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EXAMPLES

Reading
Multiple Matching (15 min)
Recycling

You are going to read an article about recycling. For questions 1-15, choose from the
materials (A-E). There is an example at the beginning (0).

Recycling is a very important subject, and one that is becoming more so all the time. As we
all know, it reduces waste and is good for the environment. But what do recycling centres
do with the things we throw away? I found out some very interesting information.
A) Paper
Recycling paper has been the biggest success. In 1990, in the USA, more than 20 million
tons of paper were recycled and turned into birthday cards, cereal boxes, and hundreds of
other things. Paper is the easiest material to recycle and, as David Dougherty from Clean
Washington said, ‘You can use it six times over, then burn what's left to create energy.’
Wisconsin cow farmer George Plenty had the most interesting use for recycled paper: he
uses it instead of straw in his barn. ‘It’s cheaper than straw,’ he said, ‘but even if the price
were the same, I wouldn't go back.’
B) Plastic
Plastic is the hardest material to recycle, because there are so many different kinds, all of
which need to be treated differently. At the moment, only two per cent of the plastic used in
the US is recycled. But it does have its uses: one company uses plastic from recycled car
headlights to make windows. In some ways they are better than normal windows, because
they are much harder to break. Another company, Image Carpets, uses plastic to make
carpets and rugs. A comment made by the manager showed us how attitudes towards
recycling have changed. ‘We worried that people might refuse to buy the carpets if they
knew they were recycled,’ said sales Manager, John Richmeler. ‘Now we advertise the fact
as a marketing strategy.’
C) Metal
Metal is another important material. It is easier to recycle an aluminium can than to make a
new one. It is also 20 per cent cheaper, and uses only 5 per cent of the energy that making
a new can would use. So many of the things we use are made of metal, and can all be
reused after they stop working. Recycling car parts, for example, is a big business. There is
also very little waste involved in recycling metal. Steel is 100 per cent recyclable, and can
be recycled hundreds of times. Recycling steel is cheaper than mining it. A lot of America's
scrap metal is taken by the Japanese, recycled, and eventually sold back to America as
new cars.
D) Glass
20 per cent of America's glass is recycled, and used for a number of things. For example, it
can be mixed with asphalt or cement and used to pave streets. It can also be melted down
and used to make new bottles. However, unlike the other materials, glass can also be
reused commercially in its original form; many types of bottles are returned to bottling
plants, sterilised and refilled. Recycling and reusing glass is actually a huge worldwide
business, with bottle banks appearing everywhere.
E) E-waste
E-waste is a growing problem, accounting for 20-50 million metric tons of global waste per
year. Many recyclers do not recycle e-waste responsibly. In the recycling process, television
sets, monitors, cell phones and computers are typically tested for reuse and repaired. If
broken, they may be disassembled for parts still having high value if labour is cheap
enough. Other e-waste is shredded to pieces to separate toxic batteries, different kinds of
metal, glass and plastic.
So remember, think before you throw things away - they may still be useful. If we all make
an effort to recycle, we can make the planet a cleaner place to live.

According to the text, which kind of waste:

0 Is stronger than glass? B (example)

1 is the least difficult to recycle? Ответ

2 costs less to recycle than to replace? Ответ

3 can be used to make roads? Ответ

4 can be recycled a great number of times? Ответ

5 can be used in farming? Ответ

6 is sent to another country and bought back? Ответ

7 has been made into a product which attracts people because it is recycled? Ответ

8 is the most difficult to recycle? Ответ

9 does not have to be changed to be used again? Ответ

10 can eventually be used to produce power? Ответ

11 requires different types of recycling on the basis of its wide classification? Ответ

12 can be used for home interior after recycling? Ответ

13 is most neglected by recyclers? Ответ

14 is recycled only in small amounts? Ответ

15 can be disassembled into other types of waste? Ответ

Reading
Gapped Text (20 min)
The Antarctic: Key to the Planet Earth

You are going to read an article. Seven sentences have been removed from the article.
Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap 1-7. There is one extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

The first people to reach the South Pole - in modern times, anyway - were Roald Amundsen

and the Norwegian Antarctic expedition, in December 1911. [1] Ответ Explorers
had been trying to reach the Antarctic for over a hundred years because it represented the
ultimate challenge: the coldest and windiest continent in the world.
Nowadays, scientists from over 27 countries work in the Antarctic all year round and there is
even a small amount of tourism in the summer months. The Antarctic still represents a
challenge, but a challenge of a different sort. Since the 1960s, people have come to realise
that the Antarctic holds the key to the history of our planet: past, present and future.
Antarctica has preserved valuable evidence of the natural history of our planet. Evidence
from fossils shows how life evolved during geological time. The Antarctic has a crucial role
to play in helping us understand global change. Analysing sediment from its different lakes
makes it possible to collect information on climate change over the last 10,000

years. [2] Ответ The 4 km thick ice sheet is a frozen record of the last 500,000
years. Bubbles in the ice contain atmospheric gases. Frozen into the ice is evidence of
levels of global pollution by industry, agriculture and atomic bombs.
The Antarctic provides valuable information about what is currently happening to the ozone
layer and about global warming. Scientists are also discovering that the ice sheet may
contribute to changes in sea level. What happens in Antarctica affects the world’s climate

and the world’s oceans. [3] Ответ

Up until the 1960s, some species of whales and seals were driven almost to extinction by
human activities in Antarctica. However, due to greater environmental awareness, all plants
and animals in Antarctica are now protected by regulation. There is a special regulation to
protect the six species of seals which breed in the Antarctic.
Fishing in the Antarctic regions is also strictly controlled. The control is based on the

‘ecosystem approach’. [4] Ответ Commercial fishing is strictly limited and severe
measures aim to minimise illegal fishing. At the moment, there is international concern over

the environmental impact of fishing in the seas of the Antarctic. [5] Ответ
There are also strict measures to control marine pollution. It is illegal to dump into the sea

any kind of toxic chemicals, oil, plastics, rubbish or sewage. [6] Ответ
Antarctica provides information on the past, present and future of our planet, and controls
major issues in the rest of the world, like sea level. In this sense, it is a warning because it
tells us what we have done wrong as regards the ozone layer and global warming, for

instance. [7] Ответ It is up to us to listen and act, before it is too late.

A It is also illegal to leave anything like this on land (or ice) in Antarctica, so all waste must
be taken away on board of ship and disposed of elsewhere.
В This is why the Antarctic is now one of the most controlled regions of the world, in terms
of regulations concerning pollution.
C These may include playing football, skiing for recreation and diving beneath the sea.
D It is also possible that future studies of a lake covered by 3.7 km of ice might reveal
bacteria over half a million years old.
E An example of this is what is called 'marine litter' which includes hooks and nets left in the
ocean and which can cause harm to fish, birds and seals.
F It is also a lesson because the regulations in force there show us what can be done for
the environment, and what must be done for the environment.
G They beat the British by one month.
H This is an approach which takes account of the whole of the food chain which means that
it assesses the numbers of seals and seabirds as well as fish, squid and krill (a creature like
a shrimp).
Reading
Multiple Choice (25 min)

Where Does the Heron Live?

For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think best fits according to
the text.

Half a mile from home, at the far edge of the woods where the land was highest, a great
pine tree stood. The top of this ancient tree towered above all the others and made it visible
for miles and miles. Sylvia had always believed that whoever climbed to the top of it could
see the ocean. Now she thought of the tree with a new excitement. Why, if she climbed at
dawn, would she not be able to see the whole world, and discover where the white heron
flew, and find its hidden nest?
What an adventure! As she lay awake in her bed, she thought of the glory and triumph of
telling everyone the secret of where the heron hid. Sylvia knew her mother and her guest
were fast asleep, so she crept out of the house and followed the path through the woods.
The air was filled with the sleepy songs of half-awakened birds.
There was the huge tree, seeming to sleep in the fading moonlight. Sylvia bravely began to
climb, the blood racing through her veins, her bare hands and feet gripping the bark. First
she had to climb the oak tree that grew alongside. Sylvia felt her way easily. She had often
climbed there before, and knew that higher up one of the oak’s upper branches rubbed
against the pine trunk. When she reached it, the way was harder than she had thought. The
sharp twigs scratched her, and the sticky pine sap made her little fingers clumsy and stiff.
The tree seemed to grow taller as she climbed, and she began to doubt if she could reach
her goal before dawn. But Sylvia passed the last thorny branch, her face shining with
triumph as she stood at the very top, weak and shaking with exhaustion.
There was the sea, dazzling in the first morning light. Two hawks flew east, so far below her
she felt she, too, might fly away among the clouds. The birds sang louder and louder until
the sun came up.
This beauty almost overwhelmed little Sylvia, but she did not forget her mission. Where was
the white heron? She looked down to the green marsh where she had seen him before.
There he was, rising and sweeping towards the great pine tree. He landed, and Sylvia froze
as she watched the heron, perched two branches below, calling to his mate, cleaning his
feathers for the new day.

LISTENING
USE OF ENGLISH
SUMMARY

Read the text and summarise it using 50-100 words. Do not use chains of more than five
words from the original text.

Alzheimer’s may be caused by brain’s sticky defense against bugs

Alzheimer’s disease has long been linked to the accumulation of sticky plaques of beta-
amyloid proteins in the brain, but their function – if any – has remained unclear.

Rudolph Tanzi of Harvard Medical School and his team have been working with Robert
Moir at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston to look at the protein in other
animals. The group has found that a certain sequence of particular amino acids in human
beta-amyloid is shared widely – among 70 per cent of vertebrates, including in the
coelacanth, an ancient type of fish.
That this sequence is shared so widely, and has not changed over time, suggests there is a
reason it has been conserved. “This is a very old peptide doing something that’s important,”
says Moir.
Moir had previously found that beta-amyloid kills microbes as well as does an anti-microbial
peptide called LL-37. This molecule is a foot soldier for the primitive part of our immune
system, which we share with many other animals.
So the team tested whether the purpose of beta-amyloid is also to kill microbes in the brain.
When they injected bacteria into the brains of mice bred to be able to develop plaques
much as humans do, the mice developed amyloid plaques overnight.
This suggests that microbial infection could be triggering the formation of plaques that
cause Alzheimer’s disease. Somehow, bacteria, viruses or other pathogens may be
crossing the blood-brain barrier and getting into the brain. The brain may be responding by
using beta-amyloid to trap and kill them. But if these plaques aren’t cleared away fast
enough, they may then lead to inflammation and tangles of another protein, called tau,
causing neurons to die and the progression towards Alzheimer’s disease.
Other work has suggested that infections can cause Alzheimer’s disease, arguing that
microbes lead to inflammation, directly causing neuron death and cognitive decline.
Chlamydia and the herpes virus are among the suggested culprits.
But Tanzi and Moir believe it is beta-amyloid that causes the damage, not the microbes
themselves.
The team now plans to look at the brains of people who have died from Alzheimer’s
disease. If the team finds microbial DNA or RNA inside the plaques, the discovery could
open up a new way to think about Alzheimer’s disease and how it might be treated.

ESSAY

Read the statement, choose one point of view and prove it with two arguments supporting
the chosen point of view. Write an essay of 200-250 words.

Some people are sure life is possible on the Earth only while others hope there can
be suitable conditions for extraterrestrial life.