., A.Rijal., B.Pradhan., and
the optimum cellulolytic activity. The higher B.Koirala.2012. Isolation and characterization of
temperature, the lower the cellulolytic activity. This cellulolytic bacteria from gut of termite.Rentech
could be due to denaturation of proteins that decreased Symposium Compendium : 1.
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Microorganisms of Termites and Other

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Invertebrates.Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg.Germany.
Alexander, Martin.1967.Introduction to Soil
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Muhammad,F.B.2013.Perbandingan aktivitas selulase
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belalang kayu (Valanga nigricornis (Burmeister,
1838) pada substrat ekstrak Chlorella vulgaris
(Beyerinck, 1890).Fakultas Biologi Universitas
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Praminati,N.F.2013.Aktivitas selulase isolat bakteri
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Universitas Gadjah Mada.Yogyakarta : 28.
Ngangi,J.,J.Pelealu,J.Warouw, and
L.Mandey.2013.isolation and activity of
cellulolytic bacteria isolated from hindgut of
odontotermes spa subteran termite on wasian
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Sun,J and S.Ding.2014.Biological conversioan of
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Pourramezan,Z.,G.R.Ghezelbash.,B.Romani.,S.Ziaei,an
dA. Hedayatkhah.2012. Screening and
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(silvestri).МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ 81(6) : 81

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ISSN: 2355-4398

OLIVE-BACKED SUNBIRD (Nectarinia

jugularis) BEHAVIOR in IPB CAMPUS,
DRAMAGA
Hidayatul Munawaroh#1, Kurnia Wachidah#2, Redho Darma Satria FZ#3
#1,2,3
Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism Department, Bogor Agricultural University
Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
1
munaw676@yahoo.com
2
kurnia_wachidah@yahoo.com
3
redho_darmasfz@yahoo.com

Abstract— Olive-backed Sunbird (Nectarinia jugularis)
utilize nectar of flowers on the trees as a source of feed.
Flower trees in IPB campus, Dramaga is lot adjacent to
roads and human activity. Olive-backed Sunbird has a
unique eating behavior. The dominant behavior proportion
is not known yet on the bird. The aim of this observation is
to identify the dominant behavior of olive-backed Sunbird.
The method used in this observation was scan sampling
method. Recording for each behavior was arranged into an
ethogram. Olive-backed Sunbird behavior showing that the
highest behavior proportion is Ingestive (eat) and
Investigative (see danger). Olive-backed Sunbird is active in
the morning, afternoon and evening. Olive-backed Sunbird
behavior is influenced by several things, which are the
availability of food, human activities around the habitat,
and competition from other birds looking for food in the
same place. These results are expected in term to facilitate
the management of bird habitats in order to remain
sustainable.
Keywords— behavior, ethogram, Olive-backed Sunbird,
scan sampling
I. INTRODUCTION
Olive-backed Sunbird (Nectarinia jugularis) is one of
the bird species that exist in IPB campus, Dramaga. This
kind of bird utilizes the nectar of flower trees as the
source of food. A region consisting of the components of
both physic and biotic which is a unity and necessary as
a place to live as well and also as the breeding place of
wild birds called habitat [1]. It has a function in the
provision of food, water and shelter. Bogor Agricultural
University campus as a Biodiversity campus has a lot of
variety of tree species that become the source of food
and the place to live wildlife.
The number of existing flower trees, believed to be
abundant food source for Olive-backed Sunbird species.
References [2], [3] shows that Olive-backed Sunbird has
a body size that is approximately 8-16 cm with the long
and curved beak. This bird can be found in plants that are
flowering. Birds feed on nectar from various types of
flowers that live on the forest floor to the top of the
forest canopy. But there are also birds that eat insects.
All kind of Olive-backed Sunbird has characteristic that
actively movement in foraging.
Olive-backed Sunbird usually eating nectar on flower
trees, while the flower trees located adjacent to the road
and human activity. There for it need for behavioral
research of Olive-backed Sunbird to know a variety of
behaviors and know vegetation favored of Olive-backed
Sunbird. Behavior observation of Olive-backed Sunbird
(Nectarinia jugularis) aims to determine the dominant
behavior of this bird. Moreover, we can know the active
times and the things that affect to behavior of Olive-
backed Sunbird. This research is expected in term to
facilitate the management of bird habitats in order to
remain sustainable.
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
A. Materials
The equipment used in this study include stationery,
board walk, clock, binoculars, fielduide, tallysheet, and
camera. The object was observed in the form of an
Olive-backed Sunbird on the observation location.
Observation began with a survey to determine the place
of observation in the form of a tree that has the potential
to Olive-backed Sunbird activity. Observations
conducted from May 3 to May 17, 2014. The location of
observation that is in a residential complex Lecturer IPB,
near with Cikatas building, where there is a weeping
bottlebrush tree (Callistemon viminalis) that provides
food for Olive-backed Sunbird.

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B. Method
The method used to determine the object of
observation is scan sampling. One individual on the
observation location is observed and noted for its
behavior, and then if the object or the birds were gone, 40 36,25 31,25

Time Percentage
observations continued by observing the behavior of 30
20 7,5 8,75 11,25
conspecifics in the observation place. Observations were 10 1,25 2,5 1,25
carried out eight times in the morning, afternoon or 0

(%)
evening. Then, for data recording ilustration can be seen
in figure 1.

Sample points
Behavior
Time

Sample intervals
Fig. 1 Sample point in the end of each sample interval Fig. 2 Time percentage behavior of Olive-backed Sunb-
Data recording was done with instantaneous sampling ird (%)
method. In this method the data is recorded in the form
of bird behavior for each end of the 5th minute and TABLE I
repetition. Total of observation time was 6 hours and 40 ETHOGRAM OVERVIEW SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR OF
minutes; the value is equal to 400 minutes and then OLIVE-BACKED SUNBIRD
observed in every 5 minutes. That is 400 minutes Behavior Description / Overview
resulted in 80 sample points. The numbers of points are Characteristics
equal to 80 behaviors obtained. The use of this method is Eating Turn his head to the right / left
to estimate the percent of time which used in various (Ingestive) looking weeping bottlebrush flowers,
activities. The individual species observed behavior perched on a flower and suck nectars
refers to ethogram which consists of nine behaviors. with capsize body position or like
There are ingestive behavior, investigative, epimeletic, hanging upside down, sometimes in
et-epimeletic, shelter-seeking, allelometic, agonistic, a position perched upright on the
eliminative and sexual. Results recording of each twigs and suck nectar, flipping half
behavior are arranged in a percent of the time diagram of the weeping bottlebrush flowers,
and ethogram table. paused to look around and fed back.
Groups A bird perched and followed others,
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Allelometic) one bird flying and followed by
others Olive-backed Sunbird,
A. Results concurrent voice and calling others.
Olive-backed Sunbird behavior found by Quarrel, fight, Expel other bird which had just
observers including ingestive, investigative, dodge come and suck nectar nearby,
shelter-seeking, epimeletic, allelomimetic, (Agonistic) suddenly attacked by moving closer
eliminative, agonistic, and sexual as shown in to the other bird, the bird flew to the
figure 2 and table 1. From the nine behaviors other chasing away and back again.
included in ethogram, it obtained only eight Finding Look toward by turning the head
behaviors. Dominant behavior of Olive-backed shelter around, flying when there are other
Sunbird most commonly found is ingestif behavior. (Shelter birds that come or body position on a
Sexual and agonistic behavior is behavior that is seeking) limb that is not too close to other
very rare or at least found. birds of different kinds.
See danger Perched on tree branches and silent,
behavior turn his head to the right-left-down
(Investigatory) and the eyes looking around, varying
the direction facing the body,

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 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398
ensuring circumstances.
Defecate Perched, silent and remove dirt with
(Eliminative) slightly raised it behind.
Epimeletic Probe fur using the beak, lifts the
wing and put the head into the wing
is lifted.
Sexual or Males always wanted to approach
Reproduction females, chase and follow wherever
females go or move, sometimes their
mouth was flattery, after that the
female bird straight away.
Investigatory behavior in this bird often becomes the
one with the shelter-seeking behavior. After seeing
around condition, then fly to move on other tree because
there are Sooty-headed bulbul birds approaching.
Investigatory behavior also often paired with epimeletik
behavior. Sexual and agonistic behavior is behavior that
is very rarely found by the observer. This observation
time only encountered when birds doing pre-sexual
behavior that is courtship behavior. Agonistic behavior
found when bird approach to agonistic behavior that it
bird repel other animals who are doing the eat activity
nearby.
B. Discussion
The existence of Olive-backed Sunbird can be found in
the Lecturers housing near Cikatas, exactly in the
blooming weeping bottlebrush trees. This tree provides
sufficient needs to Olive-backed Sunbird. References [2],
[3] shows that these birds can be found in plants that are
in bloom. Regular Sunbirds feed on nectar from a variety
of types of flowers that live on the forest floor to the
highest rainforest canopy. But there's also the Sunbird
eats insects. The location of observation in the lecturers
housing provides the rich feed for the Sriganti sunbirds
which is nectars from the flowers of weeping bottlebrush
trees. This bird was found in the amount of one to four
individuals in the weeping bottlebrush tree that is in the
lecturers housing. The location is a safe location for
Olive-backed Sunbird activity because of the quietness
and less of human activity.
The most dominant behavior found on Sriganti
Sunbird (Nectarinia jugularis) is the behavior of
Ingestive and investigative with the percentages are
36,25% and 31,25%. Ingestive behavior as the most
encountered behavior that is 36,25% was caused by the
observations are mostly done in the morning, which is
the time for main activity of birds like foraging and the
availability of the fresh weeping bottlebrush flowers
became an attraction for birds to feed on the nectars. All
the types of sunbirds will actively moving when
15
searching the food [3]. Sriganti sunbird are usually
noisier and lived in small groups, moving from one tree
or flowering shrubs to a different place and love to visit
the lawns, shrubs and mangrove forests.
Olive-backed Sunbird often to foraging in pairs or
small groups, one male and one female; they are perched
on the branches and twisted her head upwards to obtain
the nectar through their beak [4], [5]. This is well-suited
with the obtained results from the observation that eating
behavior (Ingestive) of Olive-backed Sunbird done by
reversing the position of the head. On the behavior of a
group (Allelometic) with 8,75% is also appropriate with
the habits of the birds that are often found in groups with
more than one individual in a single tree.
Investigative behavior is most widely found as there
are several other birds which become competitors in
getting food, namely intraspesies and interspesies
competition. Intraspesies competition against other
Olive-backed Sunbird while the competition is
interspesies with Scarlet headed flowerpecker and sooty-
headed bulbul bird. The behavior of Epimeletic with
11,25% is pretty much done due to the influence of the
Sun's light is used to dry the moist fur with birds likely
to probe its feathers to care for the body. Investigative
and epimeletic behavior of Olive-backed Sunbird can be
seen in figure 3. Shelter-seeking behavior with 7,5% was
found due to competition to get the feed in the same tree,
therefor Olive-backed Sunbird tend to move between the
Olive-backed Sunbird find a shelter the most safe and
comfortable. For eliminative behavior with 2,5%
showing when the bird is perched, not when the bird
flying.
Fig. 3 Investigative (left) and epimeletic (right) behavior
of male Olive-backed Sunbird
Behavior with the lowest percentages are agonistic
and sexual that is 1,25%. Agonistic behavior is the most
unique value because there is not much species of birds
which disturb other of Olive-backed Sunbird; therefor
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

agonistic behavior was seldom found. But, Olive-backed IV. CONCLUSIONS

Sunbird is more wary or investigatory. Courthship was
not much found because there are breeding season of The most dominant behavior from Olive-backed
bird and total of individual for male and female in one Sunbird (Nectarinia jugularis) is ingestive and
group also influence for sexual behavior. A study noted investigative behavior. Active times of the bird are in the
that during courtship, the male of sriganti sunbirds morning, afternoon and evening. Olive-backed Sunbird
begins to vibrate, open their wings, and a quick waggle. behavior is influenced by several things, namely the
At the same time a yellowish orange colored chest, availability of food, human activities around the habitat,
which is composed of fluff extends from below the and competition from other birds looking for food in the
shoulder. Males move from one side to the other, trying same place. Therefor the good sustainable management
to approach a female and makes calls louder [5]. This of bird habitats are have food souces with low
sexual behaviour is the same one with the behavior disturbance from human activity.
shown in the ethogram that males always want to
approaches the females, pursue and follow wherever she REFERENCES
[1] H. S. Alikondra, Wildlife Management, 1st ed., Educational and
goes. The behavior of sexual is also shown with the Cultural Ministry Directorate General of Higher Education,
beaks flirting of the male and female birds before the Central of Biological Science University, Bogor: IPB Pr, 1990.
female fly away. [2] R. A. Cheke and C. F. Mann, Sunbirds. London: Christopher
Observations in the morning is not always able to Helm. and imprint of A & C Black Publishers Ltd., 2001.
[3] J. MacKinnon, K. Philipps and B. Balen, 1992. Birds in Sumatera,
find the Olive-backed Sunbird on observation‘s site, this Java,and Kalimantan, Pustitbang Biologi. Jakarta: LIPI, 1992.
is happened on a day when too much human activity [4] P. B. Tomlinson, R. B. Primack and J. S. Bunt,1979. Preliminary
occurred on the location that caused the noise, so the observations on floral biology in mangrove Rhizophoraceae.
birds feel insecure and get away from the tree to the Biotropica. 1979, vol. 11.
[5] K. C. Tsang, L. K. Wang and Y. C. Wee, 2008. The olive-backed
other tree that is more quiet. The number of flowers on sunbird, Cinnyris jugularis Linnaeus, 1766 and its pectoral tufts.
the weeping bottlebrush tree dwindling every day has Nature in Singapore 2008. National University of Singaphore,
also become a difficulty in founding the Olive-backed 2008.
Sunbird on site observations. It is not only encountered
when the observations on housing lecturer only. The
prior survey results also shows that the Olive-backed
Sunbird cannot be found on the blooming weeping
bottlebrush tree at the Gladiator Garden and old (Sport
Hall) GOR but with the some of the flowers that have
shriveled and the human activities that are too intense
around the tree.
Olive-backed Sunbird that was found during the day
are not too much due to the intensity of human activity
during the day made the bird is reluctant to do activities
on site observations that located right on the side of the
main road to Cikatas. In the afternoon the intensity of
disturbance from human activity is not too much, so the
Olive-backed Sunbird feels safe enough to conduct
activity on the site observations.
Utilization of the tree canopy by Olive-backed
Sunbird is all the parts of the tree canopies. Ordinary
sunbirds eat the nectar of various types of flowers that
live on the forest floor to the highest rainforest canopy
[3]. This is because a lot of flowers spread evenly on the
entire section of a tree, so that these birds actively
utilizing the entire tree canopies to get nectars from the
flowers. This behavior is often seen from the Ingestif
behavior found in any observations.

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Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Assessing Natural Organic Matter

Characteristics during Coagulation Process
Okik Hendriyanto Cahyonugroho#1, Euis Nurul Hidayah#2
#
Department of Environmental Engineering, UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur
Raya Rungkut Madya, Gunung Anyar, Surabaya, Indonesia
1
Oqhc3@yahoo.com
3
euisnh@gmail.com

Abstract— Natural organic matter (NOM) is heterogenous
mixture of organic compounds that enter the water from
various decomposition and metabolic reactions, including
animal, plant, domestic and industrial wastes. NOM refers
to group of carbon-based compounds that are found in
surface water and ground water. The aim of the study is to
assess organic matter characteristics in Jagir River as
drinking water source and to characterize the organic
components that could be removed during coagulation.
Coagulation is the common water treatment process can be
used to remove NOM with alum coagulant in various
dosage. NOM surrogates, including total organic carbon
(TOC), ultra violet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) and
specific UV absorbance (SUVA) were chosen to assess the
organic removal. Results of jartest experiments showed
that NOM can be removed about 40% - 50% of NOM
surrogates with 200 mg/L alum. About 32% removal of
dominated organic fractions humic substances from total
fractions removal as detected by size exclusion
chromatography (SEC).
Keywords— natural organic matter, coagulation, TOC,
water treatment
I. INTRODUCTION
Jagir River was used as the sources water for drinking
water supplies in water treatment plant in Surabaya city.
However, Jagir river is very polluted due to discharging
of wastewater from industrial and domestic from
upstream, as shown by high concentration of DO
minimum 0.8 mg/L. Discharge of untreated and treated
wastewater into drinking water sources might contained
organic matter, instead of natural organic matter [1].
Natural organic matter (NOM) in natural waters is
heterogenous mixture of organic compounds that enter
the sources water from various decomposition and
metabolic reactions, including animal and plant
(allochtonous) and from algal sources (autochthonous)
[2]. NOM is composed of relatively high molecular
weight to low molecular weight and also classified as
humic matter and non-humic matter (Croue et al., 2003).
The presence of NOM, aside from the obvious taste and
aesthethic issues, can impact water treatment. In the
final disinfection stage, NOM which is not removed by
previous treatment processes can reacts with chlorine to
form potentially carcinogenic disinfectant by-products
(DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic
acids (HAAs) [3].
Removal of NOM from water sources is highly
dependent on the characteristics of the NOM present
(e.g., molecular weight distribution, carboxylic acidity
and humic substances content), its concentration and the
removal methods applied. Different water treatment
methods have been used for the removal of NOM from
water sources with varying degree of success.
Coagulation and flocculation is the most common and
feasible processes to remove NOM due to aggregation
mechanism [4]. The aggregation mechanisms through
combination of charge neutralization, entrapment,
adsorption and complexation with coagulant metal ions
into insoluble particulate aggregates [5]. Aluminium and
ferric based coagulants is widely used in drinking water
treatment [3, 6]. The most commonly used aluminium-
based coagulant has been alum (Al2(SO4)3), with other
coagulants including aluminium chloride (AlCl3).
Trivalent aluminium ions are released into a solution
from the respective salt. Alum based coagulant are
hydrolysed and form soluble complexes possessing high
positive charges [5, 7].
The aim of this study is to assess organic matter
characteristics in Jagir River as source water fro
drinking water and to characterize the organic
components that could be removed during coagulstion.
This study showed the performance of high performance
liquid chromatography-size exclusion chromatography
(HPLC-SEC) with organic carbon detector, in addition

17
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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ISSN: 2355-4398
to NOM surrogates parameters, such as total organic
carbon (TOC), ultraviolet at 254 nm wavelength
(UV254) and specific UV absorbance (SUVA).
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
Raw water samples was taken from Jagir River in
Surabaya city, Indonesia. Jar test was performed using
jar test apparatus Phipps & Bird, Richmond, Virginia.
About 1000 ml of water sample and added various
dosage of Alum (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O) coagulant to rapid
mixing 150 rpm for 5 min, followed by slow mixing 35
rpm for 15 min, then settling for 30 min. Supernatant
liquid was collected for organic carbon analysis. Various
dosage of alum is 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 (mg/L).
D. Organic Carbon Analysis
Raw water sample and the samples after coagulation
were filtered through 0.45 um membrane filter paper and
were measured as total organic carbon (TOC) by using a
Shimadzu TOC-5000A. UV254 absorption was measured
with UV-VIS spectrophotometer Shimadzu UV-1601 to
detect aromaticity properties of organic compound. In
order to provide an indication of what type of organic
compounds dominate, SUVA value also was calculated
based on the UV254 over to TOC concentration. HPLC-
SEC analysis was conducted by using Dionex Ultimate
3000 HPLC system with a flow rate 0.5 mL/min.
Chromatogram of HPLC-SEC were analyzed using peak
fitting technique to provide quantitatively removal.
Peakfit version 4, Systat Software is a commercially
available software used for peak fitting technique.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The characteristic of raw water quality parameters as
represented by NOM surrogates TOC 3.6 mg/L and UV
254 0.078 cm-1. SUVA value showed 2.2 L/mg-m which
corresponded to the composition of NOM in Jagir River
is mixture aquatic humics and non-humic, mixture of
hydrophobicity and mixture molecular weight [2]. NOM
component in Jagir River could be generated from
domestic and industrial activities, in addition to organic
matter that have been released due to microbial activities
in the water bodies. Wastewater treatment can not
remove all organic contaminants and when it was
discharged into aquatic environment, the contaminant
can ultimately lead to the growth of undesirable aquatic
life [1]. Total organic carbon is always measured by
TOC instrument operated with high-temperature
combustion and infrared ray to detect the amount of
formation of carbon dioxide. Hence, TOC instrument
just could provide total carbon content and not
18
distinguish the individual distribution of organic fraction.
This absenct information could be solved using HPLC-
SEC equipped with organic carbon detector system
having an ability to provide the qualitative information
of chromatogram as a function of elution time in
minutes. According to the current reports [8,9], the
diagram of HPLC-SEC shows some peaks respectively,
biopolymer with elution time before 75 minutes,
including polysaccharide, or amino sugars; humic
substances with elution time after 75 min to 100 min and
low molecular weight with elution time more than 100
min, as shown in Fig.1. According to Fig.1, raw water
before and after treatment is dominated by humic
substances.
Fig. 1 HPLC-SEC chromatograms of raw water before
and after treated by alum coagulation.
E. Removal of NOM Surrogates Parameters
The effect of the various alum dosage on the NOM
removal in Jagir River were measured by TOC, UV254
and SUVA with the percentage removal of organic
matter after coagulation (Fig.2). As alum coagulant
dosage increased, the removal of TOC increased, in-line
with increasing UV254 removal. The aggregation
mechanisms through organic matter removal could be a
combination of charge neutralization, entrapment,
adsorption, complexation, which would be different for
types of organic matter due to the various composition
of NOM [4]. After alum coagulant was hydrolyzed and
form several soluble complexes possessing high positive
charges, thus adsorbing onto the surface of the negative
colloids [5, 6]. It seems that Jagir River is mixture of
aromatic and aliphatic compound, since overall organic
removal is less than 36% indicated presence of
remaining organic matters. Coagulation showed slighlty
higher UV254 removal than TOC removal; in addition
less than 15% insignificantly SUVA removal.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398
Fig. 2 Removal of TOC, UV254 and SUVA value as
function of alum dosage.
F. Removal of Organic Fractions by Using HPLC-SEC
Figure 3 shows percentage removal of organic
fractions in Jagir River before and after coagulation.
Distribution of organic fractions have been shown in
Fig.1, then peak fitting technique was used to explain
Fig.1 quantitatively. Coagulation with alum decreased
the NOM content effectively and led to the more
disappearance of second peak or humic substances.
Humic substances were identified significantly than
biopolymer and low molecular weight, as shown by
increasing alum dosage obtained increasing removal of
humic substances. Insignificantly removal of
biopolymer and low molecular weight indicated low
efficiency of alum in the coagulation process in
removing organic fraction. [4, 10]. It seems that high
molecular weight in biopolymers probably contained
more hydrophilic compound, since coagulation is hard
to remove hydrophilic compound [7, 11]. Low
molecular weight content have been identified as higher
carboxylic acid or highest content of acidic functional
groups are the most difficult to destabilize by
coagulation [7]. By comparing Fig 2 and Fig 3, total
organic fraction removal is consistent with TOC and
UV254 removal, while SUVA removal showed similar
trend removal with biopolymers and low molecular
weight removal. It indicated that coagulation is easy to
remove aromatic and hyrophobic compound and
difficult to remove aliphatic and hydrophilic compound.
19
Fig. 3 Organic fractions removal at various dosage of
alum coagulant.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Based on this study, size exclusion chromatography
have been applied with peak fitting technique is usefull
method to assess characteristic of organic fractions by
using coagulation. Alum coagulant with jar test method
was succesful in predict which organic fraction in Jagir
River as removable and non-removable fractions, less
than 46% of total fractions removal. Overall, assessment
of NOM removal by coagulation was good, with
variation removal less than 36% for UV254 since UV
absorbance could detected aromatic compound
significantly. Efficiency coagulation to remove organic
fraction in different source water should be tested due to
different characteristic of organic fractions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by Directorate Higher
National Education - Ministry of National Education
Indonesia, in Competitive Grant Scheme
No.SPP/0035/Lit/LPP/II/2015. The authors are grateful
for kind support from UPN‖Veteran‖ Jatim.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398
REFERENCES
[1] H.K. Shon, S.Vigneswaran & S.A. Snyder, Effluent
Organic Matter (EfoM) in Wastewater:
Constituents, Effects and Treatment, Critical
Reviews in Environmental Science and
Technology, 2006, vol. 36 : 4, 327-374.
[2] J.K. Edzwald, Water Quality and Treatment.
AWWA 6th Edition, 2011.
[3] D.S. Wang, Y.M. Zhao, M.Q. Yan, C.W.K. Chow,
Removal of DBP Precursors in Micro-Polluted
Source Waters: A Comparative Study on the
Enhanced Coagulation Behaviour, Separation and
Purification Technology, 2013, vol. 118, 271-278.
[4] C.W.K. Chow, J.L. Leeuwen, R. Fabris, M. Drikas,
Optimised Coagulation Using Aluminium Sulfate
for the Removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon,
Desalination, 2009, vol. 245. 120–134
[5] Amirtharajah, A., and Mills, K. M. Rapid Mix
Design for Mechanisms of Alum Coagulation.
American Water Works Association, 1982, 74(4),
210.
[6] Jarvis, P., Jefferson, B. and Parsons, S.A.
Characterizing Natural Organic Matter Flocs.
Water Science and Technology: Water Supply,
2004, vol. 4(4), 79-87.
[7] Her, N., Amy, G., Foss, D., Cho, J., Yoon, Y.,
Kosenka, P., 2002. Optimization of Method for
20
Detecting and Characterizing NOM by HPLC-Size
Exclusion Chromatography with UV and On-line
DOC Detection. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, vol.
36, 1069–1076.
[8] A.Matilainen, M. Vepsalainen, M. Sillanpaa,
Natural Organic Matter removal by Coagulation
during Drinking Water Treatment: A Review,
Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2010,
vol. 159, 189-197.
[9] Huber, S. A., A. Balz, M. Abert, & W. Pronk.
Characterisation of Aquatic Humic and Non-
Humic Matter with Size-Exclusion
Chromatography – Organic Carbon Detection –
Organic Nitrogen Detection (LC-OCD-OND).
Water Research, 2011, vol. 45: p 879-885.
[10] Korshin, G., Chow, C. W. X., Fabris, R. and
Drikas, M. Absorbance Spectroscopy-Based
Examination of Effects of Coagulation on the
Reactivity of Fractions of Natural Organic Matter
with Varying Apparent Molecular Weights. Water
Research, 2009, vol.43, 1541-1548.
[11] Liang, L and Singer, P.C., Factors Influencing the
Formation and Relative Distribution of Haloacetic
Acids and Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water,
Environmental Science Technology, 2003, vol. 37,
2920-2928.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Topic [B]
Environmental Management and Social
Science

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 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Qausun Quzah Home, Save Street Child

Arum Retno Ningsih#1, Dr. Djuniadi M.T.*2
#
Information Technology Education, Semarang State University
Semarang, Indonesia
1
arumretnoningsih@gmail.com
*
Advisor, Information Technology Education, Semarang State University
Semarang, Indonesia
2
djuni_adi@yahoo.com

Abstract— The high growth of street children in

Semarang is the root problem of Qausun Quzah Home.
The interventions provided by various parties, such as
scholarships, provision of economic assistance to the
elderly, and the prohibition of giving money to the
buskers and street beggars have not been able to stop
children taking to the street. Street children are often
considered to have no other choices but to become street
children, behind the figure of street children there is hope
and a desire to be a normal kid who their rights such as
schooling, playing, and creativity. Students who are Fig.1 Street Children in Semarang
considered as agents of change are few in minority of
number to care about the environment to conditions. The Harja Saputra said, (09 April 2007) children
mission of Quzah Qausun home is to provide a place for deserves their rights normally, those are :
street children empowerment, give them the same
opportunity to gain knowledge, learn skills, and get  civil right and freedoms
inspire from the others. The handicrafts made by the  family environment and alternative care
street children will be marketed through the Online Store  basic health and welfare
that will provide income for their finance. Students play  education, laisure and culture activities
an active role and became tutor who will guide the street  special protection
children of the knowledge, skills and religion. Student The right is haven‘t been yet acquired each child, so
hope can guide street children to be the next gold
they choose life on the street. Some problem that
generation of smart intellectual, emotional and spiritual.
threaten steet children are include violence, use of drug,
until infectious deseases like HIV/AIDS.
Keywords— Street Children, College Student, Education, Based on the statement above, writer interested to
Emotional Spiritual Quotient, Qausun Quzah Home make a social project ―Qausun Quzah Home, Save
Street Children. With hope this little step that writer do
can give more benefit to street children.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background B. Objectives
Street Children is the real phenomenom in our life. The objectives of this project are the establishment
The real phenomenom that raises a complex social of Qausun Quzah Home for street children
problem. They often ignorated from most widely empowerment in Semarang city, improve character
people. Latest data from Setara Fondation in 2010 and skill of street children, and a pattern of street
recorded there were 460 children in Semarang city. children more neatly organized.
Indonesia was in rank to 108 in the world of Street
Children Problem (Human Index 2010).
According head of street children union Semarang,
street children who work to be busker about 41.1
percent, a polish 22.2 percent, newspaper seller 15.6
percent, ciblek 7.8 percent, and the left work being
anything include mayeng garbage collector (Jawa Post,
21 July 2012).

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 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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ISSN: 2355-4398

II. METHODS brooch, key chain, money box. Then, the

Methods of implementation this project are : handcraft will sell in online shop. The profit of
 Planning this sales will enter to street children to rotate the
To achieved maximum result must do the bussiness. So, that can increase the children
planning that we need, as follow : finance.
a. Arranged Qausun Quzah program concept.  Evaluation and Report
b. Prepared job descriptions.  Evaluation will be continue during the
c. Coordination with street children program running.
community partner.  Evaluation after the event will do by team to
 Implementation know until where the successed all of
1. Partner programs.
The partner of project is small street  Report will arrange based on result and
children community in semarang city. evaluation the project.
2. Crew  Time Schedule
The crew of this project is Qausun Quzah
team. 4th…
3. Security Final Report
The secure of this program is QQ team 3rd…
collaborate with partner project. 2nd… doing project
4. Program 1st month
Real education must consider the whole child and
survey
the purpose of human life and civilization. Real 0 5
education must acknowledge the spiritual and
emotional development of the child; the importance Fig.2 The time schedule Qausun Quzah
and influence of the arts and real happiness on the Project
education process; and integrate them into the
curriculum and evaluation process. An integrated
education of this nature will enable the students to III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
connect through shared emotional experiences and to
reach their full potential as the images of their higher TABEL I
selves, the divine (Citation: Geula, K. (2004)). Writer LIVELINES OF STREET CHILDREN DURING
implement ESQ model in this project. ESQ is PROGRAM
combination between Emotional Intellegent and
Spiritual Intellegent. ESQ model is a model of person 1st month 2nd month 3rd month 4th month
ability to give spiritual meaning to thought, behavior, Prog Ac
ram Passi- Acti- Passi- Acti- Passi Acti- Passi-
and activity, also can balance between logic IQ and ti-
ve ve ve ve -ve ve ve
ve
financial IQ, EQ and SQ thoroughly. Then, below are Aku
Qausun Quzah programs : Shol 10 36 25 21 40 6 46 0
 Aku Sholeh, is a program to improved religious eh
value and morality of children. Here, the children Aku
Pint 14 32 18 26 34 12 43 3
will learn all about our religion, islam. They will ar
reading Al Qur‘an, learning prayer and many Aku
activities that can make children proud to be Tra 8 36 21 35 27 19 31 15
moeslim, and have a good morality. mpil
 Aku Pintar, is a program that teach knowledge
about education like in formal school. The Qausun Quzah project have executed during four
college student or QQ team will teach children months, in first month based on tabel 1 the livelines of
with enjoy learning method. Here, we provide a children still not good. They can easly received new
mini library with many kind of book that realized people in their enviromental. Then, this is a result of
reading interested of children since early. each program in four month :
 Aku Trampil, is a program to training skill of  Aku Pintar
children to get other way except be street children. Here, we do the pre- and post- test to street children,
We trained them with handcraft skill, like a to know about their knowledge before and after

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ISSN: 2355-4398

qausun quzah project, is there differences,

improvement or not. Below is the comparison result We held ―Anak Sholeh Festival‖ to make right
of pre- and post-test : competition spirit in children. There are Adzan
competition, Short surah Al Qur‘an recitation,
coloring an islam painting. After the competition
TABLE II we know that children were more learning their
PRE- AND POST-TEST RESULT religion in like a festival or games. They
implemented the islam theory in real life.
Description pre-test post-test
higest score 70 90  Aku Terampil
lowest score 20 80 We made handcraft like a creative money box,
avarage score 50,68 81,35 broch, and key chain together. Then, Qausun
Quzah tim will upload the street children
Based on the table, there is enhancement during masterpiece into the Online Shop website.
program. The progress is really good. As for know,
before there is Qausun Quzah project in their street
children community just have 2 mentors for 46 children,
and don‘t have good record management for children
evaluation. So, they can‘t know the children progress.
We made a Qausun Quzah control book for monitoring
the children progression. Every children get one their
own book. Everyday children fill the Qausun Quzah
monitoring book.

Fig.5 Making handcraft together

Here, https://qausunquzahhome.wordpress.com/
address of our online shop. We used wordpress to
support our online shop. Below is figure of an
Online Shop system.

Fig.3 Aku Pintar program implementation

 Aku Sholeh
As a result in Qausun Quzah monitoring book
during four months there are many significant
changed for the spiritual condition in children. We
usually prayer together before start the program
everyday. They learn to read Al Qur‘an. One
mentor ( Qausun Quzah team ) guide 8 children.
Fig.6 Qausun Quzah Online Shop System

IV. CONCLUSIONS

The Qausun Quzah Home is very benefit to

Fig.4 street children prayer together
the street children community in semarang. There
are many changed emotional, spiritual, intellectual.
Then, street children can improve achievement,
character and skill, and a pattern of street children
more neatly organized.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the Name of Allah, most Gracious, most
merciful. I am willing to present my thanks for
everyone who has helped me, especially in this
paper. Alhamdulillah, all of honors are just for
Allah Azza Wajalla, the almighty.
REFERENCES
Citation: Geula, K. (2004). Emotional intelligence and
spiritual development. Paper presented at the
Forum for Integrated Education and Educational
Reform sponsored by the Council for Global
Integrative Education, Santa Cruz, CA, October
28-30.
25
Hurlock, E.B. 1979. Personality Development. New
Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
ltd.
Jawa Pos. (2008, Desember 20). Jumlah Anak Jalanan
Cenderung Meningkat.
Available FTP : http://www.jawapos.co.id. 21
Juli 2008.
Kartono, K. 1996. Pengantar Metodologi Riset Sosial.
Bandung: Mandar Maju.
Kompas. (2008, Oktober 7). Penanganan Anak
Jalanan Jalan Terus. Available FTP:
http://www.kompas.com. 24 Januari 2003
Sallahuddin, Odi .2000. Anak Jalanan Perempuan.
Semarang: Yayasan Setara.
Saputra, H. (2008, Desember 21). Masalah Anak
Jalanan [1]. Available FTP:
http://www.harjasaputra.wordpress.com. 9 April
2007.
Slameto. 2003. Belajar dan Faktor-faktor yang
Mempengaruhi. Jakarta: Penerbit Rineka Cipta.
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Revolution Water Treatment ―Ecogreen‖ With

Nano Filter Technology as Solution of Fresh
Water for the Future
Supriady RP Siregar #1, Rifky Meisa Anugrah *2, M. Sayyid Aziz #3,
#
Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University
Jalan Bandung-Sumedang km. 21, West Java, Indonesia
* Faculty of Geological Engineering, Padjadjaran University
Jalan Bandung-Sumedang km. 21, West Java, Indonesia
1
supriady_chow@yahoo.com
2
rifky121.geounpad10@gmail.com
3
sayyid_aziz@gmail.com

Abstract —Indonesian is an archipelago with high rainfall
around 2000-4000 mm / year. This is one of assets the
natural resources of potential if will have used effectively
and efficiently. However, the lack of management ways of
the water causing flood in the rainy season and the fresh
water crisis in the dry season. Fresh water is a basic
requirement that the base should be available at anytimes.
The water should be available to build infrastructure for
the people life. Revolution water treatment with nano filter
technology is idea of flood prevention and provision of
fresh water supply for the public. This system was design
to maximize soil absorption of the water to the ground. The
water of rain is collect will be recycle with nano filter
technology, then will be distribut to homes and can be
drink the water which has been sterilize and feasible to
consumption. The first step, development of water poolder
system in the centre of a residential in order to minimize
the potential of flood. The water of rain that falls can be
channel into the directly water poolder tank and the water
will be the raw material processing on integrating water
treatment system with nano filter technology. This system
can neutralize the pH (potential hydrogen) acids water and
bases water to neutral. The main basis of filter system is
osmosis theory so that the water flowing through the
membrane (semi-permeable membrane) of a higher
concentration to lower concentration. So that only pure
water molecules and organic minerals that are beneficial
pass this membrane. Therefore, the water quality of the
processing revolution water treatment with nano filter
technology can be good quality of water to consumption.
Keywords— Revolution, flood, rainfall, water
treatment, and nano filter technology.
I. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia have a landscape and geography is
very good because it is location on the equator and has a
wealth of natural and diverse vegetation. Indonesia is a
tropical island country and has a fairly high rainfall
around 2000-4000 mm / year. High rainfall is one of the
assets of natural resources potential and must to manage
effectively and efficiently
Building in Indonesia is growing rapidly. Housing,
office buildings, highways, and other public facilities are
increasingly dense population is evidence of the rapid
development. The development is not entirely rule
followed by sustained to preserve nature. The impact is
worsening land drainage, agricultural land increasing
narrow, reduced soil fertility, reduced water catchment
areas, the soil become saturated and unable to absorb
rainwater. This is one of the causes of flooding in the
rainy season and water shortages in the dry season.
Fresh water supply shortages and floods in
Indonesia because of the lack of water management
system that can produce potable water and how to
prevent flood in the residential area. To overcome all
these problems, there should be a system or ideas that
can maximize absorption of ground water by harvest
rainwater optimally according to capacity in a residential
area to prevent flooding. Water that has been harvest or
stored can then be processed into potable water
consumption as well as providing fresh water supply
during in the dry season.
The purpose of revolution water treatment
―Ecogreen‖ with nano-filter technology is the creation of
an environmental friendly system that can manage the
natural resources in the form of rainwater so as to reduce
the potential for flooding in the rainy season as well as
cope with the supply of fresh water at all times and in
the dry season.

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Produced water have good minerals contain for III. METHOD

the body, free from harmful metals contain in the The method used in the realization of this program
previous water, free from chemical contamination, begins with the establishment of a management system
bacteria, viruses and carcinogens (cancer causing for rainwater with environmental friendly systems
substances). technology (Ecogreen). Application of the technology
Additionally, it will create homes that are always development poolder water system in the middle of a
spared from flooding and gets distribution of fresh water residential area in order to minimize the potential for
or potable water consumption without having to make flooding. Water in the form poolders system that can
artesian wells and purchasing water or mineral water. accommodate a water tank capacity squares fit and well
Expected outcomes of the manufacture of rainwater integrated in every house in a residential area. By the
harvest technology management is to inspire and time it rainy, the rainwater can be channel into poolder
utilization of appropriate technology for farmers and tanks like the illustration (Fig. 1)
residents to take advantage of rainwater to the maximum.
Some of these outcomes are:
1. The creation of a systematic sketch shelter system that
is technically and economically can be done in housing
areas.
2. Can be commercialized and applied to each region in
Indonesia with the help of various parties and
government.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Indonesia, which in bestowed as a tropical
country that has a fairly high rainfall around 2000-4000
mm / year potential if managed properly to meet the
supply of clean water every day. But in the absence of
rain water treatment management result in flood during
the rainy season and water shortages during the dry
season.
According to the Directorate General of
Irrigation Works (1994), Indonesia have surface water
potential of approximately 1,789 billion m3/year, with
distribution: Irian Jaya 1,401 billion m3/year, Borneo
557 billion m3/year and Java 118 m3/year. And
groundwater potential of 4.7 billion m3/year, spread over
224 groundwater basins. Its distribution: 1.172 billion
m3/year in the Java-Madura (60 basins), 1 billion
m3/year in Sumatra (53 basins), 358 million m3/year in
Sulawesi (38 basins), Irian Jaya 217 million m3/year (17
basins), Borneo 830 million m3/year (14 basins) and the
remaining 1,123 million m3/year spread over several
islands (Link, 2000). From the above data, it can be seen
that the volume of water in the air that falls as rain is
quite plentiful. But when the rain reaches the earth into
the actual flow of only 25% is almost three-quarters of
wasted into the sea. This indicates that water resources
need to be manage in ways that right. (Koedatie and
Sjarief, 2005).
From all the conditions being faced, people need a
system that is ready to tackle the problem of water
shortages and flood. For example in the field, the
conditions faced by farmer groups today is the lack of
water supply to irrigate land in the dry season, in
addition to the public often can‘t prevent flood when
rainfall is too high. Lack of knowledge of technology,
lack of public awareness of the potential of rainwater
caused either be not utilized.
Fig 1. Illustration water poolder system in the residential area.
At every house in a residential area is also equipped
with a small tank poolder by digging deep soil 2 meters,
2 meters high and 2 meters wide. Then draw up a bottle
of soda and covered with plastic and then covered with
soil so that the land above it can be utilized as in the
illustration (Fig. 2). Poolder small tank is connected to
the drainage pipe on the roof of the house so that
rainwater that falls can be stored in poolder small tanks,
after it is connected with the channel poolder tank in the
middle of a residential area. Poolder small tanks can
store as much as 8000 liters of rainwater to water
reserves in addition to poolder tank in the middle of a
residential area.
Fig 2. Illustration of water poolder system in every home.
Rainwater that has collected in the water poolder
sytem in the middle of a residential area directly the
water will be the raw material process potable water in
water treatment systems with nano-filter technology. In
the water treatment system is equipped with a collector
tank consisting of activated carbon, zeolite, silica, active

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 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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sand, and mangan as in illustration (Fig. 3). The tool is
able to filter the water that is free from material and dust
dirty rough.
Fig3. Illustration water treatment system in the residential area.
Water that has been produced water treatment
system will be distributed again at the nano filter
technology. At the nano-filter technology, there are 3
filters or the so-called triple nano filters minister to filter
dirt, salt filter, filter ion / cation with 0.0001 micron
filter (5000 times smaller than a strand of hair) so that it
is certain to reach a purity of 99.99% and still good
minerals contain for the body. Water that has been
generated on the triple nano filter is supplied to the UV
light system to kill the nasty bacteria and viruses that are
still attached to the water that is free from harmful
metals contain in the previous water, free from chemical
contamination, bacteria, viruses and materials
carcinogenic (cancer causing substances) as in the
illustration (Fig. 4).
Fig 4. Illustration triple nano filter technology and UV light system for
water treatment.
Processed water from the water treatment system
with nano-filter technology will be redistributed to
people homes is in a residential area in the form of fresh
water or potable water consumption so that the needs of
fresh water can be resolved and save the purchase of
fresh water.
IV. DISCUSSION
In general, the advantages water treatment
technology with nano filter is a system that is created by
a system which allows the connection between the water
supplied to the main reservoir. Bin of each house will be
systematically connected to a central shelter in the
middle of the area or the place that has been provided so
that when it rain, the water can absorb maximum bin and
reduce potential flood that occurred. During the dry
season, the water that has been harvest so far can be
treated and reused for the needs of fresh water every day.
Water that has been harvest in poolder tanks will be
processed at the water treatment system by passing to
28
the collector tank which has an embedded tool made of
activated carbon, zeolite, silica, active sand, and mangan.
The following will explain each fungction of these
materials.
1. Activated carbon is used to remove smell of chlorine
or absorb unpleasant odors and gases in water. In
general, activated carbon is carbon that is processed
in such a way that the pores open, and thus will have
a high absorption. Power liveliness absorb carbon
depending on the amount of carbon compounds
which ranged from 85% to 95% carbon free.
2. Zeolite or sand zeolite serves to remove the content of
manganese (Mn2+), and the top layer contained in the
oily water.
3. Silica or often called quartz sand has the function of
removing the content of the mud or soil and sediment
in the water.
4. Sand actively works to eliminate low-level iron
content (Fe), the iron content in the water is not too
high so quite eliminated by active sand. Active sand
iron can also eliminate odors, removes a little
manganese (Mn2+) and yellow colour in the water.
5. Mangan serves to remove the content of manganese
(Mn2+), iron, hydrogen sulfide which looks like the
top layer of oily water.
Each filter on nano-technology will triple
filtered the water with the main basis of this system is a
piece of thin membrane which has a diameter of 4000
times smaller than bacteria by osmosis theory so that the
water flows through membrane (semi-permeable
membrane) of concentrations higher towards lower
concentrations. The filter also has a 0.0001 micron filter
(5000 times smaller than a strand of hair) so as to
achieve a purity of 99.99% and still good minerals
contain for the body as illustrated (Fig. 5). In the reverse
osmosis process, the organic salts are dissolved in water,
heavy metals, elements organic, viruses, bacteria and
radioactive seeds are filtered out. Only pure water
molecules and beneficial organic minerals that can pass
this membrane.
Fig 5. Illustration osmosis process and comparison membrane
diameter.
The water produced at the triple nano filters will be
distributed to the UV light system to be murder on
germs and bacteria. Irradiation using ultraviolet light
(UV) light at wavelengths short enough to kill harmful
microorganisms. Ultraviolet rays can destroy nucleic
acids from microorganisms that disrupted DNA of UV
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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ISSN: 2355-4398

radiation, and can‘t carry the mutation or other cellular
functions
REFERENCES
[1] Agus. Maryono dan Edy Nugroho Santoso. 2006. Metode
Memanen dan Memanfaatkan Air Hujan untuk Penyediaan Air
Bersih, Mencegah Banjir dan Kekeringan, Jakarta: Kementerian
Negara Lingkungan Hidup.
[2] Andri H. K. 2009. Memanen Air Hujan untuk Menyelamatkan
Air Tanah. http://citarum.org (diakses : 09/04/2014)
[3] Bappenas. 2010. Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap
(ICCSR), Water Resources Sector. Jakarta
[4] Dr. Ing., Ir Agus Maryono.2006.Manajemen Air Hujan di
Indonesia: Universitas Gadjah Mada
http://acorbusie02.multiply.com(diakses: 23/07/2014)
[5] Ferdausi, Shakil A dan Martin W. Bolkland. 2000. Rainwater
Harvesting for Aplication in Rural Bangladesh, Bangladesh.
http://bebasbanjir2025.files.wordpress.comhttp (diakses:
19/04/2014)
[6] Krishna, Hari J. 2005. The Texas Manual on Rainwater
Harvesting 3rd Edition. Austin: Texas Water Development
Board.
[7] Manda Azzahra. 2008. Krisis Air Bersih di Indonesia. Bandung.
[8] Pemerintah Republik Indonesia (2010), Peraturan Presiden
Republik Indonesia No.5 Tahun 2010 tentang Rencana
Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional 2010-2014. Jakarta
[9] Ramu, K.V (1994). Java Irrigation Improvement and Water
Resources Management Project. Republic of Indonesia,
Ministry of Public Works. Directorate General of Water
Resources and Development, Jakarta.

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TIME ALLOCATION OF WOMEN IN

COASTAL AREAS
OF PURWOREJO DISTRICT CENTRAL
JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Arta Kusumaningrum*, Subejo**, Endang Sulastri**

Student of Study Program of Extension and Development Communication,

Graduate School Program of Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta INDONESIA
+62 857 433 845 09, arta.kusumaningrum@gmail.com
** Lecturer of Study Program of Extension and Development Communication, Graduate School Program of
Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta INDONESIA

Abstract- The research is located in Purworejo District

Central Java Province, Indonesia with the objectives are:
(1) determining time allocation of women on economic
sector, social sector, and domestic sector, (2) explaining
women activities in economic sector, social sector, and
domestic sector in coastal areas, (3) determining revenue
in fisheries and non fisheries sector covering harvest
season and bad season. The total sample is 45 women in
coastal areas. The research conducted in Purwodadi,
Ngombol, and Grabag sub-district, Purworejo District,
Central Java Province, Indonesia. Survey and indepth
interview are used to collect and explore information
from respondents. Descriptive method is used to analysis
data. The result shows that; (1)Time allocation for
economic sector is 48,51 % (7.35 hours/day), social sector
is 8,98 % (1.36 hours/day), and domestic sector is 42,51
(6.44 hours/day), (2) Women activities in economic
sector consist of fish harvesting, selling fresh fish to
customer, selling fresh fish to agent, processing of fish
product, packaging of fish product, selling fish product,
seafood selling, fisher laborer, farmer, farm laborer,
factory worker, merchant, public service, and teacher.
Social sector consist of join in women empowerment
program, provide place in the women empowerment, and
provide food in the women empowerment program.
Domestic sectors consist of parenting, cooking, wash the
dishes, wash the clothes, cleaning home, ironing clothes,
and shopping to the market, (3) The average of
household revenue is divided into two resource namely
fisheries and non fisheries sector, fisheries sector in
harvest season is 70,550,944 (IDR)/ 5633.65 (USD) and
the bad season is 8,374,778 (IDR)/ 668.75 (USD). Non
fisheries sector in harvest season is 31,886,963 (IDR)/
2546.25 (USD) and the bad season is 5,625,778 (IDR)/
449.23 (USD).
Key Words: Time Allocation, Women, Coastal Areas,
Revenue, Central Java, Indonesia
I. INTRODUCTION
Fisheries are the most important resource for
communities inhabiting in coastal regions and it
provide the major livelihood of them. The
fisherwomen play integral roles for the maintenance
and economic prosperity of the family. Women are
mostly engaged in peeling, trading, processing and
various other activities in the post-harvest sector of
fisheries (Sathiadhas, et al., 2003).
As stated by Nwabueze (2010), women have
been reported to be more involved in post-harvest
activity than men. By observing the labor utilization
patterns, it has differred from region to region, note
that women, generally, are responsible for fish
processing and marketing.
The problem in coastal areas of Purworejo
District are the processing activities which still
considerably weak.
In accordance with the argument by Rafiqul
(2011), although women make up half of the world
population, their participation in various activities is
not the same as men‘s even today. The name of
empowerment program in coastal areas of Purworejo
District is ―Program Pemberdayaan Ekonomi
Masyarakat Kelautan dan Perikanan/Pesisir
(PEMP)/(Economic Empowerment for Marine and
Fisheries/Coastal Society Program)‖. The purpose of
empowerment is to improve the capability of women
so that the women have enough skill to make various
fish processed products.
Therefore, involvement of women in the
participation of women in development has resulted in
a dual role or Usman (2012) has referred to the
development of multiple roles, on the one hand as
workers who earn wages and on the other hand as a

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ISSN: 2355-4398
house wife. Hikmah, et al (2011), divide the role of
women into three activities covering (1) productive
activity, (2) domestic activity and (3) social activity.
II. RESEARCH METHOD
The basic research approach of the research is
descriptive study. The descriptive study is research
method that exploring the phenomena based on
collected data. The research location is in Purworejo
District Central Java Province. Location of the study
are composed from 3 sub-districts namely Grabag,
Ngombol, and Purwodadi. The selection of research
location was based on purposive method by women
(fishermen‘s wife) in coastal areas. In the research it
was selected totally 45 samples. Method of data
collection has been done by using structured
questioner and explore information from respondents.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Time allocation of women to economic, social,
and domestic sector in Purworejo District
Time allocation of women to economic sector,
social sector, and domestic sector in Purworejo
District in detail can be shown on the Table 1.
Table 1. Time Allocation Women in Coastal Areas of
Purworejo District Central Java
Type of Time Allocation Percentage
Activity (Hours/day) (%)
Economi 7.35 48,51
c Sector
Social 1.36 8,98
Sector
Domestic 6.44 42,51
Sector
Total 15.1 100,0
5 0
Source: Primary Data (2014)
Based on Table 1, time allocation for
economic sector is longer than for domestic sector and
social sector. Currently the women have focused in
economic sector by participating on the program that
has been introduced by central and local government
namely Economic Empowerment Program of
Community Coastal Areas (Program Ekonomi
Masyarakat Pesisir-PEMP).
B. Women activity in economic sector, social sector,
and domestic sector
In detail, the activities for fisheries sector
comprise fish harvesting selling fresh fish to the
31
customer, selling fresh fish to the agent, selling fish
products, seafood selling, fish laborer, farmer, farm
laborer, factory worker, merchant, public service, and
teacher.
Women Activity in Economic Sector of
20 Purworejo District
Person
10
0
Harvest Season
Bad Season
Type of Jobs
Figure 1. Women Activity in Economic Sector of
Purworejo District Central Java
The proportion of women in coastal that
active in economic empowerment program of
community coastal areas (Progam Ekonomi
Masyarakat Pesisir-PEMP) is 60%. In term of social
activity of women in coastal areas under
empowerment program is collective activity with their
neighbor.
Women Activity in Social Sector of
Purworejo District
30
Harvest Season
20
Person
Bad Season
10
0
Type of Jobs
Figure 2. Women Activity in Social Sector of
Purworejo District Central Java
Figure 2. Shows that women activities in
social sector cover join/active in women
empowerment, provide place in the women
empowerment program, and the last provide food to
the women empowerment program. The women
activity in social sector of Purworejo District are
divided into two seasons namely harvest season and
bad season it because there are many fish which can be
processed to be various product of fish and seafood.
Sample products of fish in Purworejo Distrit; salt fish,
meatball fish, fish crackers, presto, and etc.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398
Women Activity in Domestic Sector of
Purworejo District
60
Person
40
20
0 fisheries sector have potency to open business for
Harvest Season
Type of Jobs
Bad Season
Figure 3. Women Activity in Domestic Sector of
Purworejo District Central Java
Figure 3. shows that women activities in
domestic sector of Purworejo District consist of
parenting, cooking, washing the dishes, washing the
clothes, cleaning home, ironing clothes, and shopping
to the market. The women activities in domestic sector
divide two seasons are harvest season and bad season.
All of the women activities in domestic sector are not
different in the harvest season and bad season. It is
because the activities are daily women activities. So,
the season is not influence the women activities in
domestic sector of Purworejo District.
. 1.36 hours/day (8,98%), and domestic sector is
C. Average of women revenue from fisheries sector
On the Figure 4 will be shown that women
revenue in coastal areas of Purworejo District. The
impact from economic empowerment program for
women in coastal areas is the improvement of value
adding of household revenue. The source of additional
revenue in coastal areas is from fisheries sector that
can be divided into two season namely harvest season
and bad season.
80.000.000,00
60.000.000,00
40.000.000,00
20.000.000,00
0,00
Fisheries
Harvest Bad
Season Season Non Fisheries
Figure 4. Household Revenue in Coastal Areas of
Purworejo District
Figure 5.4. Shows that household revenue in
coastal area of Purworejo District divide two sector
namely fisheries sector and non fisheries sector. The
revenue of fisheries in harvest season is 70,550,944
(IDR)/ 5633.65 (USD) and the revenue of non
fisheries in harvest season is 31,886,963 (IDR)/
2546.25 (USD). While, the revenue of non fisheries in
32
bad season is 8,374,778 (IDR)/ 668.75 (USD) and the
revenue of non fisheries in bad season is 5,625,778
(IDR)/ 449.23 (USD). The revenue of fisheries sector
is more dominant than the revenue of non fisheries
sector in harvest season and bad season. It shows that
increasing household revenue in coastal areas of
Purworejo. In addition, Fishermen and family have
more revenue source in harvest season covering
catching fish in the sea and cultivating or raising fish
in the pond (aquaculture). Fishermen family is not
only selling fresh fish but also use fresh fish for
making various fish processed products or various
seafood. In making some fish processed products and
seafood, the activities have been especially done by
women (fishermen‘s wife). On the contrary in bad
season, fishermen family only has few fish so that
household activities is more limited and the earned
revenue is also substantially decrease.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
1. Time allocation of women in coastal areas of
Purworejo District Central Java for economic
sector is 7.35 hours/day (48,51%), social sector is
6.44 hours/day (42,51%).
2. Women activities in economic sector consist of
fish harvesting, selling fresh fish to customer,
selling fresh fish to agent, processing of fish
product, packaging of fish product, selling fish
product, seafood selling, fisher laborer, farmer,
farm laborer, factory worker, merchant, public
service, and teacher. Social sectors consist of
joining in women empowerment program,
providing place in the women empowerment, and
providing food in the women empowerment
program. Domestic sector consist of parenting,
cooking, washing the dishes, washing the clothes,
cleaning home, ironing clothes, and shopping to
the market.
3. The average of household revenue is divided into
two resource namely fisheries and non fisheries
sector, fisheries sector in harvest season is
70,550,944 (IDR)/ 5633.65 (USD) and the bad
season is 8,374,778 (IDR)/ 668.75 (USD). Non
fisheries sector in harvest season is 31,886,963
(IDR)/ 2546.25 (USD) and the bad season is
5,625,778 (IDR)/ 449.23 (USD).
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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ISSN: 2355-4398
REFERENCES
Hikmah, Maharani Yulisti, dan Zahri Nasution, ―Pola
Pembagian Kerja dan Kontribusi Gender
Terhadap Pendapatan Keluarga: Studi
Kasus Rumah Tangga Nelayan di Desa
Batanjung Kabupaten Kapuas,‖ Jurnal
Kebijakan dan Riset Sosial Ekonomi
Kelautan dan Perikanan, Vol. 4, No.1, Juni
2009.
Nwabueze, A.A, ―The Role of Women in Sustainable
Aquacultural Development in Delta State,‖
Journal of Sustainable development in Africa,
vol. 112, No. 5, 2010.
33
Rafiqul, Islam Md, ―Rural Women‘s Empowerment
through Self-income Generating Activities: A
Study on NGOs Credit Programs in
Bangladesh,‖ Journal of Global Citizenship
& Equity Education, vol 1, No 1, 2011.
Sathiadhas, R., Femeena Hassan, and Y Joseph Raj,
―Empowerment of Women Involved in Clam
Fisheries of Kerala- A Case Study,‖ Indian
Journal of Social Research, vol. 46 (1), pp.
(39-48), 2003.
Usman, Sunyoto, Pembangunan dan Pemberdayaan
Masyarakat; Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar,
2012.l
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific Meeting
(HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Wet Salting System Based Co doped ZnO

Photocatalyst to Produce a More Qualified and
Healthier Salted Fish in Indonesia
Yoyon Wahyono#1, Alfin Darari*1, Heri Sutanto*1, Eko Siswoyo#2
#1
Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University
#2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University
Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH Tembalang, Semarang 50275
*Corresponding author : yoyonwahyono601@yahoo.co.id
**Corresponding author : herisutanto@undip.ac.id

Abstract---In Indonesia, variety of marine organisms
such as fish has been polluted by a lot of heavy metal. If
the fish is used as a food ingredient, it can be harmful to
health. So as to overcome these problems, it is required a
solution to reduce dangerous heavy metals as well as the
salting on the salted fish through the simple method by
using photocatalysts and wet salting method. The
purpose of this innovation is to create wet salting system
and energy efficient that can reduce heavy metals
through photocatalytic reaction using lamp. Co doped
ZnO nanoparticles is one of photocatalyst materials.
Photocatalyst material has an antibacterial activity and
it can reduce heavy metals. Co doped ZnO is synthesized
by using sol gel method. The result is a translucent
purple homogeneous solution. From the analysis, it could
be obtained a 2,25 eV of bandgap Co Doped ZnO and
from SEM analysis, it could be found the size of an
average particle of Co doped ZnO is 97 nm. There sults
of the wet salting for 24 hours are the texture of fish is
not damaged, the salting occurs perfectly, so it can be
inferred that the physical parameters of the salted fish
have a good quality. The test heavy metals such as Hg,
Pb, Cd in fish is conducted by using AAS. The analysis
shows a lack of heavy metals Hg with a concentration of
107 ppm become 12,23 ppm, Pb with a concentrations of
113 ppm become 10,46 ppm and Cd with a
concentrations of 110 ppm become 13,34 ppm after the
fish is placed on the salting system. So it can be
concluded that these tools can reduce the levels of heavy
metals in fish that is processed into salted fish.
Keywords: Wet Salting System and Reducers of Heavy
Metal, Photocatalyst, Co doped ZnO Thin Films.
I. INTRODUCTION
Fish is one of the good sources of calcium in
addition to milk and vegetables. Fish is very good to
be consumed because it fulfills our nutritional needs
and it constan such as essential amino acids, saturated
fatty acids, omega 3 (vikosa, pentanoat) and DHA
(Hex Dokosa Enoat) [11]. Today fish has been
contaminated by industrial waste like of heavy metal.
Results of research [7] show that the level of heavy
metals within the water at Jakarta bay has been
relatively high, even in some locations such as Muara
Angke, the level of heavy metals in this place tends to
rise. Results of research by [5] and [4] at Muara
Angke waters show that sea water, shrimp, shellfish
and some fish species that live in Muara Angke have
been contaminated by mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb) and
Cadmium (Cd). It was also stated that the source of
the pollution comes from land activities, it particularly
comes from industrial waste within Angke. If those
heavy metals are in the fish tissue with high
concentrations, and then that fish it used as a food
ingredients, it would be harmful to human health [3].
One of the processed fish products, namely
salted fish which until today is still be side dish that is
loved by the society. The salted fish processing is
conducted by the method of salting. During this time
there are only two salting, there are dry salting and
wet salting. The dry salting can be used for both large
and small fish. This salting uses crystal salt. Fish that
would be processed is by salt and arranged in layers.
Every single layer of fish is interspaced by the layer of
salt. The salting process by a wet salting method uses
a saline solution as a medium to soak the fish [8]. Dry
salting and salting method have the weakness. The
weakness is both dry and wet salting method can not
eliminate the content of heavy metals in salted fish.
The weakness of these methods must be overcome by
an appropriate technology innovation, energy saving,
and environmentally friendly that can reduce harmful
heavy metals in fish that will be processed into salted

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fish.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an n-type semiconductor
material with a band gap of 3.37 eV [2]. If nano-sized
ZnO exposed to UV light, there will be a ZnO
photocatalyst process that will form the oxide
compounds which can degrade heavy metals, Zinc Add Add Cobalt
eliminate harmful microbes and bacteria [9]. ZnO can acetate Isopropanol + nitrate
be doped with cobalt (Co). Result of Co doped ZnO is MEA
able to reduce the band gap under 3 eV, so it can work
in the visible light [5]. Co doped ZnO can glue
Calcination Coating glass Glass
strongly when coated on glass. ZnO is widely used by
450⁰C slide with Co washing
researchers in the world because it is easy to get and
doped ZnO
economically valuable [1].
The purpose of this research is to create the wet
salting system, that can fare the energy efficiently,
reduce the heavy metals contained in fish through
photocatalytic reaction of Co doped ZnO using the
visible light. The benefits of this research is to
produce a better quality of salted fish and healthy, free
from heavy metals, and to assist the government in
solving the problem of food.
Figure 1. Co doped ZnO thin films
II. METHODOLOGY
This use experimental method were make After creating a thin layer of Co doped ZnO, then
nanoparticles Co doped ZnO thin film and salting followed by the tools assembly totally. First, prepare
storage system. the stainless plate, glass, and lights. Second, raft-
shaped stainless plate with two-chamber box.The first
II.1 Materials room is a place to put the lights. The second room is a
The materials used in this research were zinc place to put a thin layer of Co doped ZnO, brine. And
acetate (Zn (CH3COO) 2.2H2O), isopropanol, cobalt the last one, the installation of glass on stainless plate
nitrate (CoNO3.6H2O), glass, acetone, methanol, frame, the installation of a thin layer of Co doped ZnO,
aquades, monoethanolamine, salting storage system, and the installation of lights.
and lamp.
Lamp
II.2 Equipment
The equipment used are magnetic stirrer, a set of
glassware, thermometer sprayer and compressors, UV-
Vis Spectroscopy, SEM (Scanning Electron Co doped
Microscopy), and (AAS) Atomic Absorbtion ZnO thin film
Spektrofotometry.
Brine
II.3 Procedure.
ZnO nanoparticles was synthesized by sol-gel Fish
method using Zn (CH3COO)2.2H2O as sources of Zn
and then addition of with isopropanol (IPA: (CH3) Figure 2. A set of tool wet salting system based Co
2CHOH, monoethanolamine (MEA: HOCH2CH2NH2) doped ZnO photocatalyst
and cobalt nitrate (CoNO3.6H2O). Manufacture of
nanoparticles ZnO by dissolving Zn acetate into a Experiment soak fish on water salt 12 hours and
solution of propanol and monoethanolamine at room place on storage system for 1 day. It is wet salting
temperature with concentration of 0.5 M Zn acetate method. Prepare a saturated salt solution with a
and then distirer for 30 minutes. Result solution concentration of 30-50%. Fish that have been weeded
formed translucent white. After cobalt nitrate was arranged in a waterproof tub, then add enough salt
added by comparison 4% and distirrer for 2 hours. The solution until all fish are sink and give weight to avoid
result is a homogeneous solution purple clear. The floating. Soaking time is about 12 hours.
next process is the coating on the thin glass used Storage salting system used principle
temperature 450oC, next place thin film on storage thermodynamic fluid source heat from lamp 100 watt,
salting system. light from lamp make thin film glass reaction

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ISSN: 2355-4398

photocatalytic which will serve as a source of

superoxide compound that is agent reduce heavy
metals will make reduce heavy metals on fish, make 3.2 Analysis of Crystal Morphology
healthy. After that, soak fish in salt water for 12 hour, The purpose of analysis using SEM (Scanning
and place in storage system for 1 day, warming. The Electron Microscopy) is to analyze the surface
next step assay fish quality. morphology, texture and size of ZnO: Co coated on
The testing of heavy metals is conducted by some the glass.
steps. First, samples are dried in an oven at
temperature of 10° C for 24 hours and cooled in a
desiccator, second, weighed as much as 2 g then put
them into a closed container. Third, add 1.5 mL of
concentrated HClO4 and 3.5 mL of concentrated
HNO3 then closed and left for 24 hours. Fourth, the
obtained solution was heated over a water bath at a
temperature of 60 - 70 ° C for about 2-3 hours (until
become a clear solution).
Fifth, if the samples are not dissolved at all, we can
add a concentrated HClO4 and HNO3, then add 3 mL
of aquadest, heated again till the solution is almost dry. Figure 4. ZnO:Co at magnification of
Sixth, cool them to room temperature and add 1 mL of 20.000x
a concentrated HNO3 and stirred slowly, then add 9
mL of aquadest. Samples are ready to be measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy spectra showed that
AAS (Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer) [8]. the material is successfully coated on glas (fig 4.).
From (fig 4.), it can be seen clearly that cobalt doped
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION on ZnO nanoparticles has crystals round shape and
coated tightly on the glass. At magnification of SEM
3.1 Analysis of the Energy Gap of ZnO Material spectra up to 20.000x, it can be counted that coated
The purpose of this analysis is to know energy gap material has an average of 97 nm in size.
of the compounds synthesized formed. Of the energy
gap can be analyzed whether these compounds may 3.3 Analysis of Material Composition is Coated
work in the visible lights or not. These peaks arise
from the properties of Co doped ZnO material. Peak
number 1 (546 nm) indicated that this material also
works at visible region. This peak arises from cobalt
that has doped successfully in synthesis process.
When this wavelength is converted to the Max Planck
equation, it is obtained 2.25 eV as the bandgap of ZnO
nanoparticles doped Co.

0.8

0.6

0.4 Figure 5. Testing results of EDS (Energy Dispersed

ABS

Spectroscopy)
0.2 EDS analysis purposes (Energy Dispersed
Spectroscopy) to determine the composition of the
0.0
compound coated on a glass. From the test results can
be known that Zinc, oxygen, and cobalt are deposited
on the glass. The data shows that ZnO and cobalt
400 500 600 700 800 which were deposited on the glass up to 94.71 % and
nm 4.64% respectively.
. Testing ABS results of DR UV-VIS spectrophotometry

3.4. Preservation Mechanism of Salted Fish with

Photocatalyst Co doped ZnO
Figure 3. Testing results of DR UV-VIS
The phenomenon of photocatalyst begins with
Spectrophotometry
photoexitation. The light that comes into ZnO

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 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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ISSN: 2355-4398
nanoparticles will excited the electrons from the
valence band to the conduction band, and at the same
time, it produces a hole+ on the valence band. The
result energy from these excited electrons causes the
electrons are in the conduction band and produce
spairs of negative electrons (e) and hole+ is called as a
semiconductor photo-excitation state [5]. The
photocatalyst process is shown by the following
figure.
No Sample Pb Hg Cd
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
1 Before 113 107 110
2 After 10,46 12,23 13,34
Figure 6 Nanoparticle ZnO photocatalyst reaction
ZnO Photocatalyst Reaction:
ZnO + hv ⟶ hVB+ + eCB-
+
hVB + H2O ⟶ OH
eCB- + O2 ⟶ O2
Table 1. Result of Heavy Metals in Fish
From that photocatalytic reaction when exposed to
light, the thin layer will form negative electrons that
are flowing from the valence band to the conduction
band. This electron will be released into the air and
forms a superoxide compounds that release O2 and a
radicals OH which can oxidize various heavy metals
and bacteria with the effectiveness of reaching
97.19%. So the wet salting system with the
photocatalytic principle is able to conduct the salting
to fish and reduce the amount of metals that are
contaminated in fish. The products of the salted fish
have nice texture and free from heavy metals.
3.5. Testing Fish after Processed with Tool
In figure 7 shows that the fish is cut into 4 pieces.
The benefits of fish cutting into 4 pieces is to optimize
the reduction of heavy metals in fish. With the
opening of the inside of the fish‘s body, the
photocatalyst effect of Co doped ZnO can reduce
heavy metals inside the fish‘s body. Thus, the Co
doped ZnO photocatalyst works optimally. Because of
37
the greater the large of fish surface affected by a Co
doped ZnO photocatalyst, the greater the heavy metals
are reduced.
Figure 7. The processing is result using tools
With the opening of the inside of the fish's body, it
will also maximize the amount of salt water absorbed
by the fish. After the fish is processed using this tool
for 12 hours, the result is the texture of the fish is not
damaged, the stench of the fish is gone, salt water is
absorbed evenly across the whole part of the fish‘s
body. It can be concluded from the physical
parameters, the process of the fish salting occurs
perfectly.
3.6. Test Results of Heavy Metals
The purpose of the AAS analysis is to determine
the levels of heavy metals before and after the
photocatalyst process.
Results of analysis AAS (Atomic Absorbtion
Spectrophotometer) show a reduction of heavy metals
on Hg with a concentration of 107 ppm become 12,23
ppm, Pb with a concentrations of 113 ppm become
10,46 ppm and Cd with a concentrations of 110 ppm
become 13,34 ppm after the fish is placed on the
salting system. So it can be concluded that these tools
can reduce the levels of heavy metals in fish that is
processed into salted fish
IV. CONCLUSION
Wet Salting System Based Co doped ZnO
Photocatalyst a new way of salting the briny fish. This
tool can save the energy efficiently because it only
requires a lamp with 100 watts. Co doped ZnO is
coated strongly on glass and it can work on visible
light. This tool is able to reduce heavy metals such as
Pb, Hg, and Cd contained in fish. This system has
been proven because it can produce the high quality
salted fish. Hopefully this research can be continued
so that the achieved results will be much better and
can be applied in society.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would thank to Physics Department, and
Chemistry Department of Science and Mathematics
Faculty, Diponegoro University for funding our
research.
REFERENCES
[1] Daneshvar, 2007, Preparation and Investigation of
Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO Nanocrystals: Effect of
Operational Parameters and Kinetic, World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, pp. 29.
[2] Duan, L., Lin,B., Zhang, W., Zhong, S., Fu, Z., 2006,
Enhancement of ultraviolet emissions from ZnO films by Ag
doping, 88 232110
[3] Fatimah. 2010. Ciri-ciri Air Tercemar. http:// cupacupa91.
blogspot.com/2010 /03/ ciri-ciri-air-tercemar.html.
[4] H.P Hutagalung., 1987, Mercury content in the water and
marine organisms in angke estuary, Jakarta Bay, Bull.
Anviron. Contam. Toxcicol. , 39;406-4011
[5] H.P. Hutagalung, H. Razak, (1982) Dampak Pencemaran
Logam Berat Terhadap Kualitas Air Laut Dan Sumberdaya
38
Perikanan (Studi Kasus Kematian Massal Ikan-Ikan Di Teluk
Jakarta), Oseanologi di Indonesia 15.
[6] Reddy, Sankara, Venkatramana Reddy, Koteeswara Reddy
and Pramoda Kumari, 2013, Synthesis, Structural, Optical
Properties and Antibacterial activity of co-doped (Ag, Co)
ZnO Nanoparticles, Research Journal of Material Sciences,
Vol. 1(1), 11-20, February (2013)
[7] S. Yatim, S. Surtipanti, S. Syamsu, E. Lubis, (1979),
Distribusi Logam Baerat Dalam Air Permukaan Teluk
Jakarta. Majalah Batan No.12.
[8] Santoso, H.B. 1998. Ikan Asin. Penerbit Kanisius Yogyakarta.
ISBN 979-672-262-3. 30 hlm.
[9] Seery, Michael K., Reenamole Gorgekutty, and Suresh C.
Pillai, 2008, A Highly Efficient Ag-ZnO Photocatalyst:
Synthesis, Properties, and Mechanism, Dublin : School of
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dublin Institute of
Technology,
[10] Supriatno, Lelifajri. 2009. Analisis Logam Berat Pb dan Cd
dalam Sampel Ikan dan Kerang secara Spektrofotometri
Serapan Atom. Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia dan Lingkungan. Vol.
7, No. 1, hal. 5-8, 2009. ISSN 1412-5064.
[11] Trilaksani W, Salamah E, Nabil M. 2006. Pemanfaatan
limbah tulang ikan tuna (Thunnus sp.) sebagai sumber
kalsium dengan metode hidrolisis protein.Buletin Teknologi
Hasil Perikanan 9 (2): 34-45
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

The Survival Strategy of Scavengers in Putri

Cempo Landfills, Mojosongo, Surakarta,
Central Java, Indonesia
Triana Rahmawati1, Andi Sulistiawan2, Anita Ekasari3, Maflahah4, Widia Lestari5
2
Departement of Physics, Sebelas Maret University, Street Ir. Sutami 36 A Surakarta
57126, Indonesia
2
andysulistiawan@gmail.com
1,3,4,5
Departement of Sociology, Sebelas Maret University, Street Ir. Sutami 36 A
Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
1
rahmawatitria@gmail.com
3
anitaekasari177@gmail.com
4
maflahah3@gmail.com
5
widiayayak@gmail.com

Abstract— Scavengers are people who search through and

collect items from discarded material then sell the items to
certain businessman who will process the items to become
commodities. Their income is low and not enough to meet
their needs, this case make them have high fighting spirit
to survive with everything they have. This study aims to
describe and analysis the characteristics and the survival
strategy of scavenger’s community in Putri Cempo
Landfills, Mojosongo, Surakarta City, Central Java,
Indonesia. This region was chosen because Putri Cempo
was the biggest final disposal of garbage (landfills) and the
location of the biggest scavenger community in Surakarta
City. The study applied a qualitative descriptive method
with data collection in-depth interviews, documentation
and field observations. This study based on Max Weber's
theory about social action and data analysis technique
based on Mile Huberman's theory, data reduction, data
display, and summary verification. The results of this
study showed that the scavengers only work scavenging
and some of them have additional work as a cattle
rancher, they have worked for decades and their children
also work as scavengers because of limited funds for
formal education, then the survival strategies of
scavengers in Putri Cempo are reduce unnecessary
expenditure, increasing working hours to add income and
build some social network with the other people around
them.
Keywords— scavengers, community, characteristic,
survival strategy, landfills
I. INTRODUCTION
Scavenger is defined as a person who had the main
job as collecting second-hand goods to support their
daily life, which did not have a formal obligation and
not registered in Administration unit [1]. Scavenger is
the one who making a living by picking up the streets as
well as take advantage of second-hand goods. (Such as
cigarette butts, plastic, cardboard and so forth) and then
sold it to businessman who will turn it back into a
commodity [2].
Conceptually scavenger is the most economic and
cultural layers down in the stratification of the society
of the city [3]. It is caused due to slum dwellers
typically did not have adequate housing, as well as low-
income, often doing things that are not acceptable as
stealing, so that scavenger was included in the field of
social, cultural and economic bottom.
In this research, which meant that a scavenger who
get used items by way of picking up trash, looking for a
landfill area in Putri Cempo, Mojosongo, and Surakarta
was sold to businessman to meet the needs of the
everyday. Generally while working they walk around
and using a simple working tools such as sacks, baskets
and gancau, they are also not has limited by the time, so
it works as their heart. This type of garbage they collect
are plastic, rubber, beverage cans with iron, and stale
food.
Landfills are constructed since 1997 estimated age
landfills is about 18 years of operation.No one knows
for sure the origin of the name Cempo, the city

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 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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ISSN: 2355-4398
government itself also does not give the name of the
landfill of Putri Cempo. According to the survey (2013)
are carried out, the name of Putri Cempo landfill spread
by word of mouth because since citizens living in that
region, there are already Putri Cempo remains at the top
of the Hill. At that time the rice field acreage before in
the wake of landfill is also more frequent in Putri
Cempo. District name so that when there is a landfill,
automatically the society named the landfill is Putri
Cempo.
An area of 17 hectares, landfill was used for facilities
and buildings such as offices and a park covering an
area of 1 hectare, for IPLT ( Installation Processing of
Mud and Feces) covering an area of 2 hectares, and the
remains of Putri Cempo the 1 hectare. The remaining 13
hectares used for landfills. Waste is dumped in Putri
Cempo landfill estimated at 265 tons/day of household
garbage 225 tons/day, the Junk market 25 tons/day and
commercial//industrial road of 15 tons/day. Garbage
disposal with the traditional system of waste, solidified
and at full speed to close the landfill.
Long before the operation of the Putri Cempo landfill,
some citizens and Randusari area and Jatirejo of
Mojosongo had cattle and goats, which served in the
agricultural land. In General, such as cows and goats eat
grass, hay, bran and other forage. Although not too
much, but cows and goats being investment/ piggy bank
for residents, if at any time in need of money will be
sold. When the Landfill operation, the cows became
switch looking for fodder in the area of the Putri Cempo
landfill.
According to the data of the DKP, the number of
cows that are no good citizen-owned landfill site itself
or the cow belonging to other residents of gaduhan
system and of Dispertan reached about 1,300 cows.
Dispertan in 2012 reach 900 cow tail records based on
data routine vaccinations done.According to data from
the Association Group of Cattle beef cattle Bakti Mulya
Randusari, number of Randusari residents ' cows reach
300 tail, if added to the cows that roam the Putri Cempo
landfill, could reach 1,000 tail.
The development of cows since it rapidly left to
breed in outdoor, so relatively free. Other when the cow
died, usually within 2 years recently had a child. The
release of cows in the LANDFILL because cows don't
require special fees for the care and purchase of fodder,
and cattle breeding faster. For decades the residents of
mengantungkan existence of the LANDFILL to graze a
cow without removing the costs serupiahpun.
Final recommendations from Bappenas to Solo city
waste management system with incineration or by any
future technology that was decided, hopefully there will
40
be a food source for deciding a scavenger and cows.
"kompasiana 02 Oct 2013".
II. METHOD
The type of research conducted by the method of
qualitative approach is a case study (case study)
descriptive type.The case study is an approach in the
study of case study penelaahannya of satukasus
conducted an intensive, in-depth, detailed,
comprehensive and in-depth interviews with and
observations.Case studies could be undertaken on
behalf of individuals or groups [4].
As for type a descriptive case study can track the
sequence of events of interpersonal relations, describes
the subbudaya and find a key phenomenon
[5].Interpersonal relationships and subbudaya are the
things that almost surely found in a socio-economic
adaptation strategies.That is why, researchers chose to
apply this type of research.
Data analysis techniques used in this research is the
analysis of the model of interactive (interactive model
of analysis). In this model there are three principal
components. According to Miles and Hurberman in H.B.
Dwiyatno (Captain) (2002: 94 – 96), all three of these
components are; Reduction of data as part of a process
of analysis that expresses, shorten, make the focus or
more deeply, discarding the things that don't matter,
arrange data into data and cereal inference problems
obtained as a result of the research. Performance data
was compiled based on the points contained in the
reduction of data. Presented in rangkaan sentences
arranged in a systematic and logical so it is easy to
understand. In addition, it refers to the formulation of
the problem in the form of a narrative describing the
answers of any existing problems. Summary of
withdrawal and verification, a summary of which is
obtained during the research will have a foundation and
support data that is getting stronger. So that will be the
end of the summary needs to be verified in order to
produce data that is strong enough and can be
dipertangggungjawabkan. But when the final
conclusions have not been strong enough to be felt, the
researchers will attempt to return to the field to search
for a record with a question that focused more on
purpose to obtain data that could support and strengthen
the final conclusions.
Our precise location that is in the Village
Mojosonggo Cempo Daughter of LANDFILL,
KecamatanJebres, Surakarta. Location we choose
because there are Landfills (LANDFILL) covering an
area of 17 hectares, consisting of 500 poor livelihood-
eyed as a scavenger. They persisted despite the slums
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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ISSN: 2355-4398
situated along work, dirty and smelly as they are able to
maintain survival strategies in search of fortune in the
LANDFILL area Daughter Cempo.
In the process of information search from our
interviewees did the interview twice on 6 January 2015
and date of February 14, 2015. At the time of the first
interview, we get a mother's informant and the
informant as much as we get the last 3 people one of
whom, a young mother and a father.
The criteria of informant data scavenger
dalammemperoleh are:
1. worked as a scavenger for at least 5tahun,
2. with the main criteria of minimum income
of Rp. 150.000/week
3. unmarried as well as married already
4. Can retain viability by developing a specific
strategy or way.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Research subject named mother Sarmi age 45, the
mother of Sumiyem age 34 years, mother Sri Lestari,
age 32 years, Mr. Sumarjo age 37 years and Mas Eco 24
years of age. They are a sample of informants that we
took from the scavenger population in Just the final
Disposal (LANDFILL) Princess Cempo because they
have strong persistence in scavenge amid economic
hardship provision.
From the umpteenth informants we encountered most
already have a family just a few who are still unmarried
status.Many of them are around 30-40 years.
From the side of their education is usually colored by
low relative education. Due to some kind of vircius
cycle or a vicious circle. Low education, low income,
low employment, low educational financing ability and
so on.That is because their income is just enough to eat,
so that education is not a priority.
Clean water and housing conditions explained that
many of those who already have a home and some of
the other uses of land in area Landfills Princess Cempo.
Based on the results of the interviews that we did, the
data obtained by bahwameskipun they've stayed home
alone, but many of those who stayed with 2-3 head of
the family as well as by reason of difficulties in buying
a home.
Views of health conditions the pickers are not denied
are common skin diseases such as scabies, itching, fever,
malaria and diarrhea. Colds. This can not be avoided
because they are situated along life garbage that
contains many sources of disease. But they were always
trying to maintain the cleanliness of the body by using
tools such as body armor, protective masks and shoes.
41
It's all in an effort to avoid all those germs of diseases
they face every day.
From the side of their economic characteristics
helped by the existence of additional jobs whilst
working as a scavenger.One of them is by keeping the
cows either self-owned or sistemgaduhan (systems of
care for animals with the results when it is increased).A
lot of benefit in keeping cows in area landfills because
of the cows in free and let his own foraging.In addition
to the benefit in the Junk they also scavenge benefit
keeping cows.
Income levels are largely still under Rp. 1.000.000,-.
per month.With current conditions, then such income
levels is largely allocated to meet the needs of
keluargasehingga respondents were unable to set aside
income for saving.The source of kemiskinanadalah due
to low revenue obtained the scavenger. Number of
respondents is between 3 to 5 people, where the number
of children that 5 people is highest, the lowest and 3
people. The largest number of child respondents were
between 4 to 5 people.This condition indicates that the
number of children who became head of the family
quite a lot of dependents. This will make the burden
which the family to meet the needs of the respondents
quite heavy, and also the number of family members
who pretty much will affect the magnitude of the
household spending.
With the weight of the load needs to be met and the
large amount of expenditure to be borne by the family,
then they will be doing additional work besides the
original scavenger does not violate the rules in force in
the community, in order to strike a balance between
spending and revenues.
The Strategy Of Survival (Life Survival Strategy)
At a time when the weather is good income the
scavenger's daughter Cempo in relatively large
compared to the level of their income at the time of the
rainy season.However all season they have to pass in
order to meet the constant need to maintain the viability
of with all the resource that is owned. They
mengatasidan faced the hard way and their respective
strategies.
A. Survival Strategies with Additional Work
The survival strategy of the respondent in the face of
financial problems was with the extra work. Additional
work from each different scavenger is keeping a pet like
a unisex cow mengarap rice belongs to the person
lainserta to be laborers. From the umpteenth additional
work at most is keeping the system gaduhan cow (beef
not provide people with a system for the results).Keep
cows in the area Cempo Daughter is very easy because
the cows forage on its own without having to keep an
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398
eye on so as not to waste time, Additionally they can
also benefit a lot from the cows.
B. The Survival Strategies Related To The State Of
Nature
The rainy season they go through every year, not to
mention if it causes flooding and drought are very hot in
the middle of a garbage pile contains dirt 17 ha. on
rainy condition merekatidak can earn a living as well.
This is because the dense rain causes waste inundated
by water, making it difficult to be sorted and
transported home.Neither in the dry season so they
work under a scorching sun with the location of the
work which is very far from the settlement.Thus, as the
rainy season and the dry season they had to get ready to
face the coming natural conditions with the location
home away from work.
Respondents generally had a ways or strategies to
stay afloat in the rainy season and the dry season though
residential location far away from where they work
them by building small huts exist around the outskirts
of landfills. Shacks made from bamboo, covering an
area of 2 x 2 meter they use to store food and
memulung results. In addition due to the layout of the
huts are berhimpitan cause they can mutually interact
between one another scavenger when they take a rest
then the scorching heat or rain.
IV. CONCLUSION
From the results of our research to the respondents
scavenger Landfills (LANDFILL) Princess Cempo then
in the get data and conclusions that are named the
scavenger Landfills (LANDFILL) Daughter Cempo are
those who collect second-hand goods from garbage-
garbage in garbage, household produce industry, and
litter the road to sort and resold to other rubbish
entrepreneurs and in sporting goods become
commodities. The basic reason for choosing a job as
scavenger is a low level of education and human
resource limitations.Being a scavenger do not require
special skills.Only player personnel, they can collect
waste-bins and sold it to businessman garbage.
Successive weather too extreme and sometimes
requiring them to keep moving and stay alive for the
sake of meeting the needs of an increasingly living
today is getting bigger. Low income as scavenger made
them have to have another job to fullfill the needs of
42
day-day. This is done as a strategy of survival for them
so that the continuity of the life they keep running.
Keep cows both own cattle or keep the cows with
system gaduhan many do by most of the slum dwellers
as a way to add revenue outside of the main job as
scavenger. In addition there are also some scavenger
who cultivate the farms as additional income to meet
the needs of their lives.
The low education and poor mental owned by most
of the slum dwellers make their kids come feel alive
like his parents.Education of their children is not
guaranteed and they choose to employ their children as
a scavenger for reasons add to the family
income.Reduce household expenditures also do to
minimise household consumption budgets. That's how
they survive in the midst of an increasingly age
progression unstoppable. Origin could eat everyday for
them it was more than enough without thinking of their
future life and children.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to the scavenger landfills LANDFILL
Princess Cempo who had welcomed us very
well.Especially for mothers Sumiyem, Mr. and Mrs. Sri
Lestari Sumarjo, who had shared the experience and
knowledge to us about survival scavenger.
REFERENCES
[1] Sanapiah, Format-Format Penelitian Sosial,
Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.Singarimbun,
Masri, 1999.
[2] Sutardji, Karakteristik Demografi Dan Sosial
Ekonomi Pemulung, Semarang: FIS UNNES, 2009.
[3] Hendra, Wahyudi Sismudjito, Strategi Adaptasi
Sosial Ekonomi Keluarga Miskin Pasca Kenaikan
Harga Bahan Bakar Minyak Studi Kasus
Terhadap Keluarga Miskin Di Kelurahan Pulo
Brayan Kota Kecamatan Medan Barat ,Medan:
USU, 2007.
[4] Slamet, Yulius, Metode Penelitian Sosial,
Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press, 2006.
[5] Sri Endang Kornita And Yusbar Joseph, Strategi
Bertahan Hidup,Pekanbaru: FE, 2007.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Kledung Tourism Initiatives (KRISNA):

Integrated Ecotourism Institutional Framework
to Foster Prosperity in Kledung, Indonesia
Prita Ramadiani#1, Willy Zoel Fauzie#2, Fitri Wulandari#3
#
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University
Prof. H. Soedharto, S.H Street, Tembalang – Semarang, Zip code 50275 Indonesia
1
e-mail: pritaramadiani@yahoo.com
2
e-mail: willyzoelfauzie@gmail.com
3
e-mail: fitriwd33@gmail.com

Abstract—On the last decades, environmental

management becomes big issue in Indonesia and one of
the problem is related to the nature tourism development
which is commonly called as ecotourism. UNWTO (2001)
stated that ecotourism is one of the greatest growing
segment of tourist industry. This promising ecotourism
concept has also adopted in Kledung District,
Temanggung Region for developing their tourism
attractions in line with environmental preservation effort.
Posong Plateu, Mount Sumbing and Sindoro hiking trails,
Jambu Village and Kledung Village camping ground are
the list of ecotourism attractions located in Kledung
District. In this case, the facilities is operated by the local
community which established in each village. The
communities are Jogorekso in Tlahab Village, Green
Grass in Jambu Village, Grasindo in Kledung Village,
and Rasipala in Tuksari Village. Local community has a
good interest in takes part of developing ecotourism. The
evidence can be seen from the participation index
(Index>2,5). However, low education people, limited
financial support and bad coordination amongst the local
community and other stakeholders (government and
private sector) threatened the ecotourism development.
Having this contextual situation, this paper discusses the
coordination amongst stakeholders and emphasizes more
on strengthening the community. This discussion is
structured into four sections. First part of the section
explains the ecotourism potential in Kledung. This is then
followed by the participation scheme and existing
institutional framework. The third part discusses the
opportunities and challenges for the ecotourism
development with reference to the Kledung context. This
paper concludes that new institutional framework named
Kledung Tourism Initiatives (KRISNA) are required to
integrating all of the interested members and suggested
an effective roles and functions, so the community
empowerment, environmental preservation,
economic development can be achieved together.
Keywords— Kledung, Ecotourism, Sustainable
Development, Local Community, Institutional
Framework
I. INTRODUCTION
Ecotourism is defined as responsible travel to
natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains
the well-being of the local people, and involves
interpretation and education [1]. Education is meant to
be inclusive of both staff and guests [1]. The
International Ecotourism Society divides the sense of
ecotourism into 3 points i.e. Conservations, ecotourism
provides effective economic incentives for conserving
and enhancing bio-cultural diversity and helps protect
the natural and cultural heritage. Commmunities, by
increasing local capacity building and employment
opportunities, ecotourism is an effective way for
empowering local communities to fight against poverty
and to achieve sustainable development. Interpretation,
with an emphasis on enriching personal experiences
and environmental awareness through interpretation,
ecotourism promotes greater understanding and
appreciation for nature, local society, and culture. By
definition, ecotourism prefers small number of tourists
but in many cases, control and monitoring of thr
carrying capacities of target areas is often difficult [2].
In line with that UNWTO [3] states that ecotourism is
one of the greatest growing segment of tourist industry.
Ecotourism development in Kledung Sub District
support by their physics characteristic and local
community participation. Kledung Sub District has
two types of physical characteristics consist of
protected areas and buffer areas. The most of the land
in the village has characteristic of protected area about
2,198 ha or by 51.6% of the Kledung Sub District,
while the buffer area has an about 2057.9 ha or by 48.3%
and
of the Kledung Sub District. Protected areas are mostly
located in the area Mount Sumbing and Mount Sindoro
that have slopes of more than 40%. In addition, high
rainfall reaches more than 34.8 mm/ day are in the
eastern part is in the Village District of Kledung

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 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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ISSN: 2355-4398
Batursari, Jambu, Kruwisan village, and the village
Petarangan.
The term Community-Based Ecotourism (CBET)
is used to describe the control and involvement of local
community to manage and develop ecotourism
ventures by prioritizing major proportion of the benefit
remains within community [4]. In contract, CBET is
managed and run by community itself, management
decisions are made by local people and profits directly
go to the community [2]. This promising CBET
concept has also adopted in Kledung Sub District,
Temanggung Regency for developing their tourism
attractions in line with environmental preservation
effort. Kledung Sub District is the highest Tourist
Destination Areas in Temanggung Regency, Indonesia.
Tourist destination consist of Posong Plateau, Mount
Sindoro Hiking Trails, Sunset Canggal, Rafting and
Tubing Progo Watershed Canggal, Jambu Camping
Ground, Jambu Sipetung Climbing Hiking, Camping
Ground Kledung, Rest Areas Kledung, Embung
Kledung, Posong, and Sunset Batursari.
Types of activities performed on attraction is the
beautiful scenery, hiking, camping, and many others.
Reasons and other motives for traveling is due to an
abundance of beauty, as well as their own factors of
visitors who want to travel to the Kledung Sub District.
Based on the tourist questionnaires, 77% traveled
motive is to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the Kledung
Sub District. Another underlying motive of tourists
visiting the ease of accessibility to tourist sites as much
as 10%, by uniqueness 7%, and 3% other services for
which the price and support facilities.
Furthermore, the infrastructure availability
especially the access to the destinations become one of
strong consideration. Construction of road instead of
the distance between Kledung downtown and tourist
attraction would become important things for tourism
development. The fact shows that there are still some
road that is not feasible, especially macadam road. On
macadam roads stones are loose, causing a hole in the
road and become slippery when it rains. This condition
was undobtly dangerous. Then, the problem is also
correlated with the quality and quantity of amenity.
Amenity also be interpreted as a complete supporting
facilities such as the hotels, restaurants, ATM centers
for tourista. In fact of there are eleven attractions in
Kledung Sub District, there still no unique and
traditional lodging to the tourits.
In Kledung context, the facilities is operated by
the local community which formed in each village.
The role of local communities in the development of
community-based ecotourism is very important. Freire
(1970), Chohen and Uphoff (1980), and Chambers
44
(1983) [5], have pushed concepts of participation,
critical consciousness building, and empowerment to
the forefront within academic and practitioner circles.
In order to develop tourist attraction in Kledung Sub
District, local community participation has a high
tendention to manage the natural tourism objects.
Eventhough there has been some local community
which emphasizes community participation, it is still
no accommodate whole people. Ironicaly, low
education people, limited financial support and bad
coordination amongst the local community and other
stakeholders (government and private sector)
threatened the ecotourism development. The absence
of business sector (SMMEs, travel agents, tour
operator) and non government institutions (NGOs) was
considered to be the unsolved problem, while limited
participation of local communities in decision making
become the other ones. In practice, these institutions
do not work together harmoniously. It can be seen
from the frequent misconceptions and disputes the
division of tasks between agencies.
Having the background, this paper discusses the
aspect on coordination amongst ecotourism
stakeholders and emphasis more on strengthening the
community. It is argued that integrated institutional
framework is needed to integrate all of the interested
members in line with the effort to formulate effective
roles and functions, so the community empowerment,
environmental preservation, and economic
development can be achieved together. First part of the
section explains the ecotourism potential in Kledung.
This is then followed by the participation scheme and
existing institutional framework. The third part
discusses the opportunities and challenges for the
ecotourism development with reference to the Kledung
context.
II. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF KLEDUNG ECOTOURISM
Kledung Subdistrict is one of twenty subdistrict in
Temanggung District which has an area of about
3221.28 ha. Located between two mountains (Mt.
Sindoro and Mt. Sumbing), Kledung awarded the
natural scenery that makes the region has the potential
of tourism development. Tourism development has
been considered able to bring economy benefits in
terms of Kledung. Some are related to income
distribution, multiplier effect as a result of tourist
expenditures, because of the chain transaction (tourist
multiplier) and increased availability of tourist
infrastructure (investment multiplier), also increase the
growth of urbanization as a result of the development
of tourism infrastructure.
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Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Fig. 2 Posong Plateu

In Kledung Subdistrict also contained two objects

Fig. 1 Map of Kledung Ecotourism Attractions
The majority of tourism attractions that developed
in Kledung Sub District is form of natural scenery with
adventure travel activities. The ecotourism objects
consists of Posong Plateau at Tlahab Village, rafting &
tubing at Progo Watershed (Canggal Village), sunset at
Batursari & Canggal Village, camping ground at
Jambu & Kledung Village, Mt. Sindoro Hiking Trails
at Kledung & Tuksari Village, and Si Petung, the Mt.
Sumbing Hiking Trails at Jambu Village (see figure
1.1).
First, Posong Plateu is a new ecotourism object
located in Tlahab Village and managed in 2009 by
Jogorekso Community. Posong offers a variety of
natural scenery such as sunrise and seven mountain
scenery at once if tourist came when bright weather.
(Mt Sumbing, Mt. Merapi, Mt. Merbabu, Mt
Telomoyo, Mt Andong, Mt Ungaran, and Mt Muria).
Posong also equipped with several facilities such as
bathrooms, rooms, cafe, pavilions, and parking lots. It
takes about 30 minutes from Kledung downtown with
a distance of about 6.5 km. The road condition to get
there is quite good enough, with the construction of
roads, divided into 3.6 km of asphalt material and 2.9
km of macadam material.
ecotourism with camp activities that is camping
ground in Jambu and Kledung Village. Accessibility
towards Kledung camping ground is easier than Jambu
camping ground. To reach Jambu camping ground
require travel time around 30 minutes with a distance
of 3.3 km, with a steep slope makes traveling more
slowly. While to reach the Kledung camping ground
only takes 5 minutes with a distance of about 0.8 km.
Fig. 2 Mt. Sindoro Hiking Trails
Other ecotourism object that offer natural scenery
in Kledung Subdistrict that are sunset view in Batursari
and Canggal Village. The sunset attraction in Batursari
closer to the Kledung downtown if compared with
sunset attraction in Canggal, it takes about 10-15
minutes and a distance of about 2.65 km. While the
sunset attraction in Canggal takes about 30 minutes
and a distance of approximately 4.55 km from the
Kledung downtown.
Furthermore, there is an adventure travel in Progo
watershed that is located in Canggal Village. Progo
River is one of the rivers that pass through the two
provinces of Central Java and Yogyakarta. Its
headwaters is in Mt. Sindoro which has river drainage
area with a catchment area of approximately 2210.737

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ISSN: 2355-4398
km2 and main river length of 140 km. Progo swift
streams allowing us to do the adventure travel like
rafting and tubing. To reach it takes 20 minutes travel
time or at a distance of 3.2 km from the Kledung
downtown.
Fig. 4 Progo watershed
The last, other adventure travel in Kledung
Subdistrict is a climb travel to Mt. Sindoro and Mt.
Sumbing. To reach the Mt. Sindoro hiking trails in
Tuksari Village takes 25 minutes with a distance of
approximately 7.85 km from the Kledung
downtown. While to reach the Mt. Sindoro hiking
trails in Kledung Village is in the Kledung
downtown area so it only took a short time to reach
there. Furthermore, Mt. Sumbing hiking trails is
located in Jambu Village which named which
usually called Sipetung road. It takes about 30
minutes with distance about 3.3 km to reach the
facility from the Kledung downtown.
To develop the ecotourism, Kledung Sub District
has adopted the CBET concept. This concept,
emphasis more on strengthening current pace of
tourism development in such a way that poor
people could gain significant benefit from its
development [2]. From this point of view, some of
ecotourism objects are managed by local
communities and tries to more develop.
III. THE ROLE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND
PARTICIPATION SCHEME
As one of sub-district in Temanggung, the majority
of people in Kledung works as farmers especially
tobacco farmers. This condition is in line with
physical characteristic in Kledung that was suitable
for agricultural activities with more than 94% (BPS,
2013) percent was not classified as built up area.
The field study showed that 85% of household has
low income. Although, Kledung has a big number
(70%) of labor force. This condition has encourage
46
some people in Kledung to seek other economic
income possibility. Since 2009, peoples began to
established local community and develop the
ecotourism activities in their villages. This
phenomenon has been wider year by year and
people become more aware of developing Kledung
ecotourism potential and tourism development
efforts. As Manu and Kuuder [6] found in Ghana,
ecotourism development has created opportunities
for rural communities to earn more income and
created ecotourism related jobs through
conservation of local ecosystems and culture. This
strong argument have been advanced in support of
ecotourism playing role in ecotourism development
in Kledung.
Currently, local community participation to
develop tourist attraction in Kledung Sub District
was high enough. The word of participation implies
how and to what extent people are able to share
their views, take part in an activity, project,
programme,decision-making, profit sharing, and
other issues related to tourism development process
[6]. From this point of view, CBET considered to
be a better option for sub district like Kledung than
a conventional or mass tourism.
The first community named Jogorekso was
established in 2009 to managed Tlahab Village as a
tourism based village. The role of Jogorekso
community is maintaining Posong Plateau as a spot
to see the golden sunrise. Jogorekso community
programs are not only selling ecotourism package
in Posong but also providing outbond activities,
camp site, Sindoro aroung trip, tubing activities,
and guiding tourist to attend traditional events like
Sekar Gadung and Nyadran (both held after the
tobacco season). Through http://www.posong-
indonesia.com/ the facility tries to wider their
marketing. This community was also tried to
improve their capacity by attending some skill
training.
Green Grass becomes another community in
Kledung Sub district that was concern in
ecotourism development. Green Grass community
mambers are from Jambu Village youth who loves
to climb Mount Sumbing. Hiking trail from Jambu
Village which is named as Sipetung route is the
fastest route to reach Mount Sumbing‘s peak.
However, Sipetung route is much more difficult to
climb than other route (compare with Kertek route),
so only experts allow to use the route. Green Grass
community has a role to guide and accompany
Mount Sumbing climbers.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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ISSN: 2355-4398
The next community is Grasindo or Gerakan
Anak Sindoro (Sindoro Youth Movement) was
established to guide climber who wants to climb
Mount Sindoro from Kledung Village route.
Grasindo acted as a volunteer on preserving
environment around Mount Sindoro, guide and
accompany Mount Sumbing climbers. Besides that,
Grasindo is responsible to managed Mount Sindoro
hiking trail from Tuksari Village.
The other community located on Mount
Sindoro‘s slopes is Rasipala. In 1993, Rasipala was
established and took Tuksari Village‘s youth as its
members. But since 2011, the movement become
wider and more firm. Every people all over distict
in Temangung could join with Rasipala. Rasipala is
active as volunteer to preserving environment and
other natural based activities.
Even though there has been some local
communities which emphasizes community
participation, it is still not accommodate whole
people. This condition has been bring an
understanding that not every people obtain the
benefit of ecotourism development. In the other
hand, the enthusiasm of Kledung people in tourism
development is quite good enough. The evidence
can be seen from the people‘s response on 9
contextual questions. The question tend to measure
people will to participate in tourism development
activity and here is the list of the questions:
1. What is your opinion of the ecotourism
development plan in Kledung Subdistrict?
2. How important is the existence of agricultural
land and other natural potential to support the
ecotourism development?
3. How important is the existence of tradition and
cultural heritages in supporting the development
of tourism?
4. How important is community involvement in
various activities to implement ecotourism
development?
5. Do people need to actively take a role in
managing ecotourism business?
6. Do you agree to participate as a Home Stay
provider?
7. How is the impact on ecotourism development
for society? (example: job opportunities and
income improvement)
8. Do you agree if there is education and training
center to prepare workers in ecotourism
development sector?
9. How important is the involvement of private
sector in the ecotourism development?
47
The index shows such a satisfactory result.
Figure 5 shows us the participation index has an
average number about 3,99. It means that majority
people in Kledung support the ecotourism
development and highly interested to participate in
the development process. However, this good
intention unfortunately still faced some potential
problems.
5 4,30 4,27
4,04 4,10 4,03 4,09 3,86
3,72
Participation Index
4 3,49
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Questions
Fig. 5 Participation Index of Kledung Ecotourism Development
IV. THE PROBLEMS OF KLEDUNG ECOTOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
The existence of community based
ecotourism in Kledung has been threatened by
several problems which is directly or indirectly
affecting. The problems include low formal
education, limited financial support, and bad
coordination amongst the local community and
other stakeholders.
Low formal education still becomes major
problems on developing ecotourism especially with
the community based concept. With 70% of
population classified as labor force (age between
15-64), Kledung has a good initial input for the
people centered development. However, BPS noted
that 33.10% of population only have some primary
school and no schooling and 45.98% was an
elementary high school graduate. Cumulatively,
this means of the population have not completed
high school as their higher level education. This
condition of people‘s formal education wouldn‘t
give much effect if they have sufficient skill on
developing tourism. In fact, the only one tourism
vocational school has been shut down over years
ago.
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Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

When the agriculture sector can no longer be

0,47% 0,50% 4,93% expected, the community starts to find another way
Bachelor Degree and develop their local tourism potential. This
15,03%
views has slightly change people‘s behaviour. This
phenomenon can be seen on the local communities
33,10% Diploma Degree establishment to manage and develop existing
tourist attractions. Based on field study, 50% of
45,98% people thought that limited financial support is their
Secondary School
major obstacle to develop ecotourism potential. In
Grade 12
fact, to run their program, local community has to
looking the fund independently. Collecting
contribution from its own member was the common
Fig. 6 Kledung Education Level
scheme that happened while trying to find donation
Source: BPS Kabupaten Temanggung 2013 from other institution.
Last but not least, the biggest challenge on
developing ecotourism was bad coordination
6% Agriculture amongst the local community and other
stakeholders. If the management and capacity
Industry
14% building of local communities are not in parallel,
3% opportunities will be lost and significant damage
Construction
16% 52% will be caused, such as benefits going to a small
Trade group committees, environmental damage, and
indigineous people becoming vulnerably [2]. This
3% 6% Transport and problem has slightly happen in Kledung Subdistrict
communication and affecting on development process.
The absence of business sector (SMMEs, travel
Fig. 7 Kledung Activities
Source: BPS Kabupaten Temanggung 2013 agents, tour operator) and non government
institutions (NGOs) limited the program to only can
Moreover, due to their low education, many of be arranged by the communities and government.
people depend on agriculture activity for their live. So, Local government reacts to give big
Over half of population work as farmer and opportunity for business sector to invest on tourism
cultivating the crops. While in fact, 26% of development plan. But the will is only focus on
household has monthly income which is lower than Rest Area facilities development, compirising hotel,
Temanggung minimum wage (Rp 1,000,050,-). The restaurant, agrotourism facilities, and other
growth of agriculture sector as a basic sector in entertainment facilities (see
Temanggung was also declining in couple of years. http://www.temanggungkab.go.id/). The main
It show us that the dependable agriculture activities function of the plan was only to improve physical
was failed to bring prosperity for all of the people. facilities but not in line with the local community‘s
capacity building. For this situation local
communities and business would never meet and
>16,000,000 collaborate. Consequently, the goal of creating
13,000,001-16,000,000 opportunities for local communities to earn more
10,000,001-13,000,000 income and creating ecotourism related jobs
7,000,001-1,000,000,000 through conservation of local ecosystems and
4,000,001-7,000,000 culture would hard to be accomplished.
1,000,001-4,000,000
0-1,000,000 V. KLEDUNG TOURISM INITIATIVES (KRISNA) IN
ADDRESSING THE PROBLEMS
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
The absence of other stakeholders in Kledung has
Households limited CBET development to some traditional or
already established acitivities, rather than the
Fig. 8 Kledung Household Income
creation of some alternative activities in the area. It
Source: Field study
is clear that the existing situation cannot support

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ISSN: 2355-4398

people‘s capacity and financial capacity. Therefore, On the previous part, it has been mentioned that
local communities has little opportunity to develop each group brings its own to set of interests,
their economy and to foster their prosperity. capabilities, strategies, and traditions to the industry.
Meanwhile, the other functions of CBET, such as The well structured is truly needed to prevent
environment preservation, has not given much conflict and to enhance benefit to stakeholder
consideration. involved. Therefore, CBET concept should
Therefore, as international experience have shown involves collaborative effort of all stakeholders to
the importance of NGOs and business sector should avoid creation of imbalances an uneven
be involve in CBET programs. As the experience of development of ecotourism sites [6]. All
Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), Asian stakeholders, comprising local communities, local
Development Bank (ADB) assist the tourism sector government, and business or non government
in that area, comprising Cambodia, The people institution should work together in harmony. This
Republic China, Laos Peoples Democratic, partnership should be mutually beneficial with each
Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. ADB different contribution of stakeholders.
performance is assessed ―substantial‖ based on five To reach sustainable CBET development in the
criteria: adviser and ―honest broker‖support, future time,the institutional framework from Chris
institutional support-secretariat, capacity building, Hani District can be adopted [7]. From this
coordination with other development partners, and framework, the emphasize of government
portfolio management. contribution is to provide strategic alignment. In the
In Kledung context, the challenge of ecotourism other hand, business and non government
development is also influenced by how community institution providing specialist expertise to the
participate in planning, involve in decision making communities. As an independent organization,local
process, and managing the sites and natural communities need to make a joint venture between
resource including protetcted area. The government local government and business and non government
should give local communities more acess to institution. At last, the success of this strategic can
participate. By adopting CBET, the local be measured by measuring the growth in numbers
communities tend to have bigger role but still of emerging tourism entrepreneurs and SMEs, the
harmonious. The experience of CBET in GMS growth in their business, and by the growth in
countries show that a top-down planning and membership of the local communities.
development approach with limited community
participation which cannot benefit overall Table. 1
community and creates imbalances and uneven Kledung Institutional Framework
development[2]. Local Local Business and
Government Communit Non
(Tourism ies Government
Local development (SMMEs
officer) NGO)
Govern
 Enabling  Operating  Selling own
-ment
environment facilities product
Policy  Public tourism  Marketing  Networking and
facilities the area collaboration
Retributi  Information  Route & with
Parti on center itinerary complementary
cipa- Licen  Tourism safety development product
 Networking  Research and  Employing local
tion se people
with SMMEs tourism
support intelligence  Investing and
Fund and skill transfer providers  Networking funding
Local &  Tourism
Business collaboration education &
Commu and awareness
nities NGOs
Share Source: Adopted from Chris Hani Institutional
resources Framework prepared by Kyle Business Projects

Fig. 9 The Relation between Stakeholders

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ISSN: 2355-4398
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Even though there are some local communities who
is concern in ecotourism development, the benefit
is still limited and several problems still happen.
The integration of all stakeholders is considered to
be the most important key of CBET development
especially in Kledung Sub District. So the KRISNA
planned for solve problems of low education people,
limited financial support and bad coordination
amongst the stakeholders.
Compared by the present condition, the new
framework seems to be an idealistic program. This
framework derived from international experience,
so it‘s not a plan that cannot be implemented.
Therefore, the framework should be implemented
seriously and the joint venture between local
communities, local government and business and
non government institution is truly needed to
achieve the highest goal, the prosperity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our special thanks to
Dean of Engineering Faculty Diponegoro
University Mr. Ir. M. Agung Wibowo, MM. MSc.
PhD as well as Mrs. Novida Waskitaningsih, ST.
MT. MSc. and our Urban and Regional Planning
lecturers for their support and guidance. Secondly,
we would also say thanks to Kledung and
Temanggung government and communities for the
warm acceptance. Last but not least, we send our
gratitude to our family, our parents, friends, and
everyone who helped us a lot to complete this work.
50
REFERENCES
[1] TIES, What is Ecotourism?
http://www.ecotourism.org/,2015
[2] B. R. Khanal and J. T. Babar, Community
Based Ecotourism for Sustainable Tourism
Development in the Mekong Region, Policy Biref.
Hanoi, Vietnam: CUT Hanoi Research Center and
SDC, 2007
[3] UNWTO, Compandium of Tourism Statistics,
Madrid, Spain: UNWTO, 2001
[4] WWF-International, Guidelines for
Community-Based Ecotourism Development, 2001
[5] Caroline J. Stem et al, Community
Participation in Ecotourism Benefits:The Link to
Conservation Practices and Perspectives, Society
and Natural Resources New York, USA: Taylor &
Francis, 16:387–413, 2003.
[6] Isaac Manu and Conrad J. Kuuder,
Community-Based Ecotourism and Livelihood
Enhancement in Sirigu, Ghana, International
Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Tamale,
Ghana: University for Development Studies,2012,
vol. 2 No.18.
[7] Kyle Business Project,Chris Hani District
Municipality: Tourism Integrated Plan, Port
Elizabeth :Kyle Business Projects, 2009.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Noise Barrier Design on Entrance Gate Area of

Bogor Agricultural University to Reduce
The Noise Level Based on Façade Design
Ario Wisnu Wicaksono #1, Muhammad Nofal #2, Tubagus Verry Snovile Arunda #3
#
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University
Kamper Street, IPB Dramaga Campus, Dramaga 16680, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
1
awariowicaksono33@gmail.com
2
muhammadnofal23@gmail.com
3
tubagus.verry@gmail.com

Abstract— The increasing of vehicle users in urban area
impacted to the rising of traffic volume on the highway.
This condition poses a public health problem to its
surrounding community. Based on a decree of minister of
environment about quality standard of noise level declared
that the limit of noise level permitted for school area is 55
dB (A). Noise barriers are commonly used to reduce the
traffic noise level on the environment by absorbing sound
waves through noise barrier material, such as concrete or
bamboo. The purpose of this paper is designing a noise
barrier to reduce noise pollution on entrance gate area of
Bogor Agricultural University and introducing forms of
noise barrier based on façade for building aesthetics. The
analysis on this paper based on a previous study which is
conducted on December 8th, 2014 in the entrance gate area
of Bogor Agricultural University using Sound Level Meter
(SLM). Based on laboratory analysis, the value of noise
intensity calculated from total vehicle is 80 dB (A). Using
high and curved noise barrier design which using façade
design can reduce noise level to 29 dB(A) and lowering of
current noise level to 51 dB(A) by placing the noise barrier
on the 300 meters distance from highway. The calculations
confirmed that absorption of sound waves is not only
needed for reducing noise level but also improving the
shielding effect. Using high and curved noise barrier can
decrease noise level of highway at entrance gate area of
Bogor Agricultural University from 80 dB (A) to 51 dB(A)
by placing the noise barrier 300 meters away from
highway. Based on the result, noise barrier can reduce the
noise level into below quality standard from decree of
minister of environment for school area.
Keywords— façade, highway, noise barrier, noise level,
noise reduction
I. INTRODUCTION
The increasing of vehicle users in urban area
impacted to the rising of traffic volume on the highway.
The high intensity vehicles passing through on the road
city of course have the impact of the environment along
the road vehicles serviced [1]. The vehicles in operate
cause sounds like for example, the engine vehicles exit
from the muffler, the honking horn vehicles and caused
by the activity of the sounds from other vehicles. On a
certain level the noise is tolerable by the community, in
the sense the sound caused by still not to cause a
disturbance on the community, but in a higher level the
sound inflicted by transportation vehicles can be said as
a disorder called sound or noise pollution [2].
High traffic noise in quite a long time may cause
discomfort and make the surroundings become
distracted [3]. Based on Decree of the Minister of
Environment No. 48 Th. 1996 about noise level standard,
that noise is the sound of unwanted of an effort or
activity in a level and a certain time which could result
in an impairment of health and comfort human
environment [4].
Noise barriers are commonly used to reduce the
traffic noise level on the environment by absorbing
sound waves through noise barrier material, such as
concrete or bamboo. The absorbing materials, as such,
are passive mediums that lower noise by disseminating
energy and turning it into heat. Acoustic absorption
depends on the frequency of the sound waves. In porous
materials at high frequencies, an adiabatic process takes
place that produces heat loss due to friction when the
sound wave crosses the irregular pores. On the other
hand, at low frequencies, poroelastic materials absorb
sound by energy loss caused by heat exchange. This is
an isothermal process. In general, poroelastic efficiency
is limited to high frequencies [5]. The purpose of this
paper is designing a noise barrier to reduce noise

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 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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ISSN: 2355-4398
pollution on entrance gate area of Bogor Agricultural
University and introducing forms of noise barrier based
on façade for building aesthetics.
II. METHODOLOGY
The analysis on this paper based on a previous study
which is conducted on December 8th, 2014 in the
entrance gate area of Bogor Agricultural University
using Sound Level Meter (SLM). SLM is useful to take
note of accurately the value of noise level in the main
location.
Bogor Agricultural University main gate area was
used for measurement. The study of noise level was
conducted with two methods, the first method was using
sound level meter and the second method was using
types of vehicles, quantity of vehicles, velocity of
vehicles, and noise emission data for every types of
vehicle to establish the noise level of the measured area.
For the first method, sound level meter was positioned
1.5 m above the ground at a distance of 10 m away from
the traffic. Noise level data was gathered every 10
seconds for 10 minutes and that data then calculated
using Equivalent Continouos Noise Level (Leq) method
to determine Leq value of measured area.
First method of sampling noise level using SLM in
entrance gate area of Bogor Agricultural University,
SLM tools must be calibrated with standard level of
noise in the laboratory. Then sampling of noise level,
SLM tools carried which will be intented to the location
of sampling, then started counting after the noise level,
the SLM tools shown noise level in decibel (dB(A)) then
noted every five seconds for ten minutes based on
instruction of Decree of the Minister of Environment No.
48 Th. 1996 about noise level standard. After all data
obtained, can be calculated the value of Leq (noise level
equivalent) noise level from each 1 minutes with
formula :
Leq (1 min.) = 10 log [1/60
(10^0.1*L1+10^0.1*L2+…+
10^0.1*L12) *5] dB(A)
Which Leq is Equivalent Continouos Noise Level and
described as decibel (dB(A)) and L1 until L2 is noise
level at n-seconds until 1 minutes. After Leq value data
obtained, can be calculated Leq 10 minutes can be
calculating with formula :
Leq(10 min.) =10 log [1/10
(10^0.1*L1+10^0.1*L2+…+
10^0.1*LX) *5] dB(A)
52
Which Leq is Equivalent Continouos Noise Level and
described as decibel (dB(A)) and L1 until L2 is noise
level at n-minutes until 10 minutes. After Leq value data
obtained, can be calculated Leq every vehicles which
passed road using this formula :
Leq (i) = Loe + [10 log (Ni/Vi*T)] +[10 log
(15/D)^1.5] -
13 dB(A)
Which Leq(i) is noise intensity at main location and
described as decibel (dB(A)), Loe is noise emission and
described as decibel (dB(A)), i is type of vehicles, N is
total amount of vehicles at sampling location, V is
average speed of vehicles passed through road, T is total
time of sampling and D is distance of noise source from
receiver, described as meter. After Leq every vehicles
obtained, can be calculated Leq total of road. Leq total
can be calculating using this formula :
Leq (total) = 10 log
[(10^Leq(i)/10)+…+(10^Leq(n)/10)
dB(A)
Which Leq (total) is noise level of all vehicles
calculated. After Leq (total) value obtained, can be
calculated distance of variation using this formula :
Leq (total)2 = Leq(total) – 20 log (R2/R1)
Which Leq (tot) is total noise level at distance R1 and
described as decibel (dB(A)) and Leq (tot)2 is total noise
level at distance R2 and described as decibel (dB(A)).
Variation of distance can be chosen by laboratory
analysis using modelling tools, for example Microsoft
Excel.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Noise level measurements data of the traffic near
Bogor Agricultural University main gate area were
presented in table 1 and 2. Due to high traffic of vehicles
presented at the measured area, the value of noise level
from the second method was higher than the first
method that using sound level meter. This may happen
because the lack of accurate data on the speed of the
vehicles that passed by. Based on that result, the noise
level value from first method was used to describe the
noise level of measured area. The decrement of noise
level by variation of the distance was showed on picture
1. Based on Decree of the Minister of Environment No.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

48 Th. 1996 about noise level standard on government calculation on Table 1 by means determining the type of
and public facilities, the noise level should be reduced to vehicle, the number of vehicles, speed of vehicles and
60 dB(A). The picture 1 showed that after 100 m, the noise emission from literature.
noise level was dissipated to around 60 dB(A). That
result created the need of presence from noise barrier
wall to reduce the noise level.

TABLE 1
THE RESULT FROM MEASUREMENTS OF
NOISE LEVEL VALUE USING QUANTITY OF
VEHICLES, VELOCITY OF VEHICLES, AND NOISE
EMISSION OF VEHICLES

Noise Noise
Types of
Emission Level
vehicles
(dB(A)) (dB (A))
Motorcycle 60 66.3
Sedan 63 52.9
Micro bus 73 75.9 Fig 1. Graph reduction of noise levels with a variety
Bus 80 65.2 of distances
Truck 83 77.7
The total of noise level 80.23 Using high and curved noise barrier design which
using façade design can reduce noise level to 29 dB(A)
From Table 1, can be concluded that noise emission and lowering of current noise level to 51 dB(A) by
from truck is the biggest source of noise level, emitted placing the noise barrier on the 300 meters distance from
83 dB(A) as standard from Decree of the Minister of highway. The calculations confirmed that absorption of
Environment No. 48 Th. 1996 about noise level standard sound waves is not only needed for reducing noise level
and in the sampling, truck emitted 77.7 dB(A) at main but also improving the shielding effect. Using high and
road of entrance gate Bogor Agricultural University area. curved noise barrier can decrease noise level of highway
Result from calculation of noise level value using SLM at entrance gate area of Bogor Agricultural University
can be shown at Table 2 below. from 80 dB(A) to 51 dB(A) by placing the noise barrier
300 meters away from highway. Result from modelling
TABLE 2 noise level is shown at Tabel 3 below.
THE RESULT FROM CALCULATION OF NOISE
LEVEL VALUE USING SOUND LEVEL METER TABLE 3
Leq for every THE RESULT FROM MODELLING NOISE
Minute LEVEL BASED ON VARIATION OF DISTANCE
minute (dB)
1 71.4 FROM NOISE SOURCE
2 66.2
3 66.5 Distance (meter) Noise Level (dB)
4 65.3
10 80.23
5 67.5
6 65.5 50 66.25
7 65.9 100 60.23
8 65.4 150 56.71
9 67.7
10 69.9 200 54.21
Leq 10 minutes (dB) 67.6 250 52.27
300 50.69

Based on Table 2 data, the value of noise intensity for The dimension of Noise barrier wall that used on this
10 minutes with a distance of 10 meters from road is simulation was presented on picture 2. This noise barrier
67.6 dB(A). The value of this is very different from the wall was using concrete as material for building it. The

53
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398
simulations were done on 3D. The FEM is based on
finite element method with Reynolds stress viscous
model and Ffowcs-Williams & Hawkings acoustics
model. The 3D simulation showed the contour of sound
pressure at noise barrier wall. The contour can be seen at
picture 3 and 4. The 3D model showed that the curve
section on the top of noise barrier wall reduce the sound
reflection from the noise that came from the traffic.
Fig 2. Dimension of noise barrier wall.
Fig 3. The contour of sound pressure at noise barrier
(Pa).
. [2] Djalante S. 2010. Analisis Tingkat Kebisingan di
Fig 4. The contour of sound pressure at noise barrier
(Pa)
54
IV. CONCLUSIONS
From the simulation of controlling noise level using
noise barrier based on façade design, It is concluded that
using noise barrier, at distance 10 meters from road,
noise level is 80 dB(A) and at distance 300 meters from
road, noise level is 51 dB(A). Using high and curved
noise barrier can decrease noise level of highway at
entrance gate area of Bogor Agricultural University
from 80 dB(A) to 51 dB(A) by placing the noise barrier
300 meters away from highway. Based on the result,
noise barrier can reduce the noise level into below
quality standard from decree of minister of environment
for school area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank to my advisor Dr. Ir. Arief
Sabdo Yuwono, M.Sc for all of the advices and an
excitement in regard to teaching. Without her guidance
and persistent help this paper would not have been
possible. The last one but not the least, we would like to
thank to my colleagues in Departement Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural
University, Vice dean of Faculty and also Vice rector for
their permit, so we can attend this event.
REFERENCES
[1] Purwadi J. 2006. Analisis Tingkat Kebisingan Dan
Emisi Gas Buang di Jalan Slamet Riyadi dan
Alternatif Solusinya (Kajian Empirikal dan Non
Empirikal). Tesis. Progam Magister Teknik Sipil
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Jalan Raya Menggunakan Alat Pemberi Isyarat
Lalu Lintas (APIL) Studi Kasus Simpang Ade
Swalayan. Jurnal SMARTek, Vol. 8 No. 4,
Nopember 2010:280 300. Jurusan Teknik Sipil.
Fakultas Teknik. Universitas Haluoleo: Kendari.
[3] Umiati S. 2011. Pengaruh Tata Hijau Terhadap
Tingkat Kebisingan Pada Perumahan Jalan
Ratulangi Makassar. Teknika 2. 2011. 12-19.
[4] Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup
Nomor KEP-48/MENLH/11/1996 Tentang Baku
Tingkat Kebisingan.
[5] Sagartzazu X, Hervella L, Pagalday JM. 2008.
Review in Sound Absorbing Materials.
Universidase da Coruna, Faculdade de Informatica,
Depatment of Mathematics, Campus Elvina. Spain.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
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Topic [C]
Engineering and Information System
Development

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 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Economic Dispatch Considering Emission

Using Multi-Objective Flower Pollination
Algorithm (MOFPA)
Muhammad Fadli Azis1, Albert Ryanta2, Dimas Fajar Uman Putra3, Okto Fenno4
1,2,3,4
Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya Indonesia
1
fadli11@mhs.ee.its.ac.id
2
albert.ryanta11@mhs.ee.its.ac.id
3
dimasfup@ee.its.ac.id
4
okto12@mhs.ee.its.ac.id

Abstract— This paper presents economic dispatch considering
emission constraint using multi-objective flower pollination
algorithm (MOFPA) method. Minimizing the operating cost in
economic dispatch is no longer permitted to be the only
criterion for dispatching the electric power due to
environmental and health consideration. In this paper, fuel cost
and emission functions are considered as a single-objective
optimization problem and both of them can be formulated by
using multi-objective optimization. Sum weighted, one of the
multi-objective optimization method, is used in this paper.
This multi-objective optimization function will be solved using
Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA). This algorithm is a
nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of
flowering plants. Based on the literature survey, the cost
function is taken as a quadratic function and solved for
economic and emission dispatch problem. The IEEE 30-bus
system with 6-generation units is presented as a plant to
illustrate the application of the proposed problem.
Keywords— Economic Dispatch; Emission; Flower
Pollination Algorithm; Multi-Objective Optimization; Sum
Weighted
I. INTRODUCTION
Economic Dispatch (ED) is one of the major
economic power system operation and optimization
problems. Electrical power is generated using various
conventional and renewable sources, but most of them
are produced by thermal plants which are the main
sources of gaseous emission and air pollution.
Nowadays, minimizing the operating cost in economic
dispatch is no longer permitted to be the only criterion
for dispatching the electric power due to environmental
and health consideration.
A number of conventional optimization methods
have been applied to solve the Economic Emission
Dispatch (EED) problem such as lambda iteration
method, gradient search, linear programming, quadratic
programming, dynamic programming and Newton-based
methods [1, 2]. A good performance is obtained by these
conventional calculus-based methods. However, when
solving EED large scale problem, they fail to achieve
satisfactory success because it involves higher
nonlinearities and non-smooth characteristics [3].
Recently, a number of conventional optimization
methods also have been applied to solve the EED
problem such evolutionary programming [4], genetic
algorithm [5], and particle swarm optimization [6].
Regardless of the non-linear and non-smooth shape of
the input-output characteristics of the thermal plants, a
good performance is obtained by these non derivative-
based methods in solving the EED problem [3].
In this paper, a Multi-Objective Flower Pollination
Algorithm (MOFPA) is presented and applied to solve
the EED problem. The reminder of the paper is
organized as follows: section 2 provides the formulation
of the EED problem and MOFPA method. In section 3,
the simulation results are demonstrated. The conclusion
is drawn in section 4.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
Determining the optimum loading of all generation
units is the objective of the Economic Emission
Dispatch (EED) problem which both of the cost and
emission function are minimized subject to specified
constraint [1].

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ISSN: 2355-4398
A. Objective Function
The EED is formulated as a multi-objective
optimization problem for all-thermal plants. This
formula is calculated considering the emission in
addition to the operating cost. These objective functions
can be represented mathematically as follows [1] :
∑ (1)
∑ (2)
Where,
F : the fuel cost function of the thermal units
E : the amount of emission (NOx)
Pgi : Power generation of unit i
ai, bi, ci : The fuel cost coefficients for unit i
di, ei, fi : The emission coefficients
Ng : Number of generation units.
B. Constraints
These objective functions are minimized subject to a
number of constraints, represented as follows:
1. Load Balance
∑ (3)
where Pgi is the total power generated and PD is the
total of system load demand.
2. Generating Unit Capacity Limits
(4)
where and are the minimum and maximum power
generation for unit i.
C. Multi-Objective Optimization
Multi-objective optimization is an area of multiple
criteria decision making that is concerned with
mathematical optimization problems involving more
than one objective function to be optimized
simultaneously. Sum weighted [7], one of the multi-
objective optimization method, combines two or more
unrelated single-objective problem into a new multi-
objective function. The combined economic and
emission problem is converted into single optimization
problem by introducing price penalty factor h [8].
This combined objective function is represented as
follows :
∑ ( ) ∑ ( ) (5)
where w is a weighting factor that satisfies 0 ≤ w ≤ 1.
57
∑ ( )
(6)
∑ ( )
The price penalty factor, is the ratio between the
maximum fuel cost and maximum emission of
corresponding generator.
D. Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA)
Flower pollination is the process where pollen is
transferred from the anther (male part) to the stigma
(female part) of the plant enabling fertilization and
reproduction. There are two pollination process, biotic
and abiotic, with over with 90% of them being biotic.
Pollinators transmit pollen in biotic pollination. Whereas,
abiotic pollination does not require pollinators, instead it
is done by wind and water and other natural causes. The
following are the four rules of the flower pollination
characteristics [9] :
1. Biotic and cross-pollination are considered as
process of the global pollination and pollen is
carried by a movement which is represented
mathematically as Levy flight movement.
2. Abiotic and self-pollination are equivalent to
process of local pollination
3. Flower constancy can be developed by pollinators,
which is like probability of reproduction and
proportional to the similarity of two flowers
involved.
4. Changing from local pollination to global
pollination can be controlled by a probability
which the value of � is a uniform distribution from
0 to 1.
In global pollination step, flower pollen is carried by
pollinators over longer distances. This ensures
pollination and reproduction of the most optimal (best
fitness value) and the fitness value is represented as
�.The mathematical equivalent of first rule can be
represented as follows :
(7)
where, is the pollen i or solution vector at iteration t, is
the current best solution, L is the power of the
pollination, which essentially is the step size. Since
insects may move over a long distance with different
distance steps, a Levy flight is used to represent these
characteristic. Levy distribution, L > 0,
( )
( )
(8)
Here, Γ is the standard gamma function, R is a normal
random number, is a Levy step scaling factor and Z is a
Levy step constant. At the local pollination, both the
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

second and third rule can be represented mathematically optimizing the fuel cost neglecting the emission
as follows : objective functions individually using the Lambda
Iteration, PSO and FPA method. Then, the problem is
(9) solved by optimizing the fuel cost considering the
emission objective functions simultaneously using
Whereand are pollen from another flowers of the same MOPSO and MOFPA. To generate the non-inferior
plant species. Mathematically, if and come from the solution, the weighted-sum method is applied.
same species or selected from the same population, this
equivalently becomes a local random step if the value is E. Economic Dispatch (ED) Neglecting Emission
a uniform distribution from 0 to 1. In this case, the Lambda Iteration, PSO and FPA
Most flower pollination activity can occur on a local method are compared in solving the ED problem. The
and global scale. In practice, adjacent flowers are more results show that the FPA method is more optimal and
often pollinated by its local pollen. A switch probability, more effective than the PSO method in solving the ED
the fourth rule, is used through a proximity probability p problem as shown in Table 3. It shows that the result
to switch between global pollination and local from FPA method is closer to the numerical method‘s
pollination. A preliminary parametric showed that p=0.8 result than the result obtained from PSO method.
might work better for most applications. Yang has TABLE IIII : ECONOMIC DISPATCH NEGLECTING EMISSION
observed that, the value of p = 0.8 works better in most
applications for the simulation [10]. Lambda
PSO FPA
Iteration
III. SIMULATION RESULTS Cost ($) 17459.62666 17459.65289 17459.62666
Gen1 (MW) 172.06534 174.54232 172.06534
The proposed MOFPA is implemented to solve an
Gen2 (MW) 352.10760 352.22402 352.10759
EED problem. The case study used in this paper is the
IEEE30 bus system with 6 generators with a total load Gen3 (MW) 390.44590 389.81529 390.44591
demand of 1800 MW. The coefficients for fuel cost Gen4 (MW) 309.02079 306.12776 309.02080
equations together with the generation capacity limits of Gen5 (MW) 390.44590 390.97593 390.44589
the thermal units are given in Table 1 [1,11]. In this Gen6 (MW) 185.91447 186.31468 185.91446
EED problem, two conflicting objectives are considered,
F. Economic Emission Dispatch (EED)
the cost and emission functions.
In this case, the MOPSO and MOFPA method are
compared in solving the EED problem. The emission is
TABLE I : COEFFICIENTS FOR COST EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITY
considered in addition to the fuel cost. The multi-
CONSTRAINT PARAMETER
objective optimization problem is converted into a single
Generator a b c Pmin Pmax one by utilizing the weighting factors w1and w2. A
i ($/MW2h) ($/MWh) ($/h) (MW) (MW) combination of these 2 weights is applied each time to
Gen1 0.002035 8.432500 85.634800 150 600 obtain the set of non-dominant solutions. These solution
Gen2 0.003866 6.410310 303.778000 150 600 sets for cost and emission are obtained using MOPSO as
Gen3 0.002182 7.428900 847.148400 150 600 shown in Table 4 and using MOFPA as shown in Table
Gen4 0.001345 8.301540 274.224100 150 600 5. The power generated solution set in order to fulfill the
Gen5 0.002182 7.428900 847.148400 150 600 power demand, yet considering cost and emission in
Gen6 0.005963 6.915590 202.025800 150 600
Table 6 obtained by using MOPSO and in Table 7
obtained by using MOFPA. Results obtained by both
methods in this case study demonstrate a good
Then, the coefficients for the emission equations are performance in solving EED problem regardless of the
given in Table 2 [1]. non-linear and non-smooth shape of the input-output
TABLE I : COEFFICIENTS FOR EMISSION (NOX) EQUATIONS characteristics of the thermal generating unit.
Generator TABLE IV : ECONOMIC DISPATCH CONSIDERING EMISSION USING
d e f MOPSO
i
Gen1 0.006323 -0.381280 80.901900 w1 w2 Cost ($) Emission (kg)
Gen2 0.006480 -0.790270 28.824900
1.00 0.00 17459.65289 2013.65916
Gen3 0.003174 -1.360610 324.177500
0.75 0.25 17523.31246 1814.28105
Gen4 0.006732 -2.399280 610.253500
0.50 0.50 17561.51799 1796.02012
Gen5 0.003174 -1.360610 324.177500
0.25 0.75 17582.89515 1792.36898
Gen6 0.006181 -0.390770 50.380800
0.00 1.00 17596.53481 1791.74676

The MOFPA is implemented to solve this two-

objective problem. The problem is solved first by

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ISSN: 2355-4398

TABLE V : ECONOMIC DISPATCH CONSIDERING EMISSION USING as a quadratic function and solved for economic and
MOFPA
emission dispatch problem. The Multi-Objective
w1 w2 Cost ($) Emission (kg) optimization problem is converted to a single one by
1.00 0.00 17459.62666 2013.12095 utilizing the weighted-sum method. This paper also
0.75 0.25 17523.57810 1814.07851 shows the effectiveness of the MOFPA method in
0.50 0.50 17562.59605 1795.74347
solving the Multi-Objective EED problem.
0.25 0.75 17583.91546 1792.27693 REFERENCES
0.00 1.00 17597.16526 1791.73935
[1] J.S. Dhillon and D.P. Kothari, "The surrogate worth trade-off
approach for multiobjective thermal power dispatch problem,"
Electr.Power Syst.Res., vol. 56, pp. 103-110, 11/1. 2000.
TABLE VI : POWER GENERATED USING MOPSO [2] J.H. Talaq, F. El-Hawary and M.E. El-Hawary, "A summary of
environmental/economic dispatch algorithms," Power Systems,
w1 w2 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 IEEE Transactions on, vol. 9; 9, pp. 1508-1516, 1994.
(MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) [3] T.A.A. Victoire and A.E. Jeyakumar, "Hybrid PSO–SQP for
1.00 0.00 174.54 352.22 389.82 306.13 390.98 186.31 economic dispatch with valve-point effect," Electr.Power
Syst.Res., vol. 71, pp. 51-59, 9. 2004.
0.75 0.25 167.59 242.86 453.43 306.48 452.44 177.21 [4] K.P. Wang and J. Yuryevich, "Evolutionary-programming-
0.50 0.50 166.41 214.41 470.38 305.71 469.56 173.54 based algorithm for environmentally-constrained economic
0.25 0.75 165.68 200.95 478.14 304.98 478.39 171.86 dispatch," Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 13, pp.
301- 306, 1998.
0.00 1.00 165.66 192.82 483.16 305.66 482.50 170.18 [5] E. Zio, P. Baraldi and N. Pedroni, "Optimal power system
generation scheduling by multi-objective genetic algorithms
with preferences," Reliab.Eng.Syst.Saf., vol. 94, pp. 432-444, 2.
TABLE VII : POWER GENERATED USING MOPSO 2009.
[6] S. Hemamalini and S.P. Simon, "Emission constrained
w1 w2 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 economic dispatch with valve-point effect using particle swarm
(MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) optimization," TENCON 2008 - 2008, TENCON 2008. IEEE
Region 10 Conference, pp. 1-6, 2008.
1.00 0.00 172.07 352.11 390.45 309.02 390.45 185.91
[7] Y.Y. Haimes, Hierarchical Analyses of Water Resources
0.75 0.25 167.38 242.70 453.16 306.42 453.16 177.17 Systems: Modeling and Optimization of Large-scale Systems,
0.50 0.50 166.14 213.82 470.55 305.65 470.55 173.29 New York: McGraw Hill, 1977.
0.25 0.75 165.58 200.49 478.73 305.30 478.73 171.16 [8] Mimoun Younes, Fouad Khodja, Riad Lakhdar Kherfane,
―Multi-objective economic emission dispatch solution using
0.00 1.00 165.26 192.82 483.50 305.10 483.50 169.83 hybrid FFA (firefly algorithm) and considering wind power
penetration‖, Energy, Volume 67, 1 April 2014, Pages 595-606,
ISSN 0360-5442.
IV. CONCLUSIONS [9] Yang, X. S. (2012). Flower Pollination Algorithm for Global
Optimization, in: Unconventional Computation and Natural
In this paper, the economic-emission load dispatch Computation 2012, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.
problem is discussed and solved with considering the 7445. Pp. 240-249.
[10] Raouf, O. A., Baset, M. A., & El-henawy, I, "A Novel Hybrid
environmental aspects. In addition to the fuel cost, the Flower Pollination Algorithm with Chaotic Harmony Search for
emission also minimized simultaneously. The MOFPA Solving Sudoku Puzzles,‖ International Journal of Engineering
method has been implemented in this paper to solve the Trends and Technology (IJETT), 2014.
EED problem. This method is a new nature-inspired [11] M.F. AlHajri and M.E. El-Hawary, "Pattern search optimization
applied to convex and non-convex economic dispatch,"
method, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2007. ISIC. IEEE International
Based on the literature survey, the cost function is taken Conference on, pp. 2674-2678, 2007.

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ISSN: 2355-4398

Effective Salt Pond Potential Area Mapping

Using Geographic Information System-Based
Map and Analysis
(Case Study: Sampang, Madura)
Zulfikar Adlan Nadzir#1, Nafizah#2, Enira Suryaningsih#3
#
Geomatics Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya
Campus ITS, Keputih Sukolilo 60111 Surabaya East Java Indonesia
1
zulfikaradlan@gmail.com
2
naf.nafizah@yahoo.com
3
eniraningsih@gmail.com

Abstract— Sampang in Madura Island is one of the regions
in Indonesia which has high potential of salt pond. In this
region, salt pond mining has been carried out on a large
scale by the government company and it’s citizen, with
total area counted 4209 Ha. However, until now the
productivity of salt in Sampang is still considered low, even
below the average of national production, i.e 49 tonnes /
Ha, compared with 70-100 tons / Ha (Source: : Laporan
Akhir Masterplan Revitalisasi Tambak Kabupaten Sampang,
2011). The government has been offered a solution to this
problem with some sort of program, namely the
Revitalization Master Plan of the Salt Pond -conducted in
2011 nonetheless, the solution was not highly effective in
resolving these problems. Therefore, this study aims to
optimize the productivity of salt in Sampang to determine
potential areas of exploration of salt, based on soil and
ecological aspects. This research is conducted through
investigation by using geospatial information which related
to aspects of soil and ecological aspects of Sampang region.
These include pH data, soil type, slope, and being
processed in a Geographical Information System that
utilizes certain parameters to determine the location of salt
mining potential, thus the maps were obtained from the
processes. These maps show the prospective locations of
salt mining potential in Sampang, that can be used as a
reference and a source of scientific approach for the
government of Sampang in effectively determining the
location of salt mining, and also create a long-term
planning of land use in Sampang, Madura, Indonesia. The
result show that more than 4303.2 Ha of existing salt pond
is already suitable for mining, but another 1394 Ha of
existing salt pond is not suitable for salt-mining. Another
result is that the northern area of Sampang having more
suitable area for salt-mining because of it’s salinity, but
none of them was used for salt-mining for now, due to it’s
topographic properties.
Keywords— Saltwater, Geographic Information Systems,
Geospatial Information, Sampang
I. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an archipelago with 70% of it‘s area
covered by water, thus has many potential and one of
them is salt. This potential hasn‘t exploited fully yet to
achieve Indonesia‘s demand of salt, then the government
has to import the slat from abroad to fulfil these demand.
Indonesia Statistic‘s Board (BPS) data stated that import
volume of salt has been risen 78%, from January 2013
and January 2014, with exact figure of 156 thousand
tons and 278 thousand tons, respectively.
Madura island is one of the island with the
highest salt potential in Indonesia, proofed by it‘s
nickname ―Pulau Garam‖ or Salt Island. Total area of
salt pond in Madura Island is 15,347 hectare. One of the
most potent place to exploit salt is Sampang, which
located in 113o08‘-113o39‘ East Longitude dan 06o05‘-
07o13‘ South Latitude and area of 123.333 km2. Total
pond area of Sampang is 5,697 hectare and 73.88% of it
or 4,209 hectare respectively is used for salt pond with
49 tons/hectare usual productivity. Ironically, the
productivity rate of Madura Island is low relatively
compared to national‘s mean productivity of salt, which
ranged from 70 to 100 tons/hectare [1]. One of the causes
is falsely chose a salt pond site because lack of scientific
parameter. Therefore, a scientific method is needed to
choose and map potential area scientifically, especially
using Geospatial Data with Geographical Information
System method.
Indonesia Research and Development Agency
(BPPT) in 2012 stated that preliminary assessment of
salt pond need some scientific parameters is being
reviewed, such as ecologic and soil aspect e.g. marine

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ISSN: 2355-4398

resources, tide, climate and weather, wind, humidity,
evaporation and topography, soil texture respectively.
One of the parameter used is Sea Surface Salinity (SSS).
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a
computer-based system which being used to store and
manipulate geographical information. GIS is designed to
collecting, storing, and analysing objects and
phenomenon which use geographic information as a
critical characteristic. Therefore, GIS is a computer
system which has 4 ability to handle geographic data e.g.
input, output, data management and data manipulation
and analysis [2].
II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Tools and Data
 Data
Data which are being used in this research
listed as follows:
- AQUA/MODIS Satellite Imagery of 1st July,
2011
- RBI Map of Sampang
- Slope and Soil map of Sampang
- Pond area data of Sampang
- Sampang‘s salt quality data
- Newest data of salt pond in Sampang
 Tools
Tools used in this research are listed as below.
- Remote sensing processing application
- ArcGIS 10.2.2
- Word and Spreadsheet processor
First process of this research is secondary data input
which acquired from Maritime, Poultry and Fishing
Agency of Sampang into an Geographic Information
System, resulted in a GIS which contain these data with
it‘s visualization. In this step, only secondary data was
being used. Second process is processing
AQUA/MODIS satellite imagery with ‗Sea Surface
Salinity‘ algorithm which is one of the maritime
parameter of potent salt pond location, with equation
below:
14.256 – 240.163 x Band 1 – 72.533 x Band 2 +
124.700 x Band 3 +191.266 x Band 4 +36.044 x Band
5-11.117x Band 6 – 39.789 x Band 7[3].
This is resulted in a GIS which integrate the primary
and secondary data. After that, using already inputted
data in the GIS, an area-assessment analyse is done,
which use parameters listed below in Table 1.
The result of analysing data above is a map which
represent the potential place to explore salt pond in
Sampang, so it can be used as a reference of preliminary
assessment of new salt pond location or as a review
reference of existing salt pond location.

B. Research Method
Located in Sampang as shown in figure 1, this
research utilising Remote Sensing method, especially
AQUA/MODIS satellite imagery to preliminary assess
the potential area of salt pond exploration. The
flowchart of this research is being shown in figure 2 as
follows.

Fig. 2 Research Flowchart

Fig. 2 Administrative Boundary map of Sampang
(source: Bappeda Sampang)

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ISSN: 2355-4398

Fig. 3 AQUA/MODIS Satellite Imagery

TABLE III Satellite imagery above will be processed using Sea
PARAMETERS OF SUITABILITY OF SALT POND Surface Salinity algorithm to get salinity of every pixel
[psu] in coast of Sampang. The result of these agortihm
processing is shown in Figure 4 below. The result
represent one of the parameter of effective, efficient and
maximal preliminary assessment method of salt pond
exploration.

Fig. 4 Sea Surface Salinity Map of Sampang

From secondary data we can see some picture of
these, which are Slope Map, Soil Map and Field
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
campaign data. These data was derived from Masterplan
From inputted data collected from data acquisition, Revitalisasi Lahan Tambak Kabupaten Sampang in 2011.
the picture are shown below. On figure 3 we can see an
AQUA.MODIS Satellite imagery of 1st July 2011, taken
at 07.10 UTC, with extent to Sampang.

Fig. 5 Slope Map of Sampang

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ISSN: 2355-4398

Fig. 6 Soil Map of Sampang

From data above, process we do next is inputting the
data into GIS. These input process resulted in a Potent
Salt Pond Exploration Area Map in Sampang.
Table II and Figure 7 below represent the result of
input process of secondary data in Sampang. From the
table, we can see that the existing salt pond which
suitable for salt pond based from ecological and soil
parameters is 4303.2 hectare. For a not so-suitable the
area is 230.4 hectare, and not suitable is 1163.6 hectare,
respectively.
TABLE IVI
TABLE OF SUITABILITY OF EXISTING SALT PONDIN
SAMPANG

From table II and figure 7 we can see that Sampang

has one of the highest salt pond exploration potential.
From figure 7 we can see that existing salt pond is
concentrated in South coast of Sampang. For analytical
purpose, we comparing the existing map and Sea
Surface Salinity Map, and the result shown below in
Figure 8.
Fig. 8 Comparation of satellite imagery with suitability
map
From comparation above, we can see that southwest
area of Sampang is one of the most potent location for
Salt Pond Exploration, proofed by it‘s above average sea
surface salinity, which is 32-34 psu, compared with 30
psu average.
Another interesting result from imagery processing is
the result shows that north coast of Sampang has sea
surface salinity which is higher that average, even with
southwest area of Sampang, whose the existing salt
pond concentrated. The downside of this region is due to
limited field campaign data therefore the analytical
process of north coast is not available for now.

Fig. 7 Suitability map of Existing Salt Pond in Sampang
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on analytical process derived from Masterplan
Revitalisasi Lahan Tambak in Sampang on 2011 for salt
pond area, the most potent area of salt pond exploration
is Southwest area of Sampang. Furthermore, the existing
salt pond which suitable for salt pond based from
ecological and soil parameters is 4303.2 hectare. For a
not so-suitable the area is 230.4 hectare, and not suitable
is 1163.6 hectare, respectively.

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ISSN: 2355-4398
Fig. 9 Suitability map of Existing Salt Pond in Sampang
TABLE VII
TABLE OF SUITABILITY OF EXISTING SALT PONDIN
SAMPANG
From AQUA/MODIS satellite data and field
campaign analysis we can say that there are some
agreement, which are the southwest area of Sampang is
one of the most potent area to be salt pond exploration,
with above average salinity of 32-34 psu, compared to
30 psu average. Furthermore, it‘s found that north coast
of Sampang has even higher sea surface salinity with
35-36 psu based on AQUA/MODIS satellite imagery
processing.
64
From the research process above, we recommend that
further research can be done in north coast area of
Sampang. Furthermore, satellite imagery can be used for
further research, but high resolution imagery is more
recommended. More detailed field campaign data is
recommended too, to make the research more reliable
and validated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Allah SWT and His Prophet, Nabi
Muhammad SAW for the blessings and graces upon us.
Thank you for suggestion, advice and another
recommendation from parents and our family at home.
Thank you for Dr. Muhammad Taufik for your advice
and suggestion and Geodynamics and Environment
Laboratory for the funding and authorization of this
research.
REFERENCES
[1] Pusat Studi Kelautan Universitas Trunojoyo
Madura. 2011. Laporan Akhir Masterplan
Revitalisasi Lahan Tambak Kabupaten Sampang.
Sampang: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan
Daerah Pemerintah Kabupaten Sampang
[2] Wong, Man Sing dkk. 2007. Modeling of
Suspended Solids and Sea Surface Salinity in
Hong Kong using Aqua/MODIS Satellite Images.
Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.23, No.3,
2007, pp.161~169g
[3] Muhsoni, F.F. 2012. Kesesuaian Lahan Tambak
Garam Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis
Di Kabupaten Sampang. Seminar Nasional
Kedaulatan Pangan dan Energi 2012 Fakultas
Pertanian Universitas Trunojoyo Madura Juni 2012
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

SOBATEX: Solution for Batik Wastewater

through Photocatalytic and Ozonation Process
Singgih Wibowo#1, Heri Sutanto*2, Faris Gustomi Salim#2 ,Yanuar Aji Saputro#1, Muhammad Zainal
Mahfud#3
#1
Physics Departmen, Diponegoro Univesity
#2
Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro Univesity
#3
Mechanical Engineering, Diponegoro Univesity
Semarang, Indonesia
1
singgih@st.fisika.undip.ac.id
3
fgsalim@yahoo.com

Abstract— Pekalongan, the Batik City, is best known for
its distinct colorful batiks that was officially included by
UNESCO into world’s Creative Cities Network. However,
batik wastewater seems to be a problem from batik
production. Total Dissolve Solid, Chemical Oxygen
Demand and Colour parameters of batik wastewater are
usually above environmental standard. It will decline
water quality if the wastewater is purged to environment
without any treatment. SOBATEX, batik wastewater
treatment system through photocatalyst process, seems to
be a solution for this problem. In this study we
investigated performances of 5% Ag Doping on ZnO thin
film on the degradation of a common reactive dye Direct
Blue B2R by Photocatalytic Oxidation and scaled up the
process into the prototype called SOBATEX. Thin films
were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
and samples from the process were analyzed using UV-vis
spectrophotometer, TDS meter, and COD. The result
showed that percent colour degradation of 50 ml Direct
blue B2R (10ppm) under the sun exposure for about 1
hour was 62.5% based on UV-vis spectrophotometry.
SOBATEX with ZnO:Ag 5% thin film has 1.2 x 1.5 x 1.9
m dimension. Under 180 minutes degradation of 50 L
Direct blue B2R (100ppm), percent degradation TDS
reached 69%, percent degradation COD reached 63.15%,
percent colour degradation reached 99%. The Conclusion
of this research was that SOBATEX is very promising to
be a solution for batik wastewater problem.
Keywords— Batik wastewater, Direct Blue B2R,
Photocatalyst, SOBATEX, ZnO: Ag Thin Film
I. INTRODUCTION
Pekalongan City has been admissibility by UNESCO
to be recognized as the largest city in the world. It is
very ironic to the environmental pollution caused by
wastewater batik. Most of the batik industry uses
synthetic dyes because they are cheap, readily available,
and easy to use. However, the waste produced is
colorless and difficult to degrade. Wastewater from the
batik industry generally comes from direct type, procion,
erionyl, acronym, or rhodamine which if discharged
into the waters will reduce oxygen levels. This is
because the oxygen will be used for oxidizing organic
compounds dyes [1]
If the wastewater is discharged without first
processing it especially difficult to avoid contamination
of waters due to pollution in the wastewater still
contains a lot of dyes and dyeing processes supporting
substances .The dye can interfere with the aesthetics
and penetration into water bodies that interfere with the
process of photosynthesis of aquatic plants . The decline
in water quality as indicated by the increased water
turbidity due to pollution dyes , will preclude the entry
of sunlight into the bottom waters and disrupt the
balance of photosynthesis and mutagenic effects and
carsinogenic of the dye can make it a serious problem
[ 2 ].
The batik wastewater treatment such as IPAL
remains an inefficient way of treating batik wastewater
in large quantities. High cost investment and operation
seems to be a problem for this technology. Others
technology such as electrocoagulation, will not meet
small and medium scale industries specification
because of its high cost operation. Chemical catalyst
can be cheap both on its investment and operation,
however it tend to produce toxic residue as its product.
numerous studies on the application of photocatalytic
oxidation (PCO) for the conversion of azo dyes into
oxygen and CO2 [3]; and other organic pollutants [4] in
aqueous solutions have been reported. The process
commonly involves irradiation by UV (λ < 400 nm) in
the presence of a semiconductor catalyst like Zinc oxide
(ZnO).

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Upon absorption of light energy equal to or larger manufactures is about 1-1.3 m3/day. Therefore to cover
than the band gap. the need of treating batik wastewater the target capacity
energy, a valence band electron of the semiconductor chosen is 1.3 m3/day.
can be excited to the conduction band (e-CB ), leaving a Development of SOBATEX:
positive hole in the valence band (h+VB). Based on the basic engineering properties of batik
ZnO + hv  e-CB + h+VB wastewater, a size long reactor and pump discharge was
h+VB + H2O  *OH + H+ designed and developed. A brief description of its
component is given below.
h+VB + OH-  *OH (i) Frame assembly : SOBATEX is made sturdy while
light in weight and ergonomy using suitable size of
The positive hole is a strong oxidant which can either angle. The machine has the frame 1.2 x 1.5 x 0.9 m size,
oxidize a compound directly, or react with electron fabricated from 4 x 4 alloy steel MS section. These
donors like water or hydroxide ions to form hydroxyl sections are joined by gas welding. Pump and reactor
radical (*OH), which is also a potent oxidizer [5]. Other are mounted on this frame. The frame was equipped
study reported that Zinc oxide (ZnO) doped Ag could with four wheels to support mobility
be activated on irradiation by visible light [6]. PCO is (ii) Vessel assembly: SOBATEX will work in continue
expected to be low cost and eco friendly technology for process. Feed from vessel will pump up into reactor and
oxidizing organic compounds dyes [7] turn back into vessel and enter the reactor again. Vessel
In view of these, there exists the need to develop a had capacity about 50 l batik wastewater. Vessel was
wastewater treatment based on ZnO:Ag photocatalyst of connected directly into pump with PVC elbow.
commercial quality. The disadvantage associated with (iii) Pump assembly: pump was connected both vessel
the above technology lead to environmental pollution in as input and entering reactor as output. The flow was
Pekalongan city . however, the above technology are designed to meet the required capacity batik wastewater
observed to have some common features such as energy per day and degradation performance.
consumption, rate of batik wastewater removal and (iv) Power transmission assembly: the power was
maintenance that lead into cost operation and the design, transmitted from power control to pump by means of
supporting devices and material that lead to investment synthetic rubber A-type
cost, mobilization and user interface. (v) Reactor assembly: reactor was fabricated from 12
1m-length acrylic pipes. Each pipe was connected by
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD 90o elbow to make snake race for wastewater flowing
A thin layer of ZnO prepared using Acetatedehidrate through. Each pipe was inserted properly thin layer
Zinc (ZnAc) from Merck. Such materials as much as ZnO:Ag 5% to make sure that reaction would be
2.856 g dissolved in 39 ml of 2-Propanol (IPA) and occurred. Figures 1, 2 and 3 shows dimensional details.
then stirred at 70 ° C for 15 minutes. Furthermore
dripped Monoethanolamine (MEA) as much as 0.7 ml.
Add AgNO3 as much as 0.04 grams, 0.06 grams, 0.08
grams, 0.1 grams of ZnO: Ag 5%. The solution is then
sprayed onto the glass substrate by spray coating
method with a temperature of 250oC. Layers allowed to
stand for one hour. Layer then sintered by the furnace at
a temperature of 450oC for 1 hour. A thin layer of ZnO
was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM). Applications photodegradation performed using
50 ml of solution of Direct Blue B2R (CI number 18200)
with levels of 10 mg / l of water. UV-Vis
Spectrophotometer used to determine the percentage of
degradation.

Design of wastewater treatment based on ZnO:Ag 5%

photocatalyst called SOBATEX requires basic
information such as engineering properties of the batik Fig.1. Dimensional details of SOBATEX snake race
wastewater or required capacity. The capacity reactor
requirement of small and medium scale batik

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 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398
Fig.2. Dimensional details of acrylic pipe
Fig.3. Dimensional details of thin layer ZnO:Ag
Performance evaluation of SOBATEX was performed
using 50 liter of solution of Direct Blue B2R (CI
number 18200) with levels of 100 mg / l of water under
sun exposure during 180 minutes. Every 30 mins,
sample was taken and analyzed Total Dissolve Solid,
Chemical Oxygen Demand and its color degradation
using UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
III. Result and Discussions
Deposition of a thin layer of ZnO and ZnO: Ag 5%
managed to do over the glass substrate. White colored
layer for ZnO and brown for ZnO: Ag. But after
sintering of transparent white layer. Figures 4 and 5.
Shows the SEM image of a thin layer of ZnO and ZnO:
Ag
67
Fig. 4. SEM image of ZnO thin film
Fig. 5. SEM image of ZnO:Ag 5% thin film
Based from the difference in both of these pictures
are small grains are grains in ZnO: Ag. This is possible
is the Ag particles. The results of the test
photodegradation Direct Blue B2R To calculate the
percentage of degradation is the equation of equation (1)
% degradation = (Co-Ct)/Cox 100%
(1)
with Co is the initial concentration, Ct is the final
concentration [6]. ZnO:Ag 5% showed degradation
equal to 65% over 1hour sun exposure. This basic
parameters was scaled up into SOBATEX prototipe
The pump discharge and reactor length was
evaluated for its performance on the basis of its capacity,
degradation efficiency, power consumption, dan quality
output process.
With pump discharge was about 10 l/ min and 12
meters reactor length, SOBATEX showed great
degradation among color degradation, Total Dissolve
Solid, and Chemical Oxygen Demand parameters.
Figure 6 showed prototype SOBATEX.
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398
Fig.6. Prototype SOBATEX
Color degradation
Color degradation was determined with UV-Vis
Spectrophotometry over 7 samples. Figure 6 showed
percentage of color degradation:
Fig.6. Color degradation percentage during 180 mins
From this graphic showed that the longer operation
time, the higher percentage of colour degradation. In
180 minutes operation, percentage of degradation
reached to 99.003%. it means that OH- had successfully
oxidized dye organic compound.
Total Dissolve Solid
Total Dissolve Solid was determined to measure
dissolve solid over 7 samples. Figure 7 showed
percentage of Total Dissolve Solid degradation:
Fig.7. TDS degradation percentage during 180 mins
68
From this graphic showed that the longer operation time,
the higher percentage of dissolve solid. In 180 minutes
operation, percentage of dissolve solid degradation
reached to 69.5%.
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Chemical oxygen demand was determined to
measure oxygen demand from chemical substances over
7 samples. Figure 8 showed percentage of COD
degradation:
Fig.8. COD degradation percentage during 180
minutes
During 180 minutes process, degradation reached
63.15 %. It means that chemical substances has been
removed for about 63.15 % of total chemical substances
in batik wastewater.
Cost Operation
SOBATEX power consumption is only spent in
pump for about 125 watt. With 3 hours operation time
for 50 l means that power operation was about 0.375
Kwh. Cost operation for treating 50 l batik wastewater
in Indonesia is 0.375 Kwh x 800= IDR.300,-/ 50 l batik
wastewater.
Cost Investment
Cost investment of SOBATEX is about IDR.
2,610,000.00. The detail cost investment is showed in
Table 1:
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

Table.1. Bill of material used for fabrication of ACKNOWLEDGMENT

developed SOBATEX The authors would like to thanks Dr. Heri Sutanto,
No. Description Ammount Spec Rate(IDR) Total Cost (IDR)
M.Si for supporting this research.
dl = 4,0 cm
1 Acrylic Pipe 12 dd = 3,6 cm 100,000.00 1,200,000.00
REFERENCES
L=2m
2 Elbow 90 PVC 25 2 inch 4,000.00 100,000.00 [1] Budiyono, ―Kriya Tekstil Untuk SMK,,‖ in Jakarta:
100,000.00- Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan,
5 x 5 cm
3 Alloy steel 30 meters /6m 500,000.00 DIrektorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar
Rubber A- dan Menengah, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional,
NYM
4 typpe 3 meters 10,000.00 30,000.00 2008.
5 PVC Pipe 4 meters 25,000.00
[2] Agustina, T.E. and Badewasta, H., ―Pengolahan
6 Power control 1 5,000.00 5,000.00
limbah cair industri batik cap khas Palembang
Shimizu PS dengan proses filtrasi dan adsorpsi‖, Bandung :
130 Bit 140 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia
Watt 10
Indonesia 2009
7 Water Pump 2 l/min 550,000.00 550,000.00
Thin Layer
[3] Hustert, K., Zepp, R.G., 1992. Photocatalytic
8 ZnO:Ag 200,000.00 degradation of selected azo dyes. Chemosphere 24,
Total Cost 2,610,000.00 335–342
[4] Mills, A., Davis, R.H., Worsley, D., 1993. Water
IV. Conclusions purification by semiconductor photocatalysis.
Chemical Society Reviews 22, 417–434.
Deposition of ZnO:Ag 5% thin film was [5] C.M.So, M.Y.Cheng., J.C. Yu, and P.K. Wong.
successfully growth on glass substrate by thermal spray ―Degradation of Azo dye Procion Red MX-5B by
coating method. Photodegradation ZnO:Ag 5% reached Photocatalytic Oxidation‖. Chemosphere 46, 2002,
65% color degradation with 1 hour irradiation. 905-912
SOBATEX has 1.2 x 1.5 x 1.9 m dimension equipped [6] Amornpitoksuk, Pongsaton, Sumetha Suwanboon,
with 12 1m-acrylic pipe inserted thin layer film ZnO:Ag. Suthinee Sangkanu, Ampaitip Sukhoom, Nantakan
Under 180 minutes degradation of 50 L Direct blue Muensit, Jonas Baltrusaitis, ―Synthesis,
B2R (100ppm), percent degradation TDS reached 69%, Characterization, Photocatalytic, and Antibacterial
percent degradation COD reached 63.15%, percent Activities of Ag-doped ZnO Powder Modified with
colour degradation reached 99%. Approximately a Diblock Copolymer‖, Journal of Powder
SOBATEX can treat 0.15 m3 / day on 9 hours sun Technology 219, 2012, p. 158-164
exposure, eventhought it was not reached the target [7] Abdullah, M., dkk. 2009. Pendekatan Baru
capacity but there is possible way to reach the target if Penjernihan Air Limbah: Berbasis Nanomaterial
the snake race is extended so that it will make resident dan Zero enrgy. Berita Penelitian ITB: Bandung.
time longer than before. SOBATEX cost operation is
IDR.300,-/ 50 l batik wastewater and cost investment is
IDR. 2,610,000.00. SOBATEX is very promising to
be a solution for batik wastewater problem.

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ISSN: 2355-4398

Increasing the Performance of Anode for Li-

Ion Batteries by Using Silicon-CNF
Nanocomposite: A Systematic literature
Review
Muh Fadhil Albab#1, Shafira Rahma#2, Winda Rizky Amalia#3
#
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Indonesia
Depok, west java Indonesia
1
fadhil.ab@nano.or.id
2
shafira.rahma@ui.ac.id
3
winda.rizky@ui.ac.id

Abstract : Silicon (Si) nanostructures have been considered

as one of the most promising anode materials of lithium
ion batteries because of its large theoretical gravimetric
specific capacity of 4,200 mAh/g and relatively low
working potential at around 0.5 V vs. Li/Li+. However,
there are changes in volumetric of Si up to 400% during
charge and discharge causes serious pulverization and loss
of electrical contact between active materials, also cause
the structural failure of the active materials and accelerate
the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). To
meet the high capacity requirements and minimize the
pulverization of Silicon, we were study about new
materials to improving novel structures for high-energy
density LIBs. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes with high
capacity were synthesized from carbon nanofibers that
contained silicon nanoparticles (Si-CNF). The CNFs on the
surface of Si particle can provide flexible space to relieve
volumetric expansion during charge. The particle filled
nonwoven structures were produced by an electrospinning
and subsequent carbonization process. As produced, the Si
nanoparticles could become detached from the nanofiber
surface during cycling, causing severe structural damage
and capacity loss. In order to prevent Si from detaching
from the nanofiber surface, the Silicon-CNF composite
was then treated with a thermal chemical vapor deposition
(CVD) technique to make Si completely coated with a
carbon matrix. It was found that the cycling performance
of Si-CNF-C could be increased up to 200% and also
stabilizing the solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI) formation
on surface. Results indicate that the capacity and cyclic
stability were increased by the CVD treatment for Si-CNF
Nanocomposite LIB anode.
Keywords: Anode; Battery; CVD; lithium; Nanocomposites
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, Li-Ion Batteries have been used in large
application. There a lot of advantages that offered by
this batteries such as for portable and electronic device
application. Lithium Ion batteries are already used by
people all around the world since 20 years ago, because
of high energy density and flexibility design. The
capapble performance of Lithium Ion Batteries also
needed for transportation application and battery /
electric car storage system. Moreover, the national
electric car (Mobilnas) development are currently
famous to be developed in Indonesia.
So some researchers in Indonesia began researching
related to the battery and how to improve efficiency,
and optimum design also explore new material
candidates to produce Lithium Ion Batteries that have a
high energy density. So far, graphite is the promising
material that is often used for the anode libs because the
price is relatively cheaper and also has a long cycle
performance. However, based on the theory, the
capacity of graphite is about 372 mAh / g, which is not
enough to meet the need for batteries with high energy
storage. Therefore, attention is now focused on how to
get a new material with high energy capacity to replace
graphite as the anode for lithium batteries.
Recently, silicon (Si) nanostructures have been
considered as one of the most promising anode
materials of lithium ion batteries because of its large
theoretical gravimetric specific capacity of 4,200
mAh/g and relatively low working potential at around
0.5 V vs. Li/Li+.

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However, there are changes in volumetric of Si
up to 400% during charge and discharge causes serious
pulverization and loss of electrical contact between
active materials, also cause the structural failure of the
active materials and accelerate the formation of solid
electrolyte interphase (SEI). Which led to a reduction in
the life cycle of the lithium ion batteries. In an effort to
maintain the shape and geometry of the anode active
material and premises can be done several ways: first,
we can reduce the size of the silicon to the nanometer
scale so mechanical failure can be avoided through
strain relaxation, to minimize the cracking and
pulverization of Si from Electrode. The second strategy
is to introduce a buffer matrix to accommodate the Si
volumetric change during cycling. Graphite and carbon
nanofibers are good choices to host Si because their
good flexibility, high electronic conductivity, large
surface area, open pore structure, and good
electrochemical stability [7–9]. The presents of carbon
also make the Solid Electrolite Interphase in electrode
surface could be stable.
Recently, Si NPs - Carbon Nano Fiber
composites (Si-CNF) have been developed, which
combine between the advantages of silicon (high
capacity) and carbon (good electrical conductivity and
goo structural stability) [4,5].
Si-CNFs composites were synthesized by electro
spinning of Si nanoparticle-filled polymer solution and
subsequent carbonization of the nanofiber mats.
However the SI-CNFs will not achieve its best
performance since the exposure of some of Si
Nanoparticles on the fiber suface. With the exposure of
Si with the electrolyte will causes the formation of a
heavy Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI). Without
carbon protection, the Si nanoparticles detach from the
nanofiber surfaces after several cycles, causing severe
fiber damage and capacity loss. In this work, a chemical
vapour deposition (CVD) technique was introduced to
coat disordered carbon on the surface of Si-CNF
composites. The carbon coating was able to protect the
exposed Si on the nanofiber surface and strengthen the
mechanical bonding between carbon nanofiber surface
and Si nanoparticles. Results show that the carbon
71
coating improved the initial coulombic efficiency and
cycle performance of Si-CNF composites.
II. OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to conduct in-depth study
of the feasibility of Si-CNFs as superior candidate for
Lithium Ion Bateries Anodes. The results of this study
can be used as a reference in fabricate an efficient
Batteries Lithium Ion in Industry Scale.
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
To assess and design a model for the development
of anodes battery by using Si-CNF composites is
necessary to use an approach that is both scientific
(scientific method) according to the nature of the
research. For this study, we did not conduct
experiments directly but through the surgical literature
systematically and literature review.
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are used as both
mechanical support and electron conducting pathway.
Different thicknesses of sputtered silicon were
deposited upon pre-deposited carbonaceous materials as
the active materials to store electric energy, as
illustrated in Figure. The silicon carbon nanofibers was
treating by using Chemical Pavor Deposition (CVD) in
several variables of time.
Figure 1A shows a schematic of Si CNF-C
composite. The pristine Si CNF composite had Si
nanoparticles exposed on the surface. These exposed Si
nanoparticles can form a heavy SEI and detach from the
CNF during cycling. In comparison, the carbon layer on
the Si-CNF-C composites protects the Si nanoparticles
and helped to stabilize the SEI. Figure 1B and C
presents the SEM images of both pristine 10 wt% Si-
CNF composite and 10wt% Si-CNF-C composite with
90 min coating time.Si nanoparticles were observed on
carbon nanofiber surface. From the SEM images, the
surface morphology of Si-CNF and Si-CNF-C were
similar and CVD carbon coating could not be observed
clearly by using SEM. Si-CNF-C composite with a self-
sustained structure shows good flexibility (Figure 1D).
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398
Figure 1: (a) Schematic of Si-CNF-C composite. (b and c) SEM
images of 10 weight% Si-CNF and Si-CNF-C composite with 90 min
carbon coating time. (d) Photographs of Si-CNF-C composite with 90
min carbon coating time. In set shows good flexibility of the
composite.
Figure 2: TEM images of 10 wt% Si@CNF-C composites with
different coating times: (a) 0min, (b) 30min, (c) 60min, and (d) 90
min.
This picture shows TEM images of 10wt% Si-
CNF-C with different carbon coating times. For
comparison, the TEM image of pristine Si-CNF
composite is shown in Figure 2A. It is seen that in all
four samples, not all of the Si nanoparticles were
completely embedded in carbon nanofibers; some of Si
nanoparticles were exposed in agglomerates on the
nanofiber surface. The pristine Si-CNF composite
showed no carbon coating on the exposed Si
nanoparticles (Figure 2A). Si-CNF-C composites with
30, 60, 90 min carbon coating times clearly show
amorphous carbon coatings on the Si nanoparticle
surfaces (Figure 2B–D). The carbon coating became
72
more and more rough and a ridge like structure was
formed for the Si-CNF-C composite with 90 min
coating time. The thickness of the carbon coating
increased, on average, from 10nm, 15nm, to 17nm,
respectively, when the carbon coating time increased
from 30, 60, to 90min.
Figure 3 Galvano static charge–discharge profiles of 10 wt % Si-
CNF-C with different CVD coating times: (a) 0 min, (b) 30 min, (c)
60 min, and (d) 90 min.
Figure 3 shows the charge–discharge profiles of the
initial two cycles of Si-CNF-C composites (10 wt %)
with different CVD coating times. The capacity,
coulombic efficiency and capacity retention values of
composites are shown in Table1. The first-cycle charge
capacity and the corresponding initial coulombic
efficiency were increased with the increasing time of
CVD carbon coating. These improvements could be
explained by the contribution of amorphous carbon
coating in constraining the Si with in carbon matrix and
helping to reduce the SEI formation on the electrode
surface during the electrochemical reactions. Figure 3A
shows along voltage plateau at 0.6V in the first
discharge curve. This behaviour is generally explained
to be an effect of the continuous decom position of
liquid electrolyte and the formation of SEI film at the
electrode–electrolyte interface [4,5,6]. As shown in Figure
3B–D, with an increase in coating time, the voltage
plateau at 0.6V shortened and gradually transitioned to
a smooth curve with no apparent plateau, indicating that
the intensity of side electrochemical reactions (e.g.,
electrolyte decomposition and formation of SEI) was
weakened bythe carbon coating. This result can be
contributed to the different SEI products. In general, the
SEI film formed in prismatic areas of graphite mainly
consists of inorganic compounds (Li2CO3- abundant)
with gaseous by-products, which are unstable, while the
SEI film formed in basal planes is enriched with organic
 Proceedings of The Hokkaido Indonesian Student Association Scientific
Meeting (HISAS) | Vol. XII | 21 Maret 2015
ISSN: 2355-4398

compounds, which are more compact and relatively REFERENCES

stable [8–9] [1] Po-Chiang Chen1, Jing Xu1, Haitian Chen2, and Chongwu
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[3] X. Xin, X.Zhou, F.Wang, X.Yao, X.Xu, Y.Zhu, Z.Liu, A3D
porous architecture of Si/grapheme nano composite as high
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Materials Chemistry 22 (2012)7724–7730.
[4] L. Ji, X.Zhang, Carbon47 (14)(2009)3219–3226
[5] J.Y .Eom, J. W. Park, H. S. Kwon, S. Rajendran, Journal of the
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From the surgical literature and the researchers did field [9] E. Peled, D. B.Tow, A. Merson, Journal of Power Sources 98
studies, we can draw the conclusion that the (2001) 52–57.
development of anode for batteries by using Silicon-
Carbon Nano Fibers can be enhanced the ability and life
cycling from the batteries. It was found that the CVD
carbon coating improved the initial coulombic
efficiency because it helped stabilize the SEI films by
forming organic compounds on the basal planes of
carbon coating layers. the capacities at the 30th cycle
were improved by 36%, 200%, and 80%, respectively,
for 10, 30 and 50 wt% Si-CNF-C composites with the
90 min carbon coating time. We successfully
demonstrated that CVD carbon coating on Si-CNF
surfaces provides a promising strategy to obtain binder-
free anode materials for high-energy LIBs.
In addition, compared to conventional
batteries, the total weight of our devices can be further
reduced because of excluding binder materials. The
Si/CNF lithium ion batteries can be applied in the need
of portable electronics and electrical vehicles.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The supporting of the Department of Metallurgy and
materials Engineering, University of Indonesia for our
research is acknowledged. Next we also say thanks to
the lecturers who have provided guidance during the
writing. Similarly, thanks to my friends and those who
have been so helpful.

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