SOLID MENSURATION

MODULE 2: POINTS, PARALLEL,

PERPENDICULAR, INTERSECTING LINES AND
PLANES Part 2
ENGR. MELANNIE B. MENDOZA
 ANGLE
• An angle is the figure formed by two rays
or line segments that share a common
endpoint, known as the vertex of the
angle.
• The rays or segments are called the sides
of the angle.
 ANGLE MEASUREMENT
1. Degrees (°): The most common unit of angular
measurement, a circle is divided into 360 degrees.
Each degree is further divided into minutes (') and
seconds (").
• 1 degree = 60 minutes
• 1 minute = 60 seconds
2. Radians (rad): Radians are another unit of angular
measurement frequently used, especially in
trigonometry and calculus. One radian is the angle
subtended when the arc length is equal to the radius
of the circle.
• 1 revolution = 2πrad
 ANGLE MEASUREMENT
3. Gradient or Gon: This is a less common unit where 1
revolution is divided into 400 gradians (equal parts).
• 1 gradian = 0.9 degrees

4. Revolutions or Turns: An angle can also be

measured in terms of the number of complete
revolutions or turns it makes. One complete revolution
is equal to 360 degrees.

5. mil: 6400 mils in one revolution , a "mil" is short for

milliradian. A milliradian is an angular measurement
equal to 1/1000th of a radian. Used in military science.
 ANGLE MEASUREMENT
10 grad= 10º
Πrad = 180º
0.0563mil=1º

1mil= 0.001 rad

1rad= 360º/2 Π~57º 17’ 8” (57.3º)
 ANGLE MEASUREMENT
Convert the following:

Degree Radian Gradient mil

π
rad
5
250
2,000mil
10 grad= 10º
Πrad = 180º
0.0563mil=1º

1mil= 0.001 rad

1rad= 360º/2 Π~57º 17’ 8” (57.3º)
 FORMS OF ANGLE
• Acute Angle: An angle that measures less than 90
degrees.
• Right Angle: An angle that measures exactly 90
degrees. It forms an "L" shape.
• Obtuse Angle: An angle that measures more than 90
degrees but less than 180 degrees.
• Straight Angle: An angle that measures exactly 180
degrees. It forms a straight line.
• Reflex Angle: An angle that measures more than 180
degrees but less than 360 degrees.
 FORMS OF ANGLE
• Full Angle(CIRCULAR): An angle that measures
exactly 360 degrees. It represents one complete
revolution.
• Vertical Angles: A pair of non-adjacent angles
formed by the intersection of two lines. They are
always equal.
 FORMS OF ANGLE
• Complementary Angles: Two angles whose measures
add up to 90 degrees. Each angle is called the
complement of the other.
• Supplementary Angles: Two angles whose measures
add up to 180 degrees. Each angle is called the
supplement of the other.
 EXERCISE
1. Find the measure of the complement and the
supplement of the following angles:
a. 85° b.45 ° 25’ c. 20 ° 4’25”
 POLYGON
• A polygon is a two-dimensional geometric figure
that is defined by a finite set of straight line
segments connected to form a closed figure.
• A polygon has three or more sides and angles, and it
lies in a single plane.

• sides or edges are segments that makes the

polygon,
• vertices are the points where two segments meet.
PARTS OF THE POLYGON
 PARTS OF THE POLYGON

Diagonal line: connecting 2 adjacent vertices

Interior angle: angle formed by 2 adjacent sides inside
the polygon
Exterior angle: angle formed by 2 adjacent sides
outside the polygon
 BASIC CONCEPTS
POINT
 BASIC CONCEPTS
LINE
A line is a straight, one-dimensional
geometric figure that extends infinitely in
both directions and has no width.
 BASIC CONCEPTS
LINE

ray segment
 BASIC CONCEPTS
Ray
A ray is a part of a line that has one
endpoint and goes on infinitely in only one
direction. You cannot measure the length of
a ray.

Line segment
A line segment has two endpoints. It
contains these endpoints and all the points
of the line between them. You can measure
the length of a segment, but not of a line.
 BASIC CONCEPTS
PARALLEL LINES are lines that lie in the same
plane and cannot meet however far they
are produced. They have no common
point, otherwise they are INTERSECTING
LINES.
 BASIC CONCEPTS
TRANSVERSAL LINE is a line that crosses at
least two other lines.
 BASIC CONCEPTS
BROKEN LINE line segment connected at
endpoints
 BASIC CONCEPTS
TRANSVERSAL LINE is a line that crosses at
least two other lines.
 BASIC CONCEPTS
COLLINEAR POINTS points lying on the same
line.
 BASIC CONCEPTS
MIDPOINT point exactly halfway between
two endpoints of a line segment.

M
 BASIC CONCEPTS
PLANE
• Flat surface that has length and width but no
thickness.
• Surface such that a straight line joining any
two points in it lies wholly in the surface.
 IMPORTANT FACTS
• Two planes which do not intersect however
far produced are said to be parallel.
• A straight line and a plane are parallel if
they cannot meet, however far both are
produced.
• A straight line and a plane are
perpendicular if the line is perpendicular to
every straight line drawn through its foot in
the plane.
 IMPORTANT FACTS
• The projection of a point on a plane is the
foot of the perpendicular let fall from the
point to the plane.
• The projection of a line on a plane is the
locus of the projections of all its points.
• The angle which a line makes with a plane
is the angle which it makes with its
projections on the plane.
 IMPORTANT FACTS
• If two planes intersect, their intersection is a
straight line.
• The intersections of 2 parallel planes by a
third plane are parallel lines.
 IMPORTANT FACTS
• If two planes intersect, their intersection is a
straight line.
• The intersections of 2 parallel planes by a
third plane are parallel lines.
THEOREMS
THEOREMS
THEOREMS
THEOREMS
THEOREMS
THEOREMS
THEOREMS
 BASIC CONCEPTS
COPLANAR POINTS/ LINES
• Points or lines are said to be coplanar if they
all lie in the same plane.
• A plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that
extends infinitely in all directions.
• If points A, B, C, and D are coplanar, then the
plane containing these points can be
extended infinitely to include all the points
and lines within it.
 BASIC CONCEPTS
COPLANAR POINTS/ LINES
• Points or lines are said to be coplanar if they
all lie in the same plane.
• A plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that
extends infinitely in all directions.
• If points A, B, C, and D are coplanar, then the
plane containing these points can be
extended infinitely to include all the points
and lines within it.
STUDENT EXERCISES
STUDENT EXERCISES
STUDENT EXERCISES
STUDENT EXERCISES