I

Viet Nam co he Lan dac biet vii da dang, hien van dang
tiep tuc duoc phat hien vii 1110 ta. D o la ho thuc vat giau
loai nhat cua he thuc vat Viet Nam voi so loai co the
vuot qua con so 1000. Dua tren cac miiu mdi thu duoc
hang nam 6 cac vting xa xoi, hidm tro nhieu taxon mdi
duoc m o ta. Cac loai Lan gap о khap noi, tix cac tham
cay ngap man ven bien den cac dinh nui cao nhat. Lan
hiii. mot nhom Lan nho nhung rat dep dc vii hap dan, la
hinh anh thu nho cua su phong phu. dong thdi cua tinh
dd bi tuyct chiing cua khu he Lan Viet Nam. Mac dau
hon nua tdng so loiii Lan hiii mdi duoc phat hien va mo
ta trong 10 nam gan day nhung nhieu loai trong so do
da bi de doa tuyct chung do su tan pha mdi trudng song
la rirng va thu thap den can kict dc buon ban.

Cuon sach nay trinh bay chi tiet ve dja chat, khi hau va
tham thuc vat Viet Nam vdi tat ca tinh da dang ndi bat
cua chung. Phan trong tarn cua cuon sach diinh cho
viec tong ket toim dien ve ljch sir, danh phap va cac
mdi quan he cua tat ca 22 loai va dang lai tu nhien phat
hien duoc d Viet Nam. О day cung lan dau tien trinh
bay chi tiet ve noi song, cac dac diem sinh hoc vii sinh
thai cua chiing. Trong cuon sach cung nhan manh den
mdi de doa bi tuyct chiing сйа phan ldn loai, neu len
cac hien phap cap thiet sdp tdi la can co su phoi hop d
trong vii ngoai nude dd bao ve tat ca nhung gi con lai.

Nhung ket qua nghicn cuu thuc dia cua cac tac gia lan
dau tien duoc trinh bay chi tiet trong quyen sach phd
cap nay cung cap nhung hieti biet sau rong doc nhat ve
su giau co cua he thuc vat Viet Nam, noi co nhieu loai
Lan duoc phat hien den nhu vay. Cuon sach nay la su
dong gop dang кё cho nhung hidu biet cua chung ta ve
tinh da dang cua thuc vat Viet nam va ve cac mdi de
doa tuyet chiing cua no.

Su giau co cua tinh da dang sinh hoc Viet Nam cang

duoc the hien ro ret. Ну vong cuon sach nay vdi cac mo
ta ve Viet Nam, ve mdi trudng song doc dao. he thuc
vat giau co va cac loiii dac hiiu cua no se lam say me
cac ban doc. N o cung la dip dd canh bao tat ca chung ta
ve mdi de doa tuyet chung cua di san doc nhat nay.
 Lan Hai Viet Nam
Vdi phan gidi thieu ve he thvrc vat Viet Nam
Paphiopedilum vietnamense C A R O L W O O D IN
 Lan Hai Viet Nam
Voi phan gioi thieu ve he thuc vat Viet Nam

Leonid Averyanov
Phillip Cribb
Phan Ke Loc
Nguydn Tien Hiep

TRANH MAU NUOC:

Carol Woodin

ROYAL
v BOTANIC
BirdLife GARDENS
INTERNATIONAL
UvInd^yx^bUna/ KEW
Bien tap chung: Vu Thi Minh Phuong

B ien tap phan not dung: Giao su Tien si Phan K e Loc va Tten si Nguyen Tien Hiep
Giao su Tien si Khoa hoc Tong Duy Thanh
(Phan dia ly, lich sir dia chat va dia mao)

Ngudi djch: Nguyfen Due Tii (Phan I va II)

D 6 Tien Doan (Phan III va IV)

Sira ban in: Giao su Tien si Phan Ke Loc

Sach luu trir tai: Chucrng trinh BirdLife Quoc te tai Dong Duong
So 4, N go 209, pho Dpi Can, Ba Dinh
Ha N oi, Viet Nam
Tel: (84 4) 722 3864/20
Fax: (84 4) 722 3835
Email: birdlife@birdlife.netnam.vn
Website: www.birdlifevietnam.com

Ten cdng trinh: Leonid Averyanov, Phillip Cribb, Phan Ke Loc va N gu yfa Tien Hiep
(Phien ban tieng Viet, 2004)
Lan Hai Viet Nam. Vdi phan gioi thieu ve he thuc vat Viet Nam.
Ha Noi: Chuong trinh BirdLife Quoc te tai Dong Duong

Xuat ban lan thu nhat: Thang 2 nam 2004

Che ban va quan ly in: High_Tech Pre-press and Printing Center.

136 Hang Bong, Ha Noi. DT: 04.8289556/7; Email: rtn@hn.vnn.vn

Ban quyen: © Chucrng trinh BirdLife Quoc te tai Dong Duong

Phien ban tieng Anh vdi ten: Slipper Orchids o f Vietnam. With an introduction to the Flora o f Vietnam
cua Leonid Averyanov, Phillip Cribb, Phan Ke Loc va Nguyen Tien Hiep do Vuon thuc vat Hoang
gia tai Kew xuat ban nam 2003. ISBN 1 84246 047 1. Ngudi bien tap xuat ban Suzy Dickerson.
Printed in the European Union by Compass Press Limited.

N HA X UA T BAN GIAO TH O NG VAN TAI

In 1000 cutin kho 18,3x25,5cm tai Cong ty in Tran Phti - TP. H o Chi Minh.
Giay phep XB s6: 37/105/XB-QLXB cSip ngay 9-2-2004
In xong va nop hiu chiOu thang 3 nam 2004
 L O I C A M ON

u o n sach n ay d u o c x u a t b a n vd i n g u o n tai tro tii N g a n h a n g T h e gidi; d u a n B ao to n d a

d an g sinh hoc can h q u a n d a v d i Pii L u o n g - Ctic P h u o n g d o Q uy G E F /N g a n h a n g the
g id i tai tro d u o c th u c h ie n b d i T o chtic B ao to n D 0 n g thu c v a t H o an g d a Q u o c te (FFI)
p h o i h o p vdi C u e K iem L am ; v a d u an B ao to n T h u c v at V iet N am , n am tro n g su h o p tac gitra
V ien Sinh th ai v a T ai n g u y en S in h v a t V iet N a m v a V u d n T h u c v a t M isso u ri H o a K y.
C u o n sach n ay d u o c d ich tir b an tien g A n h , v d i ten: S lip p e r O rchids o f V ietnam . W ith an
in tro d u ctio n to th e F lo ra o f V ietnam d o V u d n thuc v a t H o an g g ia tai K ew x u at ban. D ay la
san p h am h o p tac c u a V u d n th u c v a t H o an g g ia tai K ew v a V ien S in h thai v a T ai n g u y en S inh
V at v a C u e K idm L am . P h ie n b a n tien g V ie t do C h u o n g trin h B ird L ife Q u o c te tai D ong
D u o n g x u at b a n v d i su h d tro tai ch in h c u a N g an h an g T h e gid i v a cac td chuc d a neu trcn.
C h u o n g trinh B ird L ife Q u o c te tai D o n g D u o n g m u o n n h a n d ip n ay b ay to lcri cam o n den
ong T o n y W h itten , N g an h a n g th e gid i, o n g M ark In field , d u a n Pii L u o n g - C iic P h u o n g , ong
Jacin to R egalad o , d u an B ao to n T h u c v at V iet N am v a V ien S in h th ai v a T a i n g u y e n S inh
vat, G iao su tie n si P h a n K e L o c, tie n si N g uydn T ie n H iep v a G ia o su tien si k h o a h o c T ong
D uy T h an h v e su gitip d o q u y b a u tro n g q u a trin h th u c h ie n d u a n v a x u a t b a n cu o n sach nay.
C h u o n g trin h B ird L ife Q u o c te tai D o n g D u o n g c u n g x in cam o n cac can b o cu a ch u o n g
trinh: ong Jo n ath an C. E a m e s v a b a P h am T u an A n h d a ch o n h u n g n h an xet q u i bau ch o an
p h am nay.

v
 G I O I ТН 1Ё11 V E B I R D L I F E

irdL ife In tern atio n al la m o t H iep h0i cu a cac to chiic ph i c h in h p h u boat d o n g trong

В
la n g u d n la i k in h te q u an trong; c h u n g hap d in d o i v d i m o i n g u o i cu a m o i n en v an h o a q
n hieu the k v N h u n g d ie u do k h ie n ch u n g tro th an h n h u n g su g ia tu y et voi ch o v iec n a g
cao nhdn thhc v 6 cd n g tac b ao to n v a thuc ddy q u an he h o p tac q uoc te. B ird L ife In tern atio n a
tai D ong D u o n g d uoc kh d i d au tii C h u o n g trinh V iet N am v ao n am 1988 v a co v an p h o n g d a

tai H a N oi. . , , . ■
T ai V iet N am , B ird L ife In tern atio n al lam viec cu n g v d i cac doi tac chinh p h u v a p h i chin

phii nham : . , -•
* T ro giup de cai th ien viec q u i h o ac h v a q u a n ly cac sinh can h , cac v u n g v a cac lo ai q u a n

trong; . ,
« a m M M va lu y en tru y en „ h o n g у W ong m o , « h o a n hap viec b a o to n da d a n g « к
hoc v a q u a trin h lap k e h o a ch v a cac c h in h sach;
* G o p p h an tan g cu d n g m oi q u an tarn cu a c o n g d o n g d o i v o i c d n g tac b ao ve d a d an g sinh
hoc v a n an g cao у th u c b ao to n d a d an g sinh hoc,
* Phat m e n n an g luc de cai th ien viec q u an ly cac sin h can h , cac v u n g v a cac loai; v a
* C u n g cap th o n g tin ve d a d a n g sin h hoc v a v e cac k h u b ao ve cho cac n h a lap ke h o a c ,
cac n h a h o a ch d in h ch in h sach va cac nh d m co q u a n tam khac.

D ia ch i lie n he: B ird L ife In ternational tai D o n g D u o n g

So 4 , N g o 2 0 9 , P h d D oi C an , q u a n B a D in h , H a N o i, V ie t N am
T el: ( 8 4 4 ) 7 2 2 3 3 8 6 4 /2 0
Fax: (84 4 ) 7 2 2 3835
E m ail: h ird life@ b ird life.n etn am .v n
W eh site: y'W "' h ird lifev ietn am .co m
 M UC LUC

L O I G I O I T H I E U ....................................................................................................................................... jx

L O I T U A ....................................................................................................................................................... ...

P H A N I. V I E T N A M ................................................................................................................................ 1

D ia l y .....................................................................................................................................................................
L ich sir d ia c h a t ............................................................................................................................................. ...
D ia m a o .......................................................................................................................................................... g
V ting niii do n g M e ................................................................................................................................ ...
V ung niii tay M e ........................................................................................................................... 5
V ung niii T ru d n g S o n ...................................................................................................................... 6
C ac vung do n g b a n g v en b i e n .............................................................................................................. 8
C ac thung lu n g boi tich p h u sa cu a song Ciru L o n g v a song H o n g ....................................... 8
C ac v u n g k h i h a u ........................................................................................................................................ ...
K hi hau n h ie t doi gio m u a co m iia d o n g lan h v a m u a m u a h e ................................................ 9
K hi hau n h ie t d o i g io m u a co m u a d o n g lan h va m u a m iia he - t h u ....................................11
K hi hau n h ie t doi g io m u a co m u a d o n g am v a m u a m iia he - thu - d o n g ...................... 11
K hi hau n h iet do i g io m u a co m iia d o n g am v a m u a m u a thu - d o n g .............................. 11
K hi hau n h ie t doi g io m iia co m iia d o n g aim v a m u a m iia h e ................................................ 13
K hi hau can xich d ao g io m iia co m u a m iia h e ...........................................................................14
K hi hau n hiet d o i g io m iia viing niii ............................................................................................... 1 4
H e th u c v a t V iet N a m .............................................................................................................................. 1 5
C a c k ie u th a m th u c v a t c h i n h ................................................................................................................. 1 8
R im g th u d n g xanh, cay la ra n g tren cao n g u y en , d at k ie m ................................................... 19
Rirng thudng x an h v a rim g nira ru n g la tren niii d a vd i .......................................................... 21
R im g th u d n g x an h d at th ap tren d at n en ax it nam 6 d o cao dudi 1000 m ...................... 28
R im g thudng xanh tren niii v a g'an niii cao tren d at n e n ax it d do cao tii
1000 d en 3 0 0 0 m ........................................................................................................................... 3 3
R im g kho ru n g la hoac niia ru n g la tren dat thaip о do cao tir m at b ien den
500 (700) m .....................................................................................................................................41
T h am thuc v at ven bidn, d at th ap n g ap n u d e va rim g n g ap m an ....................................... 4 5
C ac q uan xa th u c v at th u sinh v a cay t r o n g .................................................................................. 4 5

P H A N II. L A N H A I ................................................................................................................................ 5 5

T h e n a o la L a n H ai ? ...................................................................................................................... 55

N g u d n g o c va q u a n h e h o h a n g c u a L a n H a i ..................................................................................5 5
H in h th a i ................................................................................................................................................ 61
V o n g ddi ............................................................................................................................................. 65

S u th u p h a n ............................................................................................................................................. 67
S u lai g io n g tu n h i e n .................................................................................................................................. 69
S in h th a i ........................................................................................................................................ 7Q

S u p h a n b o d}a ly .............................................................................................................................. 74

P h a n lo a i cac b ac d u d i c h i c u a P a p h io p e d i lu m ...............................................................................7 9
P H A N III. Н Ё T H O N G L A N H A I V IE T N A M ...................................................................83

L ic h sir n g h ie n ciiu ...................................................................................................................................8.5

C h i P a p h io p e d ilu m ...................................................................................................................................85
K h o a x ac d in h c a c L a n H a i a V ie t N a m ............................................................................................85
P a p h io p e d ilu m su b g e n . P a r v i s e p a l u m ................................................................................................ 89
1. P. d elen a tii G u illa u m ....................................................................................................................89
2. P. v ietn am en se G ru ss & P e m e r .............................................................................................. 96
3. P. m a lip o en se S .C .C h en & Z . H . T s i .................................................................................... 104
4. P. m ic ra n th u m T .T an g & F .T .W an g ................................................................................120
5. P. h an g ia n u m P e rn e r & G r u s s .............................................................................................. 131
6 . P. em erso n ii K oop. & P .J .C r ib b ............................................................................................140

P a p h io p e d ilu m su b g e n . B r a c h y p e t a lu m ..........................................................................................145
7. P. c o n co lo r (B atem an ) P f i t z e r .............................................................................................145
P a p h io p e d ilu m su b g e n . P a p h io p e d i lu m ............................................................................................ 155
8. P. h irsu tissim u m (L indl. ex H o o k .) S t e i n .......................................................................... 156
9. P. b a rb ig eru m T .T an g & F .T .W a n g .................................................................................... 170
10. P. tran lie n ian u m G ru ss & P e rn e r .......................................................................................175
11. P. h e le n a e A v e r.............................................................................................................................182
12. P. h e n ry an u m B r a e m ................................................................................................................ 191
13. P. g ratrix ia n u m (M asters) R o lfe ..........................................................................................199
14. P. villosum (L in d l.) S t e i n ......................................................................................................208
15. P. a p p leto n ian u m (G o w er) R o l f e ......................................................................................... 218
16. P. callo su m (R ch b .f.) S tein ................................................................................................... 23 0
17. P. p u rp u ra tu m (L in d l.) S t e i n .................................................................................................236
18. P. d ian th u m T .T an g & F .T .W an g .......................................................................................244
C a c la i tu n h ie n c u a P a p h io p e d ilu m d u o c b ie t 6 V ie t N a m ....................................................253
19. P. X affine D e W ild ................................................................................................................... 253
20. P. X a sp ersu m A v e r...................................................................................................................2 54
21. P. X d a la te n se A v e r...................................................................................................................255
22. P. x h e rrm a n n ii F uchs & R e is i n g e r .................................................................................. 259

P H A N IV. B A O T O N .......................................................................................................................... 265

S u su y th o a i v a tu y e t c h iin g c a c L a n H a i tro n g tu n h i e n ..........................................................265

T u o n g la i .................................................................................................................................................... 274

LOI CAM ON .......................................................................................................................................... 2 8 3

T A I L IE U T H A M K H A O ..................................................................................................................... 285

BANG CHI DAN CAC TEN K HOA H O C ................................................................................. 295

 LOI GIOI T H I $ U

hu he thuc vat d a d an g v a d ac sac cu a V iet N am h ien v an d ang tiep tuc d uoc k h am p h a

K va m o ta them cac tax o n m di. D ac b iet la ho Lan. D ay la h o ldn nhat cu a h e thuc v at vdi
so loai co the v u o t q u a co n so 1000. H an g nam , n h ieu tax o n van duoc m o ta vi cac vung
xa xoi, hiem tro vdn d ang d uoc k h am pha. C ac loai L an chiem d en 8 % tong so loai T huc vat
co h o a cua V iet N am v a c h u n g p h an bo d k h ap noi, tu cac v u n g ru n g ngap m a n d en cac dinh
niii cao nhat. V ong doi cua cac loai L an rat phirc tap, doi hoi su tham g ia cu a nhung loai nam
rieng biet giup hat nay m a m v a cac loai co n trung c h u y en h o a lam tac n h an thu p h a n ch o hoa.
D ibu nay co n ghia la cac loai L an rat n hay cam vdi m o i su xao trdn. D o vay, cac loai L an la
cac sinh vat chi thi ra t nhay cam vdi chat luong ciia m d i tru d n g tu nhien. N h o m L an H ai la hinh
anh thu nho cu a kh u he L a n cue ky p h o n g p h u cu a V iet N am . N h o m nay co n d ac b iet bi de doa
hon so vdi cac loai L an khac. T uy g an m o t n u a so loai L an H ai m di duoc p h a t h ien trong
k hoang m udi nam gan day, n hung rat nhieu loai tro n g so do hien dang bi tuyet c h u n g d o rung
bi tan p h a va cay bi thu hai de ban.

C uon sach nay d o m o t n h o m c h u y en g ia q u o c te b ien so an d a m o ta chi tiet v e n h o m L an

quy nay cu a V iet N am v a la lan dau tien cu ng cap th o n g tin ve cac d ac tin h sinh c an h v a sinh
thai cu a nhom . D an g ch u у h o n n u a la c u o n sach d a пёи b at d u o c m d i de d o a k h ie n n h ieu loai
tro n g nhom L a n H ai p h ai d o i m a t vdi n g u y c o tu y et chung. C u o n sach cu n g пёи 1ёп cac b ien
p hap cap thiet p h a i tie n h an h n g ay trong cu n g n h u n g o ai b ien gid i V iet N am de bao ve n h u n g
tai nguydn L an H ai c o n sot lai.

G S, TS P h an K e L o c th u o c D ai hoc Q uoc g ia H a N o i (H N U ) v a TS N g u y d n T ien H iep

thudc V ien S inh thai v a T ai n g u y en S inh v at (IE B R ), T ru n g tarn K h o a hoc T u n h ien v a C ong
n ghe Q uoc g ia (N C S T ) d a th u c h ien rat n h ieu chuye'n d ieu tra k h a o sat thuc d ia tro n g k h u o n
k h d cac de tai N ha n ude tro n g n h ieu nam . T h eo ldi m d i cu a V ien S inh thai v a T ai n g u y e n S inh
vat, G S , T S K H L e o n id A v ery an o v va TS P h illip C rib b d a th am g ia m o t so d o t k h a o sat va
d o n g gop cac ky n an g v a k in h nghiem cu a m in h vao c o n g viec d ieu tra. C h in h p h u V iet N am
luon san sang ung h o v a ch u an у cac c o n g vide can th ie t de d am bao d u an q u an tro n g nay
duoc h o an thanh. C ac k e t q u a n g h ien cuu thuc d ia ciia n h o m tac g ia noi tren la n dau tien duoc
trinh b ay trong q u y en sach nay d a cu n g cap n h u n g k ie n thuc chi tiet v e k h u he thuc v at p h o n g
phii cuai V idt N am , tro n g do co rat n h ieu loai L an d a d uoc p h at hien. C u o n sach n ay g o p p h an
d an g к ё lam tang h ieu b ie t cu a c h u n g ta v e tin h d a d an g th u c v at tai V iet N a m v a cac m o i de
d o a doi vdi tinh da d an g do.

V iet N am d ang tu h ao vdi tinh d a d an g sinh hoc rat cao cua m inh. C u o n sach nay se loi
c u o n ngudi doc vd i cac m o ta ve V iet N am , ve m d i tru d n g doc dao cu a no, ve k h u he thuc vat
cue ky p h o n g phu v d i cac lo ai thuc vat d ac him . N o cu n g la tien g noi go p p h a n can h tin h
chiing ta ve cac h iem h o a d a n g de d o a n g u o n d i san th ien n h ien d ac sac nay.

t'U r z& d
TS. N guyen B a T hu
C ue trudng C ue K iem lam
G iam doc C o q u an T h am q u y en Q u an ly C IT E S V iet N am

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III II TATBACVA ВАС

M Co Mai'
 LOI TUA
ho den rat g an day, k h u he L an cu a V iet N am luon bi coi la n gheo n an h o n so vdi T hai

C Lan, T rung Q uoc v a cac nude D o n g N am A khac. T u y nhien, q uan d iem nay d a bi thay
ddi hoan toan sau m o t loat an phhm cua A v ery an o v (1988f, 1990d, 1991e, 1994) va
S eidenfaden (1992) trinh bay cac ket qua n g h ien cuu khu he L an V iet N am . К ё tu do, rat nhieu
loai L an m di la cu a V iet N am da x uat h ien tren thi tru d n g L an quoc te, trong cac bd suu tap va
trien lam quoc te. T ron g so nay co ca m 0 t chi d ia lan m di, C hristensonia, v a rat n hieu loai L an
mdi. D ang ngac nhien n h at la trong so cac loai m di co m ot so lucrng d ang k e cac loai L an H ai
thuoc vao loai dep v a q u y en ru nhat cua chi. D ieu that su p h ai chii у la tai sao cac loai L an noi
bat nhu vay lai kho n g d uoc p h at h ien va m o ta trong suot thdi g ian rat dai tru d c day. T u y nhien,
V iet N am la m 0 t q udc g ia tu o n g doi ra n g nhung m di co rat it cac cu0c d ieu tra thuc vat duoc
thuc hien, dac biet la d cac vung d a vdi p h a n b d ra n g tai Нас V iet N am .
V iet N am h ien d an g tro n g g iai d o an tap trung p h at trien c o n g n g hiep va khai thac sir dung
tai nguyen thien nhien. D u lich cu n g p h a t trien m anh m e. N g u o c lai, v iec d ieu tra k h am phh
ve thuc vat hoc lai rat cham do th ieu n g u d n nhan luc v a kin h phi. V iec p h a ru n g , dac b ie t la
cac vung rung rat n h ay cam d m ien В ас, d ien ra vdi tdc d o cao va rat n hieu loai d o n g th u c vat
bi co lap vao cac k h o an h ru n g nho nhoi co n so t lai. R o ra n g la nhieu loai n g ay can g tro nen
hiem v a co the da h o ac d an g ddi dau vdi n g u y c o tu y et chiing.
K hi xem x et nhieu th o n g tin sinh thai hoc th u duoc v e cac loai L an tro n g su o t h o n 25 nam
qua, chung toi n han th ay cac loai L an H ai th u d n g p h a n bo d cac vung x a xoi, hidm trd, noi
k hong chi co it tho n g tin v e cac loai L an noi rien g m a ca v e q u an xa thuc v at noi chung. Q u a
vay, trong m ot ch u y en k h ao sat g an day, cac tac g ia d a p h at h ien m ot loai H at tran th u o c vao
m ot chi m di, X an th o cy p a ris (F arjo n e t al, 2002). H au h et cac n g h ien cuu noi tren deu duoc
thuc hien vdi su bao tro cu a V ien S inh thai va Tai n g u y en S in h vat. C hiing to i xin duoc bay
to loi cam on den V ien v e su h o p tac tich cue nay.
M ot ly do chinh de v iet c u o n sach nay la su lo king c u a ch u n g toi ve m o t so loai L an dang
tren bd tuyet chung. D ac b iet la m o t so loai L an H ai duoc ban vdi g ia rat cao de lam cay canh
va m o t so loai L an khac d an g bi thu hai lam th u o c v a n g ay can g trd nen k h o gap tro n g m di
trudng tu nhien, tham chi, m o t so loai da thuc su bi tu y e t chiing. C hiing to i n h an m an h d day
la V iet N am co su d a d ang ciia L an H ai rat cao m a k h o n g m o t q udc g ia n ao tro n g viing p han
bd ciia chi n ay co the san h duoc. C hiing toi c u n g hy v o n g la v iec пёи ra cac v an de lien q uan
den bao ton cac L an H ai se g o p p h an canh bao cac co q u an lien q u an ve tinh tran g n g u y khon
cua nhom thuc vat cue ky dep nay, v a do vay, cac sinh canh co n lai cu a chiing phai d uoc bao
ve. C hiing toi cung hy v p n g ran g , neu b ie t tinh tran g h ie n nay ciia cac loai L an tro n g m di
trudng tu nhien, cac n h a tro n g L an se h an che viec m u a cac loai L an tu n h ien co n g u d n gdc
tii V iet N am . K h i v iec m u a b an nay thuc su cham dirt, chiing toi h y vong ta se tim hieu thau
dao hon ve dac diem sinh thai cu a cac loai L an de co the p h a t trien to t h o n n g u d n cay h ien
con lai it oi nay.

V iet N am th at su la m o t thien d u d n g cua L an H ai. C hiing toi hy v o n g d ieu nay se d uoc

duy tri, va su d a d an g nay se d uoc g in g iu cho cac the he sau th u d n g thuc.

L eo n id A v ery an o v
P h illip C rib b
N g uydn T ien H iep
Phan K e L oc
T h an g 5, 2002

Hinh 1 (doi dien) Ban do dja hinh Viet Nam.

 P H A N 1. V I E T N A M

D IA LY
udc C 0 ng h o a X a hoi C hu n ghia V iet N am nam doc theo b o do n g n am cu a b an dao D ong
D uong, co p h an dat lien trai dai tir 8°30' den 23°30' do vi bac v d i ch ieu dai h o n 1600 km
ttr didm cue nam la M iii C a M au den diem cue bde n am tren b ie n gidi vdi T ru n g Q uoc;
ngoai ra con co cac dao v en b d v a cac quan dao H oang Sa v a T rudng Sa. V iet N am co h in h dang
tuong doi hep theo chieu d o n g - tay vdi chieu n gang ra n g nhat k h o an g 6 0 0 k m d M ien Bdc va
doan co chidu ngang h ep nhat chi hon 4 0 km d tinh Q uang B inh. D iem cue tay ciia V iet N am
nam d ng a ba bien gidi vdi L ao va T rung Q uoc (102°10' do kinh dong), v a d iem cue d o n g la
M ui N ay (109°27' do kin h dong). D ien tich p h an d at lien cu a ca nude la 325.360 k m 2. T hu do
cua V iet N am la thanh p h o H a Noi (H inh 1). H ien ca nude co 57 tinh v a 4 thanh p h o true thupc
T rung uong (H inh 2).
D an so V iet N am udc tin h k h o an g 75 trieu n g u d i vao n am 2002. K h o a n g 80% d an so song
d vung nong thon. N o i tap trung dong d an n h at la v u n g d o n g b an g В ас B 0 (v u n g ch au thd
s0ng H ong) v a d o n g b a n g s0ng Ciru L o n g (v u n g chau th 6 song Ciru L o n g , V iet N am ), n h a t
la d cac dai v en bien. D an t0c ch iem tu y e t dai d a so la n g u d i V ie t (K in h ) vdi k h o an g h o n 54
trieu ngudi. C ac n h o m d an t0c th ieu so ch in h p h a n b o rai rac khdp v u n g niii T ru d n g S o n la
cac d an t0c K h 'm er, Ё D e, B a N a, M o N dng, Se D a n g v .v... N h o m d an t0 c th ieu so c h in h song
d vung niii p h ia Вас V iet N am la ngudi H 'm o n g , T h ai, M u d n g , T ay , N tin g va D ao. C h o den
nay, m 0 t so n h d m dan t0c th ieu so d m ien niii van co n canh tac du can h , p h a rim g lam n u an g
trong liia v a ngo.
N goai bien gidi d at lien d p h ia bdc v a tay, lanh th d V iet N am tiep g ia p vdi cac V in h В ас
B d v a V inh T h ai L an ciia v u n g B ien D ong. T o n g c 0 ng, V ie t N am co d e n 3 4 4 0 k m b d bien.
V ung b ien cu a V iet N am cd n co rat n h ieu d ao ld n n h o tach rdi d at lie n tro n g do d ac b iet luu
у la cac dao v a q u an d ao H o an g Sa, T ru d n g S a v a h a n g lo at dao san h o n am tro n g vim g them
luc dia. C ac day niii d v u n g T ru n g B d b ao g o m P hu D en D in h , P hu S a m Sao, P h u H u a P h an
v a d ay T ru d n g S on h in h th a n h b ien gidi tu n h ien d p h ia tay voi L ao v a C am p u ch ia. B ien gid i
p h ia bac vdi T ru n g Q u o c chay q u a cac he th o n g niii n am d d o n g nam v a n am ciia cac tin h V an
N am v a Q u an g T ay (H in h 1). B ien gidi d at lien ciia V ie t N am vdi b a quoc g ia n o i tren кёо
dai den 4639 km (A v ery an o v , 1990c; R u n d el, 1999).
B a p han tu lanh th d q u d c g ia la cac vim g d o i niii (A v ery an o v , 1990c). C ac d in h niii cao
n hat D ong D u o n g la F an Si P a n (3143 m ), T a G ian g P h in (3096 m ), P h u Si L ung (3 0 7 6 m ),
Pii L u ong (2985 m ), P hu P h o u n g C han g (2825 m ) v a P h u L an g K u n g (2817 m ) deu nam d
tay bde V iet N am (H in h 1). C ac he th o n g niii ld n n h a t chu ydu deu la d a g ran it, d a g o n ai, da
p h ien set, da p h ie n v a d a c at ket. C ac vting niii d a v o i cd b ien chat p h a t trien cac d an g ca cx to
d ien hinh, p h a n b d ro n g k h a p Ьйс V iet N am . V e p h ia d o n g cac vim g niii th a p d an d en vim g
d ong bang ch au th o ro n g ld n со do cao k h o n g ld n so vdi m a t nude b ien . V e h u d n g n am , vim g
niii bi ch ia cat tu o n g d d i de h in h thanh cac cao n g u y en , th u d n g со d 0 cao th ay d d i tir 5 0 0 tdi
1.000 m tren m a t bien. C u o i ciing, d p h an nam cu a V iet N am la vim g d o n g b a n g ro n g ld n nam
trong vim g ch au th o song Ciru L o n g it n h ieu bi n g ap n u d e (H in h 1).
H e thong th u y v an p h a t trien m an h tro n g lan h th d V iet N am . B en can h m o t so lu o n g rat
ldn cac song vtra v a nho, V ie t N am cd n la noi n h u n g he th o n g song ld n n h at vim g D o n g N am
A chay q ua n h u song H o n g v a song Ciiu L o n g (H in h 1).

1
 LICH SU DIA CHAT

LI CH SU DIA CHAT
V e m at dia chat, v u n g luc d ia D o n g N am A la mOt d o n vi d ia m ao n g u y en sinh b ao g o m
dang da k e t tinh T ie n C am b ri d a duoc co k et d e h in h th an h m o t vung n h an 6 n d in h vao T rias
m uon. D on vi dia m ao n ay la v u n g D o n g N am A h a y n h an h S u n d a cu a m a n g A - A u theo
hudng nam dong nam . N h an h n ay b ao g o m cac p h an hien n ay cu a ban dao D o n g D u o n g , M a
Lai, S um atra va p h a n p h ia tay cu a Java, B o rn eo v a S ulaw esi. V iing th em luc d ia S u n d a, vtm g
bien nong cu a V inh T h ai L an v a B ien D ong, d o n g th o i cung la v u n g n h an c u a v u n g S unda.
V ung nay da troi len n h ieu lan v ao M eso zo i v a D e tarn cu n g n h u tro n g cac k y b an g h a trong
thoi ky P leisto cen kh i nude tro n g cac dai d u o n g h a th ap (R undel, 1999).
M ot trong nhun g p h an trung tarn cu a m an g T ien C am b ri la khoi k et tinh In d o sin ia, bao
quanh la vung d ia hin h D o n g D u o n g c 6 (F ro m ag et, 1952). C o ba thoi ky uon n ep k ie n tao chinh
da duoc xac dinh xu n g q u an h k h o i d a co trung tarn nay trong dai P aleo zo i v a M esozoi sdm .
G iai d oan sdm n h at cu a cac h o at d o n g k ien tao vao ky D evon, tuc la u o n n ep C aled o n i
each day k h oang 4 0 0 d e n 3 5 0 tn e u nam v a tao n en n h u n g k h o i on dinh 6 m ien tru n g v a m ien
nam V iet N am , p h an Ion m ien trung v a n am L ao , d o n g b ac C am p u ch ia v a co the p h a n lbn
vung dong bac T hai L an. V u n g n h an nay, co n d uoc goi la v u n g A n n a m ia co le d e n nay van
con g iu d uoc su 6 n d in h tu o n g doi so v b i k h i m di hin h thanh (F o n tain e & W o rk m an , 1978;
R undel, 1999). 6 cac v u ng n g o ai vi cu a d ia k h o i nay, d ac b iet doc th eo ria b ac d a h in h th an h
nen rat nhieu he tho n g nui ch ay th eo h u d n g tay b ac - d o n g nam . P h an co n lai d u o c g o i la
T o n k in id es h ien co n tim th ay d m ien В ас V iet N am , clui y eu la b ac H o an g L ien S o n v a p h an
bac cua day T ru o n g Son. D ia k h o i co b e n vung In d o sin ia tro n g thoi k y do d a b i c h ia c a t ra
thanh nhieu vung n en b an g phdng tu o n g d o i vtrng ch ac con thay d nhieu vtm g cao n g u y en
khac nhau d m ien tru n g v a m ien n am V iet N am . V i du, cac cao n g u y en K o n T urn, P ley K u,
D ac L ac, M o N o ng , L am V ien (D a L at) d p h ia n am V iet N am deu co d an g n en d a k e t tinh
nay d cac dai cao do k h ac nhau (H in h 1). D oc th eo cac d u t g ay tao thanh ran h g id i cu a cac
cao n g u y en nay da lo ra d a m a c m a x am n h ap (ch u yeu la d a g ran it) va cac d o n g bazan . T ro n g
thoi ky xay ra uon nep C aled o n i th u d n g x ay ra b ie n thoai. T u y n hien, sau thoi k y tao son nay,
cac vung bidn q uay trd lai ch iem linh p h an ld n k h o i In d o sin ia (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957; F rid lan d ,
1961; D ovjikov et al., 1965a).
N hung d a co nh at c u a D o n g D u o n g la cac p h u c he d a b ien ch at k et tin h tu d i tie n C am b ri
va P aleozoi sdm duoc g iu g an n g u y en tran g it n h at tit D evon. N g ay nay, n h u n g d ien lo ra n g
ldn cu a cac d a m ong nay trd th an h n h ieu cao n g u y en d p h a n tru n g tarn cu a n am V ie t N am .
N hung noi lo gay an tu o n g c u a ch u n g co th e q u an sat d uoc d n h u n g v ach n u i cao v a cac b d
dung dung cua cac h em vuc song sau d m at su d n d o n g cu a cac cao n g u y en doc th eo d u d n g
dut ghy lien tuc tao n en d u d n g b d bidn. D o n g thoi, tram tich M eso zo i phu tren su d n th o a i p h ia
tay hudng ve L ao cu a cac cao n g u y en (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957; R u n d ell, 1999).
S u troi len c u a v u n g In d o sin ia v a b ien th o ai m an h m e d a d ien ra d D ev o n m u o n va
C acbon, k h o an g 350 - 3 0 0 tricu nam tru d c day (D o v jik o v e t al., 1965a) v a lien q u a n vd i h o a t
ddng tao nui H ercyni. C ac d an g nui ra n g ld n d u o c h in h th an h ch iem lin h cac d ien tich ld n b

Hinh 2 (doi di4n). Phan chia hanh chinh cua Viet Nam (phan dat lien).
2; Son La; 3‘ U o Cai; 4" Ha Giang: 5- Yen Bai; 6- Phu Tho; 7- Tuyen Quang; 8- Cao Bang; 9- Hoa B.nh
IS Ы n ' B acK an ; 12- Vinh Phuc; 13- Ha Tay; 1 4 - Thai Nguyen; 15- Nghe An; 16- Ha Noi; 1 7 - Lang Son
u nu B4C Gla"8; 2°" ВЙС Nlnh; 21 - Hung Y®n; 22- Ha Naml 23- Hdl Duong; 24- Thai Binh; 25- Nam Dinh
a s " r ,ai ° ng; 27~ Quang Ninh; 28‘ Ha Tinhl 29- Quang Binh; 30- Quang Tri; 31- Thira Thien Hud; 32- Da Nang
, . ' Gua"g Nam; 34- Kon Turn; 35- Gia Lai; 36- Dac Lac; 37- Quang Ngai; 38- Binh Dinh; 39- Phu Yen; 40- Khanh Hoa
a s ’ т u ™ °C; 42~ ТаУ N ‘nh; 43' U m D6ng: 44" Ninh Thuan; 45‘ Blnh Duongl 46‘ D6ng Nah 4 ?- Binh Thuan
55 n P' H° ChLMlnh; 49" Ba R|a " Vflng Tau; 50"Long An; 5 b D 6ngT haP; 52- An Gla"g; 53“ TlSnGiang; 5 4 - B enTre
35- Can Tho; 56- Vinh Long; 57- Tra Vinh; 58- Soc Trang; 59- Kien Giang; 60- Вас Lieu- 61- Ca Mau

3
 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

m ien T ru n g V iet N am , tii b o b ie n d en b ie n g io i v o i v o i L ao d o k e t q u a cu a u o n nep H ercy m .

S u h in h th an h c u a p h a n d an g k e 6 day nui T ru o n g S on о p h ia nam V iet N a m c u n g co lien
q u an voi h o a t d o n g tao n u i H ercy n i. C ac th an h h e D ev o n cu a u o n nep H ercy m d uoc co k et
n h o nh u n g h o at d o n g x am n h ap m an h m e cu a g ra m t tro n g C a cb o n giua. H ipn nay, nhung
g ram t 16 ra о n h ieu n o i dpc b o b ie n ch a T ru n g v a N am T ru n g B o (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957; F n d la n d ,
1961). T ro n g P erm i h in h th an h th an h n h ieu v u n g tru n g , v a b ie n lai m o t la n n u a b ao p h u d ien
tich rong Ion cu a In d o sin ia.
H oat dong tao n u i m an h m e n h at trong vung xay ra v ao M eso zo i som . C ac v u n g b ien xung
q u an h ria bac, tay v a tay n am cu a d ia khoi In d o sin ia la trung tarn cu a su u o n nep m an h m e boi
h ang loat cac h o at d o n g k ien tao to cuoi P erm i d en T rias. S u u o n nep nay co ten la In d o sim
d en nay co n de lai ch u n g cii ro ran g n h at tai v u n g nui ra n g Ion о bac T h ai L an v a L ao v a d 0 c
theo b ien gioi g iu a V iet N am voi L ao v a C am puchia. C ac v u n g d a gram t ra n g Ion о p h ia bac
V iet N am la d ang x am n hap duoc h in h thanh vao cu m P erm i v a T rias trong su u o n nep nay.
V iec hinh thanh n h ieu he th o n g nui trong su uon nep In d o sin ia, co ten la In d o sm id
(S chzeglo v a 1957) co q u a n h e ch at che voi h o a t d o n g k ie n tao d a d an d en su p h an bo rong
khap cu a cac loai d a m acm a n h u d a r io li t , d a d axit v a cac d a silicat l i e n q u a n V ao cu o i T n a s
p h an d oan d ia ch at D o n g D u o n g cu a p h an vo luc d ia duoc co k e t y a day len d an d en lan thu
hep b ien cuoi cung v a h in h th an h cac d ia h in h ngay nay cu a vim g luc d ia D o n g N am A. M ot
su k ien d ang chii у trong th o i gian nay la su tach ro i cu a dao B orneo ra kh o i p h a n In d o sin ia
(S chzeglova, 1957). B dt dau to k h o an g 180 trieu n am truoc cho den ngay nay cac v u n g da
cao cu a d ia k h o i In d o sin ia d a trai q u a su xoi m o n th u o n g x u y en (S chzeglova, 1957, R undell,
1999) va su king d o n g cu a cac lorn bo i tich, chu yeu la cat. C at tram tich M eso zo i ch iem nhung
dien tich ro n g Ion 6 n am L ao v a d at d en do sau 2 0 0 0 m p h u tren n en d a k et tin h co. C at tram
tich M eso zo i p h an b o doc b o b ien m ien nam V ie t N am . M 0t so h o a t dong x am n hap v a n u i lua
cung xay ra tro n g g iai d o an nay h o ac sau do mOt th o i gian, toy n h ien anh h u o n g cu a chung rat
h an che (S chzeglova, 1957).
C ac vim g b ien nong b ao phu khap v u n g trung tarn v a b ac D o n g D u o n g v ao cu o i P aleo zo i
v a d au M eso zo i d an d e n v iec h in h th an h cac vim g tram tich d a v o i ro n g Ion D ia h in h c acx to
h u n g vi d a h in h th a n h 6 m ie n b ac v a m ie n tru n g V iet N am chu y eu la to d a v o i lang ong
tro n g giai d o an nay. H au h e t d a v o i n ay co n g u o n goc tii D ev o n , C arb o n , P e rm i v a T rias, uy
n hien, d a vo i co n g u o n goc to T ien C am b ri, C am b ri v a O rd o v ic c u n g x u a tto e n о m o t so k h u
v uc (D o v jik o v et al., 1965a, b). B ien xam lan v a n Hep tuc d ien ra rat n h ieu lan tro n g T rias,
v ao d en d o n g C a m p u c h ia v a n h ieu p h a n cu a nam V iet N am . C ac thanh h e tra m tic h luc la
dac tru n g la cac tan g m au d o cu n g h in h th an h tren cdc d ie n tic h ro n g Ion tm C a m p u ch ia va
m ien nam V iet N am (F o n tain e & W o rk m an , 1978).
T ro n g su o t cuoi M eso z o i v a C en o zo i, p h an b a n toe d ia D o n g N am A v a cac v u n g la n can
6 dong nam T ru n g Q uoc duoc co i la m 0 t d o n vi k h ac b ie t k h a tin h lang, tu o n g p h a n v o i cac
vung xung q u an h d an g dien ra cac h o a t d o n g k ie n tao d ia ch at d an g ke (F o n tain e & W o rk m an
1978). V e p h ia tay, k h o i In d o sin ia gioi h a n b o i cac h o at d o n g tao nui cua K re ta - D e tarn
p h ia tay v a tru n g tarn M ian m a; v a v e p h ia nam b o i cac h o at d o n g tao nui M eso zo i - C en o zo i
tai S um atra, Jav a, B o rn eo v a P h ilip in . C u n g tro n g th o i g ian nay, In d o sin ia too th an h m o t don
v i d ia m ao rien g b ie t to k h o i cau true co 6 n am T ru n g Q uoc k eo d ai d en b ac V iet N am . D u o n g
tach ro i cac k h o i nay, n am g an n h u doc th eo d o n g ch ay c u a song H o n g , d a tra i q u a cac h o at
dong p h an tach to cu o i K re ta d e n E ocen. C ac h o a t d o n g k ie n tao о D e tam c o quan_he trong
v u n g In d o sin ia v o i viec day cac v u n g nui troi le n d en d o cao h ie n tai la 2 0 0 0 d e n ^ 0 m
tay v a bac, v a lam vim g th em S u n d a to n x u on g du oi m a t n uoc b ie n (R undell, 1999). C ung
thoi g ian nay d a d ien ra viec h in h th an h cac vim g tru n g v a d u t gay sau.

4
 DIA МАО

C ac dong dun g n ham va b azan k hong 16 D e tam bao p h u cac d ien tich h an g n g an ki lo m et
vuong a nam V iet N am doc theo d u t gay d o h o a t d o n g nui lu a 6 K ain o zo i. V tm g ra n g Ion n hat
cua hoat dOng nay la cac cao n guyen P ley K u, D ac L ac, M o N ong, V ung cao N am B o v a cao
nguyen D i L inh - B ao L oc 6 n am V iet N am (R u n d ell, 1999). C ac v u n g b azan n h o h a n con
p han bo v e p h ia bac. N hieu m ien g nui lua hinh non bi xoi m o n 6 D e tam h ie n v an con to n tai
о cao n guyen K o n T urn. L an nui lira p h u n trao g an d ay n h at la v ao nam 1923 о v u n g b ien
D ong, ve p h ia do n g nam b o b i 6 n V iet N am (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957).
S u nang cao ro ret cu a vim g nui tay bac thupc bac V iet N am va m o t so p h an cu a day T ruong
Son, va su lun xuong cua vung dong bac v a nam V iet N am da xay ra tu cuoi D e tam den ngay
nay van con quan sat duoc. S u hinh thanh cdc he thong niii cao nhat V iet N am n h u F an Si Pan
va N goc L inh la ket q u a cua su nang cao nay. M at khac, su lun xuong cua cdc vung ra n g Ion da
tao dieu kien cho boi ldng phu sa tai dong bang Bdc BO va dong bdng song Ciru L ong
(Schzeglova, 1957). M ot so hien tuong nang cao tuong doi cung xdy ra d doc ven bien T rung.
D o vay, pham vi cua cac d o t bien xdm lan vdo thoi k y P leistocen khong lien tuc 6 k h o ang gan
100 km duong bo bien gan thi xa Phan R ang 6 nam V iet N am (R undell, 1999).
V iec xoi m on nui va ldng d o n g boi tich m an h m e n h at Id net ddc trung tro n g lich sir dia
chat cuoi D e tam va D e tu 6 D o n g D uong. N g ay nay, boi tich D e tu vdn b ao phu cac d ien tich
Ion 6 C am puchia, bdc vd nam V iet N am . Boi tich c 6 h o n P leisto cen m u 0 n dat d en do ddy hon
500 m 6 p hia don g vim g chau tho song Ciru L ong. V u n g chau th o song H ong q u an h H d N oi
cung hodn to an bi b ao phu b o i phu sa D e tu. H au het tram tich H o lo cen h ien dai la cat thach
anh n guyen chat, th u o n g ch iem linh cac v u n g tii noi d ia ra d en cac bai cat doc th eo vim g ven
bidn trung V iet N am vd cac th em boi tich cu a thoi ky nay cu n g rat p h o b ien doc th eo hau het
cac vim g ven b ien tren n en d a voi (R undell, 1999).

DIA MAO
B a p h an tu lan h th 6 V iet N am la vim g nui (H in h 1). C ac vim g n u i co the c h ia th an h 3
v ung rien g biet: 1. V u n g nui V ie t N am о p h ia d o n g b ac so n g H ong; 2. D ay H o an g L ien Son
a tay bdc V iet N am v a p h ia tay bdc song H o n g la d o an k eo dai x u o n g p h ia nam ciia day
H im alaya; va 3. D ay T ru o n g S on la x u o n g song ciia vim g D o n g N am A doc th e o b ie n gioi
tay ciia V iet N am (S c h zeg lo v a, 1957; R u n d ell, 1999). C ac v u n g d ja m ao khac cu a V ie t N am
la cac d o n g b ang v en b ie n v a cac vim g chau th d ra n g Ion bdng phdng p h u sa cu a so n g H o n g
v a song Ciru L ong.

V im g n u i d o n g b a c

M ien dong bac V iet N am ndm p h ia dong bdc song H o n g la p h an m o ro n g cu a n en H oa

N am (T rung Q uoc), b ao gom p h ia tay tin h Q u an g T ay , nam Q ui C hau v a d o n g V an N am , va
khac biet v e m at cdu true voi p h an nam cu a vim g D o n g N am A (D o v jik o v et al., 1965b;
R undell, 1999). V im g nay da tirng trai q u a n hieu giai doan nang cao va sut x u o n g lien tuc
nhung chi co rdt it b ien d an g trong suot Ijch sir ciia no. C anh quan duoc h in h th an h do t 6 hop
cua da b ien ch at m o n g c 6 lo ra v a tram tich b ien P aleo zo i m u o n - T rias scrm bj b ao m on. P han
Ion cac tram tich nay la da voi d a bi n ang cao v a bi bao m o n de h in h thanh cac vtm g d ia hinh
c acx to ra n g Ion h ien c o n th ay о d an g he th o n g dai nui sot hep v a cac d in h nui hinh tru voi cac
suon doc v a cac vach d u n g dung. 6 V iet N am , cac nui nay th u o n g cao tii 300 d en 7 0 0 m . T uy
n hien khi tien dan v e bien gio i voi T ru n g Q uoc, ch u n g th u o n g dat d en d o cao 1400 - 1600 m.
D ac trung ciia vim g nay la co rat n h ieu h an g dong, cac m ien g ho nuoc hin h phdu, cac song
ngam va ho co the can nuoc trong m ua kho.

5
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

H oat d o n g k ie n tao v ao cuoi T rias trong th o i k y u o n n ep In d o sin i v a m u o n h o n d an d en

viec x uat h ien cac vim g x am n hap (D ovjikov et al., 1965b; R u n d ell, 1999) tao ra cac h e th o n g
nui da gram t b iet lap, n h u n u i T ay C o n L in h (2419 m ), P u T h a C a (2274 m ), P ia D a (1 9 8 0 m )
v a P ia O ac (1 9 3 0 m ). D ay la cac d in h cao n h at tro n g vim g nay v a co dac d iem la tro i len cao
h an so vo i cac can h q u a n xung quanh. S u sut lu n th e h ie n ro b a t dau tii th i x a C ao B an g ra
d en vim g ven b ie n (H in h 1).
B ao quanh chau tho song H ong v a cac song ld n khac la cac day da voi rong ldn, nhung dong
bang boi tich day v a nhung nui thap. V en b d bien dong bdc rai rac cd hang tram dao d a voi, cat
ket, da phien. N hung nui d a voi bi gam m o n dang cot cung gap о m o t so noi giua dong bang oi
tich va them thap ciia chau tho song H ong.

Vim g nui tay bdc

P h an p h ia d o n g day H im a la y a (nui H o an h D o an ) m b ro n g tu tin h V an N am (T ru n g Q uoc)
sang m ien bac V iet N am h in h th an h n hieu day nui cao n h u H o an g L ien Scm, P h u Si L u n g va
Phu D en D in h (H inh 1). C ac d ay nhi nay hau het со do cao tren 2 0 0 0 m , hm h th an h m o t khu
vuc nui ro n g ld n о tay bdc V iet N am . C o rat n hieu d in h nui co d o cao tren 2 5 0 0 m n h u F a n
Si Pan (3143 m ) Т а G ian g P h in (3096 m ), P hu Si L u n g (3 0 7 6 m ), P u L u d n g (2985 m ), P h u
P ho u n g C h an g (2825 m ) v a P h u L an g K u n g (2817 m ). H au h et cac n u i nay d eu h in h thanh tu
da gram t h ay q u arzit x am thuc v ao cu o i M eso zo i. V e p h ia n am cu a cac day nui ch m h la m o t
vung phuc h e d a u o n nep n h u cac пёр lom song D a v a D ien B ien v a nep loi song M a.
M ot lo at cao n g u y en d a voi D ev o n va T rias n h u S o n L a v a M o c C h au co do cao 1500 -
1700 m tach roi ra k h o i vim g nay boi cac h em nui h ep h o ac cac th u n g lu n g song rat d o c eo
dai doc song D a, tu b m n gidi T ru n g Q uoc ra d en bien. 6 n goai vi cu a cac cao n g uyen, d a voi
tao пёп cac vim g can h q u a n n g o an m uc co dang d ia hin h ca cx to b i an m o n m an h (S ch zeg lo v a
1957; D o v jik o v et al., 1965b; R u n d ell, 1999). D ieu nay co the th ay о rat n hieu no i tm cac tinh
L ai C hau , S on L a, H o a B in h , T h an h H oa, N ghe A n v a Q u an g B in h (D ovjikov e t al., 1965b).

Viing nui Truong Son

D ay T ru o n g S o n la m o t v u n g n u i ro n g Ion, trai d a, d en g an 1200 k m tit bdc d e n n am , doc
th eo b ie n gidi cu a V iet N am v o i L ao v a C am p u ch ia, b ao g o m ca m o t so cao n g u y e n ro n g Ion
b nam V ie t N am . D ay la v u n g nui со cau true p huc tap , trai q u a m o t lich su nhieu lan u o n nep
cu a d a tram tich bien v a d a b ien chat, cu a cac d a m o n g n an g troi v a sau d o la cac h o at dong
nui lua vdi n h u n g d o n g d u n g nham b azan rong ldn.
H oat dong nang troi chu yeu о day T ruong Son xay ra trong qua trinh tao nu, Indosini vao
Paleozoi m uon v a M esozoi sdm . P han Ion day nui nay duoc tao пёп tu cac d a tram tich bien
Paleozoi da bien dang vd cac da gram t xam nhap vao Paleozoi m uon - M esozoi som. D inh nui
cao nhat nam tren b ien gidi V iet - L ao b phan bdc cua vim g la X ai L ai L eng co dinh cao 27 m.
D inh nay cung voi cac dinh cao khac trong vung nhu Pu H oat (2452 m ), R ao C o (2 -3 5 m ) va
M uong T ip (2040 m ) deu duoc tao thanh tii da gram t T rias (D ovjikov et al., 1965b).
P han b ac cu a d ay T ru o n g S on, vim g h ep nhdt c u a V ie t N am , nam tii p h ia n am cu a thanh
pho V in h V u n g nay co d o cao tu o n g doi thdp v b i m o t vai din h cao nhat k h o an g 1300 m , co n
b cac d eo d o cao g iam x u o n g chi con 500 m (H in h 1). N h u n g nui cb b i b ao m o n nay nam
th anh m o t d ai к ёо d ai tii L ao q u a m ien tru n g V iet N am q uanh H oi A n d en n am D a N ang.
C hun g h in h th an h tii uon n ep H ercy m duoc p h u b tren b an g tram tich cat k et luc d ia tu o i T rias

6
 DIA МАО

m uon. D ang d a nay ra t g iau th u c vat h o a thach (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957; R u n d ell, 1999). N h ieu
dien tich ldn trong v u n g nay bi p h u boi tram tich v o i tu o n g bien bi b ien ch at cao, chu yeu co
tudi tu D evon, C arb on v a P erm i, giau h o a th ach bien. D ai c h in h cu a cac tram tich nay chay
ngang d ay T ru o n g S on v a k eo dai tii b d Ыёп d e n L ao th eo h u d n g tay bac. V e p h ia tay bac cua
thanh pho V inh v a tay ciia th i xa D o n g H oi, su b ao m o n tai cac trien p h ia d o n g ciia cac cao
n g u yen d a voi n ay d a tao th an h p h o n g can h n g o an m u c g o m cac day nui h ep ch en chiic va
cac dinh rnii cao v o t len tii cac th u n g lu n g p h u sa b an g p h a n g (D o v jik o v et al., 1965a, b).
P han nam cu a d ay T ru o n g S on chu yeu la n en d a k e t tin h cd gom d a g o n ai T ie n C am bri.
T rong P aleozoi v a M ezo so i sdm nen d ia tan g nay b i v d ra de tao th an h cac cao n g u y en rieng
biet со do cao kh ac nhau. C ao n h a t la cac cao n g u y en K o n Turn v a L am V ien (D a L at) со do
cao 1000 - 1500 m . C ao n g u y en P ley K u, D ac L ac, M o N o n g (D i L in h ) v a cac cao n g u y en
khac thaip hon, tii 100 - 7 7 0 m . C ac cao n g u y en d p h ia n am tao n en m 0 t p h u c he k h am d uoc
hinh thanh tii d a g ram t xam n hap th u o c P aleo zo i m u o n - M eso zo i sdm , v a cac vtm g tram tich
rnii lua rong ldn tu o i D e tam v a D e tii b ao p h u len m o n g d a cd. C ac d ien 10 g ran it v a cac day
nui lua dang chop bi b ao m o n cu n g p h a n bd rai rac tren m o t so cao n g u y en (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957;
R undell, 1999).

D ay T ru o n g S on n o i cao len d en k h o i nui K o n Turn ro n g ldn n am d p h ia tay n am th an h

pho D a N in g . C ao n g u y en tu d a m o n g ro n g n h at nay k e o dai k h o an g 2 5 0 k m th eo ch ieu bac
- nam v a 200 km th eo ch ieu d o n g - tay. D in h N g o c L in h , m o t d in h rnii d a g ran it, со ch ieu cao
2589 m ndm d ria p h ia bac cu a khoi nui K on T urn, la d in h cao n h at cu a d ay T ru o n g S o n d
m ien trung V iet N am . C ac d in h C h u Y ang S in (2405 m ) v a B i D iip (2287 m ) cu n g la cac dinh
nui da g ran it va la cac din h cao n h at d p h a n nam ciia day T ru o n g Son, ndi len tii cao n g u y en
L am V ien. C hung d uoc tao th an h tii d a p h ien v a q u arzit, cim g v d i cac vtm g d a g ra n it ro n g ldn
v a cac loai da nui Ida n h u rio lit, an d ex it v a dacit. V im g trung tam ciia cao n g u y en L am V ien
(D a L at) chu y eu la dacit, tro n g do со din h L an g B ian cao d en 2163 m (R u n d ell, 1999).
T iep th eo su h in h th an h v a troi d an g ciia n am d ay T ru o n g Son, cac d o n g d u ng n h am ldn
phun trao v ao cuo i D e tam v a D e tu da h in h th an h n en cac cao n g u y en d at do b a z an ro n g ldn
nhu P ley K u, D ac Ldc, L am V ien (D a L at), M o N o n g (D i L inh) v a cac cao n g u y en khac d
nam V iet N am . D o cao chii yeu cu a k h u vuc nay la 200 - 7 0 0 m . B a cao n g u y en dau tien tro n g
so к ё tren doi k h i cu n g duoc g o p ch u n g vao T ay N guyen.
C ao n guyen P ley K u со ran h g id i p h ia bdc la k h o i nui K o n T urn, va p h ia d o n g la so n g D a
R an g v a vim g trung C h eo R eo. V tm g tru n g n ay со cac d o n g bdng bo i tich day d en 150 m . D at
b azan cua cao n gu y en D ac Ldc bi p h an h o a v a sau n h at d p h ia n am v a m o n g ho n v e p h ia bdc.
D at d ria p h ia tay cu a cao n g u y en P ley K u ciing sau v a m au m d.
C ac cao n g u y en tu o n g doi thap, cao 300 - 6 0 0 m , d cue n am cua d ay T ru o n g S on duoc
hinh thanh tii vim g b an b in h n g u y en d o u o n nep H ercy n i cu a da p h ien va cat k et со d uoc phu
boi cac loai bazan tu d i k h ac nhau. B azan g ia со d p h a n bdc co n b azan trc h o n со d p h an nam .
C ac vim g d a g ran it lo th ien cung p h a n bo rai rac d day. C ac vim g doi niii h in h b at lip ro n g ldn
d dong nam , doi kh i со do cao den 1 0 0 0 - 1600 m , h au h et d uoc hinh th an h tii cac k h o i da
g ran it bi phong hoa. C ac v u n g d ia hin h th ap ch im d an v e p h ia chau th o song Ciru L o n g la ranh
gidi p h ia nam cu a day T ru o n g Son.
D ang chii у la d n am V iet N am cac h e th o n g n u d e luu th o n g chu yeu chay san g h u d n g tay
do vao C am puchia, each ly v d i h e thong cac th u n g lung sdng d sudn p h ia d o n g dm u d t h o n
cu a V iet N am . S ud n p h ia d o n g rat doc cu a day T ru o n g S on la k e t q u a cu a m o t d u t gay ld n da
cat khoi da k et tin h ciia cac cao n g u y en co vao T rias m u o n . 6 m 0 t vai chd, d u t g ay n ay со
the q uan sat duoc d cac vach d a d u n g d u n g cao d en 1000 m . V tm g nay со ra t n hieu hem nui

7
 1

LAN H AI VIET NAM

hep h in h th an h do nuoc an m o n khoi da k et tin h c 6 (ch u y eu la d a g ran it v a gon ai) v a rat n hieu
thac nude h u ng vi. C ac song chay ve h u d n g d o n g b at n g u o n tu d ay T ru o n g S o n th u o n g n g an
nhung chay x iet v d i n h ieu thac gh'enh.

Cac vimg dong bang ven bidn

C ac vu n g d o n g b an g v en bien cd do p han g k h o n g deu, h au h et sat m uc nude b ien, tao nen
m o t v an h dai h ep doc th eo b o bien noi lien cac v u n g d at th ap v en song m au m o о m ie n bac
va m ien nam V iet N am . C ac v u n g d o n g b an g v e n b ien о d o i ch o ro n g d en 50 k m , n h u n g noi
chung thu o n g rat h ep (H in h 1). 6 m o t vai chd, v i du d eo N g an g , deo C h an M ay v a m ui N ay
cac n hanh nui tu day T ru o n g S o n c a t roi v u n g d o n g b an g keo dai d en tan b o b ien v a h in h
th an h cac vach nui ra t doc.
C ac p h an d o i nui cu a v u n g d o n g b an g v en b ie n tiep g iap v d i v u n g nui duoc h in h th a n h tu
cac tram tich D e tu lan g d o n g tu day T ru o n g Son. C ac th em b ien со xua d a bi b ao m o n nhieu
cd th e de dang q u an sat tai day. N h u n g th em b ien tre n hat, duoc h in h th an h chu y eu tu tram
tich cat da on din h v a cac d u n cat со tudi D e tu, cu n g to n tai 6 g an d u d n g b d bien.

Cac thung lung boi tich cua song Chu Long va song Hong
H ai co n song Ion n h at d v u n g D o n g N am A - la song Ciru L o n g v a song H ong tao n e n cac
vung chau th o ro n g ld n p h u boi b o i tich D e tu.
V u n g ch au th d c u a so n g H o n g , h a y la d o n g b a n g В ас B o , cd d ie n tic h h o n 1 5 .0 0 0 k m 2,
ch u y eu co d o cao 2 - 6 m , v a d o i c h d th a m ch i co n th a p h o n so vd i m a t n u o c b ie n . S o n g
H o n g m a n g m o t lu o n g Ion d a t p h u sa (k h o an g 8 0 trid u m 3m d i n am ) b o i la n g x u o n g lam b o
c u a vim g n ay la n d a n ra b ie n со ch d d en 100 m m d i n a m (S c h z e g lo v a , 1957).
V ung chau thd c u a song C uu L ong, h ay d o n g b an g song Ciru L o n g , cd d ie n tich d en
40 .5 0 0 k m 2, chidm h au h et cac v u n g d at th ap d m ien N am . V ung b in h n g u y en b a n g p h an g
th u o n g хиуёп ngap nude nay со d o cao chi k h o an g 2 m . T o e do boi lan ra b ien h an g n am Ion
nhat q uan sat duoc (60 - 80 m m d i nam ) со thd th ay d m u i C a M au (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957).
C ac v u n g dat p h u sa m au m d о hai vu ng chau th d nay la noi m at do d an so rat cao, chu
yeu d ua vao san xuat nong n ghiep. C d den h o n 80% d a n so V iet N am song d cac v u n g dong
b an g chau thd v a v en bidn, tro n g k h i d cac v u n g n u i d an c u co n tu o n g d o i th u a thdt.

CAC VUNG KHI HAU

C ac loai gio m iia d o n g v a m u a h e cd anh h u d n g ld n den khi h au vung D o n g N am A noi
chung, vung D o n g D u o n g noi n e n g . G io bac v a gib d o n g b ac с Ы ё т uu th e tro n g v u n g tu
than« M uoi d en th an g B a d uoc tao ra bd i vung ap suat cao d uoc h in h th an h v ao m u a d o ng о
trung° tam chau A tai v u n g th ao n g u y en M ong C d rd n g Ion. G id nay th u o n g la n h v a k h o , va
tao cho V ie t N am m o t kidu th o i tie t k h o v a trong lanh. G id nam v a gio tay n am ch iem uu the
trong vu n g tu thang T u d e n th an g C hin, den tii A n D o D u o n g v a T h ai B in h D u o n g, no i co cac
vim g ap suat cao h in h th an h trong m u a he. C ac gid m u a he th u o n g n o n g , am uot v a tao n en
th o i tied nong v a n hieu m u a tai v u ng luc d ia (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957; F n d la n d , 1961; P h am N gpc
T o an & P h an T a t D ac, 1993). D o n g tho i, tin h chat doi nui phuc tap v a h in h dang dac b ie t cua
dudng b d bid n Viet N am doi chd d a lam thay dd i h u d n g d i c u a cac loai gio m u a, lam thay doi
thdi gian cu a m u a k h o v a m u a m u a v a lam anh h u d n g d e n lu o n g m u a cu a vung. D ieu nay d an
den su da d ang d an g k in h ngac cu a cac v u n g khi h au d V iet N am .
 CAC VUNG KHI HAU

N guyen K hanh V an e t al. (2000) da x ac din h bay vim g khi hau chinh о V iet N am (co tham
khao cac n g h ien cuu trad e d o cu a W alter & L eith , 1960, 1964, 1967; G au ssen , L eg ris &
B lasco, 1967; S chm id, 1974; T h ai V an T rim g, 1978; So lieu K hi tu o n g - T hiiy v an , 1989,
1997; P ham N go c T o an & P h an T at D ac, 1993). D o la cac vim g:
1. K hi hau n h iet doi g io m u a co m u a d o n g lanh v a m u a m iia he;
2. K hi hau nhiet doi g io m u a co m iia d o n g lan h v a m u a m ua he - thu;
3. K hi hau n h iet doi g io m iia co m iia d o n g aim ap va m ua m u a he - th u - dong;
4. K hi hau n h iet d o i g io m iia co m iia d o n g am ap va m u a m u a thu - dong;
5. K hi hau nhiet doi g io m iia co m u a d o n g am ap va m u a m iia he;
6. K hi hau can x ich dao g io m iia co m u a m iia he;
7. K hi hau n h iet d o i gio m iia vim g nui.
C ac vim g khi hau ciia V iet N am d uoc the hien tro n g H inh 3 v a d o n g thoi c u n g cap bieu
do khi hau d ien hin h ciia m di vung. B an d o lu o n g m u a cu a V iet N am d a sir d u n g to an b0 so
lieu h ien co (B ru zo n & C arton, 1930; C h ev ey & C arton. 1935; S ch zeg lo v a , 1957; F rid lan d .
1961; W alter & L eith, 1960, 1964, 1967; G au ssen , L eg ris & B lasco, 1967; S ch m id , 1974;
T hai V an T rim g, 1978; P h am N goc T o an & P han T at D ie , 1993; va N g u y en K h anh V an et
al., 2000) duoc trin h bay 6 H in h 4.

Khi hau nhiet doi gio m iia со miia dong lanh va m ua miia he
V ung khi hau nay co p h am vi gan n h u to an bo m ien Bdc V iet N am (H in h 3). M iia dong
kho vdi cac thoi ky k h o dai 2 - 5 thang, k eo dai tii th an g M u d i hai d en th an g H ai h ay B a, dien
hinh cho cac vim g d o n g bdng va tru n g du m ien bac V iet N am . C ung vao th o i g ian do, d cac
vung nui cao hon , n h u day T am D ao (21°27'B , 105°38'D ), Sin H o (22°21'B , 103°15’D ) va thi
xa M ong C ai (21°31'B , 107°58'D ) lai k h o n g со th oi g ian k h o han. T ai m ot so vim g k h ac thoi
gian kho han doi k h i rat ngdn (N guyen K hanh V an et al., 2000).
M iia he о vim g nay thuong dm udt, vdi luong m u a tap trung nhat vao cac thang B ay v a Tam .
H a N oi co luong m u a trung binh nam la 1674 m m , xap xi vdi luong m u a trung binh nam cu a ca
vim g la 1700 m m . L uo n g m u a tang len dang кё, den 2500 - 2800 m m d cac sudn nam v a dong
nam ciia cac he thong nui ldn, vi du suon nui T am D ao, gan T am D udng (22°25'B , 103°29'D),
cac vung M ong C ai vd S in H d (H inh 3). Tai Bdc Q uang (22°29'B , 1 0 4°54D ), luong m u a trung
binh nam tang den m uc dang ngac nhien la 4802 m m (N guyen K hanh V an et al., 2000). 6 sudn
bac v a tay bdc ciia cdc vim g niii nay luong m ua lai g iam dang ke. L uong m u a trung binh nam d
day thuong la 1200 - 1400 m m , vi du d cac thi tran S ong M a (21°04B , 103°44D ), Y en C hau
(21°03'B , 104°17’D ), B ao L ac (22°57'B , 105°40D ) hoac T uo n g D uong (19°17’B, 104°26'D).
L uong m ua thap nhat theo bao cao la 1126 m m tai dao B ach L ong V i (20°08’B, 107°43’D ), ndm
d trung tam ciia V inh Bdc B o (N guyen K hanh V an et al., 2000).
C he do n hiet d m ien bdc V iet N am chiu anh h u d n g th eo m iia rat ro ret. M iia d o n g tu o n g
doi lanh tai H a noi k eo d ai tu th an g M udi m o t d en th an g T u vdi n h iet do tir 14 - 16°C (n h iet
do thap n hat tu y e t d o i la 2,7°C ). M u a phtin k eo dai dai ddng, th u o n g duoc goi la m u a xuan,
rat d ien hinh cho cac v u n g d d n g bdng th ap tir dau th an g H ai d en cuoi th an g B a. M iia he nong
va am , vdi n hiet d o toi d a th u o n g thay о Н а N pi la tren 33°C (n h iet do cao nhdt tu y et doi
42,8°C ). N hiet do tru n g b in h nam d H a N oi la 23,5°C (G aussen, L eg ris & B lasco , 1967;
R undel, 1999; N guydn K hanh V an et al., 2000). C ac vtm g nui о m ien b ac со n h iet d o thap
hon vd luong m ua trung b in h nam cao h o n theo do cao tan g dan. T ai do cao tren 1000 m doi
khi co suong m ud i xuat h ien v ao ban d em d cac chd trong trai vao cac th an g m iia ddng.

9
 CAC V UNG KHI HAU

Khi hau nhiet doi gio m iia co m iia dong lanh va m ua m ua he - thu

K idu khi hau nay co 6 cac vim g, v i du b ac m ien T ru n g (H inh 3), n o i co n h ie t d o v a luong
m ua tuong tu n h u v u n g k h i h au d a noi cr tren. D o n cii tai th an h p h o V in h (18°40'B , 105°40'D ),
co luo ng m ua trung b in h n am tu o n g d u o n g H a NOi, 1968 m m . T uy n hien, lu o n g m u a trung
binh nam cu a ca v u n g cao h o n nhieu, d en 2342 m m . L u o n g m u a trung b in h n am rat khac b iet
g iua cac khu vuc k h ac n h au , b ie n d o n g tu 1707 m m d en 3205 m m (H inh 4). D o n g thd i, luong
m ua cao nhat cu a vim g tap tru n g vao cac th an g C h in v a M udi. L u o n g m u a cu a tat ca cac th an g
deu cao h o n 50 m m . R at it k h u vuc, vi du n h u cac thi tra n K h e S anh (16°38'B , 106°50’D ) h ay
D o L u ong (18°54'B , 105°18'D ), co m ua d o n g k h o rao ro ret. k eo dai tir 2 d en 4 thang.
N hiet do m ua h e d vung nay th u d n g d at d en 30 - 35°C vdi n h iet do cao n h at d o duoc la 41
- 42°C . M ua d o n g th u d n g co n h iet do tir 14 - 16°C v a n h iet d o thap n h at tu y e t do i la 3 - 4°C
(0,7°C theo bao cao tu h u y en H u o n g S on, 18°27'B va 105°16’D).

Khi hau nhiet dm gio m iia co miia dong am va m ua miia he - thu - dong

V ung n ay trai dai th eo doc v en b ien m ien trung V iet N am (H in h 3). D ae tru n g k h i hau cua
vung nay la co hai th d i d ie m tap trung m ua: m o t vao m iia he va m o t v ao cu o i m iia thu. 6 day
co m iia m ua chin h th u c tir th an g C h in k eo dai d en tan th an g G ieng nam sau. T o n g lu o n g m ua
tang lien tuc ve p h ia n am th eo b d b ien vdi 2 9 3 6 m m tai H ue (16°24'B , 107°41'D ) n h u n g g iam
dot n g o t xuong 2041 m m tai D a N dng (16°02'B , 108°11'D ) v a 2003 m m tai H o ai N h o n
(14°32'B , 109°01'D ). D o n g thd i, lu o n g m u a co the len d en 3340 m m tai B a T o (14°46'B ,
108°43'D ) va 3973 m m d g an T ra M y (15°21'B , 108°13'D ), sat v d i sudn d o n g cu a day T ru o n g
Son (H inh 4).

T ai khu vuc nay th u d n g co m ot m u a hoi k h o k eo dai 2 - 4 thang, tir th an g H ai d en thang

T u hay N am . T u y n h ien , tai m o t so khu vuc nh u H ue, T ra M y v a D o n g H oi (17°28'B ,
106°37'D ), ngay ca cac th an g n ay v an co lu o n g m u a d an g ke vao k h o an g 20 - 5 0 m m v a do
vay khong co m u a k h o ro re t (G au ssen et al„ 1967; N g u y en K h an h V an et a l„ 2000).
M ua he tai vim g nay ra t n o n g voi n hiet dp th u d n g d at tdi 30 - 34°C (n h iet do cao n h at tu y et
doi la 40 - 42°C ), n hiet do tru n g b in h cua m u a d o n g v ao k h o an g 18 - 22°C , h iem khi x u o n g
dudi 18°C, tuy nhien, n h iet d o thap n h at tu y et doi d uoc bao cao la 4,5°C tai d ao C o n C o
(17°10'B , 107°22'D).

Khi hau nhiet doi gio m ua co m iia dong am va m ua miia thu - dong

D ay la khi hau cu a v u ng v en bidn d ph'an b ac cu a n am V iet N am (H inh 3). C ac th an g co

luong m ua tap tru n g nhait d ien h in h cho v u n g la th an g M u d i v a M udi m o t do anh h u d n g cu a
gio m iia dong bdc. D ay la vim g d at k h o can nhait cu a D o n g D uong vdi k h i hau n h iet dd i dat
lien dac trung ch o cac vim g ven bien tir Q uy N h o n (13°46'B , 109°13'D ) d e n P h an T h iet
( 10°56'B, 108°06'D ). H au h et v u n g nhm tro n g khu vuc bi ch an m u a n am day T ru o n g S on nen

Hinh 3 (doi dien): Cac viing khi hau cua Viet Nam (phan dat lien).
(Hinh ve: L. Averyanov, dua tren Nguyen Khanh Van et al.,2000).
Cac vung: 1 - Khi hau nhiet doi gio mua co mua dong lanh va mua mua he; 2 - Khi hau nhiet doi gio miia co mua dong
lanh va mua miia he - thu; 3 - Khi hau nhiet doi gio miia co miia dong am dp va mua miia he - thu - dong: 4 - Khi hau
nhiet dOi giO miia cO miia dong dm va mua miia thu - dong; 5 - Khi hau nhiet dOi gio miia co miia dong dm vd mua miia
he, 6 - Khi hau can xich dao gio miia co mua miia he; 7 - Khi hau nhiet dOi gio miia viing niii.

11
LAN HAI VIET NAM

12
 CAC VUNG KHI HAU

deu co luong m u a thap hon 1500 m m (H inh 4), v a m u a kho k eo dai d en ch in th an g (B ru zo n

& C arton. 1930; S ch zeg lo v a, 1957).
P han kh o n h at cu a viing nay n am doc ven bidn tu P h a n R an g d en P h an T h ie t (H inh 4). D o
vay, M ui C a N a ( 1 1°18'B, 108°55'D ) о p h ia nam cita P h an R an g chi co lu o n g m u a n am la 757
m m vdi luo n g m u a tru n g b in h nam toi thidu la 409 m m (B ruzon & C arto n , 1930; S ch zeg lo v a,
1957; S chm id, 1974). B a nam q u an sat tai P h an R i ( 1 1°08'B, 108°33'D ), M ui N e (1 0 °5 3 ’B,
108°17'D) va P h an R an g (1 1 °3 3 ’B, 108°59'D ) cho so lieu ve luong m u a trung binh n am Ian
luot la 622 m m , 5 9 6 m m v a 413 m m (B ru zo n & C arto n , 1930; S ch zeg lo v a, 1957). C ac tram
nay deu ghi n h an m o t d o t k h o han m u a he th u hai v ao th an g B ay v a th an g T am khi cac dong
chay do m u a m u a bj ch a n lai. L uo n g m u a о cac vim g ven bidn th ay ddi m an h h an g n am , va
tdng luong m u a thang thap h o n 100 m m m di nam k eo d ai 6-9 thang.
О cac k h u vuc p h ia bac, th u n g lung S o n g B a v a vim g lorn C heo R eo k eo tu b d bidn vao
dat lien, luo n g m u a tan g d an len va dat den lu o n g m u a trung binh n am la 1697 m m tai Q uy
N hon (13°46’B, 109°13'D ) va 1715 m m d S on H o a (13°03'B , 108°59'D ). C ac vim g b an k h o
chn nay co giai d o an k h o h an k eo dai 2 - 5 thang.
C he do n h iet ciia vim g nay tiep can che do n hiet c u a cac vim g can xich dao. N h iet d o tru n g
binh nam tai day la 25 - 26°C . N h iet d p m iia d o n g binh th u o n g cua vim g ndm trong k h o an g
20 - 25°C , tuy n hien, n h iet d o th ap nhat tu y e t do i 12 - 14°C d a d uoc bao cao tai m o t so tram .
N hiet do ph o b ien tro n g m iia he la 28 - 29°C , h iem khi tang tdi 38 - 42°C .

Khi hau nhiet dot gio m ua co m iia dong am va m ua m ua he

V ung nay co k h i hau n o n g v a hoi am , v a dac trung boi lu o n g m ua vita p h ai, tu 1500 m m
d V u dn Q uoc g ia Y o k D o n (13°00'B , 107°30'D ) den 2339 m m tai D a k N o n g (12°00'B ,
107°41'D ) va co uu the m u a m iia he ro re t (H in h 4). V im g khi hau hoi dm n ay ch iem d en hon
m ot nira d ien tich nam V iet N am bao gom p h an ldn cac viing dat th ap v a cac k h u vuc co do
cao vita phai 800 - 1000 m (H in h 3). D ac thu ciia v u n g nay la co ba d en b o n th an g m u a do ng
co luong m u a th ap h o n 50 m m . T uy n hien, tai m o t so noi n h u B ao L o c (11 °2 8 ’B, 107°48'D )
va N am D o n g (16°09'B , 107°43'D ), m u a kho co the rat ngdn. S uong th u d n g x u at h ien trong
m iia kho, n hu n g h iem khi ch uydn th an h su ong mil.
N hiet do tru n g b in h n am cu a v u n g la 22 - 25°C , voi cac th an g m iia he la 22 - 27°C v a n hiet
do m iia don g p h o bien la 19 - 25°C . N h iet do cao nhat tu y et ddi la 41°C d uoc b ao cao tu N am
D ong. N hiet d o th ap nhat tu y et ddi la 3,4°C duoc bao cao tir D ak T o (14°42'B , 107°49’D ) tai
do cao 620 m.
C ac than g tap trung lu o n g m u a cao n h at tai cac k h u vuc m ien niii viing nay th u o n g tir
thang T am d en th an g M udi do anh h u o n g cu a su q uay lai th eo h u d n g nam c u a g io m u a dong
bac. K hi hau can niii cao am ciia khu vuc nay b ao gom cac v u n g niii vdi do cao k h o an g 1100
m v a bieu h ien boi cac lu o n g g io dm. L u o n g m u a trung binh nam ciia vim g th u d n g d at tren
2500 m m va p h an bd tuo n g ddi d o n g deu voi m u a hoi k h o k eo dai b a thang hoac it hon. S uong

Hinh 4 (ddi dien). Ban do luong mua Viet Nam (phan dat lien).
(Hinh ve L. Averyanov dua tren Bruzon & Carton. 1930; Chevey & Carton, 1935; Schzeglova, 1957; Fridland, 1961;
Walter & Leith. 1960, 1964, 1967; Gaussen, Legris & Blasco, 1967; Pham Ngoc Toan & Phan Tat Dac, 1993; Nguyen
Khanh Van et al., 2000).

13
 LAN HAI V I $ T NAM

k h a pho b ie n tro n g m u a h o i k h o , v a n hieu k h i co su ong m u. V u n g k h i h au nay b ao g o m p h an

ch in h la cac v u n g doi niii c u a cac cao n g u y en K o n T urn, D a k L ak v a M o N ong.

Khi hau can xich dao gio m iia co m ua m ua he

V im g dat th ap n am V ie t N am co k h i h au can x ich d ao gio m iia nong v d i h ai m iia k h o va
m iia m u a ro ret v a n h ie t d o cao h o n tat ca cac vim g k h ac tro n g ca n ude (H in h 3).
K hu vuc co luong m u a it n h at la cac vim g dong b ang n0i dia va ven b ien p h ia dong cua vimg.
L uong m u a trung b in h nam tir 1086 m m tai P h an T h iet (10°56'B , 108°06'D) d en 1297 m m d
C hau D oc (10°46'B , 105°08'D ), 1359 m m tai C ao L an h (10°28'B , 105°38’D ) v a 1369 m m tai
V ung T au (10°20'B , 107°05'D) (H inh 4). M u a kho cua v u n g ban kho han nay d ien ra vao thdi
diem m iia dong v a keo dai tir b o n den sau thang.
L u ong m u a n am tan g d an g ke d cac k h u vuc n am doc b d Ы ёп p h ia tay cu a n a m V iet N am
hudng ra p h ia v in h T h ai L an v a cac h u y en n am g a n su d n n am cu a d ay T ru o n g Son. T ai cac
khu vuc nay, lu o n g m u a n am co the d at d en 2109 m m tai R ach G ia (1 0 °0 0 B , 105 05 D ), 2344
m m tai C a M au (9°10'B , 105°10'D ) v a 2469 m m tai D o n g Phii ( 1 1°32'B, 106°54’D ) (H in h 4).
D ong thd i, m iia k h o cung rat ro rang.
L u o n g m u a d ang к ё v a m u a k h o ro rang cu n g ra t d ien h in h cho m o t so d ao n g o ai k h o i
vim g b ie n nam V iet N am n h u Phii Q uoc (10°13'B , 103°58'D ), C o n D ao (8°41'B , 1 0 6 °3 6 D )
v a q u an dao T ru o n g Sa (8°39'B , 1 1 1°55'D). L u o ng m u a trung b in h nam cu a cac k h u v u c nay
lan luot la 3024 m m , 2 0 6 9 m m v a 2388 m m . N guoc lai, dao Cii L ao (10°31'B , 108°56'D ) n am
gan b d bidn d o n g n am lai chi co lu o n g m u a n am la 1244 m m .
N h iet do tru n g b in h th an g tro n g ca n am b ien d 0 ng tit 25 d en 29°C . Su ch en h lech n h ie t dd
giu a m iia he v a m iia d o n g th u d n g it h o n 2 - 3°C la rat d ien h in h cho kidu k h i h au can xich
dao. N h iet d d th ap n h at tu y et doi d o duoc la 11,9°C tai thi tran D o n g Phii d d 0 cao 89 m . N h iet
do cao nhat tu y e t d o i la 40°C tai T an S o n N h at (10°49'B , 106°40'D ) v a tai th an h p h d C an T h o
(10°02’B, 105°47'D ).

Khi hau nhiet ddi gio m iia viing niii

D ay la kicu k h i h au n h iet d d i gib m iia d ien h in h cu a cac vim g nui cao tren 1400 m gom
cac day niii ld n d b ac V iet N am n h u H o an g L ien Son, P h u Si L ung, P hu D en D inh v a Phu
S am Sao. K idu k h i h au nay cu n g q u an sat d uoc tai m 0 t so k h u vuc cao n g u y en cu a m 0 t vai
day nui ddc lap n h u T ay C o n L in h , Pu T h a C a, P ia D a v a P ia O ac. 6 p h ia n am , k h i h au nay
co d cac cao n g u y en K o n T urn v a L am V ien (D a L at) (H in h 3).
T ai bde V ie t N a m d a ghi n h an d uoc lu o n g m u a tru n g b in h n am la 2833 m m tai th i x a Sa
P a (22°20'B , 103°50'D , d 0 cao tu y et ddi 1570 m ) v a 3552 m m tai tram kh i tu o n g H o an g L ien
Son (22°21'B , 103°46'D , dO cao tu y et d o i 2 1 7 0 m ) (H in h 4). L u o n g m u a tap tru n g nhat trong
cac than g m iia he. V im g n ay h o a n to a n khOng co m iia khO.
T ai D a L at (11°57'B , 108°26'D , d 0 cao tuydt doi 1513 m ) d n am V iet N am , lu o n g m u a
trung bin h nam la 1865 m m vdi d in h m u a tap tru n g cac th ang m u a h e v a 1 - 2 th an g k h o vao
m iia don g vdi lu o n g m u a thaip h o n 50 m m . D o n g th d i tai b d do ng cu a cao n g u y en L am V ien,
tai tram H on B a (1 2 °0 5 ’B, 108°45'D , d 0 cao tu y e t ddi 1480 m ), luong m u a lai ra t cao, dat den

14
 НЁ T H U C VAT VlfiT NAM

3851 m m va h o a n to a n k h o n g co m u a k h o (S ch m id , 1974). D in h m u a tai vim g n ay rat m uon,

thudng la v ao than g M u d i m d t do anh h u d n g cu a g io m iia d o n g M e.
Suong budi san g v a su ong m il day dac rat p h d b ie n d khdp cac vim g m ie n niii. D p am v a
luong m u a tang d an th eo do cao d ta t ca cac vim g niii cao ciia V iet N am .
C he do n h iet cu a cac khu vuc nay th u d n g p h u thu o c rat n hieu vao d o cao. N h iet d p trung
binh nam ciia S a P a tai dp cao 1570 m la 15,2°C, tro n g k h i tai tram H o an g L ie n S on d d o cao
2170 m la 12,8°C. N h iet do m iia he th u d n g tii 16 d en 20°C v a n h iet d o tru n g b in h m iia dong
la 7 - 10°C. N h iet d o thap n hat tu y et doi duoc bao cao tai do cao 2 1 7 0 m la -5,7°C . T u y e t va
m ua da doi khi v i n xay ra v ao m iia dong. N h iet do cao n h at do duoc tai do cao n ay la 24,9°C .
C ac tram D a L at v a H o n B a d n am V iet N am co n h iet do tru n g b in h n am lan lu p t la 18,2°C
va 17,4°C. N h iet do tru n g b in h m iia h e k h o an g 19 - 20°C co n m iia d o n g la 14 - 18°C. N h iet
do cao n hat tu y et do i d o d u o c tai D a L at la 31,5°C v a th ap n h at tu y e t d o i la -0,1°C . T ai cac
vim g cao tren 1700 - 1800 m g an din h N g o c L in h cu a k h o i niii K o n T urn, n g u d i d a n d ia
ph u o n g rat q uen thuoc v d i su on g m u o i v a b an g g ia v ao cac dem m iia dong.

HE T H U C VAT VI E T NAM
H e thuc vat V iet N am cho d en nay v an chi co ra t it tai lieu m o ta. T u y n h ien , chiing ta v an
co nhung khai n iem tu o n g do i ve tinh d a dang v a su p h o n g phii cu a n o n h d co cac th o n g кё
p h an loai ch in h sau: T h u c v at chi N am B p - F lo ra C o ch ich in en sis (L o u reiro , 1790, 1793),
T huc vat chi D ai cu o n g D o n g D u o n g - F lo re G en e ra le de l'ln d o c h in e (cac ch u b ie n M .H .
L eco m te & H. H u m b ert, 1907 - 1951), T h u c v at chi C am p u ch ia, L ao v a V iet N a m - F lo re du
C am bodge, du L ao s et d u V ietnam (cac chu b ie n A. A u b rev ille, J.F . L ero y & Ph. M orat, 1960
- 2001), C ay co m ien N am V iet N am va C ay co Viet N am (P h am H o ang H o, 1970 - 1972, 1991
- 1993), T rich y eu thuc v at b ac cao co m ac h ciia he thuc v at V iet N am - \h s c u la r p la n ts
synopsis o f V ietnam ese flo ra (chii b ien A v ery an o v e t al., 1990, 1996), va rat n h ieu c h u y en
k hao ve thuc v at v a ve p h a n loai (S ch m id , 1974, 1989; A v ery an o v , N g u y en T ie n B an &
K u driavtzeva, 1988; V u V an D u n g , 1996; N g u y e n N g h ia T h in & H ard er, 1996; N g u y en T ien
B an, 1997; N g u y en N g h ia T h in , 1997a, 1 9 9 8 ,1 9 9 9 ; N g uyen N g h ia T h in & N g u y en T h i T hdi,
1998 v a nhieu tai lieu khac*). C o ra t n hieu an p M m dac b ie t tap tru n g vao cac lo ai L an ciia
V ipt N am (S eiden fad en , 1975, 1992; A v ery an o v , 1988a-f, 1989, 1990c,d, 1991e, 1994,
1996a-c, 1997a-c, 1998a-b, 1999a-c, 2000a-c; A v ery an o v & D uong D ue H u y en , 1989, 1990,
1993; A very an o v & V u N g o c L ong, 1989, 1990, 1991; D u o n g D ue H u y en & A v ery an o v ,
1989, 1991, 1992; A v ery an o v e t al., 1996a,b, 1997a,b, 2000; A v ery an o v & C h risten so n ,
1998a-e; T ran H o p , 1998; A v ery an o v & A v ery an o v a, 2000; C ribb, A v ery an o v & N g u y en
T ien H iep, 2000).

T heo udc tin h so b o (T o lm ach ev , 1974; N g u y en N g h ia T h in , 1997b; P h a n K e L o c, 1998)

thi h ien co k h o an g 9 .6 0 0 loai T h u c v at b ac cao co m ac h m o c tu n h ien tai V iet N am . N goai
ra, co n co k h o an g 7 5 0 lo ai tu n h ien hoa, nhap n goai hoac cay tro n g n o n g n ghipp d u o c ghi
nhan. D o vay, td n g so cac lo ai T h u c v at b ac cao co m a ch duoc ghi n h an tai V iet N am cho
den thdi d iem n ay la 10.350 loai thuoc 2 .2 5 6 chi v a 305 h o (P han K e L oc, 1998).

* Mot so thu muc tac gia thong ke khu he thuc vat Dong Duong da duoc Petelot (1955.), Vidal (1972) va Vidal
et al. (1988, 1994) xuat ban, m 6i ban bao gom mot giai doan nghien cuu.

15
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Tuy nhien, iroc tinh co it nhat 2.400 loai thuc vat con chua duoc liet ke, do vay tdng so loai
T huc vat bac cao co m ach tu nhien cua V iet N am sc la khoang 12.000 loai thuoc gan 3.010 chi.
N hu vay, so voi m 0 t quoc gia co dien tich tuong ddi nho nhu V iet N am thi he thuc vat la rat da
dang. M uc do khong dong nhat cao ve dieu kien m oi trudng ciia V iet N am the hien tren cac m at
khi hau, tho nhuong, canh quan, lich sir va dia hinh la ly do chinh ly giai cho tinh da dang cao nay.
H e thuc vat V iet N am k h o n g chi co n hieu loai m a co n ra t p h on g phii ve cac tax o n d ac huu.
M o t so nghien ciru so bd (V o Q u y , 1995) cho riing co k h o an g 10% so lo ai v a 3% so ch i cua
he th u c v at nay la d ac h u u . T ro n g so 305 h o thuc v a t b ac cao co m ach d a d uoc ghi nhan tai
V iet N am , cac h o co m iic d o dac h u u cao nhat la A can th aceae, A n acard iaceae, A n n o n aceae,
A po cy n aceae, A raceae, A recaceae, A sclep iad aceae, C elastraceae, E rica ceae, E u p h o rb iac eae,
F ag aceae, M y rsin aceae, R u b iaceae, S ap in d aceae, S ap o taceae, S y m p lo caceae, T h eaceae va
Z in g ib eraceae (S ch m id , 1974; T ak h tajan , 1986; R u n d el, 1999). C o d en k h o an g 35%> td n g so
loai L an cu a D o n g D u o n g la d ac him , trong do co d en 19% so loai la dac htru tai V iet N am
(A veryan o v , 199 le ).
H e thuc v at V ie t n am m an g cac dac tru n g d ien h in h ciia cac he thuc v at C d n h ie t ddi о
D ong N am A (T o lm ach ev , 1974; P h an K e L 0 c, 1998). C ac h o T h u c v at hat k in Ion n h at la
O rch id ac e ae , F a b a c e ae , P o a c e a e , E u p h o rb iac ea e , R u b ia ce a e , C y p e ra c e ae , A stera ce a e ,
L auraceae, F ag ac e a e v a A c an th aceae (B ang 1). H o F a n - O rch id aceae la h o thuc v at Ion n hat
d V iet N am vdi k h o an g 753 loai v a 135 chi d a duoc ghi n han ch o d en thdi didm hien tai
(A veryan o v , 1990a, b, d, 1991a, b , e, 1994; P h an K e L o c, 1998).

BANG 1

M U O I HO T H U C V A T В А С C A O CO M A C H L O N N H A T
T R O N G HE T H U C V A T V I E T N A M ( P H A N KE L 0 C , 1 9 9 8 ) .
P h an tram so vdi
Ho So loai
td n g so loai

1 . O rch id aceae 75 3 7,8%0

2 . F abaceae 557 5,8%

3. P o aceae 467 4,9%

4. E u p h o rb iac eae 416 4,3%
395 4,1%
5. R u b iaceae
304 3,2%
6 . C y p eraceae
7. A steraceae 291 3,0%
8 . L au raceae 245 2,5%
9. F ag aceae 211 2 ,2%
10 . A can th aceae 177 1 ,8%

K hoan g 3,1 % so loai L an cu a V iet N am th u o c cac yeu to lien n hiet ddi hoac cd n h ie t ddi,
k h o an g 3,7% la cac loai p h a n b d ra n g k h ap v u n g n h ie t d d i C h au A va ban dao M a L ai, 8 , 8 %
la cac loai p h a n b o d d o n g H im alay a, D ong N am A v a T ay M a L ai, 11% la cac lo ai D o n g
D uong v a cac dao S u n d a L on v a 73,4% со v u n g p h a n b o d p h a n d at lien D o n g N am A.
N et tieu bidu ve d ia ly sinh hoc cu a cac loai L an V ie t N a m duoc trin h bay trong B an g 2.
Q uan he th an thuoc cu a khu he L an V iet N am th e h ie n ra t g an gui vdi cac k h u he L an d cac
v u n g n h iet ddi dat lien chau A. D ieu nay cling g io n g n h u ddi vdi to an b o khu he th u c v at cua
V iet N am .

16
 HE T H U C VAT VIET NAM

BANG 2
CAC KlEU PHAN BO VA TY TRQNG CUA CAC NHOM LAN THUOC CAC KIEU PHAN BO
KHAC NHAU CUA KHU HE LAN VIET NAM (AVERYANOV, 1991e).

, U oc tinh p h a n tram so
K ieu p h an bo
loai cu a khu he L an V iet N am

1. L ie n n h ie t doi 0 ,3 %
2. C 6 n h ie t d d i 0 ,4 %
3. A - Uc 0 ,4 %
4. C h au A 9 6 ,9 %
4 .1 . N h o m N am A 3 ,7 %
4 .1.1. N am A - M alesia 1,3%
4 .1.2. N am A - S u n d a 2,4%
4 .2 . E. N h o m d o n g H im a la y a - D o n g N a m A 8 ,8 %
4.2.1. D ong H im alay an -M alesian 2 ,0 %
4.2.2. D ong H im alay an -S u n d aic 2,5%
4.2.3. D ong H im a lay an -S u m atran -B o rn ean -P h ilip p in es 0 ,6 %
4.2.4. D ong H im a lay an -S u m atran -Jav an ese-P h ilip p in es 1 ,0 %
4.2.5. D ong H im a lay an -B o rn ean -P h ilip p in es 0 ,1%
4.2.6. D ong H im a lay an -S u m atran -Jav an ese 0 ,8 %
4.2.7. D ong H im alay an -S u m atran 0,4%
4.2.8. D ong H im alay an -B o rn ean 0 ,1%
4.2.9. D ong H im alay an -P h ilip p in es 1,3%
4 .3 . N h o m D o n g D u o n g - M a le sia 11,0 %
4.3.1. D ong D u o n g -M alesia 1 ,8 %
4.3.2. D ong D u o n g -S u n d a-P h ilip p in es 0 ,8 %
4.3.3. D ong D u o n g -S u n d a 1 ,8 %
4.3.4. D ong D u o n g -Jav a-B o rn eo -P h ilip p in es 0,3%
4.3.5. D ong D u o n g -Jav a-S u m atra 1,4%
4.3.6. D ong D u o n g -B o rn eo -S u m atra 0 ,8 %
4.3.7. D ong D u o n g -B o rn eo -P h ilip p in es 0 ,1%
4.3.8. D ong D u o n g -S u m atra 1 , 1%
4.3.9. D ong D u o n g -Jav a 0 ,8 %
4.3.10. D ong D u o n g -B o m e o 0 ,8 %
4.3.11. D o n g D u o n g -P h ilip p in es 1 ,0 %
4.4 . N h o m lu c d ia D o n g N a m A 7 3 ,4 %
4.4.1. L uc dia D o n g N am A 2 ,8 %
4.4.2. A n D o -D o n g D uong 1,4%
4.4.3. D o n g H im ala y a -D o n g N am A (luc dia) 1,1 %
4.4.4. D o n g H im alay a-N am T ru n g Q uoc 5,3%
4.4.5. N am T ru n g Q uoc 4,2%
4.4.6. D ong H im alay a-D o n g D uong 23,5%
4.4.7. M a L ai-D o n g D u o n g (luc dia) 4,9%
4.4.8. D ong D u o n g (tru b a n dao M a L ai) 1 1 ,0 %
4.4.9. V iet N am 19,2%

17
 LAN HAI VI$T NAM

M udi chi 1cm n h at c u a h o L an V iet N am duoc liet k e trong B an g 3. C h u n g th e h ie n m ot

p h o loai didn h in h cu a cac ch i L a n ld n n h at d v u n g n h iet d d i chau A. T u y n hien, su x u at h ien
cu a chi P ap h io p e d ilu m tro n g so n ay la m o t d ieu ra t dac biet. N o cho th ay V ie t N am la n o i со
su d a d an g cao nhait th e gid i v e cac lo ai P a p h io p ed ilu m , chi со m o t so v u n g d n am T rung
Q uoc la g an dat d uoc su d a dang nay.

BANG 3

MUOI CHI LON NHAT CUA HO LAN TRONG HE THUC VAT VIET NAM (Averyanov, 1991e).

C hi So loai P h an tram so vdi

to ng so k h u h e L an

D endro b iu m 97 12,9%
B ulbophyllum 78 10,4%
E ria 37 4,9%
H a b e n a ria 27 3,6%
C oelog y n e 25 3,3%
L ip aris 25 3 ,3%
O b e ro n ia 24 3,2%
C leiso sto m a 20 2 ,7%
C a la n th e 18 2 ,4%
P ap h io p e d ilu m 18 2 ,4%

C ac chi L an trong h e th u c v at V iet N am со n h ieu loai d ac h u u n h at la A n o ecto ch ilu s,

B ulbophy llu m , C alan th e, C h eirostylis, C leiso sto m a, C o elo g y n e, C y m b id iu m , D endrobium ,
E ria , L ip a ris, O b ero n ia, P h o lid o ta v a T aeniophyllum (A v ery an o v , 1991e). С о b o n ch i m d t
loai la C h riste n so n ia , D eceptor, C leiso sto m o p sis v a E p arm a to stig m a. C h u n g la cac ch i dac
him cho V iet N am v a со m o i q u an h e rat g an g h i v d i cac chi ld n horn lan lu o t la A erid es,
A cam pe, C leiso sto m a v a M alleo la.
С о c h in tax o n ciia ch i P ap h io p e d ilu m со k h u p h an b o g id i h a n d V ie t N a m la
P ap h io p e d ilu m x a sp e rsu m , P. x d a la ten se , P. d e le n a tii, P. h an g ia n u m , P. h e le n a e , P.
m a lip o en se var. h ie p ii, P. tra n lien ia n u m , P. vietn am en se v a P. v illosum var. an n am e n se.
M udi h ai tax o n k h ac, P ap h io p ed ilu m x affin e, P. b a rb ig eru m , P. d ia n th u m , P. em erso n ii,
P. g ra trix ia n u m , P. h en ry an u m , P. x h e rrm a n n ii, P. m a lip o en se var. m alip o en se, P. m a lip o en se
var. ja c k ii, P. m icran th u m , P. p u rp u ra tu m v a P. v illosum var. bo x allii, со th e coi la g a n dac
huu V iet N am . C hiing со p h a n b o b en n g o ai V iet N am n h u n g chi h an che tai m o t v ai didm
ra t g an b ien g id i V iet N am .

CAC KI EU TH A M T H U C VAT CHI NH

R im g n h iet ddi g io m u a la kibu tham th u c v at d ien h in h nhait d V iet N am . C ac k ieu rim g
ram , th u d n g x an h , am , cay la ran g , h d n g iao h ay ru n g la k im со m at d k h ap cac v u n g niii. T uy
n hien, d m o t so vim g d o i niii hoac d at b an g p h an g v d i d ieu k icn kh i h au k h o h a n h o n со cac
k ieu ru n g th u a cay la ra n g nua ru n g la h o ac ru n g la v a cac d an g tran g со - cay b u i th ii sinh.
D oc theo cac vim g d o n g b a n g v a dd i niii k h o v e n b ie n th u d n g b i h an h a n d N am V iet N am ,
cac k ieu rim g k e tren bi th ay th e b d i cac tran g cay bu i b ien thai, th u d n g g o m cac lo ai cay bui
thap, cung, m o c day h o ac th u a tuy theo vim g. C ac q u an х а со - say n gap n ude v a rim g ngap

18
 CAC К1Ёи THAM THUC VAT CHINH

m an rat ph o b ien о cac vim g d o n g b an g v en b ien , d ac b iet la 6 vim g chau th 6 cu a cac c o n song
ldn. R im g th u sinh, tran g cay b u i v a tran g co, rim g tre nua, rim g trong, d o n g со ch a n n u o i gia
sue, dat tro n g cay lu o n g thuc v a rau, cac d an g q u an х а co dai khac n hau (th u d n g k h o n g con
cac loai thuc v at b an d ia d an g chu y) h ie n d a th ay th e cac th am thuc v at tu n h ien n g u y e n sinh
tren d ien ru n g d hau khhp V ie t N am . S o do th am thuc v at cu a V iet N am d uoc th e h ie n a H inh
5, tro n g dd tarn k ie u th am th u c v a t ch in h se duoc trin h b ay dudi day.

Ritng ram thudng xanh, cay la rong tren cao nguyen, dat ki'em
T ra d e d ay kidu rim g nay ch iem lin h h au h et cac cao n g u y en d a voi nhap n h o v a cac vung
bang p h an g cu a cac th u n g lu n g bo i rich phu sa tren h en d at k iem lien k e t vd i d a n e n g iau canxi
va m agie. T ro n g thdi tien sir, ch u n g bao p h u cac d ie n rich ro n g ldn tai V iet N am , tir m u c nude
bien len d en d 0 cao 1000 m . D en nay, kidu rim g n ay d a bi p h a h u y d hau h et vim g p h a n bo
trad e day cu a no. N h u n g d ien tich n h o co n lai со the tim th ay d m 0 t so k h u v u c d at b an g , sudn
cao n g uyen d a v d i hoac d cac th u n g lu n g song. D d i k h i, n h u n g vim g ru n g co n sot lai doc theo
bd song nh u n h u n g m an h v d tach ra tir cac th u n g lu n g song b an g p h an g d a bi p h a h e t rim g
(H inh 5).
C ac vim g rim g cay la ro n g nay p h at tn c n m an h tro n g dieu k ien k h i h au со m o t m iia he am
udt tir thang N am d en th an g M udi va m o t m iia d o n g k h o v d i n h iet do on h o a tir th an g M udi
m ot den than g T u. S u o n g m il d ay v a m u a bui ra t p h d b ien tir th an g B a d en th an g T u. K h i hau
nay tuong ddi gio n g k h i hau tai H a N o i (H inh 3).
R ung n g u y en sinh ram th u d n g xanh cay la ro n g d dat th ap tren d at k ie m tai cac th u n g lung
thudng am v a k h ep ta n (H in h 6 ). C ac cay g o cao n h a t th u d n g dat d en 30 - 35 m .
C ac cay go cao, k h ep ta n q u a n trong n h at tro n g kidu ru n g nay th u d n g la dai d ie n cu a cac
ho thuc v at n h iet ddi (N g u y en N g h ia T hin, 1994, 1997a) nhu:

Anacardiaceae (Choerospondias, Dracontomelum), M eliaceae (A glaia. C hlsocheton),

Clusiaceae (G arclnia), M oraceae (Streblus, Ficus).
Combretaceae (Anogelssus. Terminalia), Sapindaceae (Pometia),
D atiscaceae (Tetrameles), Sapotaceae (M adhuca),
Dipterocarpaceae (Parashorea, Vatica), Sim aroubaceae (Canarium),
Ebenaceae (Diospyros), Sterculiaceae (Pterospermum, Sterculia),
Fabaceae (Erythrophleum. Paralbizia, Saraca), Styracaceae (Rehderodendron),
Lauraceae (Caryodaphnopsis, Cinnamomum, Phoebe), Tiliaceae (Burretiodendron).

C ac loai cay gd ua am n h u S y m in g to n ia to n k in en sis (H am am elid aceae) v a cac lo ai de soi

n h iet ddi n h u C asta n o p sis in d ica, L ith o c arp u s b a c g ia n g e n sis v a L. licentii (F ag aceae) cung
th u d n g ch iem u u the (R undel, 1999). M o t so lo ai thuc v at didn h in h cu a k ie u rim g g iau nay
duoc trin h bay tro n g h in h 7 .
K hu he L an cu a cac vim g ru n g tren d at thap n ay rat p h o n g p h u va th u d n g со ra t nhidu loai
L an m oc d dat. C ac loai L an p h at h ien tai d ay bao gom :

Calanthe alism aefolia, C. lancifolium, G. hispida, Tropidia angulosa,

C. angusta, C. sinense, Habenaria ciliolaris, T. curculigoides,
C. herbacea, Erythrodes blumei, Hetaeria rubens, \fy d a g zy n ea albida,
C. triplicata, Geodorum attenuatum, Liparis nervosa, Zeuxine nervosa.
Corymborkis veratrifolia, G oodyera foliosa, M alaxis acuminata,
Cymbidium ensifolium, G. fumata, N ervilia fordii,

19
LAN HAI VI$T NAM
 CAC KIEU ТнАм THUC VAT CHINH

K ieu rim g nay co cac lo ai L an co n h u N e u w ie d ia g riffith ii v a N . inae, loai h ie m d ac huu

d ia ph u o n g Z eu x in e v ietn am ica, v a mol so loai L an h oai sinh h iem n h u C y rto s ia ja v a n ic a ,
D idym oplexiopsis k h iriw o n g en sis, D id y m o p lex is pallen s, E pip o g iu m roseum v a E ry th ro rch is
o chobiensis. L oai day leo b o p h u sinh \h n illa a n n a m ic a v o i th an day v a nac, doi khi dai den
hon 1 0 m , cung duoc tim thay tai day.
T ren tan cu a cac cay go ld n trong k ieu ru n g nay со m o t h e L an phu sinh rat d a d an g va
ph o n g phii. C ac loai th u d n g g ap n hat la:

Aerides odorata, Cymbidium aloifolium, D . linguella, Pelatantheria insectifera,

C allostylis rigida, C. bicolor, D. nobile, Phalaenopsis lobbii,
Ceratostylis him alaica, Dendrobium acinaciforme, D. parishii, Pholidota rubra,
C leisostom a aspersum, D. aduncum, D. wardianum, R obiquetia succisa,
C. fuerstenbergianum, D. anosmum, Eria pannea, Thrixspermum centipeda,
C. rostratum, D. faulhaberianum, Liparis viridiflora, Trichotosia dasyphylla.
C. william sonii, D. hercoglossum, M alleola seidenfadenii,
C oelogyne fimbriata, D. lindleyi, Ornithochilus difformis,

T rong so cac loai p h u sinh d a ghi n h an со m o t so loai h iem v a la cac loai d ac h u u V iet
N am n h u B ie rm a n n ia c a lc a ra ta , D en d ro b iu m n obile var. a lb o lu teu m , P h a la en o p sis g ib b o sa
va P te ro c e ra s sim o n d ian u m .
T rudc day, P ap h io p ed ilu m c o n co lo r d uoc p h at h ien k h a p h d b ien tren niii da voi tro n g cac
rim g dat thap. Rait h iem k h i co n gap P ap h io p ed ilu m m alip o en se var. m alip o en se v a var. h iepii
tren dat dudi tan ru n g d cac sudn niii doc. T u y n hien, cac loai cua chi P ap h io p ed ilu m k h o n g
phai la dien hinh ch o cac vim g ru n g tren d at thap.

R im g r a m t h u o n g x a n h v a r u n g n ira r u n g la t r e n n iii d a v o i

C anh q uan cacx to hiing vi h in h thanh boi cac d ai niii d a hep vdi rat n h ieu niii hin h tru со
cac sudn rat doc v a n hieu vach da d u n g dung x u at h ien k h ap noi tai bac V iet N am . C ac khoi
da voi bi b ao m on m an h , со d ang g io n g d a cdm thach ciia cac vim g nui nay tao nen cac dieu
k ien thd nhudng cue k y dac biet, d an d en ket q u a la hin h th an h nen m o t kidu tham thuc vat
rat doc dao. R im g th u d n g x anh v a m ia ru n g la n h iet dd i, cay la ro n g v a h d n g iao xuat hien
trong cac khu vuc n ay chu yeu tir do cao m at bidn len td i 1600 m. T uy n hien, h a u h e t kidu
rung nay tap trung d dd cao 300 - 900 m (H inh 8 ). О n hieu noi, cac k hoanh ru n g cay la rong
th u d n g xanh hay ru n g cay la kim con sot lai p h an bo doc theo cac d o n g niii cao n hat, th u d n g
d do cao 1400 - 1700 m (H in h 5).
T ro n g tham thu c v at n g u y en sinh tai cac vim g niii d a vdi cu a V iet N am th u d n g x u at h ien
cac k h o an g trong. C ac vim g rim g cay la ro n g th u d n g xanh, ram v a dm th u d n g thdy d chan
niii v a trdn cac su d n doc ейа cac d ay nui d a v d i bi bao m o n m anh. T ro n g kidu ru n g nay
th u d n g со cac loai cay go uu thd n h u B u rretio d e n d ro n h sien m u , G le d itsia sp. v a S ym ingtonia

H inh 5 (doi dien). C ac kidu tham thuc vat chinh va cac viing he thuc vat cua V iet N am .
(Hinh ve: L. Averyanov, dua tren cac dan lieu goc va tai lieu da cong bo).
Kieu tham thuc vat: 1- Rimg thuong xanh, cay la rong tren dat kiem bang phang; 2- Rung thuong xanh va nua rung la
cay la rong, hon giao va rimg cay la kim tren niii da voi; 3- Rimg thuong xanh tren da silicat о do cao thap 0 - 1000 m
tren mat Ыёп; 4- Rirng thuong xanh tren niii thap, trung binh va gan nui cao tren dat nen silicat о do cao tir 1000 - 3000
m tren mat Ыёп; 5 - Rimg kho nua rung la tren dat thap; 6 - Rimg kho rung la va cac trang cay bui tren dat thap; 7 - Tham
thuc vat ven Ыёп, dat thap ngap nuoc va rimg ngap man ram; 8 - Cac quan xa thuc vat thii sinh, co dai, cay trong, rirng
trong va dat trong cay cong nghiep.
Vimg he thuc vat: 1- tiiu vimg Sikkim-Van Nam; 2- tieiu vimg Nam Trung Quoc; 3- йёи vimgВас Dong Duong; 4- Оёи
vimg Trung Trung bo; 5- Utu vimg Nam Trung bo; 6- tieu vung Nam Dong Duong.

21
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 6. Rung nguyen sinh ram cay la rong dat thap tren nui da voi 6 do cao 350 m.
вас Viet Nam, tinh Вас Kan, vuon Quoc gia Ba Be (Anh: L. Averyanov).

22
 CAC KIEU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

Hinh 7. Nhung thuc vat tieu bieu cua rirng nguyen sinh, ram, thuong xanh, cay la rong tren nui da voi dat thap
(Anh: L. Averyanov),
a — Saraca indica L. (Fabaceae);
b — Amorphophallus paeonifolius (Denst.) Nicols. (Araceae);
с — Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr. (Cecropiaceae);
d — Stixis balansae DC. (Capparaceae);
e — Cycas balansae Warb. (Cycadaceae);
f — Glyptopetalum tonkinensis Pitard (Celastraceae);
g — Tacca plantaginea (Hance) Drenth (Taccaceae);
h — Chirita sp. (Gesneriaceae);
i — Balanophora sp. (Balanophoraceae);
j — Aspidistra sp. (Convallariaceae).

23
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

H inh 8. R im g n g u y en sinh ram thuong xanh v a nua rung la v a rung hon g ia o co n sot lai tren cac ch om nhon
ciia niii da v o i о d o ca o 8 0 0 - 9 0 0 m.
вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang, viing ho Thang Hen (Anh: L. Averyanov).

24
 CAC KIEU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

p o p u ln ea, cao toi 25 - 3 0 m v a co d u o n g k in h th a n n g an g nguc d e n 2 m (A v e ry an o v e t al.,

2000). T ang cay g o n h o v a tan g cay b u i cu a cac kidu rim g nay ch n g ra t p h a t tridn, g o m rat
nhieu loai cay g 6 v a cay b u i cu a cac h o th u c v at khac n hau (N guydn N g h ia T h in , 1994,
1997a) nhu:

Annonaceae (Mitrephora), Rosaceae (Eriobotrya),

C lusiaceae (Calophyllum ), Rubiaceae (Canthium),
Ebenaceae (D iospyros), Rutaceae (Murraya),
Euphorbiaceae (Trigonostemon), Sapindaceae (Xerospermum),
Moraceae (Dimerocarpus, Ficus, Streblus, Teonongia), Sapotaceae (Sinosideroxylon),
O leaceae (Jasminum), Sterculiaceae (H eritiera, Pterospermum).

O cac phan tren c u a su d n va doc th eo cac d u o n g dinh, kieu rirng cay la ro n g bi th ay the
boi kidu rirng hon g iao nira ru n g la thua hon. tro n g d o cac loai cay la kim ch iem uu the, dang
chu у nhait la P inus fen z e lia n a (syn. P. k w a n g tu n g en sis), P se u d o tsu g a sin en sis var. b rev ifo lia
va Tsuga ch in en sis (N guydn T ien H iep, 1998; P han K e L o c, N g uydn T ien H iep & A v ery an o v ,
1999a). R at nhieu loai T h o n g khac n h u A m en to tax u s a rg o taen ia, C a lo c e d ru s m acro lep is,
C ep h alo tax u s m an n ii, C u p ressu s to ru lo sa, D a cry carp u s im b ricatu s, D acry d iu m elatu m ,
F o k ien ia h o d g in sii, K e te le e ria e v ely n ian a, N a g e ia fleu ry i, P o d o c a rp u s n eriifo liu s, P. p ilgeri,
Taxus chinensis, v a X an th o cy p aris v ietn am en sis (H inh 9b) cung th u o n g d uoc tim thay trong
kidu rim g n ay (F arjo n et al., 2002). C ac lo ai T u e, vi d u n h u C y cas b alan sae, C. h ain a n e n sis,
C. m iquelii, C. m u ltifro n d is va C. ta iw a n ia n a , doi khi duoc ghi nhan 6 do cao tir m at bidn toi
600 m. C ac loai cay go ru n g la phd b ien nhait thuoc cac chi Acer, A lan g iu m , C arp in u s,
L ith o carp u s, Q uercus, U lm u s va loai P la ty c a ry a stro b ilac e a . C ac loai Illicium difengpi,
P istacea w ein m an n ifo lia, S ch efflera p esav is, T irp itzia sin en sis, cac loai thuOc cac chi
E uonym us, P h o tin ia, M ad h u ca v a S o rb u s rat dac tru n g ch o tang cay g 6 nho ciia kidu rim g
nay. C ac loai cay bu i v a cay gd nho didn h in h n h at la dai d ien ciia cac ch i C e la stru s,
L espedeza, P itto sp o ru m , S ophora, W ikstroem ia, R h ododendron, V accinium . va d o i khi co cac
loai co lim thuoc cac chi G u ih aia, L iv isto n a, L ic u a la va R h ap is (P h an Ke L o c, N g u y e n T ien
H iep & A v eryano v . 1999a; A v ery an o v e t al., 2000).
T ren cac vim g nui da v o i cao h o n 1200 m , d ac b iet la cac dinh nui co lap va doc th eo cac
duong dinh hep th u d n g h in h thanh kieu rirng th u a cay la kim phu reu vdi su th am g ia nhieu
hay it ciia m ot so loai cay gd la ro n g , n u a ru n g la tro n g tan g d u d i tan. R at n h ieu loai cay than
co khong phai la L an, cu n g gap rat phd bidn, trong d d со m o t so loai tieu bidu th u o c cac chi
A insleya (A steraceae), A lpinia, H edychium (Z in g ib eraceae), A risaem a (A raceae), L a p o rte a
(U rticaceae), L ysim ach ia (P rim u laceae), S e lag in ella v a m o t so loai B eg o n ia со la m an g nhieu
m ang m au rue rd. C ac loai th u o c h o C o n v a lla ria c e a e (b ao gom n hieu loai th u o c cac chi
A sp id istra , D isp o ru m , O p h io p o g o n , P e lio sa n th e s, P o ly g o n a tu m v a T u p istra ) v a ho
U rtic a c e a e (E la to ste m a , P ilea va P e llio n ia ) c u n g hay gap. C ac loai со than m o n g nude n h u
Im patiens, nhieu loai th u o c h o C oi (C arex , S cleria), n hieu loai D uong xi v a cac loai cay than
co thuoc cac h o A can th a c e ae , G esn e riac e a e v a M e la sto m a tac e a e cu n g p h an b d tai d ay (P h an
K e L oc, N guydn T ien H iep & A v ery an o v , 1999a; A v ery an o v et al., 2000). C ac loai didn hinh
cho kieu rung nay duoc trin h bay trong hinh 9.
C ac loai L an song b am tren cay dat do da d ang v a p h o n g phii d en m uc dang k inh ngac trong
rung chay doc theo cac d u o n g dinh ciia niii d a vdi cacxto. A nh sang chieu nhieu d en dudi tang
tan cua cac loai cay g d da lam tang dd p hong phii cu a cac loai thuc v at dudi tan rung.
M ot so loai L an p h at tridn ngay tren be m at c u a cac tang da tro n g trai hoac vach d a v a tao
nen tham thuc vat day d ac d u d i tan rirng. V ai loai tro n g so dd la A cam p e rig id a, A e rid es ro sea,
C le iso sto m a p a n ic u la tu m , C. s tria tu m , H y g ro c h ilu s p a rish ii, F lic k in g e ria fim b ria ta ,
R enanthera coccin ea, T h rix sp erm u m calceo lu s, V anda fu sco v irid is v a V andopsis g ig an tea;
n hung cay ldn ciia cac loai nay ddi khi cao den h o n 1 m .

25
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 9. N hun g loai thuc vat tieu bieu cua rung ngu yen sinh ram thuong xanh va nua rung la cay la rong, hon
g ia o va rimg cay la kim tren niii da v o i ca o (Anh: L. Averyanov),
a — Pinus fenzeliana Hand.-Mazz. (Pinaceae);
b — Xanthocyparis vietnamensis Farjon et al. (Cupressaceae);
с — Pseudotsuga brevifolia W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu (Pinaceae);
d — Nageia wallichiana (Presl) O.Kuntze (Podocarpaceae);
e — Amentotaxus hatuyenensis N.T.Hiep (Taxaceae);
f — Clematis sp. (Ranunculaceae);
g — Paris polyphylla Smith (Trilliaceae);
h — Arisaema franchetianum Engl. (Araceae);
i — Trevesia sphaerocarpa Grushv. & N.Skvorts. (Araliaceae);
j — Tsuga chinensis (Franch.) Pritzel (Pinaceae).

26
 CAC KIEU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

MOt so loai L an co th an гё b o trudn, doi khi co d an g gio n g day leo th u o n g m o c trum len
cac tang da phu day rdu hoac tren goc cac cay g o Ion tao th an h m ot lop p h u day dac. C ac loai
phO bien nhat tro n g n h o m nay bao gOm:

Bulbophyllum ambrosia, C. schultesii, Pelatantheria insectifera,

B. andersonii, Epigeneium amplum, Pholidota articulata,
B. macraei, Eria coronaria, P. leveilleana,
B. purpureifolium, E. rhombodalis P. recurva,
B. reptans, E. pubescens, P. roseans,
C allostylis rigida, Flickingeria fimbriata, P. rubra,
C oelogyne fimbriata, Gastrochilus pseudodistichus, P. yunnanensis.
C. lockii, M onom eria barbata,
C. m alipoensis, Otochilus pseudoporrectus,

K ieu song cu a p h an Ion cac loai L an song tro n g ru n g la kim hay rirng h 6 n g iao. dm va phu
reu khong p h an b iet ro ran g g iu a phu sinh tren cay, m oc b am tren da hay m oc tren dat. N h ieu
loai thudng d o n g th o i song tren cac tan g d a voi phu day reu n h u kidu m oc bam tren da, n h u
kidu m pc tren dat tai cac vung dat nong, h ay n h u k ieu phu sinh о goc th an cu a cac cay go phii
reu tren cac dinh niii. P h d bien nhat trong so d d la:

Appendicula reflexa, D. nobile, E. paniculata, L. mannii,

C leisostom a rostratum, D. ochreatum, E. pusilla, L. petelotii,
Cymbidium aloifolium, D. thyrsiflorum, E. siam ensis, L. stricklandiana,
C. bicolor, Eria apertiflora, E. sutepensis, L. viridiflora,
C. floribundum, E. carinata, Liparis averyanoviana, Oberonia cavaleriei,
C. suavissimum, E. boniana, L. balansae, Pelatantheria insectifera,
Dendrobium chrysanthum, E. clausa, L. bootanensis, Podochilus microphyllus.
D. fimbriatum, E. corneri, L. distans,
D. loddigesii, E. coronaria, L. latilabris,

D ong thdi, n h ieu loai L an phu sinh b i t buoc c u n g tim thay d kidu ru n g nay. C h u n g th u d n g
m oc tren cac can h p h u day reu cu a cac cay go gia, co i coc va xii xi th u d n g gap doc th eo cac
dudng dm h. C ac loai didn hinh nhat cu a n h o m nay la:

Bulbophyllum hirtum, C. william sonii, Eria pannea, Phalaenopsis lobbii,

B. retusiusculum,
B. umbellatum,
B. xylophyllum,
C eratostylis him alaica,
C hiloschista trudelii,
C leisostom a birmanicum,
C. crochetii,
C. fuerstenbergianum,
Cryptochilus luteus, Gastrochilus minutiflorus, Pholidota m issionariorum,
Dendrobium acinaciforme, Holcoglossum wangii, Porpax lanii,
D. cariniferum, Liparis delicatula, Renanthera citrina,
D. lindleyi, Luisia appressifolia, Schoenorchis gemmata,
D. longicornu, L. morsei, Thelasis pygm aea,
D. nobile, M alleola insectifera, T. khasiana,
D. truncatum, Om ithochilus difformis, Trichotosia dasyphylla,
Epigeneium chapaense, Panisea yunnanensis, T. velutina.

C h eiro sty lis b ip u n ctata, C. c h in en sis, C. co ch in c h in e n sis, C. m arm o rifo lia, C. sp ath u lata,
C. y u n n an en sis, C. tak eo i, H em ip ilia calo p h y lla, L ip aris co rd ifo lia, O b eron ia en sifo rm is va
T h u n ia alb a la cac loai L an song b am d a bat buoc d ie n h in h ciia kidu ru n g nay.
Phan ldn cac P aph io p ed ilu m со m at d V iet N am deu d uoc tim thay trong kidu rimg nguyen
sinh nay. C hung la P. x asp ersu m , P. barb ig eru m , P. concolor, P. d ian th u m , P. e m erso m i, P.
hangianum , P. helen ae, P. h en ry an u m , P. x h errm an n ii, P. hirsutissim um , P. m alipoense, P.
m icranthum , P. p u rp u ratu m , P. tran lien ian u m va P. vietnam ense. T at ca cac loai nay deu chi m oc
trdn cac m ui da doc. C hi со P aphiopedilum dianthum doi khi со thd song b am d goc cay gd gia
phu day reu.

27
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

R ung n g u y en sinh th u o n g x an h cay la rong, dm v a ram th u o n g thay 6 cac d u o n g d in h niii

da voi thap v a vita. C o rat n hieu loai d ia lan b at buoc gap о day. C h u n g th u o n g m o c 6 cac ke
dm cu a cacx to dd voi bi dat rat g iau m im lap day. C ac lo ai d ien h in h la:

Calanthe alleizetti, C. lancifolium, Nervilia punctata,

C. alismaefolia, C. sinense, N. plicata,
C. argenteostriata, Goodyera schlechtendaliana, Phaius flavus,
C. triplicata. G. viridiflora, P. longicruris,
Cephalantheropsis longipes, Liparis nervosa, Tropidia angulosa,
Cryptostylis arachnites, L. paradoxa, T. curculigoides.
Cymbidium ensifolium,

M ot loat loai d ia lan k h ac cu n g duoc tim thay о kidu ru n g nay. C h u n g b ao g o m cac loai
L an qui co th an m an h (A n o ecto ch ilu s calc areu s, A. roxb u rg h ii, C h eiro sty lis m arm o rtfo lia,
G o o d y e ra h is p id a v a R h o m b o d a p e te lo tii), c ac lo ai h o a i sin h (C y rto s ia ja v a n ic a ,
D idym oplex io p sis k h iriw o n g en sis, D id y m o p lex is pallen s v a E pip o g iu m roseum ), loai day leo
tru b n V anilla a lb id a , v a m o t so loai co th an cu h o ac th a n rd (B le tilla o c h ra c e a , H a b e n a ria
c ilio la ris, H a b e n a ria d e n ta ta , P h aiu s ta n k e rv ille a e ). S p ira n th e s sin e n sis v a A ru n d in a
g ram in ifo lia la h ai loai p h d b ie n nhat, gap b k h ap cac tran g co th u sinh tro n g trai (A v ery an o v
e t al., 2 0 0 0 ).

Rimg ram thudng xanh dat thap tren dat nen axit nam d d0 cao dudi 1000 m
T ruoc day, rirng th u o n g x an h n h iet dd i cay la ro n g p h at trien tren d a axit bao p h u cac didn
tich ldn о h au h et cac vim g d o n g b an g v a d o i nui th ap ciia V iet N am (H in h 5). C ac lo ai da
granit, gonai, rio lit, dacit, d a cat, d a p h ien , d a p h ie n set v a cac loai d a g iau k h o an g silic khac
la da m e phd b ien n hat cu a cac v u n g nay. D o cao, lu o n g m u a nam v a tinh ch at p h an m iia khi
hau la cac n han to q u an tro n g nhait q uyet din h su p h an b o v a tinh khac b iet cu a tu n g viing
rim g. K ieu rim g nay h in h th an h m o t dai kh a ro d cac d o cao k h o an g dudi 800 m d p h ia bac
va dudi 1000 m d p h ia nam V iet N am . L u o n g m u a n am о cac vim g rung nay th u d n g tir 1500
- 2 0 0 0 m m d en 3 0 0 0 m m . T ai cac k h u vuc k h o h o n d m ie n nam V iet N am , noi со lu o n g m u a
thap hon 1500 m m , ru n g th u o n g x an h n h u o n g chd ch o rirng nira ru n g la v a ru n g k h o ru n g la
tren dat thap, cac rim g th u a v a tran g cay bui - co.
N h in chung, cac vim g rim g cay la ro n g d d at th ap tren d at axit th u d n g rat am v a ram .
C hung thu d n g co cau th an h lo ai h et sue p h o n g phii v d i rat n hieu dai d ien tieu b ieu cho cac
chi cay go n hiet ddi (H inh 10). C ac cay go ld n n hat со the dat to i chieu 4 0 - 50 m v a d u o n g
kinh th an n gang n guc den 2m . D ay th u d n g la cac cay go thuoc cac ho thuc v at rat didn hinh
cho viing n hiet ddi (N g u y en N g h ia T hin, 1994, 1997a; R u n d el, 1999) nhu:

A ceraceae (Acer), Lauraceae (Cinnamomum, Litsea. Machilus,

Anacardiaceae (Swintoma), Notaphoebe, Phoebe),
Apocynaceae (Alstonia), M eliaceae (Aglaia, Amoora, Chisocheton, Dysoxylon.
Burseraceae (Canarium, D acryodes), H eynea, Sandoricum),
Clusiaceae (Calophyllum), M oraceae (Artocarpus, Ficus),
Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarpus, Hopea), Rhizophoraceae (Anisophyllea),
Elaeocarpaceae (Elaeocarpus). Ulm aceae (Celtis),
Euphorbiaceae (M acaranga, Endospermum, Sapindaceae (Sapindus. Xerospermum),
Bischofla, Sapium), Sterculiaceae (Scaphium),
Fagaceae (C astanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus), Theaceae (Schima).
Ixonanthaceae (Ixonanthes),

28
CAC KIEU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

29
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

C o nhieu loai cay gd nho, th u o n g cao 5 - 15 m , co the: tim thay trong tan g cay g 6 n h o ciia
k ieu rirng nay. C ac loai pho b ien n hat th u o c vao cac chi v a cac h o sau (R undel, 1999):

A quifoliaceae (Ilex), M eliaceae (Chisocheton),

C lusiaceae (Calophyllum , Cratoxylon, Garcinia), M yristicaceae (Horsfieldia),
Elaeocarpaceae (E laeocarpus), Myrtaceae (Cinnamomum),
Euphorbiaceae (Baccaurea, C haetocarpus), R osaceae (Pygeum),
Fagaceae (Castanopsis, Lithocarpus), Rubiaceae (Adina),
Icacinaceae (Apodytes), Sabiaceae (M eliosm a),
Juglandaceae (Engelhardia), Sapindaceae (M ischocarpus),
Lauraceae (Cryptocarya, Lindera, Litsea, Sym plocaceae (Sym plocos),
M achilus, N eolitsea), Theaceae (Pyrenaria),
M agnoliaceae (M anglietia), Xanthophyllaceae (Xanthophyllum).

6 Ьйс V iet N am , cac ho F ab aceae, F ag aceae, L au raceae, M ag o liaceae v a M y rtaceae co

cac loai chiem uu the tro n g cac tang cay g 6 to va nho, tro n g khi do doi voi ru n g d p h ia nam
ch iem uu th e lai la cac lo ai c u a cac h o A n a c a rd ia c e a e , B u rse ra c e a e , C lu sia c e a e ,
C om b retaceae, D ip tero carp aceae, L au raceae, M eliaceae, M oraceae, M y rtaceae, R u b iaceae,
S apindaceae, S tercu liaceae va T h eaceae.
K ieu ru n g nay th u d n g со n hieu tan g vdi rat n hieu loai k h ac nhau tro n g m d i tang. T an g cay
bui co than h p h an loai th u o n g p h o n g p h u va da d ang vdi rat n h ieu loai cay bui thuoc cac ho
R u b iaceae, M elasto m ataceae, L au raceae va A can th aceae, doi khi h in h thanh m o t tan g tham
tuoi lien tuc cao d en 1,2 - 1,5 m , N h ieu loai thuOc ho C au, day leo v a cac lo ai p h u sinh da
d ang hinh th an h n en mOt td h o p loai q u an trong c u a cac q u a n x a rirng nay (S ch m id , 1974).
M ot so loai p h d b ien didn h in h co thd thay trong h in h 11.
T rong dieu kidn dm h o n tren d a m e granit, g o n ai hay d ac it d d d cao tren 600 m m o t so loai
H at tr'an P o d o carp u s n eriifo liu s, D a cry carp u s im b rica tu s v a D a cry d iu m elatu m c u n g duoc
ph at hien. C ac loai day leo n h u F re y c in e tia (P an d an aceae), P seu d o stach y u m p o ly m o rp h u m
(P oaceae), A ncistro clad u s c o ch in ch in en sis (A n cistro clad aceae), v a rat n hieu loai song m ay
nhu C alam u s tetra d a c ty lu s, C. p se u d o sc u te lla ris, C. b o u sig o n ii la didn h in h ch o d ieu k ien
song nay (R u n d el, 1999). О day, cac q u a n x a cay th an со g d m rat n hieu loai d ia lan p h a t tridn
m anh. C ac loai d ja lan didn h in h la:

Acanthephippium odoratum, G. pulchellum, P. mishmensis,

A noectochilus roxburghii, G. recurvum, P. tankervilleae,
A. siamensis, G. siam ense, Tainia angustifolia,
Calanthe lyroglossa, Habenaria pantlingiana, T. hongkongensis,
Cephalantheropsis longipes, Hetaeria oblongifolia, T. hookeriana,
C. obcordata, H. pauciflora, T. latifolia,
Corymborkis veratrifolia, Liparis nervosa, T. pauciflora,
Cymbidium ensifolium, L. nigra, T. ruybarrettoi,
C. lancifolium, Ludisia discolor, T. viridifusca,
C. sinense, M alaxis octodentata, Tropidia angulosa,
Geodorum attenuatum, Phaius flavus, T. curculigoides.
G. densiflorum, P. indigoferus,

N hieu loai L an h oai sinh rat d an g chti у n h u A phyllorchis an n am e n sis, A . evrard ii, A
m ontana, D id y m o p lex io p sis k h iriw o n g en sis, E pipo g iu m roseum , L ecan o rch is ja v a n ic a va
S te re o sa n d ra ja v a n ic a cu n g p h an bo b kieu ru n g nay. T ro n g so d o loai G a le o la n u d ifo lia co
than k h o n g la n hieu kh i leo dai d en h o n 1 0 m.
C ac loai dia lan khac gap 6 noi trong trai hon va co the dd d ang song sot qua thoi ky kho
han nho he thong than ей ngam rat phat trien. M ot so loai thuoc loai nay la:

30
 CAC Kl£U THAM THUC VAT CHINH

Hinh 11. Nhirng loai thuc vat tieu Ыёи cua rirng ram thuong xanh cay la rong tren dat thap da me silicat
(Anh: L. Averyanov).
a — Erythrophleum fordii Oliv. (Fabaceae);
b — Sterculia hyposticta Miq. (Sterculiaceae);
с — Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae);
d — Dysoxylum rubrocostatum Pierre (Meliaceae);
e — Leea rubra Blume (Leeaceae);
f — Calamus rudentum Lour. (Arecaceae);
g — Oxyspora sp. (Melastomataceae);
h — Helixanthera parasitica Lour. (Loranthaceae);
i — Gloriosa superba L. (Liliaceae);
j — Alpinia blepharocalyx K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae).

31
 LAN НАГ V I $ T NAM

Brachycorythis laotica, E. flava, E. spectabilis, Spathoglottis pubescens.

Cryptostylis arachnites, E. graminea, Habenaria tonkinensis,
Cymbidium cyperifolium, E. macrobulbon, M alaxis latifolia,
Eulophia andamanensis, E. macrostachya, Pachystom a pubescens.

C ac tang d a dm u d t doc th eo song suoi m ien niii la n o i song q u en thudc cu a m o t so loai

L an n h u E p ip a c tis a tro m arg in a ta , A ru n d in a ch in en sis v a P h aiu s lo n g ico rn u .
T uy nhien, n h om L an co n h ieu loai nhat trong cac vim g ru n g th u o n g x an h tren d at thap la
cac loai p h u sinh. H au h et cac loai nay deu nho, d an g th a n b u i, day leo n g an h ay m oc th anh
btii trong tan c u a cac cay g 6 Ion. C ac lo ai d ien h in h cu a n h o m nay la:

A cam pe ochracea. C. atropurpureum, E. pannea,

Acriopsis indica. C. bicolor, E. pubescens,
A. liliifolia, C. dayanum, E .th a o ,
A erides falcata. Dendrobium acinaciforme, Flickingeria angustifolia,
A . houlletiana, D. amabile, F. fimbriata,
A. odorata, D. anosmum, F. forcipata,
Agrostophyllum brevipes. D. aphyllum, G astrochilus calceolaris,
A. callosum, D. crystallinum, G. intermedius,
A. planicaule, D. ellipsophyllum, Liparis caespitosa,
Appendicula hexandra, D. farmeri, L. elliptica,
Bulbophyllum affine. D. fimbriatum, Luisia psyche,
B. astelidum. D. gratiosissimum, Micropera poilanei,
B. averyanovii, D. heterocarpum, Ornithochilus difformis,
B. blepharistes. D. lindleyi, Pholidota articulata,
B. careyanum, D. nobile, P. chinensis,
B. devangiriense, D. ochraceum, P. convallariae,
B. elassonotum. D. oligophyllum , P. guibertiae,
B. frostii. D. parishii, P. imbricata,
B. hiepii, D. porphyrophyllum, P. leveilleana,
B. hirtum, D. salaccense, P. pallida,
B. odoratissimum, D . stuartii, P. recurva,
B. pecten-veneris. D. terminale, P. rubra,
B. ietusiusculum . D. thyrsiflorum, Polystachya concreta,
B. sigaldiae. D. truncatum, Pom atocalpa spicata,
B. umbellatum, D. unicum, Pteroceras leopardinum,
Ceratostylis him alaica. D. uniflorum, Robiquetia spathulata,
C. radiata, Eparmatostigma dives, R. succisa,
C. siam ensis, Eria acervata, Sarcoglyphis mirabilis,
C. subulata. E. albidotomentosa, Thecopus maingayi,
C leisostom a birmanicum, E. arnica, Thecostele alata,
C. duplicilobum, E. apertiflora, Thrixspermum pauciflorum,
C. fuerstenbergianum, E. clausa, Trias disciflora,
C. william sonii. E. corneri, T. nasuta,
C oelogyne lentiginosa. E. eriopsidobulbon, Trichotosia dalatensis,
C. viscosa, E. obscura, T. microphylla,
Cymbidium aloifolium. E. paniculata, T. pulvinata.

C o rat nhieu loai phu sinh c h u y en h o a m an h de p h at trien о cac canh n h an h tro n g t:

cay g 6 . M pt so loai tro n g so do la:

Bierm annia calcarata, E. perpusilla, Pteroceras semiteretifolium,

Bulbophyllum bryoides, E. pusilla, Taeniophyllum fasciculatum ,
B. catenarium, M alleola insectifera, Thelasis pygmaea,
B. crassiusculifolium, Pennilabium angraecum, Thrixspermum formosanum,
B. sessile, Porpax elw esii, Trichotosia dasyphylla.
Eria m uscicola, P. reticulata,

32
 CAC K liu THAM THUC VAT CHINH

M o t so loai L an p h u sin h dang day leo h ay b o tru d n v a k ich thuoc ld n c u n g la mOt th an h

p h a n q u an tro n g c u a cac kidu rirng d at thap nay. C ac loai d ac trung n h at tro n g so d d la:

Arachnis annamensis, Renanthera annam ensis, Thrixspermum calceolus,

C ailostylis rigida. R. imschootiana, T. centipeda.
Epigeneium amplum, Staurochilus fasciatus,

M o t so loai L an b am d a d ru n g th u d n g x an h d at th a p со the th ay d cac m o m d a n o i ldn

doc theo cac h em niii b e n b d song suoi. C h u n g b ao gom :

D oritis pulcherrima, Liparis elliptica, P. pallida,

Eria spirodela, Ludisia discolor, Podochilus microphyllus.
Flickingeria fimbriata, Pholidota chinensis,
Habenaria rhodocheila, P. imbricata,

B on loai P ap h io p e d ilu m d a d uoc ghi n h an со d k ieu ru n g tren d at th ap n ay v a c a d d o cao

700 m hay hon). T ro n g so d o , P ap h io p ed ilu m a p p leto n ian u m v a P. d e len atii to n tai ca tren
dat v a b am da, P a p h io p e d ilu m callo su m m oc tre n d at co n P. villosum th u d n g th ay d d an g phu
sinh, rat h iem kh i gap b am tren cac v ach d a granit. T ro n g q u a kh ti со the tat ca cac lo ai L an
H ai nay d eu p h an b o о cac viing rirng th u d n g x anh cay la ro n g n g u y en sinh d d o cao th ap hon.
T uy nhien, nhan d in h nay k h o n g the k iem ch u n g d o hau h et cac vim g rim g th u d n g x a n h dat
thap d do cao dud i 5 0 0 m d a it n hieu bi p h a h u y tren к hap ca nude v a do vay k h o n g it lo ai со
le da h oan toan b ien m at.

Rim g ram thudng xanh tren niii thap, niii trung binh va ntii gan cao tren dat
nen axit d do cao tir 1000 den 3000 m
C ac vim g rim g ram th u d n g xanh tren niii thap, niii trung binh v a nui g an cao p h a n b o rong
khap d cac vim g niii ro n g ldn tai do cao tren 9 0 0 - 1000 m d m ien bac v a tren 1200 - 1400 m
d m ien nam V iet N am (H inh 5). H au h et cac he th o n g niii nay deu duoc h in h thanh tir d a silicat
axit. D ieu kien kh i hau lanh v a am cua cac viing niii nay tao ra su thay ddi tu o n g d d i ro n et ve
cau true tham thuc v at giira cac q uan x a rim g d d at th ap v a rim g tren niii. S u thay ddi nay thd
hien trong vide g iam so dai d ien ciia cac h o thuc v at n h iet ddi, dac b iet la A n acard iaceae,
D ipterocarpaceae, E u p h o rb iac eae, M eliaceae va S im aroubaceae, va tang so dai didn cu a cac
ho can nhiet ddi, o n ddi n h u F agaceae, T h eaceae va M ag n o liaceae cung vdi su x u at h ie n ciia
m ot tap hop cac loai H at trim d a dang. H au het cac loai thuoc h o D au deu g iam so lu o n g nhanh
chong d do cao 600 - 9 0 0 m , trong khi gidi h an p h a n b d tren ctm g ciia h o nay thu dn g la den
1100 m . T uong tu, gidi han d u d i cung ve do cao p h an b d cu a rat nhidu loai cay tren niii xuong
d en 900 - 1200 m (R undel, 1999).
Rirng tren niii nhin chung со caiu tn ic d o n g ian hon so vdi rung d dat thap. R ung nay dac
trung boi tan thuong x anh rat ram rap, cac loai day leo it phong phii v a d a d ang hon, trong khi
cac loai p hu sinh dac biet p h o n g phii v a d a d ang (R undel, 1999). D ieu k ie n song cu a rung
thudng xanh tren niii d V iet N am со tdng luong m u a n am tit 2000 den 3000 m m v a th u d n g со
miia kho ngan hoac h o an to an khong со.
C ac sinh canh rim g tren niii n g u y en sinh th u d n g b ao gom cac kidu q u an x a th u c v a t uu the
boi cac loai cay gd th u d n g x an h cay la ro n g , la k im v a rim g h d n giao. R u n g cay la ro n g th u d n g
p h an bd tren cac sudn niii v a b ao g o m m p t sd ld n cac lo ai cay gd, vi du nhu:

33
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Aceraceae (Acer), Lauraceae (Actinodaphne, Cinnamomum, Cryptocarya,

Clusiaceae (Garcinia), Lindera, Litsea, Machilus, Neolitsea, Notaphoebe, Phoebe),
Elaeocarpaceae (Elaeocarpus), M agnoliaceae (M ichelia, Talauma),
Fabaceae (Cylindrokelupha), Myrtaceae (Syzygium),
Fagaceae (C astanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus), R osaceae (Pyrus, Sorbus, Pygeum ),
Hamamelidaceae (Rhodoleia, Sym ingtonia), Sapotaceae (M adhuca),
Illiciaceae (Illicium ), Theaceae (Eurya, Pyrenaria, Schim a, Gordonia),
Juglandaceae (Engelhardia), Ulm aceae (Gironniera)

C ac loai cay th a n go hoac th an h o a go thuoc cac h o A can th aceae, M elasto m ataceae,

R ubiaceae v a U rticaceae ch iem uu th e tro n g cac tan g cay bui. C ac loai D u o n g xi th an go
(C yathea, C ten ito p sis, C ib o tiu m ) cung k h a uu the tro n g tan g nay v a doi k h i cao d en 10 m hoac
hon tai cac h em nui doc song suoi co nhieu m un. C ac loai ky sinh гё tr in g , h o n g hay do n hat
(B alanopho ra, S ap ria, R h o p alo cn em is) k h o n g p h 6 b ien 1dm. D oc th eo cac suoi d a tro n g cac
hem niii sau co the thay cac q u an x a nhieu loai uu the boi cac h o n h u A ceraceae (A cer),
B etulaceae (C a rp in u s), R o saceae (Pyrus, P y g eu m ), E laeo carp aceae (S lo an ea), M y rsin aceae
(A rdisia), O leaceae (F rax in u s), A raliaceae (S chefflera, T revesia, T u p id an th u s, M acro p an ax ).
Rat nhieu loai cay go hay cay b u i thuoc cac h o L au raceae (C innam om um ), F ag aceae
(C a s ta n o p s is ), S a lic a c e a e (S a lix ), S te rc u lia c e a e (R e e v e sia ), N y ssa c e a e (N y ssa ),
E laeocarpaceae (E la e o c a rp u s), P an d an aceae (P a n d a n u s , F rey cin etia). M o raceae (F icu s),
R ubiaceae (L asian th u s), C h lo ran th aceae (C h lo ra n th u s) h in h th an h nen q u an x a thuc v at ven
song, tren dat th o a t nude tot. C ac loai thuOc ho C au n h u C ary o ta sy m p etala v a P in a n g a
b an aen sis v a cac loai cay th an co Ion dudi tan n h u cac loai D u o n g xi (C y a th e a , M a ra ttia ,
A n g io p teris, C ib o tiu m , R u m o h ra, P o ly stic h u m , C y c lo so ru s), B e g o n ia (B e g o n ia c e a e ),
Im patiens (B alsam iaceae), M u sa (M usaceae) v a C u rcu lig o (H y p o x id aceae) c u n g rait didn hinh
cho cac sinh canh nay. L d p d at d day giir duoc d o am th u d n g x u y en do su ong m u doc theo
cac thuy vuc doc. K et q u a th u d n g со m o t tap h o p rat p h o n g phii cac loai d ia lan v a cac loai
cay than co khac. C ac loai d ia lan didn h in h tai day la:

Acanthephippium simplex, C. densiflora, D iglyphosa evrardii,

A. striatum, C. herbacea, Eria gagnepainii,
Anoectochilus acalcaratus, C. lyroglossa, Goodyera foliosa,
A. chapaensis, C. sylvatica, G. fumata,
A. elw esii, C. velutina, Habenaria pantlingiana,
A. lanceolatus, Cephalantheropsis longipes, M ischobulbon cordifolium,
A. lylei, C. obcordata, M. macranthum,
A. roxburghii, Collabium assamicum, Nephelaphyllum tenuiflorum,
A. siamensis, C. chinense, Phaius flavus,
A. sikkimensis, C. chloranthum, P. tankervilleae,
A. tridentatus, C ollabiopsis formosanum, Pristiglottis umbrosa,
Apostasia nuda, Cymbidium ensifolium, Tainia hookeriana,
A. odorata, C. lancifolium, Zeuxine nervosa,
A. wallichii, C. sinense, Z. parvifolia.
Calanthe clavata, C. wilsonii,

L a n h o a i sin h k h o n g со la A p h y llo rch is a n n a m e n sis, A . ev ra rd ii, A . m o n ta n a ,

C h a m a e g a stro d ia p o ila n e i, L ecan o rch is ja v a n ic a v a V ia n ia p ra in ii cting gap d day nhung
tuong ddi h iem . L o ai L an d an g day leo ldn m au v ang n h at G a le o la n u d ifo lia со th a n dai den
6 - 8 m cu n g thudc v ao n h o m nay. Tai cac noi со n h ieu anh san g со thd tim th ay m o t so loai
Lan so n g tren d at h o ac day leo b d n h u C ry p to sty lis a rach n ites, E u lo p h ia sp ectab ilis,
P eristy lu s ch a p a e n sis, P. c o n stric tu s, P. p rain ii, P. c a n d id u s, P. te n ta c u la tu s, P. c a lc a ra tu s , P.
densus, V anilla alb id a, V. an n am ica, V. aphylla, v a V p ierrei. Rait n h ieu loai L an m oc trdn cac
vach da du n g d u n g doc th eo song suoi trong kidu ru n g nay la:

34
 CAC К IЙи THAM THUC VAT CHINH

Appendicula cornuta, D. fimbriatum, Pholidota leveilleana,

A. hexandra, D. sociale, P. rubra,
A. reflexa, Flickingeria fimbriata, Podochilus microphyllus.
Bulbophyllum tixieri. Liparis luteola,
Dendrobium alleizettii, Monomeria barbata,

T u y nhien, cac lo ai L a n p h u sinh la nh o m Ion n h at v a d a d ang n h at tro n g cac kieu

n g u y en sinh 6 niii thap v a tru n g binh, p h 6 b ie n со d o cao 1000 - 2 5 00 m . D o la:

Agrostophyllum callosum, D. farmeri, L. luteola,

Appendicula gracilis, D. faulhaberianum, L. stricklandiana,
Bulbophyllum crassiusculifolium, D. gratiosissimum, Malleola seidenfadenii,
B. delitescens, D. hercoglossum, Oberonia acaulis,
B. elassonotum, D. heterocarpum, O. anthropophora,
B. frostii, D. khanhoaense, O. caulescens,
B. hymenanthum, D. langbianense, O. dalatensis,
B. longiflorum, D. linguella, O. dolichocaulis,
B. luanii, D. lomatochilum, O. ensiformis,
B. monanthum, D. longicornu, 0 . evrardii,
B. odoratissimum, D. nobile, O. langbianensis,
B. orientale, D. oligophyllum, O. quadridentata,
B. pecten-veneris, D. pachyglossum, Panisea tricallosa,
B. picturatum, D. parishii, Pennilabium angraecum,
B. putidum, D. uniflorum, Pholidota articulata,
B. retusiusculum, Epigeneium amplum, P. chinensis,
B. sigaldiae, E. cacuminis, P. convallariae,
Callostylis rigida, Eria acervata, P. leveilleana,
Ceratostylis himalaica, E. bidupensis, P. pachyglossa,
C. radiata, E. biflora, P. recurva,
C. siamensis, E. carunculosa, Podochilus microphyllus,
C. subulata, E. clausa, Polystachya concreta,
Cleisostoma birmanicum, E. floribunda, Pomatocalpa spicata,
C. discolor, E. foetida, Pteroceras leopardinum,
C. duplicilobum, E. globulifera, Robiquetia spathulata,
C. striatum, E. lactiflora, R. succisa,
C. williamsonii, E. lanigera, Schoenorchis eberhardtii,
Coelogyne assamica, E. lasiopetala, Sunipia andersonii,
C. brachyptera, E. paniculata, S. pallida,
C. cycnoches, E. pannea, S. scariosa,
C. eberhardtii, E. tomentosa, Taeniophyllum glandulosum,
C. fimbriata, E. truncata, T. minimum,
C. lawrenceana, Flickingeria angustifolia, T. obtusum,
C. sanderae, F. ritaeana, T. pahangense,
C. stricta, Gastrochilus calceolaris, Trichotosia dalatensis,
C. viscosa, G. hainanensis, T. dasyphylla,
Cymbidium schroederi, G. intermedius, T. microphylla,
Dendrobium aduncum, G. pseudodistichus, T. pulvinata,
D. amabile, G. simplicilabius, T. velutina,
D. aphyllum, Holcoglossum amesianum, \hnda bidupensis,
D. bellatulum, H. lingulatum, V concolor,
D. cariniferum, H. subulifolium, V denisoniana,
D. crystallinum, Hygrochilus parishii, V pumila.
D. dalatense, Liparis elliptica,
D. ellipsophyllum, L. latilabris,

N hieu loai T h o n g th u o n g la th an h p h an loai it n hieu q u an trong cu a cau tru e rim g tren cac
sudrn niii g an d u o n g din h h ay d in h niii (H in h 12). T ro n g so n ay со cac loai n h u C ep h alo tax u s
m an n ii, D a cry ca rp u s im b rica tu s, D ac ry d iu m ela tu m , N a g e ia w allic h ian a , P o d o c arp u s

35
 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

H inh 12. R ung ngu yen sinh ram ca y la kim 6 nui trung binh (v o i cac lo a i P in u s d a la ten sis va P. krem pfii) tren
da granit a do ca o 1 7 0 0 - 1800 m.
Nam Viet Nam, tinh Lam D6ng, nui Chu Yang Sin (Anh: L. Averyanov).

36
 CAC KIEU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

n eriifo liu s v a Taxus c h in en sis. M o t so lo ai T h o n g n h u F o k ie n ia h o d g in sii, K e tele e ria

ev ely n ian a, P in u s krem pfii v a P. d alaten sis, co thd cao d en 4 0 - 45 m v a co d u o n g k in h 2 m.
C ac loai nay th u o n g n h o le n tren tan g ta n ra n g uu th e b o i cac lo ai cay la ra n g th u o c cac ho
F ag aceae, L au rac e a e v a M ag n o liaceae. C ac lo ai uu the q u an tro n g cu a k ieu ra n g n ay d u o c thd
hien trong hinh 13.
T ren cac d in h niii v a d o c th eo cac d u o n g dinh, rirng ram th u d n g x a n h dm cay la ro n g
nh u d n g cho cho rim g h o n g iao v a rirng cay la kim . K h i dieu k ie n song d dd cao tren 2 0 0 0 m
k h o hon th u d n g со k ie u rirng th u a vdi cac lo ai K ete le eria e v ely n ian a, P in u s k e siy a v a P.
m erkusii. D ay la b a loai T h o n g p h an bo d n h ieu n o i c u a V iet N am (N guydn T ie n H iep, P h an
K e L 0 c & A v ery an o v , 1999).
C ac rirng am n u i tru n g b in h tir 1200 d e n 2 4 0 0 m d k h ap V ie t N am la cac rirng g iau v d i cac
lo ai F o k ie n ia h o d g in sii, D a c ry c a rp u s im b ric a tu s, D a c ry d iu m e la tu m , C u n n in g h a m ia
k o n ish ii, N ag eia w a llic h ian a v a P o d o carp u s n e riifo liu s c h iem uu th e (N g u y en T ie n H iep,
P han K e L o c & A v ery an o v , 1999; R undel, 1999).
M o t q u an the cay la k im b ao gom cac lo ai cay со q u a n h e o n ddi x u at h ie n d tay b ac V iet
N am tai dd cao tit 2400 d en 2 9 0 0 m vd i cac lo ai Tsuga d u m o sa v a A bies d elav a y i ch iem uu
the (N guydn T ien H iep, P h an Ke Loc & A v ery an o v , 1999; R un d el, 1999).
P inus fen zelia n a v a P. w an g ii la cac lo ai cay la k im d ie n h in h d m o t so viing tru n g b in h
rai rac d bdc va tru n g V iet N am . C ac rim g la k im am niii tra n g b in h d ien h in h d n am v a trung
V ie t N am th u d n g b ao g o m h ai loai T h o n g dac h u u h ep la P in u s krem pfii v a P. d a la te n sis
(N guydn T ien H iep, P han K e L oc & A v ery an o v , 1999; R un d el, 1999).
T ang cay gd n h o v a cay b u i dudi tan rirng la k im th u a th u d n g b ao g o m dai d ie n ciia cac
hp v a cac chi sau (S ch m id , 1974):

Ericaceae (A gapetes, Craibiodendron), M yrtaceae (Tristania),

Euphorbiaceae (Breynia, Phyllanthus), Proteaceae (H elicia),
Fabaceae (Albizia, Archidendron), Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus),
Fagaceae (Lithocarpus, Quercus), Rubiaceae (Gardenia),
M yricaceae (M yrica), Theaceae (Adinandra, Anneslea, Eurya, Ternstroemia).

C ac loai L an v a D u o n g xi p h u sinh ra t p h o n g phii v a d a d an g tro n g rim g la k im niii tru n g

b in h nay. T uy n h ien , cluing d at d en m iic dd p h o n g p h u cao n h a t tro n g rirng la k im tren cac
d in h v a duong din h cao n hat, n o i th u d n g со m ay b ao p h u , su ong v a su ong m il n an g q u an h
nam . L u ong m u a n am d cac vim g do th u d n g d at d en 4 0 0 0 m m h ay th a m chi cao h o n v a k h o n g
со cac giai d o an k h o ro ret. T uy n hien, m iia d o n g lan h g ia vdi n h iet do b a n d em tu t xuong
dudi m uc d on g b a n g d i n d en su h in h th an h th am th u c v at viing cao v a su x u at h ien ciia n hieu
loai cay go v a cay bui ra n g la hoac nua ra n g la tro n g n h u n g sinh canh nay. L o p dat d day
thudng m ong nhung g iau ch at huu co va со d o axit cao.
C ac cay la kim cd thu, dac b iet la cac loai F o k ien ia h o d g in sii, P in u s k rem pfii, P. w angii,
P. kesiya, P. d ala te n sis, P o d o ca rp u s n eriifo liu s v a N ag e ia w a llich ia n a va cac cay g d v a cay
bui cong q ueo ciia ho D d q u y en n h u A gapetes, L yonia, R h o d o d en d ro n v a V accm ium , la cac
loai uu the chinh tro n g q u an x a thuc vat tren dai cao nay (H inh 14). C ac cay g d cu a kidu ru n g
nay hiem khi cao d en h o n 10 m v a do che phii tran g binh chi k h o an g 75% (R u n d el, 1999).
T h udng tham cac loai thuoc h o D d q u y en cao 3 - 5 m bao phii lay cac d in h niii со lap v a cac
dong nui hep. R at nhieu loai thuc vat q u an trong chi p han bd tro n g dieu k ien nui nay (H inh
15). T ai cac nui tru n g b in h v a niii g an cao d viing cue tay bac, cac loai Tsuga d u m o sa v a Abies
delavayi ddi khi x u at h ien nho len khoi tan rirng m ay m u. C ac loai R eu, D ia y, L an v a D uong
xi phu sinh p hat trien tuoi tot bao phu len tat ca than, can h cay, dat va cac tang d a lo dau trong
dieu k ien song nay tao th an h m o t lo p phii am b en virng va lien tuc. C ac loai L an p h d b ien nhat
d day la:

37
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

H inh 13. N hung loai thuc vat tieu bi6u cua rirng ngu yen sinh ram niii trung binh tren da silicat (Anh: L. Averyanov).

a — Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A.Henry & Thomas (Cupressaceae);

b — Pinus (Ducampopinus) krempfii Lecomte (Pinaceae);
с — Pinus dalatensis Ferre (Pinaceae);
d — Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don (Podocarpaceae);
e — Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. (Theaceae);
f — Amentotaxus poilanei (Ferre & Rouane) Ferg. (Taxaceae);
g — Symingtonia populnea (R.Br.) van Steenis (Hamamelidaceae);
h — Magnolia sp. (Magnoliaceae);
i — Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C.Smith (Schizandraceae);
j — Rhodoleia championii Hook.f. (Hamamelidaceae).

38

I
 CAC KIEU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

Bulbophyllum pinicolum, Cymbidium devonianum, E. paniculata, Panisea albiflora,

B. pumilio, C. eburneum, E. pannea, Pholidota articulata,
B. semiteretifolium, C. lowianum, E. siam ensis, P. convallariae,
B. thaiorum, Dendrobium christyanum, E. thao, P. leveilleana,
C eratostylis him alaica, D. virgineum, Liparis bootanensis, P. recurva,
C oelogyne calcicola, D. wattii, L. cespitosa, Schoenorchis gemmata,
C. filipeda, Epigeneium cacuminis, L. chapaensis, Sunipia annamensis,
C. mooreana, E. chapaense, L. compressa, Trichotosia dasyphylla,
C. ridleyi, Eria arnica, M onomeria dichroma, T. microphylla.
C. rigida, E. bipunctata, O tochilus albus,
C. schultesii, E. globifera, O. fuscus,

C ym bid iu m insin g e, G o o d y era sch lech ten d alian a, B ulbo p h y llum n g o clin h en sis v a B.
rep tan s la cac loai rat p h o b ien tren cac dinh nui cao n h at о nam V iet N am .
R at nhieu yeu to cu a khu h e thuc vat o n doi cung d uoc p h at h ien tai day do su lien k et giua
cac vung nui trung b in h va niii gan cao cu a V iet N am v a cac vung niii tu o n g ling о nam T ru n g
Q uoc (N guydn N g h ia T hin, 1998; N guydn N g h ia T h in & N guydn T hi T h a i, 1998). D o la
nhieu loai L an song tren dat v a bam da 6 d o cao tren 2 0 0 0 m:

Hinh 14. Trang cay bui ram m ay mil niii trung binh voi tan cay Pinus dalatensis nho cao о doc duong dinh tai do
cao 2 6 0 0 m.
Nam Viet Nam, tinh Kon Turn, day nui Ngoc Linh (Anh: L. Averyanov).

39
F

LAN HAI VIET NAM

H inh 15. N h u n g loai thuc v a t tieu bieu cua rung m ay m il niii trung binh tren da nen silicat (Anh: L. Averyanov),
a — Rhododendron irroratum Fr. subsp. kontumense (Sleum.) Chamb. (Ericaceae);
b — Rhododendron moulmainense Hook. (Ericaceae);
с — Lyonia sp. (Ericaceae);
d — Viccinium sp. (Ericaceae);
e — Aeschynanthus moningeriae (Merr.) Chun (Gesneriaceae);
f — Phyllagathis megalocentra C.Hans. (Melastomataceae);
g — Rhopalocnemis phalloides Junghuhn (Balanophoraceae);
h — Balanophora laxiflora Hemsl. (Balanophoraceae);
i — Monotropastrum pumilum H.Andres (Ericaceae);
j — Sciaphila clemensiae Hemsl. (Triuridaceae).

40
 CAC KIEU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

Amitostigma bidupense, G oodyera foliosa, Platanthera angustata, P. praecox,

A. keiskeoides, G. schlechtendaliana, P leione grandiflora, P. vietnamensis.
Gastrodia taiensis, H ancockia uniflora, P. maculata,

N am loai P a p h io p e d ilu m ap p leto n ian u m . P. ca llo su m , P. d elen a tii, P. g ra trix ian u m v a P.

villosum song trong ru n g nui tru n g binh tren d at ax it ciia V iet N am . Sir p h an bo cu a tat ca cac
loai P ap h io p ed ilu m о viing niii tru n g b in h cu a V iet N am co lien he chat che v d i rirng la kim
hoac rirng h d n giao dm, it n hieu rant. P ap h io p ed ilu m a p p leto n ian u m va P. c allo su m th u d n g
m oc tai day, tren d at h ay b a m d a d d0 cao tir (700) 1000 d e n 2 0 0 0 m . T ro n g cim g m o t dieu
k ien song, P a p h io p ed ilu m v illo su m d d i kh i k h a p h d b ien d d ang p h u sinh tren cac cay g o la
ro n g cao. P ap h io p ed ilu m d ele n a tii v a P. g ratrix ia n u m th u d n g la cay b am d a didn hinh: g ran it,
g onai v a riolit. T u y n h ien , ca h ai loai nay deu ch i p h a n b o tro n g cac viing ra t h a n ch e d do
cao xung q u an h 1 0 0 0 m.

R ung kho nira rung la hoac rung la tren dat thap 6 do cao tit m at bidn den 500
(7 0 0 )m
6 V iet N am , cac viing ru n g kho nira ru n g la hoac ru n g la tren d at thap v a cac rirng th u a dang
savan dai dien cho p h an lan ro n g ve p h ia dong cha k ieu tham thuc v at chiem linh ro n g khap
viing luc d ia D o n g N am A vdi d ieu k ien song со lu o n g m u a h ang n am thap h o n 2000 m m va
giai doan k h o h a n keo dai 5 - 7 thang. C ac q u an x a thuc v at nay p h an bo tai cac viing b a n kho
h an d nam V iet N am , tir m at bidn len d en 500 (700) m v a chd yeu h in h th an h tren cac ld p dat
nong tren nen bazan hay d a gran it (H inh 5). H au h et cac v u n g rirng thua nay d a b i tac dong m an h
bdi con ngudi v a la kidu tham thuc v at dang bi de d p a nang ne n hat tai V iet N am . T ai cac sinh
canh con nguydn ven, cac cay gd n h u T etram eles nudiflo ra hay L a g erstro em ia angustifolia, m oc
doc theo m ep cu a kieu rim g nay v a со the cao d en 4 0 - 50 m . T uy nhien, trong hau h et truOng
hop uu the la cac loai cay gd со chieu cao khong qua 15 - 20 m (H inh 16).
C ac loai cay gd nira ru n g la th u o c ho D ip tero carp aceae la cac loai uu the d ien hinh trong
tang tan cao ciia cac ru n g k h o dat thap tai V iet N am . C ac loai uu the khac tro n g tan g cay nay
thuoc ve rat n hieu h o , didn hin h la (S ch m id , 1974):
Anacardiaceae (Buchanania, D racontomelum ), Fagaceae (Lithocarpus, Quercus),
Annonaceae (M iliusa), Lythraceae (Lagerstroemia),
B ignoniaceae (Stereospermum), M eliaceae (Aglaia, Amoora, Sandoricum, Toona),
Bom bacaceae (Bombax), M oraceae (Artocarpus, Ficus),
Burseraceae (Canarium), M yrtaceae (Eugenia),
Combretaceae (Anogeissus, Terminalia), Rubiaceae (Adina),
D atiscaceae (Tetrameles), Sim aroubaceae (Irvingia),
D illeniaceae (D illenia), Sapindaceae (Erioglossum , Pom etia, Sapindus),
Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Shorea), Sapotaceae (Palaquium obovatum),
Ebenaceae (Diospyros), Sterculiaceae (Sterculia, Pterospermum),
Fabaceae (A fzelia, A lbizia, C assia, D albergia, U lm aceae (C eltis, Holoptelea),
Pterocarpus), Verbenaceae (Vitex).

N hieu cay gd nho h o n v a cay bui cu n g gap trong tan g d u d i tan ciia cac kidu rirng th u a nay
cung vdi su p h o n g phu va d a d ang ciia cac loai со, tre n u a va tue. M ot so loai thuc v a t didn
hinh cua rung k h o d at th ap со the tim th ay trong h in h 17. D ang chu у n h at tro n g cac loai ho
L u a thuoc cac chi A ru n d in ella, P seu d o p o g o n a th e ru m , Im p erata, H etero p o g o n , T h e m e d a va
A lloteropsis, m o t so loai cao d en 1 - 1 , 5 m. C ac loai day leo v a phu sinh cu n g rat p h d b ien
nhung kho n g noi nao p h o n g phu. C ac loai day leo song bam m o n g nude nho n h u D isch id ia
va H oya, v a cac loai D u o n g xi p h u sinh ldn n h u D ry n a ria , P se u d o d ry n a ria v a P laty ceriu m
rat didn hin h cho k ieu rirng nay.

41
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

IX4& 5№

H inh 16. R ung ram va rim g thua dang savan kho rung la dat thap 6 d o cao 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 m.
Nam Viet Nam, tinh Dac Lac (Anh: L. Averyanov).

42
 CAC KIEU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

M ac du co d ieu k ie n k h o nhung tinh da d an g ciia cac loai L an phu sinh a rirng khop
(D ip tero carp u s) dat thap tai nam V iet N am vdn rat cao vcri cac loai dac hiru d ia p h u a n g . N hieu
loai trong so nay со n h u n g net chiu han rat d ac trung. C h u n g bao gom :

Acampe papillosa, C leisom eria lanatum, Oberonia acaulis,

Acriopsis indica, C leisostom a equestre, 0 . caulescens,
A. liliifolia, C. inflatum, O. emarginata,
A denoncos vesiculosa, C oelogyne lentiginosa, 0 . gamm iei,
A erides crassifolia, Cymbidium aloifolium, 0 . longibracteata,
A. falcata, C. atropurpureum, 0 . lycopodioides,
A. houlletiana, C. bicolor, 0 . rasm ussenii,
A. multiflora, Dendrobium crumenatum, 0 . rufilabris,
Arachnis annamensis, D. crystallinum, 0 . tixieri,
A. cannaeformis, D. exile, 0 . trochopetala,
A. hookeriana, D. farmeri, Papilionanthe hookeriana,
A. labrosa, D. gratiosissimum, P. pedunculata,
A. maingayi, D. indivisum, Pelatantheria ctenoglossum ,
Ascocentrum christensonianum, D. lindleyi, P. eakroensis,
A. curvifolium, D. lomatochilum, Peristylus densus,
A. garayi, D. podagraria, Pholidota leveilleana,
Ascolabium pusillum, D. porphyrophyllum, P. rubra,
B rachypeza laotica, D. pseudotenellum, Polystachya concreta,
Bulbophyllum averyanovii, D. secundum, Rhynchostylis coelestis,
B. bariense, D. truncatum, R. gigantea,
B. blepharistes, D. unicum, R. retusa,
B. dayanum, Eparmatostigma dives, Staurochilus fasciatus,
B. elassonotum, Eria acervata, Thecopus maingayi,
B. hirtum, E. cochinchinensis, T hecostele alata,
B. lemniscatoides, E. obscura, Thrixspermum centipeda,
B. orientale, E. pannea, Trichoglottis retusa,
B. refractum, Luisia brachystachys, T. seidenfadenii,
B. tripudians, L. filiformis, Trichotosia dasyphylla,
C hiloschista exuperei, L. psyche, \hnda pumila.
C. parishii, M alaxis ophridis,
Christensonia vietnam ica, Nervilia plicata,

T inh da d ang ciia cac loai со nhieu nam ciing rat cao. H au h et cac loai nay deu p h at tribn
than cii hoac th an гё to о dudi dat. L a cu a chung th u d n g chet tro n g m u a k h o v a m oc lai cung
vdi nhirng con m u a dau m ua. C ac loai nay th u o n g n o h o a tru o c hay tro n g n h u n g n g ay dau cua
m ua m ua. C o nhieu loai d ia lan ciing gap trong cac kidu rirng nay. D d la:

Anthogonium gracile, Geodorum attenuatum, H. lucida, Pecteilis cochinchinensis,

Brachycorythis galeandra, G. densiflorum, H. mandersii, P. henryi,
B. laotica, G. pulchellum, H. medioflexa, P. susannae,
E ulophia andamanensis, G. recurvum, H. myriotricha, Spathoglottis affinis,
E. flava, G. siamense, H. poilanei, S. aurea,
E. graminea, H abenaria apetala, H. rostellifera, S. eburnea,
E. macrobulbon, H. com m elinifolia, H. rostrata, S. plicata,
E. pauciflora, H. dentata, H. rumphii, S. pubescens.
E. pulchra, H. erostrata, H. viridiflora,
E. spectabilis, H. lindleyana, Pachystom a pubescens,

T uy khu he L an trong cac rimg kho dat thap ciia nam V iet N am d a d ang va phong phu,
nhung den nay van ch u a со loai P aphiopedilum nao duoc ghi nhan.

43
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

H inh 17. N hun g loai thuc vat tieu Ыёи cua rirng ram va rirng dang savan kho rung la dat thap (Anh: L. Averyanov),
a — Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G.Don (Dipterocarpaceae);
b — Erythrina fusca Lour. (Fabaceae);
с — Dillenia hooker! Pierre (Dilleniaceae);
d — Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham. (Cycadaceae);
e — Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) Walp. (Rubiaceae);
f — Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. (Dilleniaceae);
g — Kaempferia rotunda L. (Zingiberaceae);
h — Strophanthus caudatus (Apocynaceae);
i — Nepenthes thorelii Lecomte (Nepenthaceae);
j — Uvaria purpurea Blume (Annonaceae).

44
 CAC KIEU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

T ham thuc vat ven bien, dat thap ngap nude va tham ngap m an
C ac q u a n x a th u c v a t ch in h doc th eo b o b ie n ciia V iet N am la cac tran g cay b u i v e n bien,
d at th ap n gap n u a c v e n bidn v a th am n gap m an (H in h 5). H au h et cac th am th u c v a t сйа vung
nay deu d a b i tac d o ng n an g n e b o i cac h o a t d o n g ciia c o n n g u d i v a d a b ien d 6 i n h ieu so voi
dieu k ie n tu n h ien b an dau cu a chung. R a t n h ieu vim g tro n g so nay n am tro n g cac k h u vuc
kho n hat cu a V ie t N am v d i lu o n g m u a n am th ap h o n 1700 m m .
C ac loai cay bu i tao n e n cac th am th u c v at th u a h o ac ra m doc th eo cac b d b ien , tre n cac
d u n cat h ay cac su d n doc v en bidn (H in h 18). C ac loai th u c v at p h d b ie n n h at tai d ay la
S caevola ko en ig ii (G o o d en iaceae), C e rb e ra m a n g h a s (A p o cy n aceae), P a n d a n u s te c to riu s
(P a n d a n a c e a e ), C y c a s ru m p h ii, C. in e rm is (C y c a d a c e a e ), C a e s a lp in ia g o d e fro y a n a
(F a b a c e a e ), C le ro d e n d ro n in e rm e (V e rb e n a c e a e ), L itc h i lo n g a n a (S a p in d a c e a e ),
P le io s p e rm u m litto ra le (R u ta c e a e ), S in d o ra sia m e n sis (F a b a c e a e ), V itex tr ifo lia
(V erbenaceae) v a m o t so lo ai k h ac (S ch m id , 1974; A v ery an o v , N g u y d n T ien B a n &
K ud riav tzev a, 1988). M 0 t v ai lo ai tro n g so n ay d u o c trin h b ay tro n g h in h 19.
C ac vim g tru n g am v a cac vim g d at n g ap n ude v e n b ie n v ay q u an h bo i cac d u n c a t thap
v a tre th u d n g со cac lo ai B a e c k ia fru te sc e n s (M y rta c ea e ), M e la le u c a le u c a d e n d ro n
(M yrtaceae), A cro n y ch ia la u rifo lia (R u tace ae), C anthium didym um (R u b iaceae), A lsto n ia
sp a th u la ta (A p o cy n aceae) v a n h ieu lo ai th u o c h ai h o L ila v a C oi.
C ac d ien tic h th am n g ap m a n ra n g ld n k h a p h d b ie n d vim g chau th d сйа cac co n song ldn
v a cac v u n g lay d at th ap n gap n ude m a n v en bidn d V iet N am (H inh 20). T in h d a d an g cua
tham n gap m a n tu o n g ddi cao vdi cac loai p h d b ie n n h a t la A vicennia alba, A . officinalis
(V erb en aceae), L u m n itz e ra racem o sa, L. litto re a (C o m b retaceae), B ru g u ie ra g y m n o rrh iza , B.
sexangula, C erio p s ta g a l, K a n d e lia can d el, R h iz o p h o ra a p icu lata, R. m u cro n ata, R. sty lo sa
(R h izophoraceae) v a S o n n e ra tia c a se o la ris (S o n n eratiaceae), v a cac loai th u o c h o C au d ien
h in h cho rim g n g ap m a n la N y p a fru tica n s v a P h o e n ix p alu d o sa. C ac lo a i th u c v at p h d bien
cua kieu tham thuc v at nay d uoc g id i thieu tro n g hinh 2 1 .
R at it loai L an d u o c tim th ay d vung nay, v a k h o n g loai nao trong so do d ac tru n g cho cac
sinh can h d at th ap v e n bidn.

Cac quan xa thuc vat thu sinh va cay trong

C o rat n hieu kidu ru n g , tran g cay bui, v a tran g со th u sinh d a p h a t trien sau m o t lich su tac
dong lau dai cua con ngudi ldn cac tham thuc vat tu nhien. C ac q u an xa thuc vat phat tridn cung
vdi cac trang trai, cac rirng trong lay gd v a cay c o n g nghiep h ien nay chiem m o t d ien tich k h a
Ion trong ca nude (H inh 5). M ot so ldn cac loai со dai hoac thuc vat ngoai lai d uoc p h at hien
trong cac vung nay, trong khi cac loai m oc tu n hien da gan n h u hoan toan bien m at.
M o t so loai L an n h u A ru n d in a g ram in ifo lia, P h aiu s tan k erv illeae, S p iran th es sin en sis,
Z eu x in e strateu m atica v a m o t so loai khac thuoc cac chi G e o d o ru m , H a b e n a ria v a P e risty lu s,
со k ha nang ton tai tro n g cac v u n g n h u vay. C h u n g chi la m o t nhom rat n h o so vdi khu he
L an d a tung m ot th d i song tai day.

45
 л

LAN HAI У1ЁТ NAM

Hinh 18. Nhung suon doc ven bidn voi tham cay bui dien hinh.
Nam Viet Nam, ba bidn Con Dao (Anh: L. Averyanov).

H inh 19. N hun g loai thuc vat tieu bieu cua tham cay
bui v en bien (Anh: L. Averyanov),
a — Pandanus tectorius Parkinson (Pandanaceae);
b — Sindora siamensis Teysmann ex Miquel (Fabaceae);
с — Phoenix humilis Royle (Arecaceae);
d — Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz (Lecythidaceae);
e — Ipomoea stolonifera (Cyr.) Gmel. (Convulvulaceae).

46
 CAC KIEU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

H inh 2 0 . Trang ca y bui ngap m an v o i N y p a fruticans uu the.

Nam Viet Nam, Con Dao (Anh: L. Averyanov).

H inh 21 . Nhirng loai thuc vat tieu bi6u ciia tham cay
bui ven bien v a tham ngap m an (Anh: L. Averyanov),
a — Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae);
b — Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. (Verbenaceae);
с — Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Goodeniaceae);
d — Flagellaria indica L. Flagellariaceae);
e — Crinum asiaticum L. (Amaryllidaceae).

47
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

H inh 22. N hun g loai Lan gan dac huu tieu bidu ciia phan V iet N am thuoc tidu vung he thuc vat S ik kim -V an
N am (Anh: L. Averyanov),
a — Calanthe alleizettei Gagnep.;
b — Galeola nudifolia Lour.;
с — Liparis balansae Gagnep.;
d — Epigeneium chapaense Gagnep.;
e — Goodyera schlechtendaliana Rchb.f.;
f — Eria gagnepainii Hawkes & Heller;
g — Sarcoglyphis smithianus (Kerr) Seidenf.;
h — Cryptochilus luteus Lindl.;
i — Mischobulbum cordifolium (Hook.f.) Schltr.;
j — Dendrobium longicornu Lindl.

48
CAC KIEU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

H inh 23. NhCrng loai Lan dac him va gan dac hiru
cua ti£u vim g he thuc vat N am Trung Q u oc (Anh: a-
f, h-j: L. Averyanov; g: P.J. Cribb).
a — Renanthera citrina Aver.;
b — Liparis emarginata Aver.;
с — Dendrobium guangxiense Tsi & Chen;
d — Holcoglossum wangii E.A.Christenson;
e — Vmda fuscoviridis Lindl.;
f — Pteroceras simondianum (Gagnep.) Aver.;
g — Coelogyne malipoensis Tsi;
h — Hemipilia calophylla Par. & Rchb.f.;
i — Bulbophyllum purpureifolium Aver.;
j — Cymbidium floribundum Lindl.

49
H inh 24. N hiin g loai Lan dac huu va gan dac huu
tieu biOu cua tieu vun g he thuc vat В ас D o n g D u on g
(Anh: L. Averyanov).
a — Pholidota guibertiae Finet;
b — Biermannia calcarata Aver.;
с — Micropera poilanei (Guillaum.) Garay;
d — Didymoplexiopsis khiriwongensis Seidenf.;
e — Dendrobium nobile var. alboluteum Huyen & Aver.;
f — Eria sutepensis Rolfe ex Downie;
g — Bulbophyllum andersonii (Hook.f.) J.J.Smith;
h — Eria coronaria (Lindl.) Rchb.f.;
i — Malleola seidenfadenii E.A.Christenson;
j — Bulbophyllum delitescens Hance.

50
 CAC К1Йи ТНАм THUC VAT CHINH

H inh 2 5 . N hun g loai Lan dac hiru va gan dac huu cua tieu vun g he thuc vat Trung T ruong S o n (Anh: a-h,j:
L. Averyanov; i: E. Mokhov).
a — Cleisocentron klossii (Ridl.) Garay;
b — Pristiglottis umbrosa Aver.;
с — Coelogyne sanderae Kraenzl.;
d — Aphyllorchis annamensis Aver.;
e — Schoenorchis eberhardtii (Finet) Aver.;
f — Eria thao Gagnep.;
g — Bulbophyllum ngoclinhensis Aver.;
h — Monomeria dichroma (Rolfe) Schltr.;
i — Pleione vietnamensis Aver. & Cribb;
j — Bulbophyllum averyanovii Seidenf.

51
 1

H inh 2 6 . N hun g loai Lan dac huu va gan dac huu

cua tieu v im g he thuc vat N am T ru ong S on
(Anh: L. Averyanov).
a — Arachnis annamensis (Rolfe) J.J.Smith;
b — Bulbophyllum frostii Summerhayes;
с — Calanthe velutina Ridl.;
d — Trichotosia dalatensis (Gagnep.) Seidenf.;
e — \fonda bidupensis Aver. & E.A.Christenson;
f — Bulbophyllum sigaldiae Guillaum.;
g — Sunipia pallida Aver.;
h — Liparis nigra Seidenf.;
i — Panisea albiflora (Ridl.) Seidenf.;
j — Papilionanthe pedunculata (Kerr) Garay.

52
 CAC К IЁU THAM THUC VAT CHINH

Hinh 27. N h u n g loai Lan dac him v a gan dac- huu tieu bi£u cua ti6u viing he thuc vat N am D o n g D uong
(Anh: L. Averyanov).
a — Ascolabium pusillum (Aver.) Aver.;
b — Trichoglottis seidenfadenii Aver.;
с — Pteroceras semiteretifolium Pedersen;
d — Brachycorythis laotica (Gagnep.) Summerh.;
e — Dendrobium ochraceum De Wild.;
f — Ascocentrum garayi E.A.Christenson;
g — Bulbophyllum blepharistes Rchb.f.;
h — Dendrobium unicum Seidenf.;
i — Malaxis octodentata Seidenf.;
j — Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl.

53
 P H A N II. L A N H A l

THE NAO LA LAN HAI ?

an Hai la mot nhom rat khac biet. Chung co the de dang nhan ra boi cau tnic hoa khac
thuong vdi mot canh hoa giua hinh tiii sau trong giong mot chide hai (trong chuyen mon
goi la moi hay canh moi) nam 6 vi tri thap nhat cua hoa, tao nen mot ve be ngoai rat dac
sac. Va do vay no trd thanh ten chung cua nhom nay. Cung nhu vay, ten Latin cua chi Lan
Hai ldn nhat, Paphiopedilum, со the dich nghia la "chiec hai cua Paphos". Paphos la noi sinh
cua Aphrodite, vi than cua tinh ydu va cai dep trong than thoai Ну Lap (con duoc goi la than
Ve nu - Venus theo ngudi La Ma), va pedilon la mot tu tieng Ну Lap co nghia la cai hai hay
cai giay. Chiec moi dac sic va hinh dang khac thudng cua hoa lam cho Lan Hai de dang phan
biet vdi tat ca cac loai Lan khac.
Ve mat thuc vat hoc, cac loai Lan Hai thuoc vao nam chi: Cypripedium L., Mexipedium
V.A. Albert & M.W. Chase, Paphiopedilum Pfitzer, Phragmipedium Rolfe va Selenipedium
Rchb.f. (Hinh 28). Khoang 50 loai cua chi Cypripedium, thudng duoc goi la Hai ve nu, phan
bo tai cac vimg on ddi va niii cua ban cau bac. Viing nhiet ddi chau My la noi phan bo cua
khoang 25 loai thuoc cac chi Mexipedium, Phragmipedium va Selenipedium. Xap xi 75 loai
cua chi Paphiopedilum phan bo d vimg nhiet ddi chau A tir nam An Do va dong Himalaya
d phia tay den Philippine, New Guinea va Quan dao Solomon d phia dong. Cac loai nhiet
ddi chau A cua chi Paphiopedilum da duoc lai giong de trong rat phd bien trong khoang 140
nam gan day. Cac loai thuoc chi Phragmipedium cung da duoc lai giong dd trong nhung it
phd bien hon.
Mot so ldn cac loai Lan Hai va cac dong lai nhan tao tir chung da dupe trong va trd thanh
mot trong cac nhom cay canh phd bien nhat tai nhieu quoc gia. Mac dir vay, phan ldn cac loai
nay deu rat hiem gap trong tu nhien. Phan ldn chiing phan bd d cac noi song hiem trd khong
den duoc nhu cac vach da dung dung tai cac vimg niii hay mom da gan thac nude, hay trong
tan cua cac cay gd cao. Ngoai trir rat it trudng hop, cac loai Lan Hai la mot cau phan khong
thd thidu cua rimg nguydn sinh va chiing со the bi tuyet chung mot each nhanh chong va khong
thd phuc hoi duoc khi cac quan xa thuc vat tu nhien bi con ngudi pha huy. Vi ly do dd, со rat
it ngudi da timg nhin thay cac loai thuc vat tuyet vdi nay tai noi song tu nhien cua chiing von
chi con ton tai d mot vai vimg rimg nguydn thuy con sot lai.
Trong cac vimg niii d Viet Nam, noi con sot lai nhung manh rimg nguydn sinh da dang
nhat, cac loai Lan Hai rat phong phii. Mac dii la nhom rat hiem, tinh da dang cua Lan Hai tai
Viet Nam cao hon bat cii noi nao khac trdn thd gidi. Nhidu loai cua Viet Nam khong chi rat
hiem ma con la cac loai dac huu hep, la bau vat quoc gia со tarn quan trong quoc te.
Su nhan thiic ngay cang tang ve ydu cau bao vd va cuu vdt cac loai Lan Hai tu nhien ciia
Viet Nam la muc tieu chinh cua vide ra soat lai nhom thuc vat dac sic, dang bi de doa tieu
didt va dang bidn mat nhanh chong khoi noi song tu nhien cua chiing.

NGUON GOC VA QUAN HE HO HANG CUA LAN HAl

Lan Hai la mot nhanh nho nhung noi bat trong qua trinh tien hoa cua Lan (Hinh 29). Ho
Lan (Orchidaceae) the hien mot trong nhung dong chuydn hoa nhat ciia thuc vat со hoa. Co
ve nhu tat ca cac loai Lan ddu bat nguon tir cac td tidn kidu Hypoxis со sau manh bao hoa (ba

55
■

56
 NGU6N GOC VA QUAN HE HO HANG CUA LAN HAI

H inh 28 (doi dien va a tren). S u da dang cua Lan H ai (Cac anh: a, c, d: P.J.Cribb; cac anh b, e, f, h: L. Averyanov),
a-d — Cac dai dien cua chi Cypripedium:
a — C. calceolus L. a Chau Au,
b — C. x ventricosum Sw. 6 Vien Dong nuac Nga,
с — С. formosanum Hayata 6 Dai Loan,
d — C. macranthos Sw. 6 dong nam Siberi,
e — Paphiopedilum callosum (Rchb.f.) Stein 6 Thai Lan,
f — Paphiopedilum spicerianum (Rchb.f.) Pfitz. d Mianma,
Cac loai cua chi Phragmipedium:
g — P. longifolium (Warsc. ex Rchb.f.) Rolfe
h — P. besseae C.H. Dodson & J. Kuhn о nhiet ddi chau My.

57
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Stanhopeinae
Coeliopsidinae
r£ Maxillariinae
<U
Zygopetalinae cd
CD
Oncidiinae XI
in
Eriopsidinae £
Catasetinae
u
Bromheadiinae
Eulophiinae
Cymbidiinae __
Angraecinae <u
cd
Aerangidiae <u
TJ
с
Aeridinae ГЗ
>
Polystachyinae
CD
Agrostophyllinae cd
(U
<u
Ponerinae cd X
r€ Bletiinae
<u
s_ о
L_
~o
с XI
Pleurothallidinae <D c
4Z Laeliinae
"U
Cl X
0)
Ш
Podochilinae Ъ_
<D Ш
Collabiinae Cd
a>
Coelogyninae 3
С Arethusinae
Ql
Triphoreae <
Nervilieae
Gastrodieae
Calypsoeae
Malaxideae
Dendrobiinae
Tropidieae
-с Sobralieae
Neottieae
Rhizanthellinae
Acianthinae a>
cd
Caladeniinae _ф

Cryptostylidinae X
3
Diuridinae Q
Prasophyllinae Q)
cd
<u Q)
Goodyerinae cd
<D X
X
Manniellinae 0
r £ Cranichidinae U X

Spiranthinae c5
L_ "5
s_
u
Pterostylidinae 0
Chloraeinae CD
cd
CD
Orchidinae

LrfE Disinae
Brownleeinae
Codonorchideae
__
IE

Cypripedioideae —

Vanillinae — I
C Pogoniinae Vanillioideae
Apostasioideae
Hinh 29. Cay phat sinh cac loai dua tren cac din lieu tong hop hien со, trinh bay nam nhanh tien hoa chinh
ciia ho Lan Orchidaceae, tuong ung vdi nam dudi ho Apostasioideae, Vanilloideae, Cypripedioideae,
Orchidoideae va Epidendroideae (theo Mark Chase et al., dang in).

58
 NGU&N ОбС VA QUAN НЁ HO HANG CUA LAN HAI

m anh b ao h oa vo n g n g o ai g o i la la d ai v a b a m an h b ao h o a v o n g tro n g g o i la can h h o a) v a 6

nhi due (ba nhi due d v o n g n goai v a b a nhi due d v o n g trong). M o t so xu h u d n g c h u y en h o a
v e hinh thai со the q u a n sat d uoc trong su tie n h o a v a su h in h th an h ciia cac n h o m L an khac
nhau. T uy nhien, su g iam so lu o n g nhi due v a su d in h lien g iu a nhi (cac nhi) due h u u th u con
to n tai vdi nhi cai la su b ie n dd i h o a c o b an nhat d a n d e n su tien h o a cu a ho. S u g iam lien tuc
so luong nhi due d a dim d en su h in h thanh cac nhom L an со ba, hai hay mOt nhi due d u y nhat
ton tai trong h oa (H in h 30).
C ac dai d ie n ciia c ac n h o m L an n g u y e n th u y n h a t со h ai h o a c b a n h i d u e tro n g hoa. C ac
loai n ay, co n d u o c g o i la L an A p o sta sia , d u o c x ep v ao d u d i h o A p o sta sio id e a e . D ay la m o t
n hom n h o b ao g o m cac lo a i d ia la n so n g d vim g n h ie t dd i c h a u A v a M e A u stra lia v a со
h ai ch i, A p o sta sia v a N e u w ie d ia , v d i k h o an g 16 loai. H o a ciia ch iin g th u d n g d eu v a p h a n
nao g io n g vdi h o a ciia H ypoxis.
N h o m th ii h ai c u n g со h ai n h i d u e co n to n tai tro n g hoa. D d la L an H ai (d u d i ho
C y p rip e d io id e a e ) v a n o c u n g d ai d ie n c h o m o t d o n g tie n h o a rien g . D u d i h o n ay b ao g o m
5 chi (C y p rip ed iu m , M e x ip e d iu m , P a p h io p ed ilu m , P h ra g m ip e d iu m va S elen ip ed iu m ) v a co
k h o an g 150 loai p h a n b o ro n g k h ap viin g n h ie t d d i A - Au, В ас M y v a N a m M y.
C ac loai thuoc cac d u d i h o A p o sta sio id e ae v a C y p rip ed io id eae (L an H ai) d a tim g со
nhung luc duoc tach k h o i h o L an va lap th an h cac ho rien g la A p o sta sia c e ae L indl. va
C y p rip ed iaceae L indl. (R asm u ssen , 1985; S zlache tk o , 1995). T uy n hien, h ie n tai h au h e t cac
tac g ia van xep chiing vao tro n g h o L an O rch id aceae n h u m o t nhom tu n h ien v e m at p h at sinh.
H o L an O rch id aceae, udc tin h co k h o an g 2 5 .0 0 0 loai th u o c k h o an g 800 ch i, la h o ld n n hat
trong cac ho T hu c v at со h o a, n g an g vdi h o C ue (A steraceae, h ay C o m p o sitae).
С о den hon 99 % cac lo ai L an chi со m o t nhi duy n h at tro n g h o a v a dd la m o t tro n g cac
dac diem chinh cu a h o L an (H in h 29). T ro n g cac tai lieu p h an loai hoc g an d ay n h at cac loai
L an m ot nhi th u d n g d u o c xep v ao b a dudi ho: V an illo id eae, O rch id o id eae v a E p id en d ro id e a e
(K ores et al., 1997; P rid g eo n e t al. 1999, 20 0 0) (H in h 29). C hiing p h a n b o k h a p noi tren the
gidi ngoai tru hai viing d ia cue v a cac h o an g m ac k h o can.
Q ua trinh th ich n g h i tie n h o a vdi cac h in h th u c th u p h an n h d co n triing k h ac nhau la yeu
to chinh trong su tien h oa ciia h o a Lan. T ro n g h o a c h u a ch u y en h o a c u a cac loai th u o c dudi
ho A po stasio id eae k h o n g со su d o i xung hai b en mcit each ro ret. T ro n g tru d n g h o p nay cung
nh u trong cac h o a deu khac, tat ca cac nhi d eu со v ai trd g an n h u nhau tro n g q u a trin h thu
phan. D ieu nay k h o n g g io n g n h u cac loai L an khac.
Su thu p h an c u a h o a d o i x u n g hai b en la k et q u a cu a su tieu g iam cac b ao p h a n d en m uc
chi con m ot hoac h ai b ao p h a n giii d uoc chuc n ang sinh san. K h u y n h h u d n g tie n h o a nay dan
d en su tien h o a cu a L an H ai va cac L an m o t nhi th u o c cac dudi h o V an illo id eae, O rch id o id eae
va E p id en d ro id eae (H in h 29, 30).
D d i vdi L an H ai, hai bao p h an huu th u n am hai b en ciia co t nhi - nhuy (H in h 30). N h i due
g iu a la bat thu va n am d din h cdt. N o b ien ddi th an h m o t cau tn ic hinh o, n h i lep, d o n g vai
trd ngan ch an loi v ao true d ien cu a tac n han thu p h a n tir m at trudc vao tru n g tarn hoa. H ai nhi
due co n lai an p h ia sau nhi lep, d h ai ben ciia cd t nhi - nhuy. M oi h in h tui cu a L an H ai giii vai
trd n h u m ot cai bay ddi v d i tac n han thu phan. B d tro n g ciia m oi rat tro n n h u n g со n h ieu long
tao nen m o t k h o an g g io n g n h u cai th an g ndm d b e n tro n g b d lung cu a m oi. N o d an th eo num
nhuy p h ia trudc со c u o n g d en m o t trong hai cira ra d goc ciia m o i n am tren p h ia b en k ia cua
cot nhi - nhuy.
L a dai giua, cac can h h o a ben, nhi lep v a m o i d o n g cac vai trd ch in h tro n g vice loi cuon
cac tac nhan thu p h a n d en h o a ciia L an H ai. C ac p h an nay ciia h o a th u d n g со m au sac sac sd.

59
LAN HAI VIET NAM

60
 HINH THAI

C ac la dai ben nam d ang sau m o i va th u d n g d in h lai tao thanh m o t la dai hop. N o p h a n nao
m at di chtic nang loi cuon v a do vay g iam kich thuoc. N h in chung, la dai h o p со ch o p hai thiiy
vdi hai gan ch in h ro ret the h ie n n g u o n goc tir hai la dai ben.
C anh h oa g iu a (m oi) c u a cac d u d i h o m 0 t nhi th u d n g d o n g vai trd n h u san h a can h cho
cac tac n h an thu p h an v a c u n g g o p p h an thu h u t ch u n g , n h u cac loai h u t m a t h o a v a tao loi
di th u an tien d en b ao p han . C ac loai L an th u o c d u d i h o V a n illo id e a e la m o t n h o m n h o tro n g
dd со chi V tn illa , m ot ch i со k h o an g 70 loai со th a n leo b am . C ac lo ai L a n th u o c d u d i h o
O rch id o id eae hau het son g d d a t со th an cti h ay th an гё m o n g va bao g o n t h a u h e t c ac loai
L an ciia ch au Au, Вас M y, ch au P h i v a cac lo ai L an o n d d i A u stralia. C ac loai th u o c d u d i
ho E p id en d ro id eae, nhom ld n n hat, chu yeu la cac lo ai p h u sinh h ay song b a m d a, b ao g o m
to an bo cac chi dac tru n g n h ie t ddi n h u C a ttley a , O n cid iu m , O d o n to g lo ssu m , P h ala en o p sis
v a V anda.

HINH THAI
C ac loai L an H ai со the со h in h d an g Ьёп n goai ra t da d an g (H inh 28). M ot so d ai d ie n d
vung on ddi ciia chi C y p rip ed iu m la cac loai th an со litn nho, cac loai S elenipedium v a loai
C y p rip ed iu m irap ean u m v a C. subtropicum la cac loai со th an d an g tru e, cao d en 1 - 3 m . T uy
nhien, d day ta chi q u an tarn d en cac loai L an H ai n h iet d d i chau А со p h an b o tai V ie t N am .
T at ca deu thuoc ve chi P ap h io p ed ilu m .
D a n g cay. C ac loai P ap h io p e d ilu m la cac loai th an со со k ic h thuoc tru n g bin h vd i th an bi
thu rat ngan m ang n hieu la m q c th an h hai h an g xep hinh q u at (H inh 31). T at ca cac loai deu
co than re nhung th u d n g rat ngan. T u y n hien, m o t so loai n h u P. m alip o en se v a P. m icran th u m
lai hinh thanh th an гё к ёо dai lien k et rat n hieu goc vd i n h au h in h th an h m o t m a n g ludi ng'am
dudi dat. D di vdi n h u n g loai nay m o t d o n g sinh san vo tinh cu n g со thd b ao phii toi m o t vai
m et vuong neu n h u со d ieu k ien song th u an loi. D d i vdi cac loai k h ac, v i du n h u
P. hirsu tissim u m hay P. dian th u m , m o t cay со the со tir m o t ddn hai m u o i gdc m o c c h u m thanh
bd day dac.
L a . L a ciia cac loai P ap h io p ed ilu m th u d n g со d an g la dai gap ddi, hinh triing n guoc h ay bau
due th u o n v a m b ro n g (H in h 31). M oi la со d o t d gdc, dudi dd la be la h inh chii V xep lo p xit
len nhau tren than. О m o t so loai n h u P. d ian th u m h ay P. h irsu tissim u m cac la со the dai toi
50 cm , nhung d m o t so loai khac n h u P. h elen ae, cay tru d n g thanh ddi khi со la k h o n g d ai qua
3 cm . M at tren cu a la со the со m au x anh la cay ciing m au, h ay k h am boi cac m an g x an h la
cay dam n hat k h o n g deu nhau vdi cac gan la m au x an h la cay tham noi ro. C ac v an kidu k ham
m au cua la nay rat dac tru n g cho cac dai d ien th u o c cac d u d i chi P a rv ise p a lu m va
B rachypetalum va tdng B a rb a ta ciia dudi chi chu an. M at d u d i la cu a h au h e t cac loai thuoc
cac dudi chi P arv isep alu m v a B rach y p etalu m со cac d o m tim day dac. О m o t so loai khac,

Hinh 30 (doi dien). So do khai quat cua su bien d6i hoa trong lich sit tien hoa cua nhung nhom Lan chinh tit
cac to tien kieu Hypoxis (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).
Hinh ve khai quat chi ro cac dac diem chinh cua hoa, su tieu giam nhi due va su hinh thanh cot nhi nhuy. So do hoa
(so do hinh chieu mat dung cua cac bO phan hoa tren mot mat phang) gioi tlucu cau true hoa (nhiing ky hieu sau day duoc
su dung: vong tron den - true cum hoa; dau ngoac moc den ngoai ciing- la hoa; dau ngoac moc trang vong ngoai - toan bo
vong ngoai ciia bao hoa, hoac cac la dai; dau ngoac moc den ben trong- toan bo vong trong ciia bao hoa, hoac cac canh
hoa; cac nhi due him thu xep thanh 2 vong va duoc danh dau bang vOng gan trOn den, nhi lep duoc bieu thi bang dau ngoac
don nho den, nhimg vi tri cua nhi bi tieu giam duoc chi bang dau nhan; cac hinh gan tron 6 giua bicu thi cho lat cat ngang
cua bau 3 hay 1 0; cac duong cham lien ket cac nhi due, nhi lep va bau bieu thj su dinh lien de tao thanh cot nhi nhuy).

61
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

niim

cuong cum hoa

niim nhuy

cuong cum hoa

H inh 3 1 . H inh thai c a y va hoa cu a P ap hiopedilum (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).

a — cay mang hoa; b — hoa voi mot canh hoa bi cat bo va lat cat theo chieu doc cua moi; c-e — c 0t nhi nhuy, nhin mat
ben (c), nhin tir mat tren (d) va tir mat duoi (e).

62
 HINH THAI

cac v et tim xin chi thay ro 6 g an goc la. R at it loai co m at dudi la th u an m au xanh la cay. C hat
m au tim о la cay cu n g co it d cac cay co m nang. R o ra n g la dac diem v a m a t d o ciia v et k ham
m au tren la rat khac n hau d m 6 i loai. М ёр la n o n ciia m p t so loai, vi du о R m a lip o e n se co
Л ё co long. L a cu a cac loai d ien hinh cho d ieu k ien song k h o n h u R h elen a e v a R d ian th u m
d eu day, m ong n ude v a ciing.
C u m h o a. C um h o a cua cac loai P a p h io p ed ilu m thudng th an g dirng hay cong (H inh 31). C ac
loai P aphiopedilu m h elenae, P. hen ry an u m v a P. d ian th u m m oc tren cac vach d a dung dung
hay P. villosum phu sinh thudng со cuong cum h o a it n hieu nam n gang hoac chiic xuong, n h u n g
d hau het cac loai khac thi cu o n g h o a it nhieu dung d u n g n h u d P. m alipo en se, P. m icran th u m
va P. appletonianum . M p t so loai n h u P. d ianthum со cum h o a gom n hieu hoa, th u o n g tir hai
den nam hoa. M p t so it loai khac thudng со m o t h o a tro n g cum hoa, vi du n h u P. delen atii va
P. concolor, nhung lai phat tridn thanh cum h o a vdi hai h o a tro n g dieu k ien th u an loi. P h an ldn
cac loai con lai th u o n g chi co m ot h o a rieng le. T u y n hien trong q uan the ciia cac loai P.
appletonianum v a P. m alip o en se cung co cum h o a m an g 2 hoa, song ra t hiem . T ru e cu m hoa
cu a hau het cac loai deu co long to day va ngan, trong khi d o d P. villosum , P. m icran th u m va
P. m alipoense lai co long nhung, co n d P. d ianthum lai gan n h u nhan. L a h o a ciia cu m h o a gap
doi va со hinh dang rat khac nhau tuy tim g loai, tir h in h m iii g iao hay hinh tru n g v a со chop
n hon den hinh bau due tron. L a hoa thuong со it long to h o n cac p h an khac ciia cum h o a nhung
noi chung thudng со long d т ё р v a long cung doc g an g iu a d m at ngoai la. L a h o a n h an co d
loai P. dianthum .
H o a . H oa cua cac loai P a p h io p ed ilu m co hai la dai d v o n g ngoai: m o t la dai lu n g (dorsal
sepal) va m ot la dai h o p (sy n sep al) v a b a canh h o a d v o n g tro n g (H in h 31, 32).
L a dai lung th u d n g ldn, h u d n g th an g len tren v a th u d n g noi b at vdi cac v ach h a y ch a m d
m at trong. D oi kh i no Pm lay p h ia tren m oi h in h tiii tao thanh nap tren che ch o m oi khoi bi
nude m u a chay vao. D oi vdi cac loai k h ac, n o d u n g th an g va co vai trd n h u m o t la cd. L a dai
lung nam doi d ien vdi la dai h o p d vj tri thap h o n v a h u d n g x u o n g p h ia du d i d uoc h in h thanh
boi su dinh lai h o an to an ciia h ai la dai ben. N g u o n goc ciia la dai h o p d u o c the h ien ro bdi
no co hai g an ch in h v a hai song k h u m len th eo chieu doc d m at ngoai. L a dai h o p nam p h ia
sau ciia m oi thud n g со m o t m au toi xin v a kern noi bat h o n h a n so v d i la dai lung. C a la dai
lung va la dai h o p deu th u d n g со long to d ay d m a t ngoai. D d i v d i m o t vai loai, n h u P.
m icran th u m , lon g to d ay со ca d m at trong.
H ai canh h oa b en deu d e d an g nhan thay d hai b en la dai v a th u d n g h o i xoe x u o n g dudi
theo chieu ngang. C hiing со thd со h in h th ia, bau due, tru n g ro n g hay tron. C an h h o a h in h m ui
g iao hep, x oan oc hep d an tir goc len den dinh dac tru n g ch o loai P. d ian th u m . C anh h o a ciia
loai nay со cac lo n g tu y en m dm d dinh v a th u d n g m an g cac bd lo n g tu y en n h o cu n g vd i long
m dm doc theo т ё р d goc. О cac loai n h u P. c allo su m v a P. a p p leto n ian u m , n g o ai lo n g m em
con со cac т ц п d т ё р nho len d m at tren va doi khi ca m at dudi cua m ep canh. О m o t so loai
т ё р trdn ciia canh h o a uon g o n song ro ret. K idu nay со thd thay ro n h at d P. h irsu tissim u m .
C anh ho a ciia tat ca cac loai ddu со long m em dai dd n h an th ay d т ё р g an goc.
C anh ho a g iu a th u b a ciia h o a d cac loai P ap h io p e d ilu m bidn d an g ro rdt dd h in h thanh
m o t m oi g io n g n h u cai b ao h ay h in h chide hai со vai trd n h u m o t cai bay ddi vdi cac loai con
tru n g со kha nang thu phan. M oi со ba thuy vdi thiiy g iu a lorn sau v a cac thtiy ben v o n g xung
quanh. M oi p h o n g со k et cau m o n g dac tru n g ch o dudi chi P arv isep alu m . D di vdi d u d i chi
B rachypetalum m o i nho hon, h in h tru n g v a со k et cau day hon. T ro n g ca hai dudi ch i nay т ё р
d dinh m oi ddu cu o n vao trong. D di vdi cac loai khac d V iet N am , т ё р ciia thuy g iu a k h o n g
cuon vao trong n h u n g cac th u y Ьёп со т ц п v a n h in b o n g ra t p h at tridn v a c u o n v ao h in h thanh

63
64
 VONG DOI

m ot ong d goc m oi. M oi cu a cac loai P ap h io p ed ilu m co vai trd bay cac tac n h an thu p h a n va
cu ng voi cac m ep n gan ch an con triing da lo t v ao trong m oi k h o n g the th o at ra n goai de dang.
C o n trim g thu p h a n m u o n th o a t ra n g o ai p h ai di th eo m 0 t cai th an g b a n g lo n g d i n tir tro n g thi
d en goc cu a m oi d e co th e leo len v a d i ra n g o ai th eo m o t cu a hep 6 p h ia b en k ia c o t nhi -
nhuy lan luot q u a b e n d u di niim n h u y v a m o t b ao phan.
C ac nhi due co n lai v a nh i cai cu a L a n H ai h o p lai v d i n hau th an h m o t c o t h in h tru (c 0 t
nh i-n h u y ) о tru n g tam ciia h o a (H inh 31, 32).
C au tao chinh ciia co t n h i-n h u y la m 0 t nh i lep h in h 0 n h 0 cao d d in h duoc h in h th an h tu
nhj du e b at thu g iu a cu a v o n g n goai. M ac d u со su k h ac b iet ld n g iu a cac loai, song h in h dang,
m au s ic , long cu a n h i lep со у n g h ia q u a n tro n g tro n g p h a n lo ai ciia chi.
О p h ia sau v a b e n d u d i n h i lep d in h v d i niim n h u y h in h triing h o ac h in h tro n со cu o n g
(H inh 31, 32). D ia ldi, со niim nhuy n h an d uoc ch ia th an h b a p h a n bdi cac ra n h n d n g p h an
anh nguon goc ciia nhi c ai d a d u o c h o p lai tu b a la noan.
H ai nhi due со chi nhj ngdn v a bao p h an hin h b au due ro n g dinh lien о p h ia sau num nhuy
va d hai b en cu a cu d n g c0 t (H in h 31, 32). C hiing ch in h la cac nhj due b e n ciia v o n g trong.
C hi nhi c u a hau h e t cac lo ai d eu m d ra n g th an h m 0 t didm nhd cao 6 dinh. C ac 0 c u a b ao p h an
th u d n g n am sat n h au n h u n g d d i k h i lai tach rd i nhau. K h d i p h a n ciia h au h e t cac lo ai th u d n g
dinh, nhung doi vd i P. d e len a tii v a P. m icran th u m lai co d a n g b 0 t.
B au dudi m 0 t 0 v d i each din h n o an b en la didm d ac tru n g c u a chi P a p h io p e d ilu m (H inh
32). B au d ta t ca cac lo ai ciia V iet N am deu со ld n g to tru P. d ian th u m nhan. D d i v d i P.
m icran th u m , P. m a lip o e n se v a P. villosum bau со ld n g n h u n g . H au h e t cac lo ai b au d eu it
n hieu hinh tru tru P. villosum со m at c at n g an g h in h tam giac. B au p h d b ie n n h a t со m au x anh
la cay hay m au do tia xin.
Q u a . Q u a сй а L an H ai la d an g q u a n ang k h d , dai, со m 0 t d vdi b a v an ra n g v a b a v a n hep.
Q ua m d d g an din h b a n g 6 ra n h nut. Q u a th u d n g ch in tro n g dieu k ie n tu n h ien sau k h i thu
phan tir sau den m udi thang.

VONG DOI
H at cu a cac loai P ap h io p e d ilu m со h in h d an g rat k h ac nhau, tir bau due h ay h in h c o n suot
chi n g an d en d an g th u d n dai h ay hep va th u d n g со ch ieu d ai 0 ,4 - 1,1 m m . P h o i nhd, d ai 0,3
- 0,4 m m , duoc bao b d i vo h a t ch at g iay p h a t trien tir v o tro n g v a n g o ai cu a noan. H a t ch in rat
nhe v a dd d ang p h a t tan n h d gio. H a t cu a L an k h d n g со n 0 i n h u , v a do v ay nd d in h d u o n g phu
thudc v ao q uan he c 0 ng sinh c h a t che vdi m 0 t lo ai n a m гё.
H at chin trong v d n g tir sau d en m u d i thang sau k h i d uoc thu p h an v a p h a t tan q u a k h e m d
cu a qu a nang chin d a c h u y en thanh m au паи v a k h d di. S u nay m am xay ra tren dat, tren da
hay tren cay, d chd to i n gay sau kh i p h a t tan v a k h i cu d n g сйа ph o i d uoc nhidm m o t loai nam

H inh 3 2 (doi dien). H inh thai сйа h oa Pap hiopedilum (Anh: L. Averyanov).
Paphiopedilum gratrixianum: a — hoa, nhin mat trudc; b — hoa cat bo mot canh hoa vdi mat cat thang dung doc
chinh giua cua moi; с — hoa, nhin tir mat sau; d -f — cot nhi nhuy, nhin mat ben (d), nhin tir mat tren (e), tir mat dudi (f),
lat cat ngang bau (g).

65
 LAN HAI V I $ T N AM

гё phu hop. M am гё p h at trien ra cac гё g ia dai cung b i п Ы ё т cac soi n am cu a naim re. M o t re
that nhanh chong m o c ra tii p h ia sau cu a dinh choi. T iep theo la m am гё m oc dai ra v a sinh ra
cac гё con. L a dau tien co the x uat h ie n vai thang sau khi h at nay m am . Re dau tien co it xylem
nhung co rat n hieu floem d uoc bao phu bdi cac гё g ia v a d a nhiem n am ngay khi m oi hinh
thanh. T ro n g giai d o an nay v o гё b i п Ы ё т cac bui n am d ay dac. T uy nhien, cac гё cang xuat
h ien m u o n h o n cang it п Ы ё т nam , va den th an g th d n am thi гё trd th an h гё dac tru n g d an g sod
m anh vdi he floem p h a t trien m an h va k h o n g со cac bdi nam .
О cay tru d n g th an h , ch o i m an g la v a cu m h o a se n o h o a tro n g nam toi d a p h a t trien trong
m u a sinh tru d n g tru d c dd. S u sinh tru d n g m di b at dau p h at trien th u d n g xay ra tru d c k h i ket
thuc n o hoa. P h an ld n cac L an H ai V iet N am ra h o a tro n g d ieu k ie n tu nhien vao m u a xuan
h ay d au m u a he (B an g 10). D d la P. ap p leto n ian u m , P. callo su m , P. concolor, P. em e rso n ii, P.
h an g ia n u m , P. h irsu tissim u m , P. m alip o en se, P. m icran th u m , P. x h e rr m a n n ii, P. vietn am en se
v a villosum . C ac lo ai k h ac n h u P. b a rb ig e ru m , P. d ia n th u m , P. g ra trix ia n u m , P. h e le n a e , P.
h en ry an u m , P. p u rp u ra tu m v a P. tran lie n ia n u m n o h o a vao m u a thu, tro n g khi P. d elen a tii va

BANG 4

MUA RA HOA CUA CAC LAN HAI VIET NAM

M4u hoa cua cac loai da liet ke duoc quan sat tai moi truong song tu nhien trong cac thang duoc danh mau
xanh nuac bien. Cac thang no hoa quan sat duoc trong dieu kien trong tai ban cau bac (theo quan sat ca
nhan va cac so lieu da xuat ban cua Braem. 1988a; Braem, C.Baker & M.Baker, 1998, 1999; Gruss &
Perner, 1998, 1999; Cavestro & Chiron, 1999; Senghas & Schettler, 1999) duoc danh dau hoa thi.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
P. appletonianum * * * * * * * * * * *
P. barbigerum * * *
P. callosum * *
P. concolor * * * * * * * * * * * *
P. delenatii * * * * * * * *
P. dianthum *
P. emersonii * *
P. gratrixianum * * * * * * * *
P. hangianum * * *
P. helenae * * *
P. henryanum * * * * * * * *
P. hirsutissimum * * * * * * * * * * *
P. malipoense * * *
P. micranthum * * *
P. purpuratum * * * * * * * * *
P. tranlienianum * * *
P. vietnamense * * *
P. villosum * * * * * * * * * * *
P. x affine
P. x dalatense * *
P. x herrmannii * * * *

66
 SU THU PHAN

P. villosum h o a n o v ao m u a d o n g . T a t ca cac lo ai L a n H ai cu a V iet N am , n g o ai trtr P. d elen a tii

n o h o a vao m u a kho. H o a to n tai trong th d i g ia n tu b o n d e n tam tu'an. S u th ay d d i th d i gian,
d eu n o h o a xay ra v d i h au h e t cac loai d a d uoc d u a v ao tro n g trong d ieu k ie n n h an tao. C ac
d an lieu h ien со v e th d i g ia n n o h o a ciia cac L a n H ai V iet N am trong d ieu k ie n tu n h ie n v a
nuoi trong duoc trinh b ay tro n g B ang 4.
C ac loai L an H ai со the so n g tro n g rat n hieu n am , su sinh tru d n g h o p tru e m o i x ay ra h an g
nam . P han th an гё ей vdi cac gdc сйа choi thdng d u n g cu sc la n luot th d i di. T u y n h ien , ddi
vdi cac loai song tro n g dieu k ie n khd, p h a n th an гё ch et со thd to n tai tro n g th d i g ia n dai.
T ron g nhung trud n g h o p n h u vay, so lu o n g cac gdc ch o i c h et (n h u n g k h o n g th d i ru a) sc tu o n g
du o n g vdi so tudi to i th ieu c u a m d i cay. T h eo q u a n sat c u a c h u n g toi, tu o i to i th ieu cu a cac
cay со h oa trudng th an h c u a P. helen ae trong q u a n th e h o an g d ai it n h at la 30 - 4 0 nam . T ro n g
tu nhien, tudi th a t c u a cac cay d u o c n g h ien cu u ch ac ch an cao hon. C ac L an H ai lai d o cac
n h a nuoi tro n g d chau A u lai tao tro n g b a th ap k y cu o i cu a th e k y X IX h ien vim co n p h a t tridn
m an h sau h o n m o t the k y n u o i trong.

SU T H U P H A N
T hu p han chco n h d con triing chac chan la g ia th u y et со с о so nhat ddi vdi tat ca cac loai
P aphiopedilum . T uy nhien, den nay thuc su van ch u a со nhieu dan lieu ve cac tac n han thu phan.
M o t so chu ng c u ch o th ay cac loai ruoi an th it (ho S y rp h id ae) th u p h an ch o h o a cu a P.
villosum (B anziger, 1996; C rib b , 1998). R u o i a n th it bi loi k eo chu yeu b o i th u c an gia. D di
vdi P. villosum viec th u h u t co n trung tir k h o an g each x a la do h o a со m u i k hai. M ui thorn q u a
h ay m at cu a cac loai P. concolor, P. d e len a tii h o ac P. m a lip o en se chac ch an cu n g d o n g v ai trd
tuong tu. T u y nhien, p h a n ld n cac loai cu a chi nay со h o a k h o n g m u i n h u n g m au sac sac so
c u a h o a со th e la n h an to c h in h de thu h u t cac tac n h an thu p h a n tu k h o an g e ach xa.
T rong m o t so tru d n g h o p , co th e thay v iec g ia th u c an n h d h o a cac lo ai L an k h o n g со m at
b at chiec giong h o a со m at cu a cac lo ai thuc v at khac. D ieu nay со th e th a y d h o a cu a P.
m icranthum со m au rat g io n g vdi m au h o a c u a m o t so lo ai D o q u y en R h o d o d en d ro n (H inh
33), loai ho a со ra t n h ieu m a t lo i c u o n m o t so ld n cac tac n h an thu phan. T ai cac v u n g d a vdi
d bac V iet N am v a n am T ru n g Q uoc gap n h ieu lo ai R h o d o d end ron со h o a ld n m au tran g hay
h ong d gan cac q u a n th e P. m icran th u m d an g n o hoa. H au h et co n triing d en h o a cua
R h o d o d en d ro n cu n g th in h th o an g d en h o a cu a P. m icran th u m . R o ran g chi со m o t so it con
triing nay la tac n h an th u p h a n cho P. m icran th u m . C ac co n trung qua n h d th u d n g b i roi vao
trong m di, noi thu d n g x u y en c o n со nude m u a d o n g lai. C h u n g to i d a q u an sat d u o c k h a n hieu
ru o i va ngai nhd ch et b e n tro n g m o i cu a h o a P. m icran th u m . N h ieu co n trung ld n cu n g k h o n g
th e thoat ra ngoai cai b iy do m d i tao thanh vi loi ra q u a nhd. D d i k h i thay xac cu a c h u n g trong
m oi. M ot so bo canh cu n g (C eto n iin ae) v a ru o i an th it ld n (S y rp h id ae) cu n g b i c h e t v i ly do
nay. C ac loai co n tru n g ldn khac bi bay tro n g m d i со k h a n ang gam nat v ach c u a m o i dd th o at
ra ngoai. N hieu b o n g h o a vdi cac 16 bi can n h am n h o tren vach m di d a th ay d cac q u an th e P.
m icran th u m d a go p p h a n u n g h p g ia th iet nay.
N ude m u a d uo c g iu lai b e n tro n g m d i c u a P. m icran th u m ve m at ly th u y e t со thd la m o t
n guydn n han thu h u t n u a d d i v d i n hieu loai co n tru n g d o th d i tie t tro n g giai d o a n n o h o a cua
loai nay thudng rat khd. M o t so co n tru n g chui vao tro n g b ay m d i со thd d o n g vai trd la ddi
tu o n g thu p h an k h o n g d ac hicu. M ac du со rat n h ieu loai con triing khac nhau d a d u o c tim
thay trong m di, cac lo ai ru o i an th it v i n la tac n h an thu p h a n duy n h at d u o c killing d in h ch ac
chan ch o cac loai L an H ai (B an zig er, 1996; C rib b , 1998).

67
H inh 3 3 . H inh thai ciia h oa P ap hiopedilum (Anh: L. Averyanov). H oa ciia R hododendrons sp. (a ) va
Pap hiopedilum m icranthum (b ) m o c cu n g nhau d oc th eo dudng dinh niii da v o i a tinh C ao B in g , B dc V iet
N am phan b o 6 do ca o 1.5 0 0 m (Anh: L. Averyanov).
Su thu phan doi khi ciia nhiing hoa Lan khong co tuyen mat co the gan voi hien tuong gia thiic an dua tren su bat chuoc
hoa Rhododendron cO tuyen mat thu hut nhieu tac nhan thu phan.

H oa cu a cac loai P. d elen a tii, P. m alip o ense, P. m icranth u m v a cac loai g an gui vdi chiing
rat giong vdi h o a ctia n h u n g loai C y p rip ed iu m th u d n g thu p h an n h d o n g (N ilsso n , 1979). C ac
loai P ap h io p e d ilu m ciing со ve thu p h an n h d ong h o n la n h d ruoi.
D oi vdi cac lo ai cu a dudi chi P a p h io p ed ilu m viec loi cu o n trong k h o an g g an d o i vdi cac
loai con trung d o nhi lep lap lanh g io n g n h u nhiing do m m at hay suong. C ac m u n d b d tro n g
cua m di trong со ve la cho dau h ap d an ru o i an th it hay cac loai con triing khac. N h u n g thuc
ra chiing lai rat tro n v a vi vay m o t khi ruoi d a bi roi vao b en tro n g m di h in h ch iec g iay thi
m ep cong vao cu a m di n g an can viec ch u n g vd canh b ay th o at ra ngoai. V iec th o at khoi tiii
m di chi со the di th eo th an g long lan luot q u a b en dudi n u m n h u y v a cac b ao p h an v a den
phan troi len 6 gdc ciia cot nhi-n h u y . K h o i phan rait din h th u d n g b am vao lung co n triing. N eu
tac n han thu p h an d en m o t b o n g h o a k h ac v a lai b i bay, p h an со the d uoc chuydn d en niim
nhuy ciia h o a d d d o co n triing p h ai lach q u a dudi niim n h u y , su m em deo cu a m d i lai ddy co n
tru n g v ao be m at cu a niim nhuy.
H ieu q u a thu p h an cu a cac loai L an H ai thay ddi th eo n am , th eo loai v a th eo tiing q u an
thd cu thd trong vung p h a n b o cu a loai. T h eo cac n g h ien cuu v e cac q u an thd d V iet N am сйа
cac loai P. a p p leto n ian u m , P. h irsu tissim u m va P. g ratrix ia n u m , m iic d o thu p h an th an h cong
co thd dat d en 90% . M a t khac, trong n am 1998, c h u n g toi n h an thay m uc do th u p h a n thanh
cong ddi v d i q u an thd P. m icran th u m chi it h o n 1%. T in h tran g nay cu n g ghi n h a n d uoc d
nhieu q u an thd cu a loai P. h ele n a e tro n g th d i gian tir nam 1997 den 2000. C ac loai n h u P.
concolor, P. d ian th u m v a P. h e n ry an u m со ty le duoc th u p h a n d m uc trung b in h , tu 2 0 den
60% ddi vdi cac q u an thd tai V iet N am .

68
 SU LAI g i 6 n g t u n h i e n

SU LAI G I O N G TU NHl f i N
R at nhieu n g h ien cuu d a chi ra rang h o a ciia cac loai P ap h io p ed ilu m k h o n g co tac nhan
thu phan rien g b ie t va d uoc rat n hieu loai con triing th am v ieng. R o ran g la m 0 t so loai co k h a
nang dong vai tro la tac n h an thu p h an co the b i c u o n h u t n h u nhau boi h o a cu a cac loai L an
H ai khac nhau. D o vay, k h o n g co gi d an g ngac n h ien ve viec d a n hieu lan q u an sat d u o c cac
ca thd lai tu nhien g iu a cac q uan the co c u n g k h u vuc p h an bo cu a m o t so loai L an H ai.
L an dau tien, su lai g io n g tu n hien d a bi nghi n g d d o i vd i chi P a p h io p ed ilu m la v ao nam
1890 khi R olfe m o ta P. x sian ten se, loai lai g ia d jnh g iu a P. callosu m va P. ap p leto n ian u m
trong suu tap P. c allo su m thu tu T h ai Lan. С о rat n hieu cay lai tu n hien khac da d u o c ghi nhan
trong chi P ap h io p ed ilu m (C ribb, 1998). M ot so trong chiing d a duoc tim th ay d V iet N am .
De W ild em an (1906) d a m o ta P. affin e tir bac V iet N am . T ren co so n g h ien cu u cac m o
ta va cac mdu cay nuoi tro n g n o h o a vao n am 1912 tai B ru x elles, P. affin e со v e la m o t d ang
lai (C ribb, 1998). H oa d an g nay со k ich c d v a h in h dang n h u h o a P. villosum , n h u n g nhj lep
ngan va rong hon va k h o n g со niim trung tam . L a lo an g Id va hinh d an g nhi lep ch o thay rang
loai P. ap p leto n ian u m p h an bo rong со the la m o t tro n g cac loai bd m e.
N hung cay thd h ien cac net hinh thai trung g ian g iua P. callosum va P. villosum со khi duoc
thu tai tinh L am D o n g d nam V iet N am . D di khi chiing duoc tim thay tai cac vudn Lan d D a
Lat, thu do L an cu a V iet N am , ldn trong bo suu tap cac loai L an h oang dai khac. R at it nguoi
nghi ngd la cac cay nay, duoc goi la P. x d a la ten se , со n guon gdc lai (A very an o v , 2001).
P ap h io p ed ilu m x h e rrm a n n ii, m ot d ang lai tu n h ien khac, d a tiing duoc F u ch s va R eisin g er
(1995) m b ta la m o t loai rien g dua tren m au cay d uoc nhap tu m ien bac V iet N am n hung
k h o n g ro ngudn gdc m du. T h eo cac n g h ien cuu p h an tu m au la со thd nghi n g d d ay la cay lai
tu nhien g iua P. h irsu tissim u m var. esq u iro lei v a P. b a rb ig e ru m (C ribb, 1998). T uy n h ien , m ot
so luong m au d an g kd ciia P. h errm an n ii gan d ay d uoc tim th ay m oc g iu a vim g gidp ra n h cua
cac quan thd P. h irsu tissim u m var. esq u iro lei v a P. h elen a e (A v ery an o v , 1999). D o dd, со
nhieu k h a nang cay b d m e th u hai cu a no la P. h elen a e h o n la P. b arb ig eru m .
H ai tax o n duoc m d ta со van dd tro n g thdi g ia n g an day, P. tran lien ian u m (G ru ss &
Perner, 1998) v a P. c ao b an g en se (N guydn T hidn T ich , 1999) chac chan chi Id m o t loai. N h u
van thudng xay ra, cac loai duoc m b td d u a tren cdc m du m u a duoc m a k h o n g со n g u d n gdc
ddng tin cay. C ac tac g ia dd cap den cac vim g d cdc tin h C ao B ang vd В ас T hai (n ay dd duoc
tach thanh 2 tinh la В ас K an vd Thdi N g u y en ) со khd nang la n g u d n gdc cu a m au. R o rang,
thong tin nay со the lech lac v a gdy k h d k h an cho v iec hidu dac tinh tu n h ien cua cac loai nay.
Cdc quan sat loai L an nay tro n g cac suu tap cd n h an vd ngodi tu nhien cho thay rat со thd no
cung со ngudn gdc lai.
L ai tu nhien cu a P. m alip o en se va P. m icran th u m da duoc ghi nhan tai T ru n g Q uoc v a duoc
goi la P. x fa n a tic u m K oop. & H asegaw a. S u x uat hien ciia cay lai nay k h o n g со gi d ang ngac
n hien do thdi g ian n o h o a ciia ca hai loai bd m e tru n g nhau v a hai loai nay cu n g th u d n g p h an
bd ciing vdi nhau о cac vim g doc bien gidi bdc V iet N am . T uy nhien, cay lai n ay ch u a duoc
ghi nhan о V iet N am .
M ot so bao cao ciing de cap den m o t loai p h an b d tai D dng D uong m an g n h u n g net hinh
thai tru n g g ian g iu a P. b ellatu lu m va P. co n co lo r. T ro n g gidi cac nhd tro n g lan, loai nay duoc
goi la "P. co n co -b ellatu lu m ", m o t ten goi den nay vdn ch u a d uoc m o ta h o p phap. C o Id, chiing
dd duoc d ua vao tro n g о Q u an g T ay v a V an N am , v a со thd la ket q u a ciia su bien nap gen
g iua hai loai. D ang lai nay со thd gap d cac viing niii d a vdi cue tay bac V iet N am .
T om lai, su lai g io n g tu n h ien со thd со tam q u an tro n g nhat dinh ddi voi n g u d n gdc ciia
m o t sd loai L an H ai. V i du, loai ciia M a Lai P. g o d efro y ae, tru d c day d a tirng bi ghi nhan nhant

69
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

la co 6 V iet N am , co the d a b at n g u o n tir su lai gio n g tir ra t x a x u a v a b ien nap g en g iu a hai

loai P. bellatu lu m va P. niveum n h u n g sau do d a d an 6 n d in h v a hin h th an h m o t loai rieng.

SINH THAI
C ac L an H ai 6 V iet N am co the ch ia th an h hai nh om rien g . C ac loai cu a n h o m th u n h at
chi p h an bo о cac vim g nui d a v o i bac V iet N am , n h o m th u h ai song 6 cac viing со со d a m e
la silicat, d a p h ien va c a t ket. P ap h io p ed ilu m x a sp e rsu m , P. b a rb ig eru m , P. concolor, P.
d ian th u m , P. em e rso n ii, P. h an g ian u m , P. h elen a e, P. h e n ry a n u m , P. x h e rrm a n n ii, P.
h irsu tissim u m , P. m alip o en se, P. m icran th u m , P. p u rp u ra tu m , P. tra n lie n ia n u m v a P.
v ietn am en se la cac loai m oc tren d a voi bat buoc. C hiing g ap cac vung niii da voi bi b ao m o n
m anh p han bo rong. C ac sudn da k h u at nang va cac v e t n u t sau tren vach d a doc v a cac b o da
voi ran dang cam thach hay cac m o m da la noi sdng didn h in h n h a t ch o cac lo ai nay.
T u do cao m at bidn len d en 4 0 0 - 5 0 0 m P a p h io p ed ilu m c o n c o lo r со the dd d ang q u an sat
thay 6 cac kidu rim g th u d n g x an h k h d cay la ro n g p h a t tridn tren cac vim g d a vdi ciia bac V iet
N am . H ai lo ai dac h u u h iem ciia V iet N am n h u P ap h io p e d ilu m tran lie n ia n u m v a P.
v ietn am en se ciing p h an b d d cac dai do cao nay.
T it 500 - 900 m , kidu rim g nira ru n g la cay la ro n g th ay th e d an rim g th u d n g xanh. M o t so
loai T h ong n h u P se u d o tsu g a brev ifo lia va P o d o carp u s n eriifo liu s doi k h i x u at h ie n d d o cao
650 - 750 m . C ac L an H ai sdng d do cao tir 600 d en 9 0 0 m b ao g o m P a p h io p ed ilu m h elen a e,
P. x h e rrm a n n ii, P. h irsu tissim u m var. e sq u iro lei, P. e m erso n ii v a P. h an g ian u m , d d i k h i ca
P ap h io p ed ilu m d ian th u m , P. h e n ry an u m v a P. m alip o en se.
Rirng h o n g iao v a rim g la kim vdi su со m at phd b ien ciia cac loai th u o c ld p T h o n g n h u
F o k ie n ia h o d g in sii, P in u s fe n z e lia n a , P seu d o tsu g a brev ifo lia v a Tsuga ch in en sis, p h at trien
doc th eo cac d u d n g d in h nhi d a vd i d d o cao 9 0 0 - 1500 m . M o t so loai T h o n g h ie m n h u
A m en to tax u s, C e p h alo tax u s, N ag eia, P o d o carp u s, C u p ressu s v a X an th o cy p aris cu n g g ap d
day. C ac tang da trong rim g h o n g iao va rirng la kim n g u y en sinh d g an din h niii d a v d i luon
bi bao phu bdi reu, cac lo ai D u o n g xi va L an. C ac lo ai P ap h io p ed ilu m d ian th u m , P.
henry an u m , P. m alip o en se v a P. m icran th u m th u d n g p h a n bd tai day. T ai cac vim g rim g ch u a
b i tac ddng, cac loai n h u P. m alip o en se v a P. m icran th u m la d o n g uu the trong q u an x a thuc
vat b am da.
О dd cao 1500 - 1600 m ciia cac niii d a vdi cao n h at b ac V iet N am d a g h i n h a n cac loai
n h u P ap h io p e d ilu m d ian th u m , P. m icran th u m , P. p u rp u ra tu m v a P. h irsu tissim u m var.
chiw uanum .
C ac loai thuoc n h o m L an H ai thii hai p h an b d d cac vim g niii duoc tao th an h ch u y eu tir
d a axit. K ieu niii nay со d k h ap noi tai V iet N am , tuy n h ien p h d b ie n h o n d m ien T ru n g va
m ien N am . C ac loai P a p h io p e d ilu m d elen a tii, P. g ratrix ia n u m , P. a p p leto n ian u m v a P.
c allo su m p h a n bd tren loai d at giau silicat. M o t vai ca thd ciia cac loai nay co n m oc b a m d
cac khe nut hay ria ciia cac v ach d u n g d u n g d a g ran it h ay g onai. N g o ai ra, P ap h io p ed ilu m
g ra trix ia n u m co n hay gap d cac vung d a riolit. P ap h io p ed ilu m villo su m rat h iem kh i thay m oc
tren da, th u d n g chi m oc tren dat m iin h ay phu sinh tren cac cay gd ldn. T u y h iem k h i m oc tren
d at nhung cac loai nay v an th u d n g d u o c tim thay d cdc v u n g niii h in h th an h tir da axit. C ac
lodi ciia nhom ndy p h a n bo d d o cao tir 7 0 0 den 2 2 0 0 m . N oi sdng u a thich ch o cac loai
P a p h io p ed ilu m d e len a tii, P. ap p le to n ia n u m , P. callo su m v a P. villosum th u d n g la k ieu rung
h d n g iao vd rirng la kim v d i cac loai F o k ien ia h o d g in sii, K etele eria ev ely n ian a, P in u s
d a la te n sis, P. k esiy a v a P. krem pfii.

70
 SINH THAI

C ac loai L a n a V iet N am , cu n g n h u b at cir noi n ao k h ac tren th e gid i m oc tren dat, tren da

va phu sinh. C o m o t so loai doi k h i cung thay d d i n o i song u a thich, n h u n g cac m o c c h in h v in
la dac trung rien g cu a loai (H in h 34). K h o an g 22% cac lo a i L an c u a V iet N am m oc tren d at
(dia lan), 8 % m oc tren da, 7 4 % c o n lai la la n p h u sinh. T ro n g so cac loai L an p h u sin h co
kh o an g 15% la cac lo ai p h u sinh tren m im , song 6 ch ac canh g ia tren cac cay g 6 ld n tic h nhieu
m im v a la cay chet. D ay th u d n g la cac loai L an со k ic h th u o c ldn, v i du cac loai c u a chi
C ym bidium со thd p h at trien d e n 5 0 choi can h tre n m o t gdc. K h o an g 50% cac lo ai p h u sinh
sdng bam tren th an v a cac can h cay. K h o an g 5% sd n g tren cac can h nhd, can h m an g la hay
tham chi tren la cay tro n g tan ciia cac cay gd ldn. C ac loai L an H ai ciia V iet N am со thd sdng
tren dat, b am d a v a p h u sinh m im (H in h 35).
C ac loai L an H ai sdng tren d at (dia lan) th u d n g la со k h a m nhiing о hay m an g m au ro ret,
vi nhu P ap h io p e d ilu m a p p leto n ian u m , P. c allo su m v a P. p u rp u ra tu m . C hiing th u d n g m o c d
noi со it anh san g ciia ta n cay ru n g , chii yeu d su d n niii doc, tro n g dieu k ie n th o at n u d e tot.
C hiing thudng ua th ich cac n e n d at со n h ieu la ro i d a bi p h a n h u y m an h va ra t g iau m im . T u y
nhien, ddi khi chiing ciing m o c tren da. T ro n g rim g m a y m il ph u reu ra t dm udt,
P ap h io p ed ilu m ap p le to n ia n u m d d i khi ciing gap d d an g p h u sinh d gdc ciia cac cay g d gia
giau mim.
H au het cac L an H ai ciia V ie t N am n h u P ap h io p e d ilu m concolor, P. d elen a tii, P.
dian th u m , P. e m e rso n ii, P. g ra trix ian u m , P. h an g ia n u m , P. h elen a e, P. h e n ry a n u m , P.
hirsu tissim u m , P. m alip o e n se, P. m icran th u m , P. tra n lie n ian u m v a P. v ietn am en se la cac loai
m oc tren da. C hiing th u d n g m o c d u d i b o n g cay ciia k ieu rim g it n h ieu k h o n g k h ep tan, chii
yeu tren cac m o m d a v a n gay b e n d u d i cac d u o n g dinh. C ac loai P. g ratrix ia n u m , P.
h irsu tissim u m , P. m icran th u m v a dac b iet la P. m alip o en se th u d n g m o c tai noi bi che b o n g
nhieu. D di khi P. m icran th u m d uoc tim th ay tro n g cac q u an x a thuc v a t th an со n g u y en sinh
tren cac dinh niii k h o n g со tan cay. C ac vach d a ram m a t b en dudi d u o n g d in h la noi sdng dac
tru n g cu a P. concolor, P. h elen a e, P. h en ry an u m v a P. h irsu tissim u m . D d i khi cac loai nay m oc
d cac vet nut h ep tren da, cac g d h ay h o c ciia cac tan g da h o ac tren m im do d a vdi p h o n g hoa.
L o ai P. helenae th in h th o an g gap tren cac vach niii d a vo i d u n g diing vdi bo гё p h a t tridn m anh
bam ch at v ao da. P ap h io p e d ilu m d ian th u m со thd (n h u n g h iem kh i) duoc ghi nhan sdng d
dang phu sinh tren m im tro n g cac viing rirng m ay m il dm d d o cao 1 2 0 0 - 1500 m.
C hi со P ap h io p ed ilu m v illo su m la loai L an H ai duy n h at cu a V iet N am th u d n g x u y en sdng
d d ang phu sinh. R at h iem k h i tim thay loai nay m o c tren da, th u d n g chi d d in h d a n h d cao
khong the den d uo c cu a cac vach d u n g d u n g d cac h em niii doc cac suoi tren nui cao.
T ai cac viing d V iet N am n o i со L an H ai p h an bd, lu o n g m u a ld n k eo th eo do am cao. T uy
nhien, m ua th u d n g th ay ddi theo m iia v a n h u vay, th u c vat d cac viing nay th u d n g phai trai
q ua m ot giai d oan k h d han. S u x u at h ien la day, dai va m o n g nude la h u d n g th ich nghi to t dd
cay co thd sdng sot q u a cac do t k h d h an din h k y va chiing sc p h u c h o i n h an h c h o n g khi m iia
m u a trd lai.
C ac sudn bac, d d n g bde v a tay bac cu a niii ch ac ch an la noi sdng duoc ua th ich ciia cac
L an H ai tro n g cac vim g rim g d a x u on g cap. T u y n hien, tro n g rung nguydn sinh ch u n g p han
bd deu nhau tren cac h u d n g sudn. N h u n g dii sao thi L an H ai th u d n g со dieu k ien tot n h at va
n o h o a tot hon d sudn n am am v a nhieu anh san g hon. T h u d n g thi L an H ai n gay nay m oc
thanh nhiing dam nhd. T uy n h ien trudc day nhiing d am ld n vdi hang n g an choi n o h o a chac
chdn khong phai la hiem .
D o dm xung q u an h rd, kidu dat va d o pH , su co m at ciia cac nam rd, tac n h an thu p h an phu
hop v a cud ng do sang la cac n h an to q u an trong tro n g viec hinh th an h v a didn the c u a cac
quan thd P ap h io p ed ilu m . C ac n o i sdng tu n h ien bi p h a huy bdi co n ngudi, su th ay ddi cac d ieu
k ien m di trudng v a viec thu hai L an dd ban h ien d an g la nguydn nhan ch in h gay ra su tuyet
chiing nhanh chong cu a cac loai L an H ai d khdp ca nude.

71
 SINH THAI

H inh 35 . M inh hoa cac kidu so n g tren dat, bam da

va phu sinh cua Lan Hai V ie t N am .
a — Paphiopedilum appletonianum moc tren dat riing 6
Nam Viet Nam, tinh Kon Turn (Anh: L. Averyanov);
b — Paphiopedilum dianthum moc tren da vach da voi
dung diing о Вйс Viet Nam, tinh Ha Giang (Anh:
P.J.Cribb);
с — Paphiopedilum villosum moc noi giau miin tren
nhiing cay cao 6 Nam Viet Nam, tinh Lam Dong (Anh:
P. K. L0c).

H inh 3 4 (doi dien). C ac nhom sinh thai cua Lan va m oi trubng so n g cua chting (Anh: L. Averyanov).
Lan trong he thuc vat Viet Nam co the la hoai sinh bat buoc (khoang 2%), moc tren dat (khoang 20%), phu sinh noi
giau mun (khoang 15%), phu sinh tren vo cay (khoang 50%), phu sinh tren canh cay (khoang 5%), moc bam da (khoang
8%). Cac loai Paphiopedilum la co moc tren dat, phu sinh noi giau mun va moc tren da.

73
 LAN H AI VIET NAM

su phAn b 6 dia l y
K hu p h a n b o ciia P ap h io p ed ilu m k eo dai tit vim g n h ie t ddi a ch an nui H im ala y a chay
n gang sang p h ia d o n g q u a T ru n g Q uoc d en P h ilip p in , x u o n g do ng n am den h au k h ap vim g
D ong N am A v a qu'an d ao M a L ai, N ew G u in ea v a q u an d ao S o lo m o n (H inh 36 - 39). C hi co
m o t loai P. d ru ry i co k h u p h an b 6 ra t n h o v a b iet lap b n am A n D o (H in h 37).
P ap h io p e d ilu m c M c ch a n co n g u o n goc tir vim g luc d ia D o n g N am A . S u m b ra n g khu
p h an bo cua no v e p h ia n am v a p h ia d o n g d en vim g M alaix ia va tay n am T h ai B in h D u o n g la
do k et q u a di c u lien tuc cu a cac loai to tien v a su p h a n ly to a tro n thanh n hieu loai dac huu
dia phu o n g , v a th u b n g co k h u p h an bo x a nhau.
C ac loai n g u y en thuy n h at cu a ch i nay thuoc du b i chi P a rv ise p a lu m duoc tim thaiy b vung
luc d ia D o n g N am A , chii y eu b n am T run g Q uoc v a bac V iet N am (chi co m ot lo ai b nam
V iet N am ) (H in h 36). M b i loai deu co k h u p h an bo h a n che, v a d o vay dubi chi nay co khu
p h an bo ra t tap trung. V a day co th e la vim g n g u o n goc co k h a n an g ciia chi P ap h io p ed ilu m .
D ubi chi B rachypetalum co khu p han bo han che b nam T rung Q uoc, dong nam M ianm a,
T hai Lan, bac ban dao M a L ai v a D ong Ducrng (H inh 36). C hi co m o t loai cua dubi chi nay,
P. concolor gap b V iet N am . T rong so tat ca cac loai, day la loai co k h u phan bo ran g nhat, gan
nhu trung vbi khu p han b o cua toan bb dubi chi B rachypetalum (H inh 36).
H au het cac lo ai P ap h io p e d ilu m deu thuoc vao m o t tro n g so cac to (sectio n ) cu a d u b i chi
P ap h io p ed ilu m co k h u p h a n b o g an n h u trim g vb i k h u p h an bo cu a chi noi chung. M o i tb deu
co m o t khu p h an b b rien g n h u n g h ep hon.
C ac loai cu a tb ch u an (sectio n P a p h io p ed ilu m ) co k h u p h an b b b vim g 1цс d ia chau A tii
An D o d en nam T ru n g Q uoc, T h ai L a n v a D o n g D u o n g v b i so lu o n g loai tap tru n g cao n h at
b tay nam v a nam T ru n g Q uoc (H in h 37). P ap h io p ed ilu m h irsu tissim u m va P. villosum la cac
loai co kh u p h an b b ra n g n hat, co m at b hau h et m oi noi tro n g khu p h an bb cu a tb. H au h et
cac loai co n lai trong tb nay it n h ieu la cac loai d ac h u u hep.
K hu p h an bb ciia tb B a rb a ta rat ra n g , g an n h u tru n g v b i khu p h an b b cu a chi. C ac loai
P ap h io p ed ilu m ap p leto n ian u m , P. c allo su m , P. b u lle n ia n u m v a P. ja v a n ic u m co k h u p h a n bb
ro n g nhait cua tb nay. H ai lo ai dau p h an b b ra n g k h ap vim g luc d ia chau A, c o n hai lo ai sau
rat phb b ien b cac dao ciia vim g tay M a L ai. N oi co n h ieu loai dac h u u n hat cu a tb nay da
duoc xac d in h la S u m atra, B o rn eo v a P h ilip p in (H inh 38).
T b P a rd a lo p e ta lu m co h ai loai b vim g 1цс d ia D o n g N am A, m o t loai d ac huu cua
P h ilip p in con loai k ia p h a n b b ra n g khdp vim g tay M a L ai v a cac dao S u n d a L b n ciia qu'an
d ao M a L ai (H inh 37).
N am loai L an H ai co q u a n he ho h an g rat gan gui th u o c tb C o ch lo p etalu m co k h u p h a n b b
g ibi han b cac dao S u m atra v a Ja v a (H in h 37). N g o ai ra, cac loai co lien q u a n k h ac thuoc tb
C o ry o p etalu m p h an b b tai B o rn eo n h u n g con m b ro n g tb i P h ilip p in , S u law esi v a N ew G uinea.
C hiing deu la cac loai dac hiru h ep tru P. p h ilip p in en se p h a n bb ro n g h o n tai P h ilip p in v a p han
bdc cua B o rn eo (H in h 36).
V im g tap tru n g n h ieu loai n h at ciia chi P ap h io p ed ilu m la b n am T ru n g Q uoc (V an N am ,
Q uang T ay) v a bac V iet N am v b i 18 - 2 0 loai d a duoc p h a t h ien. C ac trung tarn da d an g khac
b bac S u m atra va bdc B o rn eo , m b i noi co ch in loai. T u y k h o n g p h o n g phu b an g cac vim g ke
tren, n h u n g cac viing d a d an g ciia chi L an H ai cu n g d uoc p h at h ien tai vim g ch an nui
H im alaya, bdc M ian m a v a T h ai L an, trung tarn cu a ban d ao M a L ai v a P hilip p in . T ro n g m bi
vim g nay deu gap tit b o n d en sau lo ai L an H ai (H in h 39).
T in h dac him hep la d ac d iem nbi b at cu a cac loai thuoc chi P ap h io p ed ilu m . C o d en 72%
so loai da b iet la d ac h u u h ep vbi khu p h an bb rat h an che n h u P a p h io p ed ilu m d elen a tii, P.

74
 su p h A n b o d i a l y

о
о о
<N
Hinh 36. Su phan bo cua cac loai Paphiopedilum thuoc cac duoi chi Parvisepalum (cac t6 Parvisepalum va
Emersonianum), Brachypetalum va Paphiopedilum (to Coryopetalum).
Khu phan bo ciia t6 Parvisepalum duoc ve bang duong mau do, ciia to Emersonianum, mau da cam, ciia duoi chi
Brachypetalum - mau xanh la cay, va ciia to Coryopetalum - mau xanh nuoc bien (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov, dua theo Cribb,
1998).

75
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

О
<N

Hinh 37. Su phan bo cua cac loai Paphiopedilum thuoc ducri chi Paphiopedilum (cac t6 Paphiopedilum,
Pardalopetalum va Cochlopetalum).
Khu phan bo ciia cac loai thuoc t6 Paphiopedilum duoc ve bang duong mau do, cua t6 Pardalopetalum - mau xanh la cay
va cua to Cochlopetalum - mau xanh nuoc bi6n (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov, dua theo Cribb, 1998).

76
 su p h A n b o d i a l y

Hinh 38. Su phan bo ciia cac loai Paphiopedilum thuoc duoi chi Paphiopedilum (t6 Barbata).
Khu phan bo ciia cac loai duoc ve bang duong mau do (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov, dua theo Cribb, 1998).

77
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

H inh 3 9 . T inh da dang loai cua P ap hiopedilum .

It nhat со 1 loai duoc the hien trong duong vach do; co 2 hoac 3 loai - trong phan duong do cheo song song; co tir 4 tdi
6 loai - trong phan o cheo vuong do, va tir 7 toi 14 loai - trong phan mau do (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov, dua theo Cribb, 1998).

78
 PHAN l o a i c a c в а с d u o i c h i c u a p a p h i o p e d i l u m

h elen a e, P. h en ry an u m , P. tra n lien ia n u m , P. v ietn am en se v a P. h an g ian u m . R at n h ieu loai

trong so nay m o i duoc p h at h ie n tai m o t hoac v ai d ia dibm . V i du, tin h d ac huu d ia p h u o n g
cu a P ap h io p ed ilu m rat d ac tru n g tro n g h e thuc vat P h ilip p in , no i co d en 12 loai. T u y n hien,
chiing khong tap trung v ao m o t vting rien g b iet vi tin h d ac h u u hep v a rai rac cu a chung.
C h u a d en 12% t 6 ng so loai cu a chi P ap h io p e d ilu m co k h u p h a n bo tu o n g doi ra n g . D o la
P ap h io p ed ilu m v illo su m , P. h irsu tissim u m , P. a p p leto n ian u m v a P. callo su m .

ph An l o a i c a c в а с d u o i c h i c u a p a p h i o p e d i l u m
D o co gia tri cao doi vbi nghe lam vuon n en chi P aphio p ed ilu m da thu hut su q uan tarn dang
k e cua cac nha thuc vat hoc. Kb tir k h i no duoc P fitzer m o ta vao nam 1886 d a co rat nhieu
nghibn ciiu phan loai duoc thuc h ien doi vbi chi nay v a ciing co rat nhieu cong bo khac n hau ve
p han loai cac bac dubi chi cua P aphiopedilum da duoc trinh bay trong cac ch u y en k h ao g an day
(C ribb, 1998; B raem , B aker C. & B ak er М ., 1998). T rong cong trinh nay, chiing toi sir dung he
thong da duoc C ribb (1998) xay dung d u a tren cac n ghien ciiu ve hinh thai g an day (B rieger,
1973; K arasaw a & Saito, 1982; A tw ood, 1984; C ribb, 1987), dong thbi cung q u an tarn tbi cac
nghien cuu ve phan tir cu a C ox et al. (1997). H e thong nay duoc tom tat trong B ang 5.
D ua tren cac n g h ien cu u so sanh h in h th ai (D ressier, 1981, 1993; C rib b , 1987, 1998;
A veryanov, 1991c, d) co the th ay b a xu h u b n g tien h o a ro ret, h in h th an h n e n b a d u b i chi la
P arv isep alu m , B ra c h y p eta lu m v a P ap h io p ed ilu m .
D ubi chi P arv isep alu m g o m 7 loai co m o i p h o n g , m o n g , nhi lbp lo i hay gap doi v a khoi
p h an d ang hat. D ay la n h o m L an H ai n g u y en thuy, rat tach b iet v a co cac d ac d iem it nhieu
the h ien su trung g ian g iu a d u b i chi P a p h io p ed ilu m v a chi C ypripedium .
D ua tren cac k et cau v a m au sac cu a la, h in h d an g cac can h h o a v a m b i, d u b i chi
P a rv isep alu m co the c h ia ra lam hai nhom rien g , tb P a rv ise p a lu m v b i nam lo ai v a to
E m erso n ian u m vbi hai loai.
D ubi chi thii hai B rach y p etalu m co b o n loai, d ac tru n g bbi h o a d o n g m au tr&ng h ay v ang
n hat, cac canh h o a h in h b'au due h o ac h o i tron, m b i hin h trung, day v a la co cac v et k h am m au.
N hom dong n hat ro ran g the h ien m o t n h an h tie n h o a rien g trong do p h an n ao m an g nhung
d ac tinh hinh thai tru n g g ia n g iu a cac dubi chi P a rv ise p a lu m v a P ap h io p ed ilu m .
D ubi chi P ap h io p e d ilu m la nhom c h u y en h o a nhat v a tie n h o a h o n ca. N h o m nay lb n va
k h o n g dong nhat, b ao g o m 60 loai xep vao nam tb: P a p h io p e d ilu m , B arb a ta , P a rd a lo p e ta lu m ,
C och lo p etalu m v a C o ry o p etalu m .
T b ch u an bao g o m 13 lo ai co la x anh la cay d o n g m au , cum h o a m o t hoa, can h h o a hinh
th ia va m ot nhi lep h in h tim n guoc th u b n g co m o t n u m h ay m au loi b o n g b tru n g tarn. C ac
loai cu a tb nay ch ac c h an co m b i q u an h e v b i cac lo ai cua tb B a rb a ta vb i la co cac v e t k h am
m au, cum ho a m o t hoa, m b i rat p hat tribn, co th u y b en n h ieu m u n v a m o t nhi lep h in h lubi
liem rong k h o n g num .
C ac loai cu a b a tb khac: tb P a rd a lo p e ta lu m (v b i b o n lo ai), tb C o c h lo p e talu m (vbi n am
loai) va tb C o ry o p etalu m (b ao gom 11 loai) co cum h o a n h ieu h o a, h o a b ie n dbi v a ch u yen
h o a cao. C hiing d u o c co i la tien h o a n h at ve he th o n g p h at sinh. D ieu nay d ac b ie t d u n g vbi
tb C o ry o p etalu m vi h o a ей а chiing co cac canh h o a ra t dai, b ie n thai m an h v a c o che tie n h o a
ky la db thich nghi vbi th u p h a n n h b cac loai ru o i an th it (ho S yrphidae).
D anh sach cu a cac loai P a p h io p ed ilu m d u o c ch ap n h an v a xep vao cac b ac dubi chi duoc
trinh bay b sau day. C ac tax o n duoc sap x ep th eo m uc do ch u y en h o a co thb c u a chiing. C ac
loai p han bb b V iet N am duoc in dam net.

79
 LAN HAl VlfiT NAM

BANG 5.

p h A n l o a i c A c ВАС d u o i c h i c u a c h i p a p h i o p e d i l u m

C h i P a p h io p e d ilu m P f itz e r

A. Duoi chi Parvisepalum K aras. & Saito

1. To Parvisepalum Aver. & C ribb

1. P. armeniacum S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu 4. P. m alipoense S.C .Chen & Z.H.Tsi

2. P. delenatii G uillaum in 5. P. m icranthum T.Tang & F.T.Wang
3. P. vietnamense O .G russ & H .P erner

2. T6 E m ersonianum Aver. & C ribb

6. P. hangianum H .P e rn e r & O .G russ 7. P. em ersonii Koop. & P .J.C ribb

B. Dudi chi Brachypetalum (H allier) Pfitzer

8. P. bellatulum (Rchb.f.) Stein 10. P. godefroyae (God.-Leb.) Stein

9. P. concolor (B atem an) Pfitzer 11. P. niveum (Rchb.f.) Stein

С. Dudi chi Paphiopedilum

3. To Paphiopedilum

12. P. hirsutissim um (Lindl. ex Hook.) Stein 19. P. henryanum B raem

13. P. Charlesworthii (Rolfe) Pfitzer 20. P. gratrixianum (M asters) Rolfe
14. P. insigne (Wall, ex Lindl.) Pfitzer 21. P. villosum (Lindl.) Stein
15. P. barbigerum T.Tang & F.T.Wang 22. P. tigrinum Koop. & N.Haseg.
16. P. tranlienianum O .G russ & H .P erner 23. P. druryi (Bedd.) Stein
17. P. helenae Aver. 24. P. spicerianum (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer
18. P. exul (Ridl.) Rolfe 25. P. fairrieanum (Lindl.) Stein

4. To B arbata (K raenzl.) V.A.Albert & Borge Pett.

26. P. appletonianum (Gower) Rolfe 40. P. fowliei Birk

27. P. bullenianum (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer 41. P. lawrenceanum (Rchb.f.) Stein
28. P. hookerae (Rchb.f.) Stein 42. P. dayanum (Lindl.) Stein
29. P. sangii Braem 43. P. ciliolare (Rchb.f.) Stein
30. P. mastersianum (Rchb.f.) Stein 44. P. superbiens (Rchb.f.) Stein
31. P. papuanum (Ridl.) Ridl. 45. P. acmodorum Schoser ex M.W.Wood
32. P. bougainvilleanum Fowlie 46. P. javanicum (Reinw. ex Lindl.) Pfitzer
33. P. violacsens Schltr. 47. P. schoseri Braem
34. P. wentworthianum Schoser & Fowlie 48. P. urbanianum Fowlie
35. P. tonsum (Rchb.f.) Stein 49. P. purpuratum (Lindl.) Stein
36. P. argus (Rchb.f.) Stein 50. P. sukhakulii Schoser & Senghas
37. P. barbatum (Lindl.) Pfitzer 51. P. watdii Summerh.
38. P. callosum (Rchb.f.) Stein 52. P. venustum (Wall, ex Sims) Pfitzer ex Stein
39. P. hennisianum (M.W.Wood) Fowlie

80
 PHAN l o a i c a c в а с d u o i c h i c u a p a p h i o p e d i l u m

5. To Pardalopetalum H allier f. & Pfitzer

53. P. dianthum T.Tang & F.T.Wang 55. P. lowii (Lindl.) Stein

54. P. parishii (Rchb.f.) Stein 56. P. haynaldianum (Rchb.f.) Stein

6. To Cochlopetalum H allier f. ex Pfitzer

57 P. glaucophyllum J.J.Sm. 60. P. victoria-mariae (Rolfe) Rolfe

58 P. liemianum (Fowlie) Karas. & Saito 61. P. victoria-regina (Sander) M.W.Wood
59 P. primulinum M.W.Wood & P.Taylor

7. To Coryopetalum P fitzer

62. P. philippinense (Rchb.f.) Stein 68. P. adductum Asher

63. P. randsii Fowlie 69. P. glanduliferum (Blume) Stein
64. P. sanderianum (Rchb.f.) Stein 70. P. wilhelminiae L.O.Williams
65. P. gigantifolium Braem, M. Baker & C. Baker 71. P. rothschildianum (Rchb.f.) Stein
66. P. kolopakingii Fowlie 72. P. supardii Braem & Loeb
67. P. stonei (Hook.) Stein

81
 P H A N III. HE T H O N G CUA
LA N HA l У1ЁТ NAM

LICH s u n g h i E n c u u
oao de L oureiro, n g ud i tru y en g iao B o D ao N ha, la n h a tu nhien hoc d au tien n ghien cuu
khu vuc D ong D uong. L a n h a to a n hoc v a tu n h ien h o c cu a kh u vuc N am B o, o n g d a n g h ien
cuu g an 35 n am о d ay (M errill, 1946). T ro n g suot th o i g ian nay, o n g d a n g h ie n cu u thuc
vat m o t each b ao q u at d n h u n g vtm g lanh th d th u o c V ie t N am n gay nay. P h an ld n n h u n g viec
thu thap m ail v at v a q u a n sat cu a ong d upe tie n h a n h x u n g q u an h th an h p h o H ue, co d o cu a
V iet N am . N h ung p h at h ien c u a o n g d a d upe to m tat tro n g F lo ra C o ch in ch in en sis d upe xuat
b an d B o D ao N ha m o t n am tru d c k h i o n g m at (L oureiro, 1790). S u ra d d i cu a q u y en sach, bao
gom cac b an m o ta goc cu a h o n 185 chi m d i v a 6 3 0 lo ai thuc v at m d i, d a gay n en ch an dong
trong gidi cac n ha thuc v at chau A u v a la m o t tro n g n h u n g su kien v e th u c v a t co an h h u d n g
ldn trong thdi g ian nay. S au d o 3 n am , tac phdm n ay lai d upe tai b a n d D ue (L oureiro, 1793).
N h u n g chi ldn thuoc h o L a n d u p e b iet d e n n h ieu n h u A erid es, G aleo la, P h aiu s, R e n a n th e ra va
T hrixsperm um d a dupe ong p h at h ien v a m o ta. T u y n hien, o n g k h o n g m o ta b at ki loai L an
H ai n ao vi nhung k h u vuc p h a n b o cu a ch u n g hie do d a k h o n g d en dupe.
V iec thu m du L an H ai sdm n h at d V ie t N am co le d u p e M . B an, n h a tru y e n g iao ng u d i
P h ap th uoc T o a th an h G ia o h o i В ас B o th u c h ien . O n g d a th u P a p h io p e d ilu m co n c o lo r g an
K e S o v a gvri cho M . L io n et, ng u d i sau d o d a n u o i tro n g v a ch o n o h o a tai P h ap . N h u n g b an
ve m au cu a loai nay d a dupe G o d e fro y -L eb e u f (1 8 8 6 ) v a L in d e n & R o d ig as (1 8 8 6 ) co n g bo
vao n am 1886 dudi te n C y p rip ed iu m c o n c o lo r var. to n k in en se v o i lap lu an ran g n o k h ac vdi
th u ch u an d chd co la ra n g h o n v a h o a co v ai d iem k h ac b ie t nho.
V iec th u mftu n h am m u c d ich thucrng m a i b at d'au v ao d'au the ky 20. V a o n am 1903, ca
h ai n ha thuc vat la B ro n c k a rd t v a M ich o litz d a th u L an d V ie t N am ch o cac v u d n ucrm d chau
A u. C hting ta biet n h ieu n h at d e n W ilh e lm M ich o litz, n g u d i th u m a u L a n ch u y eu ch o M essrs
S an d er & S on d St. A lb an s, V u o n g q u o c A nh. O n g ta d e n Sai G o n n g ay 20 th an g 10 nam
1903 v a sau do di q u a N h a T ran g d e tdi vtm g niii L an g B ian , tai d ay d a th u m au d n h u n g h em
rnii va vtm g doi x u n g q u an h th i tran D a L at. T ro n g m o t b d e th u gtri F red e rick S a n d e r (L uu tru
c u a K ew ), ong ta da ch i ra ran g B ro n ck ard t c u n g d a tim g co m a t d day v a m o ta e a ch o n g ta
th u P. g ratrix ian u m v a P. p u rp u ratu m d D an k ia (tin h L a m D o n g ). V iec th u m au trd n en k h o
k h an bdi vi "dat n u d e nay n h u n g nhiic d ay hd ". O n g ta d a d lai k h u v u c n ay d e n cu o i th an g
12. B o suu tap m au c u a o n g co 2 loai L an H ai k h ac n u a la P. villosum var. an n a m e n se v a P.
concolor. W ilh elm M ic h o litz q u ay lai V iet N am n am 1905 k h i o n g th a m S ai G o n v a di sang
V ie n C h an b ang d u d n g b o (n g ay 23 th an g 9), sau d o n g ay 4 th an g 11 n am 1911 o n g lai tdi
L ai C h au thuoc В ас V ie t N am tro n g k h i C arl R o eb elen , m o t n h a th u m au c an h tran h v d i ong
d an g thu m au d thuc dia. M ic h o litz m o t lan n u a q u ay lai V ie t N a m v ao n am 1913.
V iec m ot si q u a n q u a n d o i P h ap v ao nam 1913 h o ac 1914 d a p h at h ie n ra P. d e le n a tii d
V iet N am la m o t su k ie n m an g tin h b u d c n goat. N o x ac d in h V iet N am n h u m o t v u n g lan h
thd co m ot n g u o n tai n g u y en L an H ai d ep ky d ieu. N h a th u c v a t h p c n g u d i P h a p A.
G u illau m in chac ch a n d a sai k h i ch o ran g lo ai n ay d u p e tim th ay d bde V ie t N am (x em th em
p h an giai thich cu a loai P. v ietn am en se). P o ilan e d a p h a t h ien lai loai n ay v a o nam 1922 gan
N h a T ran g vd gui m du cdy so n g ch o D elen at v a M o rn ay , chii tich H o i n h u n g n g u d i lam v u d n

83
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

cu a "H oi n h u n g ngubi trong h o a viing P a ris” (F leu riste M u n icip al de la ville de P aris). C ay
h oa cu a M o rn ay d a n h an duoc C h u n g chi ve co n g tran g v a b an g k h en "C ertificate de M erite
avec felicitatio n s" cu a H 0 i Q uoc g ia P h ap nam 1925.
D anh sach cac loai L an H ai D o n g D u o n g duoc xuat ban som n h at la ciia G u illau m in
(1924). O n g d a th o n g k e 10 loai cu a k h u vuc D o n g D u o n g tro n g do 4 loai duoc ghi n h an co
b V iet N am . T iep theo, c h in h o n g lai th o n g k e 10 loai cu a khu vuc D o n g D u o n g n h u n g lan
nay co 7 loai d uoc ghi n h a n b V iet N am . D o la cac loai P. affin e, P. callo su m , P. concolor, P.
d e le n a tii, P. g o d efro y ae, P. g ra trix ia n u m v a P. villosum (G u illau m in , 1934). G ag n e p ain sau
d o da m o ta them 2 bo suu tap tran h m au n ubc v e L an H ai ciia V iet N am do S im o n d va
E b erh ard t v e va tan g ch o P h o n g tieu b an P aris (G ag n ep ain , 1951). C hting b ao g o m 6 buc
tranh ve cac loai L an H ai P. c allo su m , P. concolor, P. g o d efro y ae, P. h o o k e ra e, P. in sig n e va
P. villosum .
S eid en fad en (1975) d u a ra m o t b an d anh sach cap n h at c u a 11 loai cho viing D o n g D u o n g
nhung ong k h o n g chi ro ch in h x ac noi p h an bo c u a chting. T uy n hien o n g cho ran g m o t buc
tranh do Sim o n d ve d uoc G ag n ep ain d in h loai la P ap h io p e d ilu m h o o k erae co k h a n an g la P.
ap p leto n ian u m v a ra n g loai P. g o d efro y ae la k e t q u a ctia v iec xdc d in h n h am loai P. concolor.
A v ery an o v (1 9 9 8 ) d u a ra 9 loai, b b sung vao d anh sach nay cac loai P ap h io p ed ilu m am ab ile
(= P. ap p leto n ian u m ) v a P. h irsu tissim u m . Sau do ong lai b o sung them loai P. h en ry an u m cho
he thuc vat V iet N am (A v ery an o v . 1990d).
T ro n g c o n g trinh n g h ien ctru to an b 0 cac loai L an D o n g D u o n g , S eid en fad en (1 9 9 2 ) d a kb
ra 9 loai L an H ai cho ca vung, v a tat ca deu d uoc tim th ay о V iet N am . L an d'au tien o n g dua
v ao cac loai P. h en ry an u m , P. ap p leto n ian u m v a P. p u rp u ratu m , n h u n g lai b b d i lo ai P. affine
vi ch o ran g do la ten d o n g n g h ia cua P. g ratrix ian u m . T ro n g lan x u at ban th u tu ve cac loai
thuc vat V iet N am (co m in h h o a b an g hinh v e) cu a P h am H o an g H o (2 0 0 0 ) th i 11 loai
P ap h io p ed ilu m da d uoc пёи 1ёп. bao gom P. am a b ile (= P. ap p leto n ian u m ), P. g o d efro y ae
(duoc neu len co le d u a tren c o so cay trong lam canh) v a loai P. insig n e duoc ghi n h an со о
Lao. T ro n g lan tu ch in h lai cdc loai L an V iet N am cu a A v ery an o v (1 994), 11 loai
P ap h io p ed ilu m d a d uoc th o n g ke. L oai P ap h io p ed ilu m m alip o en se lan d'au tien d uoc ghi n han
co b V iet N am , n h u n g loai P. g o d eflo y ae v an th o n g k e sai m ac du da co su dong gop у k ien
ciia S eid en fad en (1975). T ran H o p (1 998), tac g ia c u o n C ac loai L an V iet N am , d a de cap tbi
12 loai P ap h io p ed ilu m , v a lan dau tien b b sung h ai loai P a p h io p ed ilu m p a rish ii v a P.
em erso n ii. T at ca th o n g tin v e hai lohi bb sung do la d u a tren cac tai lieu d a x u a t b a n v a cac
loai duoc trong. N g u y en T hibn T ich (2001) tro n g tap dau tien ciia q u y en sach C ac loai L an
V iet N am d a de cap tbi 23 loai P ap h io p ed ilu m , bb sung them P. h an g ian u m ch o he thuc vat.
M o t vai thong tin cu a ong d u a vao n h u n g loai duoc trong.
C uoi cung, d u a v ao k e t q u a cu a q u a trinh n g h ien ciiu thuc v at q u y m b cu a V ibn S in h thai
v a T ai n g u y en Sinh V at thuoc T ru n g T am k h o a hoc T u N h ien v a C o n g N ghe Q uoc G ia, V iet
N am (A very an o v , 1996a, 1998a, b, 1999, 2000b; A v ery an o v at al., 1996a, b, 1997a, b;
N .T .H ibp, A v ery an o v & P .K .L o c, 1998; N .T .H ibp, P .K .L o c & A v ery an o v , 1999; P .K .L o c et
al., 1999; P .K .L o c, N .T .H ibp & A v ery an o v , 1999a. b; C ribb, A v ery an o v & N .T .H ibp, 2000)
va n ghien cuu cac m au thu de b u o n ban (B raem , 1987; L u ck el, 1987; F uchs & R eisin g er,
1995; G russ & P ern er, 1998, 1999; N .T .T jch , 1998a, b, 1999; C av estro & C h iro n , 1999;
P ern er & G russ, 1999; S en g h as & S chettler, 1999) 18 loai v a 4 d an g lai tu n hien da d uoc biet
d en m o t cdch chac ch an о V iet N am . S ch u item an v a de V ogel (2 000), tac g ia cu o n C ac C hi
H o L an ctia T h ai L an, L ao, C a m p u ch ia va V iet N am d a chi ra 19 loai P a p h io p ed ilu m n h u n g
k h o n g co th o n g tin chi tiet lien q u a n nao d uoc d u a ra. M ac du tinh tran g cu a cac loai
P ap h io p ed ilu m h oang dai b V ie t N am la d ang h ay sap bi tuybt chiing n h u n g chi co 3 loai duoc
du a vao tro n g S ach do V ie t N am m b i (1996). D o la cac loai P. a p p leto n ian u m , P. d elen a tii va
P. hirsutissim um .

84
 CHI PAPHIOPEDILUM

CHI P A P H I O P E D I L U M
P a p h io p e d ilu m P fitz e r, M o rp h . S tud. O rch.: 11 (1886); S tein , O rch id een b u ch ; 4 4 8 -4 9 2
(1892); G u illau m in in B ull. Soc. B ot. F rance. 71; 54 8 -5 5 8 (1924); id., FI. G en. In d o -C h in e 6 :
636-6 4 6 (1934); K a rasaw a & S aito in B ull. F liroshim a B ot. G ard. 5: 1-69 (1 982); C rib b , G en.
P a p h io p e d ilu m : 1-222 (1 9 8 7 ); id ., G en . P a p h io p e d ilu m : 1-427 (1 9 9 8 ); B ra e m ,
P ap hiopedilum : 1-249 (1998); S eid en fad en , O rch. In d o ch in a: 16-20 (1 992); A ver., Identif.
G uide. V ietnam . O rch.: 15-22 (1994); B raem , C. B ak er & M . B ak er, G en. P ap h io p e d ilu m 1-
2: 1-363 (1998-19 9 9 ); P h am H o an g H o, III.F1. V iet. 3: 76 2 -7 6 5 (2 000), n o m , con serv . T y p e:
P ap h io p ed ilu m in sig n e (W all, ex L in d l.) P fitz. (C y p rip ed ilu m insig n e w all, ex L indl.).
Stim egas R af. FI. T ellu r. 4: 45 (1838), nom .rej.
C o rd u la R af. I.e.: 4 6 (1 838), nom .rej.

M O T A . C o m o c tren dat, tren da, hoac p h u sinh, d o i k h i co th an b o voi гё со soi m o c ra

tit th an гё ngan. C h 6 i co la m oc dung dung v o i 3-6 la ch u m voi nhau. L a xep th an h 2 day, dai,
g ap doi, xoe ran g , h in h ludi, hinh bau due hoac th u o n , ch o p tu hoac n h o n , th u o n g co 3 rang,
xanh la cay tuyen hoac k h am x anh th am v a x an h n h at 6 m at tren , x anh n hat 6 m at d u d i v a doi
khi co dom tia rat dep, n h a n hoac co long m in 6 m ep. C um h o a m o c 6 d in h , со 1 hoac nhieu
hoa; true hoa co lo n g h o ac nhan, x anh la cay hoac co d 6 m tim tia; la h o a gap d o i, h in h bau
due, co long; cu 6 ng h o a rat ngan; b au 1 o, 3 g o loi, n h an h o ac co long. H o a 1 hoac vai cai,
d e thay, to. L a dai lu n g tir th an g d en triim len m d i, hin h m u i giao hoac triing ra n g , til hoac
nhon, nhan hoac co lo n g to. H ai la d ai b e n din h lien v o i nhau dC tao th an h la dai h o p h in h
long chao, it n hieu g io n g voi la dai lung. C a n h h o a xoe ra n g h o ac treo, phdng, co n g h o ac x oan
ос, co m ep th u o n g lu o n song, tir hin h m u i g iao hep d en h in h triing nguoc ra n g , tu hoac n h o n
о chop, thuong co lo n g to v a long m ep 6 nvra goc. M oi d an g tui sau vd p h o n g len, h in h giay
(hai) hoac hinh vai v d i n h u n g thuy b en it n h ieu c u o n v ao b e n tro n g , co lo n g 6 m a t tro n g va
thuong nhdn d m at ngoai. C o t nhi nhuy ngdn, co cuong; b ao p han 2, 2 o, d in h tren chi nhi
ngdn; khoi p h an d an g b o t dinh; nhi lep d d in h co t, k h o n g cu on g hoac co cu o n g ngdn, hinh
th an nam n g ang, th u o n tdi h in h dai, phdng, loi h o ac gap doi, nhdn h o ac co lo n g nhu thuong
la long m in d m ep; ntim n h u y co cuong, g an n h u 3 th u y , co lo n g nhu. Q u a n a n g d u n g hoac
treo, 3 go, hinh tru (H in h 31-32).
C o k h o an g 72 loai, p h an b o d n h iet doi chau A v a cac d ao T h ai B inh D u o n g , tir A n D p
den P hilippin, N iu G h in e v a cac d ao S o lo m o n (H inh 36-39).

KHOA X A С DINH LOAI CAC LOAl LAN HAl 0 VIET NAM

1. M oi p h o n g len, g an h in h cau h o ac h in h tru n g , h in h gidy v d i m ep tre n cu o n v ao b en

tro n g ; Id d ai lu n g vd la ddi h o p it n h ieu g io n g vdi ca n h h o a ve m au sdc vd h in h
d an g , tra n g , h o i v an g , x a n h vdng n h a t h o ac h o n g , it n h ie u m o t m au ; ca n h h o a tir
h in h triing ra n g td i tro n , ch ie u ddi it h o n 2 la n ch ie u ra n g , ra t h ie m k h i c a n h h o a
h in h triing h ep (tro n g tru d n g h o p ndy, c a n h h o a v a m o i ta o th a n h h in h m o c cau
d c h o p ) ........................................................................................................................................... 2
M di dang coc co chan, h in h tru v d i cac th u y b e n u o n cong v a m ep tre n ciia tui m oi
thdng, k h o n g cu o n lai; la dai lu n g v a la dai h o p k h ac b ie t ra t ro v d i can h h o a ve
m au sdc v a h in h d an g , canh h o a h ep h o n n h ieu so vdi la dai lung, c a hai th u o n g
rat d a d an g v e m du sac, th u o n g co soc v a d o m tu o n g p han; can h h o a th o n nhon,
th u o n h ep hoac h in h thia, chieu dai Ion h o n 2 lan ch ieu ra n g , k h o n g b ao g id cong
lai thanh m oc cau d chop (P. su b g e n . P a p h io p e d i lu m ) ............................................... 8

85
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

2. L a dai lung v a la dai h o p nho h o n ro re t so voi cac canh h o a ben; m o i p h o n g len, it

nhieu hinh cau, m bng, co ran h nho doc th eo gan; nhi lep to, ra n g 6 dinh, phdng
hoac gap do i th eo chieu doc, doi khi m ep b en cu o n lai; hoa trang, x an h -v an g nhat
hoac hbng, doi khi co soc nau hoac tia doc gan; la co d o m kham hoac xanh tuyen;
m oc о d at d a voi hoac silicat co tin h ax it (P. su b g e n . P a r v i s e p a lu m ) .....................3
L a d ai lu n g v a la dai h o p it n h ieu g io n g vdi can h h o a ve k ich thuoc; m oi h in h triing,
k h a day, m a t n g o ai phdng; nhj lep co k ic h th u o c tru n g birth, co 3-5 ran g de n h an
thay d ch o p vdi 1 ra n g g iu a to hep; h o a tran g -v a n g n hat, la ddi v a canh h o a th u o n g
co n h u n g d o m tia nho; la co dom k h am ro; m o c tren n en d a vdi (P. su b g en .
B r a c h y p e t a lu m ) 7. P . c o n c o lo r

3. L a co dom k h am ro re t d m a t tren v a d o m d ay h o ac d iem cac d o m tim tia b an d m at

d u d i, dai 10-15 (20) cm , ro n g 1,5-4 cm ; h o a h o n g , h o n g -tia hoac x anh la cay nhat;
m d i dai h o n h o ac ho i ngdn h o n canh hoa; co hoac k h o n g co th an b b d u d i m at dat;
m oc tren d a vdi h o ac silicat co tin h ax it (P. sect. P a rv ise p a lu m ) .......................... 4
L a x an h la cay tu y en d ca 2 m at, ra t h iem khi co m o t vai dom tim tia d m a t dudi gan
goc, dai (15) 20-35 cm , ro n g 4 -6 cm ; h o a tran g hoac x an h la cay vang nhat; m di
nho h o n can h h o a ro ret; m o c tren n en d a vdi, k h o n g bao g id co th an b b (P. sect.
E m e r s o n ia n u m ) ......................................................................................................................... 7

4. N hi lep phdng vdi d in h ro n g ; la dai v a can h h o a ciing m au h o n g tuoi td i h o n g tia; m oc

tren d a vdi h o ac silicat co tinh axit, k h o n g co th an b b ................................................. 5
N hi lep g ap ddi th e o ch ie u doc hoac со 1 n ep gap sau doc th eo g an ch in h d dinh; la
dai m au x an h tao hoac h o n g -v an g vdi soc tia doc th eo gan; m oc tren d a vd i, it
n hieu co th an b b dai du d i dat ............................................................................................... 6

5. H oa ron g 7 ,5 -1 0 cm ; la dai n g a n h o n 4,5 cm , tir hin h g a n tro n td i hinh tn m g ran g , xoe

rong; nhi lep v an g tu o i d tru n g tam v a co v et m au tia d giua; la tir th u o n h ep tdi
thuon, dai 8-11 cm , ro n g 3-3,5 (4) cm , co d o m k h am it n hieu tucmg p h an g iu a xanh
la cay th im v a n hat, m o c tren d a ax it .......................................................1. P. d e le n a tii
H oa ro n g 10-12 cm , la d ai d ai h o n 4,5 cm , tir hinh th u o n ra n g tdi h in h triing ra n g , chiic
th in g x u o n g dudi; nhi lep co tru n g tam m au v an g n hat hoac x anh-o liu sang; la tir
hin h tru n g tdi h in h b au due thuon, d ai ( 8 ) 11-20 cm , ro n g (2,5) 4 -7 cm , d o m k h am
xanh thdm hoac xam bac, bong; m oc tren d a v d i ..........................2. P. v ie tn a m e n se

6 . H oa ra n g ( 8 ) 9 -1 2 ,2 cm , tir x an h -v an g n h at td i x an h -tao , la dai lu n g v a can h h o a co

soc nau tia; la dai lu n g co d u o i-m u i n h o n d ch o p , dai h o n 4 cm ; ca n h h o a hin h
tru n g tdi h in h triing h ep , hoi n h o n d ch o p , d ai h o n 4 cm ; nhi lep dai h o n 12,5 m m ,
h in h triing ro n g , lo i d g o c, c h o p co nep g ap sau d o c th eo g an g iu a v a cu o n lai b
m ep b e n .........................................................................................................3. P. m a lip o e n s e

H oa ro n g 6 - 8 (8,7) cm , la dai lu n g v a can h h o a tir h o n g tdi h o n g tia v d i soc tia doc theo
gan; la dai lu n g tu hoac co m u i n h o n n g an d ch o p , ngdn h o n 4 cm ; can h h o a hinh
trung n guoc ro n g td i g an tron, tro n d chop; nhi lep ngdn h o n 12,5 m m , h in h bau
due, g ap doi th eo ch ieu doc ................................................................4. P. m ic ra n th u m

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 KHOA XAC DINH LOAI CAC LOAI LAN HAl 6 VIET NAM

7(3). H oa th o n g th u o n g g an h in h ch u o n g , cac la d ai v a can h h o a m au x a n h -v an g tu o i vdi

go c nau tia; m d i trdng-vang; n h i lep h in h ta m giac ro n g , ch ieu ro n g h o n 17 m m ,
loi, tro n ro n g d ch o p , trang hoac tran g v an g vdi n h u n g d o m tim n o i lie n n h au . .
......................................................................................................................... 5. P . h a n g ia n u m
H oa th o n g th u o n g x o e ro n g , la dai v a can h h o a tran g , d d i k h i tim n h at d goc; m d i tir
v ang td i m au h o n g -cam , vien m ep m au hong; nhi lep h in h tam giac h ep , chieu
ro n g n h o h o n 1 2 m m , co ran h doc v d i k h e sau d o c g a n g iu a v a m o t din h h ep, vang
tuoi vd i n h u n g d o m d o v a m ep trdng 6 . P. e m e rso n ii

8(1). C um h o a chi со 1 h o a, rat h iem k h i 2; can h h o a h in h triing n guoc h e p tdi h in h th ia

thuon, it n hieu p hdng, Iiron song d m ep n h u n g k h o n g b a o g id x o an oc, ddi
8 (8,5) cm , k h o n g d en h o n 6 ldn ch ieu rong; cay n h o h o ac tru n g bin h v d i Id it n hieu
m em , th u o n g ngdn h o n 2 0 cm , rat it khi dai h o n ......................................................... 9
C um h o a со (1) 2-5 hoa; cdnh h o a h in h d ai th an g , xodn oc n hieu, h ep h o n n h ieu so vdi
la dai giiia, dai 8-11 cm , h o n 10 la n ch ieu ro n g ; cay to vdi la dai, dai 2 0 -5 0 cm ,
ro n g 2-5 cm (P. sect. P a rd a lo p e ta lu m ) ............................................... 18. P . d ia n th u m

9. Ld xanh Id cay tu y en , dd i k h i co g an thdm hon; th u o n g co d o m tim tia d m at d u d i gan

goc; n h i lep h in h tn m g n guoc, tim n g u o c, g an tro n hodc g an v u o n g vdi m o t u loi
hoac m o t th e chai loi ro n g d giua; cdnh h o a kh o n g co hat m au tim -n au ; b e m at th u y
ben cu a m o i nhdn (P. sect. P a p h io p e d ilu m ) ................................................................. 10
Ld co dom k h am xanh la cay thdm hodc xanh n h at ro ran g , k h o n g co d o m tim tia d m at
dudi; nhi lep th u o n g h in h b an n guyet, v d i th u y b en hinh ludi liem v a m o t ra n g g iu a
nho, h iem k h i h in h tim n g u o c ro n g , co 3-5 rang d ch op , k h o n g co m au lo i d giua;
canh h o a it n hieu co cac h at m au tim nau n h o doc th eo m ep v a g a n goc; be m at
th u y b en c u a m d i co cac h at n h o (P. sect. B a rb a ra ) ..................................................16

10. N hi lep g an v u on g , nhdn, b o n g , co p h a n lo i d ay d g iu a, k h o n g co u bong; can h h o a tim

d nira tren .................................................................................................. 8 . P. h irsu tisim u m
N hi lep h in h tru n g n g u o c, tim n guoc hoac h in h b an n g u y et, h o i n h an nheo, co u nhdn
bong d g iua; can h h o a m au v ang cam , v an g , v an g co d iem h o n g , n a u -v a n g hoac
nau n h at .......................................................................................................................................11

11. H oa nho ho ac tru n g b in h , chieu ro n g n h o h o n 6,5 cm ; la ddi lung v a cdnh h o a ngdn

ho n 4 c m .......................................................................................................................................12
H oa to, ch ieu ro n g ld n h o n (7) 7,5 cm ; la d ai lu n g v a cdnh h o a ddi h o n 4,5 cm . .15

12. C ay nho vdi la d ai, cvmg, h o i m o n g n u d e, d ai 3-7 (12) cm ; h o a tir m au v an g tu o i tdi

h o n g -v a n g nhat v d i m d i m au v an g -so n td i h o n g -v an g nhat; can h h o a co m ep
thdng, th u o n g v an g -so n vdi g an v an g -cam 12. P . h e le n a e
C ay n h d vd i 1a it n h ieu m em , dai h o n 7 cm ; h o a k h o n g co m au n h u loai tren; can h h o a
it nhieu lu o n song d m ep, n au -v an g tu o i hoac v a n g n h at vdi g an nau hoac h o n g .
.............................. 13

87
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

13. C anh h o a th u o n vo i m e p lu p n song ro ret, m au x anh la cay v an g tu o i voi g an m au nau

-so co la do do; m oi m au n au -so co la vd i g a n thdm hon; la dai lu n g trdng v d i goc
xanh x anh v a g an m au n au -so co la h u d n g goc ....................... 10. P. tr a n lie n ia n u m
C anh h o a h in h th ia hoac trung n guoc hep, m ep h o i lu o n song, n au -v an g tu o i hoac v ang
n h at vdi n h u n g dom nau th am va h o n g nhat; m di h o n g tia hoac nau tia; la dai lung
trang, d p h an g iu a m au tim hoac v an g n h at vdi d o m nau h at de ...........................14

14. L a dai lung tir g an tro n tdi hin h trung n guoc, m ep co n g d goc, trang, d p h an g iu a m au
d o -tia hoac do tia nau; can h h o a h in h th ia hep, ro n g 0 , 8 -1 cm , n au -v an g n h at co
didm tia-h o n g , m d i tir n au -v an g tdi n a u - t i a ...................................... 9. P. b a rb ig e ru m
L a dai lung tir hin h tru n g ro n g tdi hin h trung, it n hieu phdng, m ep phdng d g o c, m au
xanh v an g n h at tuoi, co n h u n g dom nau thdm rong; canh h o a tir th u o n ro n g tdi hinh
trung nguoc hep, ro n g 1 ,4- 1 ,6 cm , vang n hat, p h a lan tia-h o n g , co n h u n g d o m nau
thdm rong; m o i t i a - h o n g ........................................................................12. P. h e n ry a n u m

15(11). L a dai lu n g dai 4 ,8 -5 ,2 cm , trdng, ddi k h i m au nau tu o i h o ac x anh d goc, it n h ieu co

cac d o m tia nau; canh h o a h in h thia, th u o n g n gan h o n 5,5 cm , ro n g 1,8-2,5 cm ;
cu o n g h o a th u o n g d u n g d u n g , p h u d ay lo n g tim tia ngdn; cay m oc tren d a ..........
................................................................................................................... 13. P. g ra trix ia n u m
L a dai lung dai (4 ,5 )5 -7 cm , xanh co m ep trdng vd nau th am b o n g d g iua, h iem k h i co
d o m nau tham ; can h h o a h in h th ia-tru n g n guoc, th u o n g dai h o n 5,5 cm , ro n g 2,5-
4 ,6 cm ; c u o n g h o a th u o n g uon cong, p h u d ay long trdng dai; cay p h u sinh, rat h iem
khi m oc tren d a ............................................................................................ 14. P. villo su m

16(9). L a dai lung xanh n hat vdi g a n m au thdm hon, co n g th an h m u phu tren m di; nhj lep
hinh tim ro n g vdi 1-3 ran g tu о chop hoac h in h b an n g u y et vdi th u y ben co n g ludi
liem ro n g , 3 hoac 5 ran g d dinh; canh h o a h in h thia, m d ro n g ve chop; m di th u o n g
co 2-6 ran g tu d m ep p h ia trudc .................................................15. P. a p p le to n ia n u m
L a ddi lung trdng vdi g an x an h hoac tia, thdng, it n h ieu p h an g , co m ep co n g d goc; nhi
lep h in h ban n g u y et vdi th u y ben cong hin h ludi liem h ep v a 1-3 ran g n h o d giua;
cdnh h o a h in h th u o n , chit S hay bau due; m o i k h o n g co ran g tii d m ep p h ia trudc
........................................................................................................................................................ 17

17. C anh hoa h in h c h u S, u o n co n g xuong dudi, m au x an h vdi c h o p tia h o n g v a n h u n g m u n

co long nau tham de th ay doc th eo m ep tren; la dai lu n g gan tron td i h in h bau due
rong, trdng, co soc tia xanh; m d i tii nau h o n g tdi tim nhat; la th u o n g h in h bau due
tdi trung n guoc, dai 10-20 c m ...................................................................16. P. c a llo su m
C anh hoa hinh b au d u e, xoe ngang, m au tia thdm , d iem n hung d o m tim tia rat d ep d
p h an thap hon, k h o n g co m u n co long doc m ep tren; la ddi lu n g h in h tru n g rong,
trdng, co soc tia sam ; m d i tia-n au tdi tim -tia thdm ; la th u o n g tii hinh th u o n tdi h in h
bau due, dai 7 -1 4 c m .............................................................................17. P. p u rp u ra tu m

88
 PAPHIOPEDILUM DELENATII

Paphiopedilum subgen. Parvisepalum

P a p h io p e d ilu m subgen. P a r v is e p a lu m K a rasaw a & S aito in B ull. H iro sh im a B ot. G ard . 5:

31 (1982). T ype: P ap h io p ed ilu m d elen a tii G u illau m .

МО ТА. Cay co hoac khong co than гё dai. La thubng co dom kham, hiem khi xanh tuyen. La dai
lung va la dai hop nho hon cac canh hoa ben rat ro ret. Canh hoa tit hinh bau due rang tdi gan tron. Moi
phong len, it nhieu hinh c'au, rndng, hinh giay vdi mep tren cuon vao trong va co ranh doc theo gan. Cot
nhi nhuy keo dai, mim nhuy va bao phan co cuong dai. Nhi lep to, hinh dang thay doi tit hinh tint hoac
hinh bay tho п'ё vdi ranh sau theo chieu doc den hinh tron, loi 6 da so cac loai nhung gap doi theo chieu
dpc о P. micranthum. Khoi phan co dang bot toi hoac dinh.
Co 7 loai, phan bo 6 nam Trung Quoc va Viet Nam (Hinh 36).

P a p h i o p e d i l u m sect. P a r v i s e p a l u m

P a p h io p e d ilu m sect. P a rv is e p a lu m : C rib b , G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 86(1987).

Paphiopedilum subgen. Parvisepalum Karasaw a & Saito in Bull. H iroshim a Bot. G ard. 5: 31 (1982).

МО ТА. Cay thucrng co than bo phat tridn. La co dom kham xanh la cay thim va vet xam nhat d
mat tren va co nhieu dom hoac nhuom mau tia-tim ban d mat dudi, thudng dai 10-15 cm (hiem khi dai
hon), rang 1,5-4 cm. Cum hoa co 1-2 hoa. Hoa mau hong, tia hong, vang tuoi hoac xanh la cay nhat.
Moi rong hem hoac hoi ngan hon canh hoa ben.
Co 5 loai, phan bo d nam Trung Quoc va Viet Nam (Hinh 36)

1. PAPHIOPEDILUM DELENATII Guillaum.

P a p h io p e d ilu m d e le n a tii G u illau m . in B ull. Soc. B ot. B ot. F ran ce 71: 5 5 4 , 558 (1924); id.,
A nn. Soc. H ort. P aris 1925: 127 (1925); id., FI. G en. In d o -C h in e 6 : 6 4 0 (1934); C rib b , G en.
P a p h io p e d ilu m : 87 (1 9 8 7 ); id ., G en . P a p h io p e d ilu m . ed. 2: 77 (1 9 9 8 ); B ra e m ,
P aphiopedilum : 31 (1988); S eid en fad en , O rch. In d o ch in a: 16 (1992); P ham H o an g H o, 111. FI.
V iet. 3,2: 946 (1993); A v er., Id en tif. G uide. V ietn am . O rch.: 16 (1994); B raem , C. B ak er &
M . B aker, G en. P a p h io p ed ilu m 1: 70 (1998). L e c to ty p e : T o n k in . D elen at, cu lt. M o rn ay ,
F leu riste de la ville de P aris (P !), selected here.
C y pripedium d elen a tii (G u illau m .) C .H .C u rtis in G ard. C hron. S er.3, 89: 208 (1931).

МО ТА. Co moc tren da hoac tren dat vdi 5-7 la moc thanh 2 hang. La tir hinh bau due tdi bau due
thuon, tu va co 3 rang nho d chop, dai tdi 11 cm, rong 3-3,9 cm, mep co long ria d gan goc, cac dom
kham xanh la cay nhat va thim d mat tren, cham day mau tia d dudi. Cum hoa 1-2 hoa, rat hiem khi 3;
cuong cum hoa dai tdi 22 cm, xanh, dom tia, phu long trdng ctmg; la hoa hinh bau due tdi hinh trung,
dai 1,2-1,5 cm, rong 1 cm, xanh, dom tia, co long ngan; cuong hoa va bau dai tdi 5,5 cm, mau xanh, co
dom tia, phu long. Hoa co dudng kinh 7,5-8 cm, mau hong nhat vdi moi hong hoac hong-tia, co dom
do va vang tren nhi lep, co long d ca hai mat trong va ngoai. La dai lung hinh trung, chop tu tdi gan
nhon, dai 1,7-3,5 cm, rong 1,8-2,5 cm. La dai hop tuong tu, dai 1,9-3 cm. Moi hinh bau due tdi hinh gan
c'au, dai 2,5-3,8 cm, rong 2,5-3 cm, mep cuon vao trong, co long to nho. Nhi lep hoi loi, hinh triing, chop
tu, dai 14-17 mm, rong 13-16 mm, co long ria. 2n = 26. Hinh 40.
PHAN BO. Nam Viet Nam (cac tinh Dac Lac va Khanh Hoa, suon Dong ciia nUi Hon Giao va vung
nui Bi DUp). Hinh 36, 41.

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 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 40. Paphiopedilum delenatii (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).

a Cay mang hoa; b — hoa; с — la dai lung; d — la dai hop; e — canh hoa; f, g — moi, nhin tir mat trudc, mat ben
va mat cat doc; h- j — cot nhi nhuy, nhin tir mat bung, mat ben va mat lung (Ve theo mau Averyanov & Hiep VH s.n.,
December 1995)
 PAPHIOPEDILUM DELENATII

SINH THAI. M oc trong rung thuong xanh, cay la rong tren da granit va da gonai doc theo cac doc
dung cua nui va bd suoi d do cao 750-1300 m. Hinh 42-44.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thang 12.
TINH TRANG BAO t6 n THEO IUCN. CR
Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum delenatii la mot trong nhung loai dac huu hep nhat ciia Viet Nam vdi
khu phan bd chac chan it hon 100 km2. Nhung lodi gan gui nhat vdi no duoc tim thay о nam Trung Quoc
va bde Viet Nam. Dac biet cac loai nhu P. armeniacum, P. micranthum va P. vietnamense co quan he
gan gui nhat va c o quan sinh dudng cung hodn toan giong nhau. Paphiopedilum delenatii phan biet vdi
nhung loai tren boi hoa mau hdng-do vd nhi lep hinh trung ro ret, loi, hong-tia thdm vdi didm vdng о
giua. Cac dieu kien sinh thai thich hop cua loai nay la da silicat, hoan toan trdi nguoc vdi cac loai gan
gui la tren da vdi ket tinh nhu dang cdm thach.
LICH SU. Paphiopedilum delenatii duoc phat hien bdi mot si quan quan doi Phap, nguoi ma nam
1913 hodc 1914 da mang mot mdu vat Paphiopedilum co hoa mdu hong khong ro dia danh tii mien bde
Viet Nam ve Phap. Cay nay duoc gui ve Phap dd trong tai vudn uom cua M. Delenat va muon hon la
cua M. Mornay (Guillaumin, 1924). Tuy nhien, gan nhu chdc chan la chung da khong no hoa d Phap va
chet ngay sau khi nhap vao (that kho co the tin rang nhung loai nay song duoc tdi 10 hoac 11 nam trudc
khi no hoa). Khong tim thay bat cu tieu ban nao ve cac cay nay. Rat co thd la thong bao dau tien ve loai
Lan Hai co hoa mau hong d mien bde Viet Nam la dua tren P. vietnamense hoac P. micranthum, ca hai
loai nay duoc phat hien о day gan 85 nam sau. Dii the nao di nua thi thong bao cua Guillaumin (1934)
ve Paphiopedilum delenatii duoc phat hien thay d
bac Viet Nam (Bde Bo) la hoan toan sai.
Paphiopedilum delenatii chac chan dupe phat
hien bbi nha dieu tra ngudi Phap Poilane vao nam
1922 о gan thanh pho Nha Trang, nam Viet Nam.
Khong con nghi nghd gi nua, mOt so cay cua l'an
phat hien thii vi nay ngay sau do da duoc giti ve
Phap. Mot vai cay trong so do duoc M. Delenat va
sau do la M.Mornay, chii tich hoi lam vudn ctia Hoi
nhung ngudi trong hoa virng Paris "Fleuriste
Municipal de la Ville de Paris” trong о Phap. Nhung
cay nay no hoa vao nam 1924 va mot trong so
chting duoc su dung lam co so cho viec mo ta loai
moi. Nam sau, cay cua Momay da nhan duoc chung
chi ve cong trang va bang khen "Certificate de
Mente avec felicitations" cua Hoi Quoc gia Phap.
Cho den giua nhung nam 1990, tat ca nhung cay
duoc trong deu bat nguon tir mot trong vai cay dau
tien duoc nhap vao Phap. Hau het cac cay nay rat
kho trong va chet rat nhanh, nhung mot cay trong bo
suu tap cua cac ong Vacherot & Leucoufle, nhung
nguoi lam vudn noi tieng ngudi Phap, da song sot,
ra qua va nhiing cay tit hat gieo moc rat tot. Sau
nhieu the he, P. delenatii bay gio da tro nen phd bien
va co tieng la dd trong. Koopowitz (theo thong tin
ca nhan) da cho ring su giao phoi lien tuc da loai tru
nhung gen Ian gay chet dd tao ra su thay ddi dac tinh
ro rang nay. Tuy nhien, dieu c h ic chan la su kien ve
vide gay trong P. delenatii phai duoc coi la mot
trong nhung thanh tint bao ton tot cua nhung ngudi
trong Lan va no can duoc md rong cho nhung loai
Hinh 41. Su phan bo cua Paphiopedilum delenatii.
hiem khac.
(Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).

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 LAN HAl VIET NAM

Hinh 42 (phia tren ben trai). Rimg nguyen sinh thuong xanh cay la rong tren da granit sudn dong d do cao 1.100 - 1.200
m tren mat Ыёп la noi song ctia nhung quan the Paphiopedilum delenatii con sot lai (Anh: L. Averyanov).
Hinh 43 (phia tren ben phai). Noi song tieu bidu ciia Paphiopedilum delenatii — nhung khe hep tren vach dung
ciia hem ntii tren bcr suoi.
Nam Viet Nam, tinh Khanh Hoa (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Hinh 44. Paphiopedilum delenatii d noi song tu nhien.

a — Kich thuoc ciia cay ra hoa la co song tren dat cat mong xen lan da: b — 6 noi song con chua bi tac dong, nhieu
cay Paphiopedilum delenatii nay mam til hat co the gap tren vach da granit bi che bong cua cac con suoi.
Nam Viet Nam, tinh Khanh Hoa, Averyanov & Hiep VH s.n. thang Tu 1995 (Anh: L. Averyanov).

92
 PAPHIOPEDILUM DELENATII

Sau chien tranh 6 Viet Nam, rat nhieu nguoi

da co tim kiem nhung quan the tu nhien ciia P.
delenatii. Tuy nhien, trong m0t thoi gian dai
khong co bait ky quan the nao duoc tim thay.
Rung xung quanh thanh pho Nha Trang da bi pha
huy va ket qua la nguoi ta cho ring loai cay
quyen ru nay da bi tuyet chung ngoai thien nhien.
Su phat hien lai Paphiopedilum delenatii
vao nhung nam dau ciia thap ky 90 da duoc
thong bao rong rai va viet thanh tai lieu chi tiet
(Averyanov et al„ 1996b). Nghi ngo dau tien
ve viec chung da duoc phat hien lai b it dau vao
nam 1992 khi ma nhung cay duoc thu tu thien
nhien xuat hien tren th| truong Dai Loan voi s6
luong Ion va sau do nhanh chong о Nhat Ban,
chau Au va Hoa Ky. Mot vai nguoi buon Lan о
thanh pho Da Lat (nam Viet Nam) da co thoi
quen thu mua Cymbidium aloifolium va C.
bicolor d6 xuat khau sang Dai Loan lam thuoc.
Biet duoc so thich cua nhung nguoi ban hang
quan tarn den nhirng loai Lan la, ho thuong gui
ca nhung loai hiem trong lo hang gui ban. Vao
nam 1990 hay 1991, tinh co mot trong nhirng
mhu ho gui la P. delenatii. N o duoc phat hien
lai boi dan dia phuong о nui Hon Giao tinh
Khanh Hoa, each 40-50 km ve phia tay ciia Hinh 45. Cay Paphiopedilum delenatii no hoa.
thanh pho Nha Trang. Nguoi ta cho rang Paphiopedilum delenatii no hoa trong thien nhien trong
khoang 6 tan ciia loai Lan nay da duoc thu de vong hai tu'an cuoi cua mua mua va hoa ciia no rat thuong bi
xuat khau truoc nam 1995 (Quang Dau, 1994). rach do mua rao keo dai.
Nam Viet Nam, tinh Khanh Hoa, Averyanov & Hiep VH s.n.
Chung duoc mua gom tu dan dia phuong voi
thang Tu 1995. (Anh: L. Averyanov).
gia 1-3 do la My mot kg (Averyanov et al„
1996b). So luong nhu vay la khong the co

Hinh 46. Cac so lieu khi hau gia thiet cho vitng moc cua
Paphiopedilum delenatii co duoc bang phuong phap
ngoai suy tir so lieu ciia cac tram khi tuong gan nhat.
Cac chit so mau den b day so do la thang. Mau xanh
nuoc bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); cac mau do, xanh la cay va xanh
nuoc Ыёп chi nhiet do °C (duong mau do - nhiet do toi da
trung binh thang; duong mau xanh la cay - nhiet do trung
binh thang; duong mau xanh nuoc bidn - nhiet do toi thap
trung binh thang).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

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 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 47. Sir bien ddi mau hoa ciia Paphiopedilum delenatii.
a.b — Dang pho bien nhat la hoa mau hong tuoi. Nam Viet Nam, tinh Khanh Hoa. thang 12 nam 1995 (Anh: L.
Averyanov); с — doi khi hoa co moi mau tia-hong thjm, bat thuong. Nam Viet Nam, tinh Khanh Hoa, thang 12 nam 1995
(Anh: L. Averyanov); d — Dang hoa trang tuyen trong trong trot 0 vuon tu nhan tai Due (Anh: P.J. Cribb).

nhung no ciing da lam cho loai Lan nay tro nen hiem 6 trong thien nhien va gia tang len 10 do la My
mot kg vao nam 1995.
NOI SONG. Tai sao loai Lan quyen ru nay da khong duoc tim lai sdm hon? Cau tra loi la vi chung
ta co thong tin sai ve noi song ciia no. Moi ngudi deu cho rang, giong nhu nhung loai gan giii, P.
delenatii han phat moc tren nui da vdi nhung thuc ra no moc tren dat axit cua da granit va da gonai, han
phai da lam cac chuyen gia ve Lan Hai ngac nhien. Viec phat hien lai quan the P. delenatii tu nhien va
mo ta chi tiet noi song ейа chung duoc tien hanh thong qua cac cuoc dieu tra thuc dia dai ngay vdi su
tai tro ciia hoi Dia ly Quoc gia va Hoi Lan Hoa Ky (Averyanov et al, 1996b). Nam 1995, Averyanov va
N.T. Hiep da thu duoc mau P. delenatii song hoang dai d do cao 750-900 m tren sudn dong nam rat doc
va nhung vach nui granit bi bao mon cua nhung hem nui thuoc he thong song Lieng Ly, doc theo ranh

94
 PAPHIOPEDILUM DELENATII

gioi tay cua tinh Khanh Hoa. Chung moc ph6 bien dudi bong ram о nhung khe ho co reu tren nhung
vach da doc hoac trong 16 hOng, ch6 lom ciia mat them cac vach da granit trong rung cay la rong thuong
xanh nui trung binh gan song suoi (Hinh 44, 45). R6 cua loai Lan Hai nay moc tiep xtic voi da hoac
trong dat cat co rat it mun va la cay. Trong rung nay co Barringtonia sp., Pandanus sp., Freycinetia sp.,
va cac cay thupc nganh Hat tran nhu Podocarpus neriifolius, Dacrycarpus imbricatus va Gnetum
gnemon, vdi cac loai Duong xi thap moc tren dat nhu Schizaea digitata va G leichenia sp. N oi song cua
loai Lan Hai nay co rat nhieu loai Lan khac nhu Acanthephippium striatum, Apppendicula hexandra,
Calanthe lyroglossa, Eria tomentosa, E. pannea, E. m uscicola, Paphiopedilum appletonianum, P.
villosum, Podochilus microphyllus, Tainia hookeriana, Collabium sp., va mot vai loai Dendrobiunt va
Bulbophyllum. Cac dieu kien khi hau co the cua khu vuc nay co duoc bang phuong phap ngoai suy dua
vao so lieu ciia 2 tram khi tuong thuy van gan nhat, Nha Trang va Hon Ba d do cao tuong ling 5 m va
1484 m (Bang 6, 7).
Dieu kien khi hau nhiet ddi nong am vdi 2 mua ro ret, mua mua hm bat dau tu thang 6 den thang 12
va mua kho, ddi khi rat kho, tu thang 1 den thang 5 (Hinh 46). Trong suot mua kho, luong mua trung
binh thang dao dong tu 50 den 175 mm, nhung vao mua mua co the dat tdi 300-500 mm thang. Nhiet
do trung binh thang vao mua he khoang 23-24°C va vao mua dong khoang 19-20°C. Nhiet do toi da
trung binh thang co the tdi 33°C, duoc quan sat thay tu thang 5 den thang 8. Thoi tiet lanh nhat tu giua
thang 12 den thang 2 vdi nhiet do toi thap trung binh thang vao khoang 11-12°C. Nhirng didu kien nay
co the со о do cao 750-850 m nhung P. delenatii duoc tim thay d nhirng noi co nhiet do thap hon va
luong mua cao hon. Luong mua hang nam d do vao khoang 2500-3000 mm.
Trong tu nhien, thuong P. delenatii no hoa vao mua mua, thang 12. Vao thoi gian nay, hoa thuong
bi pha hong boi nhirng tran mua rao nang hat lam cho kha nang tao hat bi suy giam dang кё (Hinh 45).

BANG 6

CAC SO LIEU KHI TUONG CUA TRAM NHA TRANG (12°15'B 109°12'D, cao 5m tren mat bi6n)
THEO BRUZON & CARTON (1930) VA NGUYEN KHANH VAN ET AL. (2000).

Thang 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

31,9 32,6 34,2 35,9 38,5 39,5 39,0 38,1 38,3 34,8 33,1 32,8
1
2 23,9 24,5 25,7 27,3 28,3 28,4 28,3 28,2 27,5 26,4 25,0 23,9
15,4 14,6 16,4 19,4 19,7 19,8 20,6 21,5 21,5 19,7 17,4 16,1
3
45 18 30 36 64 49 39 53 163 312 356 160
4

BANG 7

CAC SO LIEU KHI TUONG CUA TRAM HON BA ( 12°05'B 108°45'D, cao 1484 m tren mat bien).
THEO BRUZON & CARTON (1930) VA NGUYEN KHANH VAN ET AL. (2000).

Thang 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

1 22,8 24,7 25,7 26,8 27,1 25,5 26,4 26,1 24,6 23,3 21,8 22,2

13,9 15,0 16,6 18,5 19,6 19,9 19,6 19,7 18,8 17,0 15,5 14,4
2
6,5 7,3 9,9 12,3 14,5 15,1 13,9 14,1 14,1 11,6 9,6 7,4
3
4 200 91 121 109 283 338 206 247 452 575 666 460

Khoa cho bang 6 va 7:

1 - Nhiet do (tat ca la °C) toi da trung binh thang; 2 - Nhiet do trung binh thang; 3 - Nhiet do toi thap trung binh thang;
4 - Luong mua trung binh thang (mm)

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 LAN HAl V I ЁТ N AM

Thong thuong Paphiopedilum delenatii moc 6 nhung khu vuc rat kho den duoc. Nhung vach da
granit cao dung dung, nhung hem nui rat hep va sau, vo so nhung thac nude va nhung dong suoi doc
dung la nhung canh quan dien hinh cua khu vuc nay. О day cung co rat nhieu vat va la trung tam ctia
benh sot ret ac tinh nhiet ddi. Hau het nhung quan thd moc d nhung noi dd tdi deu gan nhu da bi can
kiet, mot so it cay con sot lai chi d nhung noi kho tdi hon, mac du viec thu mdu d ngohi thien nhien vdn
tiep didn. Vi khu phan bo rat hep va viec thu m iu nham muc dich thuong mai vdn xay ra, lodi nay dang
bi tuyet chung ngoai thien nhien. Theo khung danh gia mdi nhat ctia IUCN, loai Lan Hai nay hien duoc
liet vao nhom loai dang bj tuyet chung mot each nghiem trong (CR).
BIEN THAI. Mac du hoa hong tuoi dong mau (Hinh 47a) chiem uu the trong quan thd tu nhien cua
Paphiopedilum delenatii nhung da quan sat thay mot vai dang bien thai ve mau sac dam nhat cua hoa
(Averyanov et al.,1996b). Cac ca the trong mot vai quan the co mdi mau hong-tia tham va thuong ngan
hon binh thuong (Hinh 47b). Dang hoa trdng tuyen thieu hoan toan chat mau rat hiem thay trong thien
nhien. Nhung cay ndy co hoa trdng tuyen vdi mot dom nau vang tuoi d trung tdm ctia nhi lep (Hinh 47c)
va la xanh tuoi khong co dom tim. Nhung dang mdi trong trdng trot cung co bien ddi ve hinh dang va
mau sdc Id. Nhiing thay ddi ve hinh thai quan sat duoc d nhung mdu duoc nhap khdu thdi gian gan day
la mot nhan to quan trong thuc day nhu cau quoc te ve mdu cay thu tit thien nhien.

2. PAPHIOPEDILUM VIETNAMENSE Gruss & Perner

P a p h io p e d ilu m v ie tn a m e n s e G ru ss & P ern e r in D ie O rch id ee B eih efte 5: 3 (11 Jan. 1999).

T y p e : V ietn am , C ao B ang P ro v in ce, 1000 m , N o v e m b er 1998, D ec. 1998, cult. O. G ru ss s.n.
(ho lotype K, photo. LE).

P ap h io p ed ilu m htlm ari S en g h as & S c h e ttle r in J. O rch id een fr. 6 , 1: 4 (19 Jan. 1999). T y p e:
N. V ietn am , H a T u y en P ro v in ce, 1200 m , cult. D oll O rch -9 0 9 (h o lo ty p e H E ID ).
P ap h io p ed ilu m m irab ile C av estro & C h iro n in O rch. C ult. P ro tect., 32, 2: 32 (19 Feb. 1999).
T y p e: N E V ietnam , T u y en Q u an g P ro v in ce, 7 0 0 m , cult. B an d u n g , Jan. 1999, A. P a rn a ta
s.n. (h olo ty p e P).

MO TA. Co moc tren da, ddi khi moc tren dat voi 3-5 Id moc thanh 2 hang. Ld dai nhu da, tii hinh
trung tdi hinh bau duc-thuon, chop tii voi hai thuy khong bang nhau, dai 8-17(20) cm, rong 2,5-7 cm,
co dom kham xanh la cay tham vd xanh xam bong, ddi khi co mep trang trong dd thay, co dom tim va
go loi sdc d mat dudi, nhdn hoac co long ria trdng thua thdt о goc. Cum hoa dung dung, l(2)-hoa; cuong
dai 15-25 cm. duong kinh 4 mm, tim-tia hoac nau-tia. co long trdng hoac nau sang ddy dac: la hoa hinh
trung rong, nhon, gap ddi, dai 1,8-3 cm. rong 1,6-2 cm. xanh 1a cdy nhat co dom tim rat dep. Hoa rat to
so vdi kich cd cua cdy, rong 10-12 cm, cao 8-9 cm; Id ddi trdng hoac hong co dom hong-tia ve chop;
cdnh hoa trdng, hong hoac tia tham со dom tim о hai phan ba tdi ba phan tu ve chop; mdi trang, hong
hoac tia vdi mot vet tim thdm d phia trudc ddc biet la quanh mep, со dom tim thdm d trong; nhj lep to,
vang chanh. trdng о mep vdi phan giua xanh oliu; cuong hoa va bau dai 2,5-2,8 cm, xanh-vang nhat со
diem tim rat dep, со long trdng ddy dac. La dai lung thdng, hoi uon nguoc lai d mep ben, tu hinh bau
due tdi hinh triing nguoc, nhon va со ranh tdi chop, dai 4,2-5,1 cm, rong 2,5-3 cm, со long to trdng d
mat ngoai, со canh d phia ngoai. La dai hop tu hinh bau due tai hinh triing, 2 rang, dai 3-4,6 cm, rong
3-3,3 cm, co long to d mat ngoai, mep со long trdng, со canh о phia ngodi mat ben. canh hoa cong vao
trong hoac quay xuong, hinh bau due thuon tdi hinh triing nguoc, tu cho tdi tron d chop, ddi 5-6 cm,
rong 3,3-4,5 cm, со long to mjn d 2 mat, long to trang о goc, phan dudi ciia mep ben doi khi uon cong
ro ret. Mdi gan giong mo vet, hinh lo sdu, gan tron, dai 3,5-4 cm, rong 2,5-4 cm, loe ra d goc, vdi mep
dinh cong vao trong va со ranh doc theo gdn. Cot nhi nhuy ngdn, ddi 5-7 mm; nhi lep loi, hinh thoi rong
hoac hinh mdi ten rong, cut dau, со long ria trdng d mep, ddi 17-25 mm, rong 15-20 mm, cong ve chop;
num nhuy hinh thia, со nhu rat ngan; bao phan со hat phan kho. Hinh 48, 55a, b.

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM VIETNAMENSE

Hinh 4 8 . P ap hiopedilum vietn a m en se (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).

a — Cay mang hoa; b — hoa; с - la dai lung; d — la dai hop; e — canh hoa; f. g — moi, nhin tu mat trade, mat ben va
mat cat doc; h-j — cot nhi nhuy, nhin til mat ben, mat lung va mat bung; к — bau va la hoa (Ve theo mau HAL 31).

97
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

PHAN BO. Вас Viet Nam (tinh Thai Nguyen). Hinh 36, 39.
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh ram, thuong xanh, am, cay la rong tren niii da voi ket tinh bi bao
moi, cao tu 350 tbi 550 m. Hinh 50.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thang 3
TtNH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EW
GIOI THlEU. Paphiopedilum vietnamense la mot trong nhung loai Lan Hai dep ky la nhat voi la co
dom kham va hoa to, mau tint hay do-hbng. Loai nay co moi quan he rat gan gui vdi P. delenatii song
trong mot khu vuc nui rat hep ciia nam Viet Nam. Ngoai viec phan each ve mat dia ly, hai loai nay con
khac nhau rat ro rang ve hinh dang bao hoa va la. Paphiopedilum vietnamense co le la loai co pham vi
phan bo hep nhat trong so cac loai Lan dac him ciia Viet Nam. Lich sir ciia su phat hien va su khai thac
tiep theo doi vdi loai Lan nbi tieng nay d Viet Nam la mot vi du dang buon ve toe do tan pha tai nguyen
thien nhien ciia nhung ke buon lan quoc te bat hop phap.
LICH SU. Viec phat hien ra Paphiopedilum vietnamense co lien quan tdi cac hoat dong cua mot
cong ty thuong mai co phan Viet Nam-Nhat Ban dong gan Ha noi. Vao thang 6 nam 1997, sau khi duoc
thanh lap, cong ty nay da to chiic thu mua cac loai Paphiopedilum ciia Viet Nam mot each rong rai bang
each loi cuon cac ngudi dan dia phuong tren khap bac Viet Nam ciing tham gia. Mau vat dau tien cua
Paphiopedilum vietnamense duoc tim thay nam giua mot so luong khdng ld cac loai Lan Hai
Paphiopedilum duoc thu tu ngoai thien nhien va tap trung tai vudn uom ciia cong ty vao thang 5-6 nam
1998 (Tanaka, 1998). Mot thang sau do, rat nhidu cay cua loai nay da xuat hien tren cho den quoc te do
bi nhiing ngudi buon lan xuat khau mot each bat hop phap sang rat nhieu nude. Tu nhirng quan sat cac
cay trong vuon uom cua cong ty va nhung vudn
khac d Dai Loan, Chau Au, Nhat Ban va Hoa Ky
cho thay dudng nhu co hang nghin cay
Paphiopedilum vietnamense da duoc thu mua ngay
khi no mdi duoc phat hien .
Cay Paphiopedilum vietnamense dau tien ra hoa
tai vudn uom tu nhan ben ngoai lanh thd Viet Nam
da tao co so cho viec mo ta loai nay. Cung mot thdi
gian, da co mot vai ten duoc cong bo nhu: P.
vietnamense (Gruss & Perner, 1999a), P. hilmari
(Senghas & Schettler, 1999a) va P. mirabile
(Cavestro & Chiron, 1999). Ten Paphiopedilum
vietnamense duoc uu tien hern cac ten khac vi duoc
cong bo som hon mot tuan hoac mot thang. Tat ca
cac ten nay deu dua tren nhung cay duoc thu tii thien
nhien va duoc xuat khau bat hop phap ra khoi Viet
Nam. Tat ca nhung cay Paphiopedilum vietnamense
xuat hien tren thj trudng quoc te chac chan deu bat
nguon tu cung mot noi (Averyanov et al., 2000).
Tuy nhien, thong tin ve noi mpc tu nhien cua lodi
nay con bj nghi ngo. Nhung nguoi dan dia phuong
thu mau dd ban va nhung ngudi buon Lan bat hop
phap da giir bi mat ve nguon goc tu nhien ciia loai
nay (Senghas & Shettler, 1999b). Theo cac tac gia
ciia nhimg ten da duoc liet кё d tren nguon goc ciia
chung duoc cho la tir viing nui da vdi cua cac tinh
Cao Bdng, Ha Giang hay khu vuc bac ciia tinh
Tuyen Quang, Viet Nam (Gruss & Perner, 1999a;
Gruss, 2000; Tanaka, 1998, 1999; Senghas &
Schettler, 1999a,b; Cavestro & Chiron, 1999).
Mot lucmg ldn Paphiopedilum vietnamense duoc
xudt khau la mot bang chung ro rang cho thay loai dac
huu vd cung hiem nay cua Viet nam dang dung tren
49' ■ Phan b° cba Paphiopedilum bo vuc ciia su tuyet chiing ngoai thien nhien do viec
vietnamense (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov). thu mdu о at nham muc dich thuong mai. Duoc tai tro
ciia To chirc Bao tdn Dong thuc vat Hoang da Quoc

98
 PAPHIOPEDILUM VIETNAMENSE

Те (FFI) va Qui Khoa hoc Quoc gia Hoa Ky

(USA. NSF), Averyanov va Phan Ke Loc da tien
hanh cac cuoc dieu tra dai ngay tai cac tmh thuoc
bac Viet Nam vao nam 2001 nham phat hien quan
the tu nhien ciia Paphiopedilum vietnamense.
Cuoi cung thi loai nay da duoc tim thay voi so
luong vo cung it о mot khu vuc rat nho hep tren
cac day nui da voi thap thuoc trung tarn tmh Thai
Nguyen. Khu phan bo nguyen sinh cua chung
khong vuot qua 60-80 km2. Day la mot vi du rat
hay ve tinh dac him hep cua mot vai loai cua he
thuc vat Viet Nam.
Xi nghiep khai thac chi lau doi nhat 6 dat
nuoc nay nam gan noi Paphiopedilum
vietnamense moc. Nguoi Phap da khai thac
quang о day trong nhieu nam. Khu vuc nay rat
d6 den va loai cay noi bat nay со le chac chan
phai duoc nguoi Phap biet den tu trudc. Rat co
the la thong tin dau tien ve loai Lan Hai Viet
Nam co hoa mau hong о bac Viet Nam la dua
tren loai nay (Guillaumin. 1924).
Thong qua nhung cuoc thao luan vdi dan dia
phuong, chung tdi da kham pha ra toan canh viec
thu mau Paphiopedilum vietnamense trong nhung
nam gan day. Viec thu mini khong the kidm soat
dupe gia tang mot each nhanh chong do ngudi dan
dia phuong phoi hop vdi nhtmg nguoi buon Lan bat
dau tien hanh chi vai ngay sau khi loai nay duoc Hinh 50. Rung nguyen sinh thuong xanh, am, cay la
phat hien. Theo nhung ngudi dan dia phuong thu rang tren dinh niii da voi bi bao mon о dat thap noi tung
mau de ban, loai Paphiopedilum vietnamense phd gap cac quan the Ion Paphiopedilum vietnamense vai
bien va phong phu d nhieu noi trong khu vuc hep nam trudc day. M0t trong nhirng dia diem dau tien loai
nay trudc khi xay ra viec thu mua. Chung moc thanh duoc thu vdi khoi lucrng ldn vi muc dich thuong mai.
cac dam Ion vdi rat nhieu cay co hoa co the gap de вас Viet Nam. tinh Thai Nguyen (Anh: L. Averyanov).
dang d khong xa lang xom va duong mon.

H inh 51. C ay P ap hiopedilum v ietn a m en se m o c tu hat trong tu nhien.

Вас Viet Nam, tinh Thai Nguyen (Anh: L. Averyanov).

99
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

Trong suot nam 1998, mot so lucrng Ion P. vietnamense da duoc nhung ngudi buon Lan thu mua vcri
gia 1-2 do la M y cho 1 kg. Trong 2 nam tiep theo phan Ion quan the Paphiopedilum vietnamense da bi
huy diet do viec thu mdu qua mire trong khu vuc phan bo tu nhien co mot dien tich nho cua no. Chi con
mot vai cay sot lai duoc tim thay sau cac cuoc tim kiem quy mo ciia ngudi dan dia phuong vao nam
2001 va da duoc rao ban. Cung trong dot nghien cuu nam 2001 chi co mot vai cay giong con da duoc
tim thay d khu vuc nay (Hinh 51) va chting chdc se bi thu de ban trong mot tuong lai gan do da duoc
dinh gia cao (Hinh 52a, b). Bang each nay, Nhung ngudi yeu lan" nude ngoai giau co tiep tuc pha hoai
not nhung quan the cuoi cung cua loai Lan quy hiem nay. Hien tai, Viet nam thieu bien phap de ngan
chan tinh trang nay. That dang tiec la neu khong co nhung hanh dong bao ve co hieu qua va kip thdi thi
loai Paphiopedilum vietnamense se tro nen tuyet chting d ngoai thien nhien trong tuong lai vd citng gan.
NOI SONG. Paphiopedilum vietnamense moc d khu vuc co khi hau nhiet dot gio mua vdi mot mua
dong lanh va mot mua he nong am. Mua dong tuong ddi kho vdi thoi ky kho han 4-5 thang, keo dai tu
thang 11 den thang 2 hoac 3, dtdn hinh cho cac nut d dat thap cua khu vuc nay. Mua he о day dm voi
luong mua cao nhat vao cac thang 6, 7, 8 (Bang 8,9; Hinh 53). Luong mua trung binh nam vao khoang
2050 mm nhung luong mua d sudn nam va dong nam, noi Paphiopedilum vietnamense moc thuong cao
hon, co the dat tdi 2200-2500 mm. Tham thuc vat nguyen sinh rat dm d day da cho thay noi song ctia
Paphiopedilum vietnamense co do dm cao hon so voi binh thuong. Che do nhiet d khu vuc nay the hien
su phan mua ro ret. Mua dong vdi nhiet do kha lanh keo dai tu thang 11 den thang 4, xuong thap tdi
khoang 14-16°C. Mua phitn keo dai rat phd bien tu dau thang 2 den cuoi thang 3. Mua he rat nong va
dm, nhiet do cao nhat co the tdi 35-40°C nhung thuong thi nhiet do trung binh mua he vao khoang 26-
27°C (Hinh 53).

BANG 8

CAC SO LIEU KHI HAU TAI TRAM KHI TUONG THAI NGUYEN (21°35'B 105°50'D, cao 36 m)
THEO NGUYfiN KHANH VAN ET AL. (2000).

Thang 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

1 15,7 17,0 19,7 23,5 27,1 28,4 28,4 28,0 26,9 24,1 20,9 17,4
2 27 37 53 126 238 333 401 353 256 151 51 25
Chu thich: 1 — nhiet do trung binh thang (°C); 2 — lucrng mua trung binh thang (mm),

BANG 9

DAN LIEU KHI HAU TAI TRAM KHI TUONG LANG SON (21°50’B 10646'D . cao 259 m)
THEO BRUZON & CARTON (1930).
Thang 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

1 31,6 36,4 36,7 38,2 39,8 36,1 37,0 36,4 36,2 34,3 32,6 31,1
2 14,2 14,8 18,3 2 2 ,2 26,1 27,4 27,4 27,3 25,9 2 2 ,8 18,8 15,4
3 0,9 0,4 5,4 6 ,6 1 1 ,1 16,0 19,6 19,2 13,6 7,6 2,3 0,4
4 26 53 51 88 170 202 283 272 165 71 38 20

Khoa bang 9:
1 - Nhiet do (tat ca la °C) tot da trung binh thang; 2 - Nhiet do trung binh thang; 3 - Nhiet do tot thap trung binh thang;
4 - Luong mua trung binh thang (mm)

100
PAPHIOPEDILUM VIETNAMENSE

Hinh 52. Mot vai cay giong con cua Paphiopedilum

vietnamense con sot lai tren nhung vach da doc
dung kho tdi duoc.
вас Viet Nam. tmh Thai Nguyen (Anh: L.
Averyanov).
a — Noi song cua cac cay giong con duoc dan dia
phuong biet tdi va ho chi cho doi cho cay ion de ihu ban.
b — Gia ban cua Paphiopedilum vietnamense rat cao.
Nhung nguoi tim Lan de ban thuong giU chung tai noi
song tu nhien chcr ion len thu de ban.

53. Cac so lieu khi hau gia thiet cho vimg moc cua
Paphiopedilum vietnamense co duoc bang phuong phap
ngoai suy tu so lieu cua cac tram khi tuong gan nhat.
Cac chu so mau den d chan so do la thang. Mau xanh
nude bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang): cac mau do, xanh la cay va xanh
nude bidn chi nhiet do °C (dudng mau do - nhiet do tdi da
trung binh thang; dudng mau xanh la cay - nhiet do trung
binh thang; duong mau xanh nude bidn - nhiet do toi thap
trung binh thang).

1 01
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Da phan cac quan the Paphiopedilum vietnamense song 6 noi ram mat, chti yeu о suon bde doc va о
nhung vach cao 350-450 m cua nhung day nui da voi co dinh cao nhat 500-600 m (Hinh 50). Da a day la
da voi trdng thuan hoac den, ket tinh kleu cam thach, cung, bi bao mon nhieu va chinh chung da tao nen
canh quan da voi cacxto hung vi vdi vo so nhirng ho, hang, hem niii rat hep va sau (Hinh 54).
Rung nhiet ddi ram, thuong xanh, am, cay la rong, giau va da dang loai da tao dieu kien thich hop
cho cac quan the Paphiopedilum vietnamense phat trien truoc khi viec thu mua didn ra (Hinh 50). Nhung
cay g6 ldn nhu Burretiodendron hsienmu (Tiliaceae) co the cao tdi 25-30 m la loai uu the cua tang cay
gd cao nhat. Trong tang nay, cac loai nhu Diospyros (Ebenaceae), Lithocarpus, Quercus (Fagaceae),
Fernandoa (B ignon iaceae), M anglietia (M agnoliaceae), Cinnamom um, Persea (Lauraceae),
Pterospermum truncatolobatum (Sterculiaceae), Chukrasia tabularis (M eliaceae), Choerospondias
axillaris, Allospondias lakonensis va Dracontomelum duperreanum (Anacardiaceae) cung rat phd bien.
Cac tang thu 2 va thu 3 bao gom tap hop cac loai cay nhiet ddi ua am cao 5-20 m vdi vo so cac loai cay
cua ho Araliaceae (Schefflera, B rassaiopsis glom erulata), Elaeocarpaceae (E laeocarpus),
Euphorbiaceae (Cleidion), Lauraceae (Cryptocarya, Litsea), Moraceae (Ficus, Streblus tonkinensis, S.
ilicifolius), Myrtaceae (Syzygium), Rubiaceae, Rutaceae (M icromelum, Murraya), Sapindaceae
(Dimocarpus longan), Staphyleaceae (Turpinia) va Sterculiaceae (Sterculia). Nhung loai Cau Ion nhu
Arenga pinnata va Livistona chinensis, va nhung cay hoa gd moc tren dat va da nhu Dracaena
cambodiana va Pandanus sp., rat tidu bieu cho kidu rung nay. Cac cay bui va nua bui la Ilex sp.
(Aquifoliaceae), Leea indica (Leeaceae) va Lysimachia insignis (Primulaceae). Nhung cay than co ldn
ua aim nhu Aglaonema, Alocasia, Amorphophallus paeonifolius, Arisaema, Colocasia (Araceae),
Alpinia, Amomum (Zingiberaceae), Costus speciosus (Costaceae), Curculigo (Hypoxidaceae), Musa
(Musaceae) va Phrynium (Marantaceae) rat phong phti va noi bat.
О khu vuc nay thanh phan cac loai co rat phong phu gom nhirng loai cua cac ho Acanthaceae,
Balsam inaceae (Impatiens), Begoniaceae (Begonia), Convallariaceae (Aspidistra, O phiopogon,
Peliosanthes teta), Primulaceae (Lysimachia
insignis), Rubiaceae (Ophiorrhiza), Taccaceae
(Tacca plantaginea) va Urticaceae (Elatostema,
Laportea, Pellionia, Procris) va vo so cac loai
Duong xi ua dm nhu Tectaria decurrens, T.
deflexa va T. subpedata. Cac loai dia lan nhu
Cymbidium lancifolilum, Malaxis acuminata,
Phaius longicruris, Tropidia angulosa va T.
curculigoides cung rat phd bien. Tat ca nhirng
loai thuc vat nay tao nen mot tham thuc vat tuoi
tot tren sudn va vach da doc, dac biet la nhung
noi khong duoc cay gd che bong.
Su phong phu va thanh phan loai doc dao la
dac trung ddi vdi he thuc vat nui da vdi ciia khu
vuc nay. Vo so loai hiem chi moc 6 nhung khe
nirt cua nhirng vach da dung dung co the duoc
tim thay d day. Nhung cay moc tren da didn
hinh la cac loai ciia cac ho Acanthaceae,
Begoniaceae (B egonia), G esneriaceae,
Rubiaeae, Urticaceae, mot so Duong xi va
nhirng loai gan gui nhu (Adiantum caudatum, A
gravesii, Antrophyum sp., Asplenium spp..
C olysis spp., N ephrolepsis cordifolia,
Polypodium sp., Pyrrosia spp., Selaginella
spp.) va cac loai Lan (Cheirostylis yunnanensis,
Cleisostom a rostratum, C oelogyne fimbriata,
Dendrobium chrysanthum, H em ipilia
calophylla, Liparis m annii, Paphiopedilum
hirsutissim um , P. tranlienianum, Pholidota Hinh 54. Cau true da vdi tai noi song ciia
rubra va Podochilus microphyllus). Cac loai Paphiopedilum vietnamense.
Lan Ion m oc tren da nhu Acampe rigida, Вас Viet Nam, tinh Thai Nguyen (Anh: L. Averyanov).

102
 PAPHIOPEDILUM VIETNAMENSE

Hinh 55. Paphiopedilum vietnamense (a) vua duoc thu thap tit thien nhien va duoc nhung nguoi tim Lan rao
ban vao thang 3 nam 2001, va (b) cay duoc trung bay tai т ё п lam Lan tai chau Au nam 2001.
a — thu thap tu nhan. Вас Viet Nam, tinh Thai Nguyen (Anh: L. Averyanov); b — Anh: P.J. Cribb.

Cleisostoma rostratum, Cymbidium aloifolium, Dendrobium chrysanthum va Vandopsis gigantea, cac

loai Duong xi ldn nhu Asplelium antrophyoides, A. nidus va nhung cay leo bb tren da nhu Dischidia
acuminata, Dischidia sp., Hoya sp. (Asclepiadaceae) va Pothos repens, Pothos sp., Rhaphidophora spp.
(Araceae) thuong moc phd bien tren da lo sang co reu. Cac loai reu moc tren cay va da thuong rat phd
bien, dac biet la nhung noi co bong ram, nhung chting thuong chi tao nen mot lop phu rat mong hoac
thua thot. Reu thuong khong co tren mat dat.
Cac loai day leo than go ldn gom Acacia, Bauhinia, Entada phaseoloides, Pterolobium
microphyllum (Fabaceae), Calamus (Arecaceae), Embelia (M yrsinaceae), Jasminum (Oleaceae),
Beaumontia grandiflora, M elodinus (Apocynaceae), Combretum (Combretaceae) va Tetrastigma
(Vitaceae) rat dien hinh cho kidu rung nay, dac biet la trong nhung di'eu kien dm udt duoc che bong о
sudn nui phia bde. Cay bi sinh т а chit yeu la cac loai Lan rat phd bien nhu Callostylis rigida,
Cleisostosm a fuerstenbergianum, C. striatum, C oelogyne fimbriata, Dendrobium lindleyi, Eria
sutepensis, Luisia sp., Phalaenopsis mannii va Thelasis khasiana. Mot loai Lan than bo leo co the dai
tdi 10-12 m la \h n illa sp., cung rat phd bien trong kidu rung nay.
Paphiopedilum vietnamense moc phd bien trong nhung ke da niit, ho tren cac sudn doc va vach da
am duoc che bong, chit yeu trdn nhung vach nui cao bi bao mon ciia sudn bde (Hinh 51). Loai nay
thuong duoc tim thay 6 khu vuc giua ciia sudn nui ciia nhirng dinh nui cao khoang 350-450 m. Loai cay
nay nd hoa trong tu nhien vao thang 3 (Hinh 55). Trudc day, loai nay thuong tao thanh nhung dam ldn
moc cung nhung loai Paphiopedilum ua nong khac nhu P. concolor, P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei. P.
tranlienianum va nhung loai Lan khac nhu Cleisostom a rostratum, C oelogyne fimbriata, Dendrobium
chrysanthum, Hemipilia calophylla, Liparis mannii, Pholidota rubra, Podochilus microphyllus va
\dndopsis gigantea. D o la nhung loai didn hinh cho thanh phan loai Lan da vdi d dat thap.
Nhung ngudi thu mdu dia phuong nhan thay rang Paphiopedilum vietnamense ua song tren da vdi
trdng tinh khiet hon tren nhung loai da vdi co vet xam hay den xam. Theo thong tin ciia ho thi hon 80%

103
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

cay duoc thu moc tren da voi trdng tinh khiet, va chua den 20% tren da co chiia oxit kim loai. Rat It ca
the Paphiopedilum vietnamense duoc tim thay 6 do cao tren 450 m, va cang it hon о nhung sudn doc lo
sang gan dinh va nhung vach duoc bao phu bdi nhung quan xa rung tre niia thu sinh.
BIEN THAI, Vo so nhung buc anh ve nhung cay duoc xuat khau va no hoa trong trong trot (Gruss
& Perner, 1999a,b; Senghas & Schettler, 1999a,b) da cung cap cac dan lieu co gia tri ve tinh da dang
hoa ctia Paphiopedilum vietnamense. Nhung dang nay khac nhau chu yeu ve mau sdc hoa, hinh dang
canh hoa va mdi. Thong thuong thi canh hoa trdng hoac hong tuoi, it nhieu co mau hong-tia ve chop
(Hinh 55). Trong truong hop khac canh hoa co the tia tuoi va chi trdng d phan goc. Hinh dang cua chung
co the tit hinh bau due thuon tdi hinh triing nguoc rong, canh hoa co thd xoe ngang rong, hoac co the it
nhieu treo thong vdi mep tren thang. Mdi bien ddi tu hinh trung nguoc tai gan nhu hinh cau, co the mau
trdng vdi mot diem tim do thdm d mat trudc hoac hoan toan tim thdm vdi phan goc trdng.

3, PAPHIOPEDILUM MALIPOENSE S.C. Chen & Z.H. Tsi

P a p h io p e d ilu m m a lip o e n s e S.C. C hen & Z.H . Tsi in A cta P hytotax. Sinica, 22, 2: 119
(1984); C ribb, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 90 (1987); id., G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 82 (1998); B raem ,
P ap hiopedilu m : 37 (1988); A v er., Identif. G uide. V ietnam . O rch.: 16 (1994); B raem , C.
B ak er & M . B aker, G en. P a p h io p ed ilu m 1: 80 (1998). T y p e : Y unnan: M alip o , H w an g Jin In,
1300-1600 m , N ov. 11 1947, K .M . F en g 13161 (h o lo ty p e PE !).

KHOA X A С DINH CAC THU

1. C anh h oa tu hinh triing n guoc ra n g tdi hinh triing nguoc; m oi ro n g h o n canh hoa, ro n g 3,8-
5 ,4 cm ; nhi lep co ch o p m au tia-n au tham hoac m au h at de; la co dom tim tia day 6
m at dudi ............................................................................. 3 a . p m a lip o e n se v ar. m a lip o e n se
+. C anh h oa tu hinh tru n g n guoc tdi h in h trung nguoc hep hoac h in h m u i giao; m di rong b ang
hoac hep h o n canh hoa, th u o n g hep h on 3,8 cm ; nhi lep co chop trang, v an g tuoi hoac
xanh tuoi voi dom tia nau rat dep; la co dom tim tia th u a о m at dudi .......................... 2
2. C anh h o a tu hinh trung n guoc tdi hin h triing n guoc hep; m o i g an hinh cau, ro n g hon
1 ,8 cm , cut d c h o p ..................................................................... 3 b. p. m a lip o e n se v a r. ja c k ii

+. C anh h oa tu hinh triing n guoc hep toi hinh m ui g iao; m di h in h tru n g hep, hot ep lai d hai
ben, tao thanh m oc d ch o p ...................................................... 3c. P. m a lip o e n se v ar. h iep ii

ЗА. PAPHIOPEDILUM MALIPOENSE VAR. MALIPOENSE

MO TA. Co moc tren dat hay moc tren da vdi 4-6 la moc thanh 2 hang va co than rd it nhieu keo
dai vdi duong kinh 2-3,5 mm. La dai, gan dung dung, hinh bau due thuon hay bau due hep, nhon khong
ddi xiing d chop , dai 10-16(20) cm, rong 2,5-5(7) cm, dom kham xanh la cay tuoi hoac xanh sdni d mat
tren, co dom tim day va go d mat dudi; cuong la dai 2-4 cm, co long ria d mep gan goc. Cum hoa dai
30-50(65) cm, co 1(2) hoa; cuong xanh, co dom tia nau hoac long to trang hoac tia паиГla hoa hinh trung
hay mui giao hep, dai khoang 1,5 cm, co long ria trdng d mep, long to trang о mat ngoai. Hoa rong 8-
12,2 cm, co mui thorn ngot diu; la dai va canh hoa xanh tao, co dom va sqc tim-hong; mdi vang-xam
xanh nhat, co nhung dom tim hong d mat trong: nhi lep trdng tuyen, nau thdm hat de d nua tren; cuong
hoa va bau dai khoang 4 cm, co long trdng va mo d chop. La ddi lung hinh trung rong tdi hinh mui giao-
bau due vdi mui nhon d chop, dai 4,4-7,1 cm, rong 1,8-4,5 cm, co long to trang lua thua d mat trong,
khong со о ben ngoai. La dai hop hinh trung rong tdi hinh mui giao-trung, nhon hoac ddi khi co 2 rang
о chop, 2 go d lung, dai 3,8-5,3 cm, rong 2,4-4,8 cm. Canh hoa hinh trung, hoi nhon, dai 4-7.1 cm, rong
3,4-5,1 cm, co long to trang d goc, long nhung trdng d mat trong. Mdi nam ngang, hinh tui sau, dai 4,5-

104
 PAPHIOPEDILUM MALIPOENSE

Hinh 56. Rung nguyen sinh thuong xanh cay la rong tren cac suon doc gan dudng dinh nui da voi bi bao mon
la noi song ciia Paphiopedilum malipoense d nhieu vung ciia Viet Nam.
вас Viet Nam, tinh Hoa Binh (Anh: L. Averyanov).

105
H inh 57. P ap hiopedilum m a lip o en se var. m a lip o en se (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).
a — m a n g hoa; b — hoa; с la dai lung; d — la d ai h o p ; e — c a n h h oa; f. g — m o i. n h in tir m a t tru d c , m at b en
va m a t ca t do c; h - j — co t nhi n h uy, n h in tit m at b en, m a t lu n g v a m at b u n g ( V e th eo m au H G 52 ).

106
 PAPHIOPEDILUM MALIPOENSE

6,5 cm, rang 3,8-5,4 cm, gan nhu hinh c'au, mep khong cuon vao trong, co long to trang phia trong goc,
long min ben ngoai. Nhi lep loi, tii hinh tnmg rong toi thuon, dai 13-14 mm, rong 11-13 mm, cut о chop,
gan nhu khong co cuong, co long mep trdng va long nhung 6 nua dudi, co gd d lung, co budu loi tron
tren be mat d nua tren (Hinh 57).
PHAN BO. Nam Trung Quoc (dong nam Van Nam, tay Quang Tay, tay nam Quy Chau), bde Viet
Nam (Bde Kan, Ha Giang, Hoa Binh, Lang Son, Quang Binh, Son La, Thanh Hoa va Tuyen Quang),
dong bac Lao? Hinh 36, 58,
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh, ram, thuong xanh cay la rong hdn giao va cay la kirn tren nui da
vdi ket tinh bi bao mon rnanh d do cao tit (450) 600 den 1200( 1450) m. Hinh 56.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN: Thang 3-4
TINH TRANG BAO t6 n THEO IUCN: EN
Q UAN НЁ. Paphiopedilum malipoense la mot loai Lan Hai dac biet co hoa dep tao nha vdi la dai
va canh hoa xanh la cay, moi xam-xanh nhat va nhi lep trdng vcri chop mau nau tia. Loai nay da duoc
trao giai thuong vi hoa co miii thorn tao hoac thoang miii anh dao. Chiing co la rong ke о chu nhat hoac
dom kham xanh la cay tuoi hoac xanh M m , dom tim tia d mat dudi, va cum hoa thucrng dai mang mot
hoa to don doc. No gan vdi cac loai P. micranthum va P. armeniacum.
LJCH SU. Paphiopedilum malipoense lan dau tien duoc cac nha thuc vat hoc Trung Quoc, S.C. Chen
va Z.H. Tsi mo ta vao nam 1984 dua tren tieu ban
thuc vat do K.M.Feng thu nam 1947 d gan Malipo,
dong nam tinh Van Nam, sat bien gidi Viet Nam.
Tieu ban goc duoc luu giit tai phong Tieu ban thuc
vat thuoc Vien Thuc vat Bde Kinh. Ban dau loai nay
duoc cho la dac him ciia phan tay nam Trung Quoc.
No vdn it duoc biet den cho den khi thu hut su chu у
cua moi ngudi vao nam 1984 khi duoc dua vao trong
trot. Cung thoi gian nay, mot so luong ldn cay song
duoc thu tir thien nhien xuat hien tren thi trucmg Lan
Hong Kong.
Mac dii da co mot luong ldn duoc xuat ra khoi
Trung Quoc nhung trong mot thcri gian dai su phan
bo tu nhien va noi song cua chung v in chua duoc
biet ro rang. Ban dau no duoc thu tir nhung ngon nui
gan thi tran Malipo. Ben canh dia didm thu mdu
chuan nay, quan the tu nhien ciia loai nay cung duoc
quan sat thay doc theo ranh gidi nam ciia cao
nguyen da voi Quy Chau d do cao 800-1100 m, ve
phia tay ciia tinh Quang Tay (Fowlie, 1990b,
1991a,). Khu phan bo duoc biet den hien nay ciia
Paphiopedilum malipoense d Trung Quoc bao gom
khu vuc nui da vdi cacxto d tay ciia tinh Quang Tay,
tay nam tinh Quy Chau va dong nam tinh Van Nam
(Cribb, 1998). Khu vuc da vdi nay la mot viing dia
ly sinh hoc dac biet va bao triim mot dien tich ldn d
bac Viet Nam. Ket qua, ngudi ta cho rang
Paphiopedilum malipoense ciing co d Viet Nam.
Tren thuc te, mot luong dang кё cac cay xuat di tir
Trung Quoc la bat nguon tu khu vuc giap ranh vdi
bde Viet Nam (Averyanov, 1994). Vai nam sau do,
no ciing duoc phat hien d nhieu noi cua Viet Nam
doc bien gidi vdi Trung Quoc va Lao (Averyanov et H in h 58. Su ph an bo cu a P a p h io p e d ilu m
al. 1997a), Vai dot khao sat gan day da cho thay day m a lip o en se var. m alip oen se d V ie t N am (Hinh: L.
la loai phan bd rong d bde Viet Nam (hinh 58). Averyanov).
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Loai cay nay moc tren nhung vach nui da voi rat doc kho co the tbi duoc. Dieu nay giai thich vi
sao no khong duoc phat hien som hon mac du co pham vi phan bo rong о Viet Nam. Rat nhieu quan
thd Paphiopedilum m alipoense da duoc quan sat thay о Viet Nam tren nhung day da voi vdt ngang bien
giai voi Lao. Khong nghi ngb gi nua, loai nay phai co 6 Lao, nhung rat tiec chua co tieu ban nao duoc
thu о day.
Mo ta d'au tien ve noi song tu nhien cua Paphiopedilum malipoense la cua Fowlie (1990b, 1991a).
Ong tint thay no tren cac ngon nui da voi о tay nam tinh Quang Tay, Trung Quoc, о do cao 760-1040 m,
moc tren nbn da voi noi co dat va mtin la cay. Sau do, loai nay duoc tim thay 6 nhung cho tuong tu thuoc
2 dia didm 6 tay nam Quy Chau, 3 dja didm 6 tay Quang Tay va 3 dja diem 6 dong nam Van nam (Cribb,
1998). No moc 6 noi ram mat cua rung thuong xanh tren suon bde cua nhtmg ngon nui da voi co do cao
giua 850 va 1200 m. О Quy Chau, no moc cung mot chb voi cac loai Lan khac nhu Paphiopedilum
concolor. Vanilla annamica, Phalaenopsis wilsonii, Vanda concolor va Cheirostylis sinensis. Them nua,
no cung moc cung voi P. micranthum tren cac sudn bac gan dinh nui da voi 6 do cao hon I 140 m mot
chut, tren dat va mun la cay ngay dudi dinh va chan nhirng khoi da vdi rat doc. Do pH cua dat la 7,47. О
Quang Tay, no duoc thay d do cao 1300 m trong rung ngay dudi dinh, moc trong bong ram giua nhung
tang da vdi tren dat nau, bo, it nhieu trung tinh va cung canh tranh vdi cac loai co khac. О mot noi khac
trong tinh, no duoc tim thay d 2 dja diem co do cao 1000-1050 m, noi rung che phu da bj pha huy. No
chi sot lai trong nhung bong ram bao quanh гё nhung cay bui va tre day dac tren sudn bac doc. Dat о day
cung it nhieu trung tinh nhung da mat di rat nhieu chat mun (Cribb, 1999).
Theo nhung thong tin gan day dua tren nhirng dot dieu tra thuc vat о Viet nam. Paphiopedilum
malipoense la mot trong nhung loai Lan Hai phd bien nhat song tren da vdi. No song trdn tat ca cac khu
vuc da vdi ldn nhat d mot so tinh mien Ьйс Viet nam (Hinh 58). Cac dieu kien mdi trudng song d Viet

H inh 5 9 . Su on da vdi rat ddc bj ch e bon g va nhung noi thoai thoai cua nhung vach da vdi dung dung la noi
so n g tieu bieu cua Pap hiopedilum m a lip o en se (Anh: L. Averyanov),
a — Вас Viet Nam, tinh Son La: b — Bde Viet Nam, tinh Ha Giang.

108
 PAPHIOPEDILUM MALIPOENSE

nam cung giong nhu da mieu ta doi vdi nam

Trung Quoc (Fowlie, 1991a; Cribb, 1998). Loai
nay moc trong rung cay la rong thudng xanh,
rung hon giao va rung cay la kim, tren nhung
sudn nui ddc va nhung vach nui da vdi bj xoi
mon manh (Hinh 56).
Neu nhu rung khong bi pha hoai, loai nay
da rat phd bien tren cac sudn nui о bat ky huong
phoi nao. Tuy nhien, trong dieu kien noi song bi
suy thoai, da phan cac quan the cua chung chi
sot lai tren nhung vach da am hon ctia sudn bac
hoac dong bac. Thong thudng, Paphiopedilum
malipoense moc d do cao giua 700-1200 m.
Tuy nhien bien do phan bo theo do cao cua loai
nay rong mot each dang ngac nhien. Cac quan
the cua no d Viet Nam duoc tim thay о do cao
tu 450 m tdi 1450 m. Nhung sudn da rat ddc bi
che bong, nhirng noi thoai thodi cua vach da
dung dung, nhung khe hep vd sdu, nhung ho
ben dudi cac dinh nui da vdi la cac noi song
didn hinh cua Paphiopedilum malipoense (hinh
59). Tat cd nhirng quan the cua var. malipoense
duoc phdt hien thdy cung moc tren dd vdi ket
tinh giong nhu da cdm thach vdi nhung vdch da
bi bdo mon dung dirng (Hinh 60).
Cac didu kien khi hdu о day dac trung cho
bde Viet Nam. Ddy Id khu vuc со khi hau nhiet Hinh 60. Paphiopedilum malipoense moc d Viet Nam
doi gio mua vdi ntiia dong lanh va mua he nong tren da voi ket tinh co vach dung bao mon.
am. Miia dong d ddy rat kho vdi nhiet do trung вас Viet Nam, tinh Thanh Hoa (Anh L. Averyanov).
binh vao khodng 11-15°C d do cao tu 500-1000 m

Hinh 61. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu bidu nhat о phan phia
bac cua noi phan bo cua Paphiopedilum malipoense d
Viet Nam со khi hau nhiet ddi gio miia vdi miia dong
lanh va miia he mua.
Cac chu so mau den 6 chan so do la thang. Mau xanh
nucrc bi4n la lucrng mua tinh bang mm (cac c 0t chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); cac mhu do, xanh la cay va xanh
nude bien chi nhiet do °C (dudng mau do - nhiet do tdi da
trung binh thang; dudng mau xanh la cay - nhiet do trung
binh thang; duong mau xanh nude bien - nhiet do toi thap
trung binh thang).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

109
 LAN HAI VI$T NAM

Hinh 62. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu bieu nhat d phan nam
ciia noi phan bo ciia Paphiopedilum malipoense 6 Viet
Nam co khi hau nhiet doi gio miia vdi mua dong lanh
va mua vao mua he - thu. So lieu cua tram Dong Hoi,
17°29'B. 106°36’D, cao 7 m tren mat Ыёп (theo Bruzon
va Carton, 1930).
Cac chii so mau den d chan so do la thang. Mau xanh
nucrc bidn la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cdt chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); cac mau do, xanh la cay va xanh
nude bien chi nhiet do °C (dudng mau do - nhiet do tdi da
trung binh thang; dudng mdu xanh la cay - nhiet do trung
binh thang; dudng mau xanh nude bidn - nhiet do tdi thap
trung binh thang).

(Hinh 61). Thang lanh nhat la thang 12 va thang 1 vdi nhiet do ban dem co the xuong tdi -2°C. Vao mua
dong, thuong khong co suong muoi vao budi sang tren mat dat о nhung noi quang dang. Trong suot thang
3 va nhung tuan dau thang 4, suong mu lanh va day dac rat phd bien. Day la nguon cung cap do am chinh
trong that gian nay trong nam. Mua he keo dai tit giua thang 4 den thang 9 va thang 10, trdi nong vdi nhiet
do trung binh 23-27‘C. Nhiet do cao nhat ddi khi len tdi 38-40°C, Mita mua vdi nhtmg con mua rao xoi
xa bat dau tu thang 6 den thang 8 (Hinh 61). Do am trong thoi gian nay rat cao. Luong mua trung binh
nam cua khu vuc dao dong tit 1600 den 2700 mm.
Khu phan bo phia nam ciia Paphiopedilum malipoense о Viet nam la viing co khi hau nhiet ddi gio
mua vdi mua dong lanh va nhung con mua he- thu nong. Khi hau о day co mua dong am hon va mua
mua chuydn sang mita thu (Hinh 62). Da phan cac con mua ldn о day duoc thay trong cac thang 9-11.
Luong mua trung binh nam dao dong tit 2500 den 3000 mm. Do co luong mua ldn, loai nay moc d noi
co do cao thap hon.

Rung nguyen sinh, ram thuong xanh, cay la rong bao phu nhung day ntii da vdi la noi phan bd ciia
Paphiopedilum malipoense о phia bac Viet Nam (Hinh 56). Kieu rung nay co cac loai cay gd gia cdi
nhung khong qua cao. than s'an sui nhu Acer (Aceraceae), Alangium (Alangiaceae), Burretiodendron
hsienmu (Tiliaceae), Carpinus sp. (Betulaceae), Gleditsia sp. (Fabaceae), Lithocarpus, Quercus
(Fagaceae), Pistacea weinmannifolia (Anacardiaceae), Platycarya strobilacea (Juglandaceae) va Ulmus
sp. (Ulmaceae). Rat nhieu loai trong so do rung la vao mita dong kho tao thanh kieu rung nua rung la,
tham chi la rung cay rung la.

Rung cay la rong vdi cac loai Hat tran tao dieu kien cho cac quan the Paphiopedilum malipoense
moc о dai cao hon, thuong d cac dai nui dudi 900 m. Mot so lucmg loai cay la kim quy hiem thuong moc
gan nhu uu the trong kidu rung nay. Trong pham vi phan Ьо о phia bac Viet Nam thi cac loai
Am entotaxus argotaenia, Cephalotaxus mannii, N ageia fleuryi, Pinus fenzeliana, Podocarpus
neriifolius, P. pilgeri, Pseudotsuga sinensis var. brevifolia, Tsuga chinensis va Xanthocyparis
vietnamensis deu duoc tim thay. Trong pham vi phan bd d phia nam thi cac loai phd bien nhat la
Calocedrus macrolepis, N ageia wallichiana, Pinus fenzeliana, Podocarpus brevifolius va Taxus
chinensis. Cac quan thd phia nam ciia Paphiopedilum malipoense thich nghi vdi cac kidu rung cay la
kim kha thua vdi cac loai uu the la Dacrycarpus imbricatus va Dacrydium elatum.
Vo so cac loai cay gd nho va cay bui nhu Celastrus sp., Euonymus sp. (Celastraceae), Illicium
difengpi (Illiciaceae), Lespedeza sp., Sophora glauca (Fabaceae), Madhuca sp. (Sapotaceae), Photinia
sp., Sorbus sp. (Rosaceae), Pittosporum sp. (Pittosporaceae), Rhododendron spp., Vaccinium spp.
(Ericaceae), Schefflera pesavis (Araliaceae), Tirpitzia sinensis (Linaceae) va Wikstroemia sp.

110
 PAPHIOPEDILUM MALIPOENSE

(Thymelaeaceae) la cac loai rat didn hinh о tang thap ciia kieu rung nay. Cuoi cung, о day ciing co mot
tap hop rat giau cac loai co va Duong xi song tren da tieu bidu. Trong so chung co nhieu loai phd bien
la Ainsleya (Asteraceae). Hedychium (Zingiberaceae), Arisaema (Araceae), Aspidistra, Disporum,
O phiopogon, Peliosanthes, Polygonatum , Tupistra (Convallariaceae), B egonia (B egoniaceae),
Elatostem a, Laportea, P ilea, P ellion ia (U rticaceae), Impatiens (Balsam inaceae), Lysim achia
(Primulaceae), Selaginella (Selaginellaceae), Acanthaceae, Gesneriaceae va Melastomataceae.
Cac loai Lan о day ciing rat phong phti va da dang. Co khoang 50-70 loai dja lan, Lan bam da va
Lan bi sinh moc ciing vdi Paphiopedilum malipoense. Nhung loai ph6 bien nhat trong so do la
Bulbophyllum ambrosia, B. macraei. B. purpureifolium, Calanthe argenteostriata, C allostylis rigida,
Coelogyne fimbriata, C. malipoensis, Cymbidium floribundum, C. lancifohum, Dendrobium fimbriatum,
Eria coronaria, Epigeneium amplum, Liparis averyanoviana, L. balansae, L. distans, L. mannii,
M alaxis acuminata, M onomeria barbata, Pholidota leveilleana, P. roseans va P. yunnanensis. Thuong
chung moc tren da co reu va 6 goc nhirng cay to. Quan the cua Paphiopedilum malipoense thuong moc
ciing voi cac loai Lan bam da khac nhu Eria rhombodalis, Oberonia cavaleriei va cac quan the Lan Hai
khac nhu Paphiopedilum dianthum, P. hirsutissimum va P. micranthum.
6 nhung khu rimg nguyen sinh chua bi tan pha Paphiopedilum malipoense moc rat nhieu о nhung
hoc da vdi, doc theo day cua nhung hem nui nho hep va sau tren dat giau mun va la cay muc. N o cung
moc о khe nut ciia nhung tang da dung dung. Quan the cua Paphiopedilum m alipoense thuong moc о
nhung suon doc gan dinh. Loai nay rat de dang moc lan rong tren nhirng sucrn nui doc va dung dung vi
co than bd mang mot loat cay non va cay trudng thanh (Hinh 63). N o co the tao thanh lop phu lien tuc
voi vai tro ciing uu the vdi quan xa cay than co moc tren da tai mot vai noi (Hinh 64).

H inh 63 (phia tren ben trai). Tren nhung suon doc Paphiopedilum m alipoense de dang m oc lan nhcr cac than bo.
вас Viet Nam. tinh Hoa Binh (Anh: L. Averyanov).

H inh 6 4 (phia tren ben phai). T rong rim g n g u y en sinh P ap hiopedilum m a lip o en se c o the tao thanh lop phu lien
tuc vd i vai tro c iin g uu the trong quan xa ca y than c o m o c tren da (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Ill
LAN HAI VIET NAM

112
 PAPHIOPEDILUM MALIPOENSE

Nu hoa cua Paphiopedilum malipoense xuat hien ngoai thien nhien trong suot thang 9 va thang 10
(Hinh 64) nhung nhiet do thap sau do da han che su phat trien cua chung. О noi song cua chung tren do
cao 1000 - 1400 m thai tiet bat thuong vao ban dem cua cac thang 12, thang 1 va thang 2, nhiet do co
the xuong tdi 1 hoac 2 do do suong gia. Thoi ky ra hoa cua Paphiopedilum malipoense а Вас Viet Nam
triing hop voi thoi gian am ap ciia mua xuan, vao thang 3 va thang 4 (Hinh 59 - 60). Dieu dang ngac
nhien la cum hoa cua loai nay co the dai tdi 60 - 65 cm d ngoai thien nhien. Dieu nay lam tang kha nang
don nhan gio do noi song ciia no la cac hoc va hem nhi rat hep va sau.
О Viet Nam Paphiopedilum m alipoense hien vdn con gap pho bien d mot vai dja phuong. Tuy nhien
no la mot trong nhung loai cay than co de bi ton thuong nhat trong rung nguyen sinh. Sau khi nhung cay
gd ldn bi chat thi noi song tro len kho va loai ua dm nay nhanh chong bien mat. V iec thu m iu nham muc
dich thuong mai xay ra tren toan bo pham vi phan bo ciia no. Loai cay nay cung thudng xuyen bj xuat
khau bat hop phap sang Trung Quoc tii nhung cho doc bien gioi. Ngudi ta da udc luong rang tdng so
cay Paphiopedilum malipoense duoc xuat khau tii Viet Nam sang Trung Quoc trong thoi gian 1990 -
1997 co the dat tdi vdi tan trong mdi ndm (Averyanov et al., 1997a). Dieu nay cho thay loai nay dang
о trong tinh trang nguy cdp (EN). О Trung Quoc Paphiopedilum malipoense da bi tiet chung d hau het
cdc noi da biet trudc day do su suy thoai thdm thuc vat nguyen sinh va viec thu iniu nhdm muc dich
thuong mai. Cdc cay Paphiopedilum malipoense duoc thu tu thien nhien van duoc bay ban о cac cho
hoa Con Minh va Van Son (Wenshan) d Van Nam vd cac cho hoa khac trong vang. О Con Minh cac
cay ndy duoc ban vdi gia tu 30 - 50 nhan dan te (so vdi 10 nhan dan te/kg cua lodi P, micranthum). Muc
gia nay cho thay Paphiopedilum m alipoense hien rdt hiem d ngoai thien nhien, co the Id hiem nhat trong
cac loai Lan cua Trung Quoc (Cribb, 1999).
B lEN THAI. Su khac nhau vd hinh dang va mau sdc co thd thay ro trong quan the cua var.
malipoense d Viet Nam (Hinh 65a-d). Hoa d cac quan thd khac nhau co the khac nhau ve chieu rong tu
6 den 12 cm, canh hoa cua cac quan thd о phan bac rong va ngan hon so vdi cac quan thd d phan nam.
La dai thudng co mau xanh tao dong nhat, nhung ddi khi co dom tia rat dep d goc, canh hoa co mdu
xanh tao tuoi, sau do tro ldn xanh vang nhat, va it nhieu co soc nau tim. Cay moc ngoai thien nhien
thuong cum hoa chi co mot hoa nhung thinh thoang mot hoa thu hai nho hon co the duoc hinh thanh
(Hinh 65e). Dang hoa trdng, vdi bao hoa va nhi ldp vang nhat khong co soc rat hiem gap nhung co gia
rat cao. Nhirng cay nay cung khong co bat ky mau tim nao d tren la va cum hoa. Mot dang co mdi trang
va thuy ben tia nau duoc nhan ra trong so nhung cay nhap vao Due gan day tu Viet Nam hoac Nam
Trung Quoc la Paphiopedilum malipoense var. tonnianum J. Roth (in Die Orchidee 51, 5: 561 (2000)).

3B . P A P H I O P E DI L UM MALIPOENSE var. J A C K I I (H.S. Hu a ) Ave r,

P a p h io p e d ilu m m a lip o e n s e var. ja c k ii (H .S. H ua) Aver, in O rch id s 6 6 , 2: 153 (1 997). T y p e:

C hina, Y unnan, W en sh an , 12 M arch 1995, S.S. H u 3268 A -S (h o lo ty p e IB SC ).
P ap h io p ed ilu m ja c k ii H .S. H ua in D ie O rch id ee 4 6 , 3: U 4 (1996).

MO TA. Co moc tren dat hay tren da. La xanh la cay nhat, co dom kham vd gan la mau xanh la cdy
tham d mat tren, xanh la cay nhat va ddm tim tia lua thua d mat duoi. Hoa khac voi thu chuan boi canh
hoa hep hon nhieu, mdi xanh hoac xanh vang nho hon va nhi lep trdng, phan giua vang, xanh vang hoac
xanh vdi gan tim rat dep (Hinh 67).
PHAN BO. Trung Quoc (Van Nam), bac Viet Nam (Тиуёп Quang). Hinh 68.
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh, kha thua, kho, thuong xanh cay la rong tren nhung nui da vdi mem
phan ldp о do cao 550 - 650 m. Hinh 66.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thang 3 - 4.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN

* Type: S. China/Vietnam, 9 Feb. 2000, cult. W. Tonn s.n., Neu-Eichenberg, Germany (holotype HAL 089456)

113
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

H inh 66 . R ung ngu yen sinh, thuong xanh, kho, ca y la rong tren nui da v o i m em phan lop la n oi so n g tieu bieu
cua P ap hiopedilum m a lip o en se var, ja c k ii (Anh: L. Averyanov).

114
 PAPHIOPEDILUM MALIPOENSE

LICH SU. Paphiopedilum jackii Hua duoc S.S.

Hu mo ta lan dau tien vao nam 1996 dua tren m iu
vat do chinh S.S. Hu thu tu nam Van Nam. Tuy
nhien nguon goc ciia no 6 Van Son (Wenshan) la
khong chhc chan boi vi thanh pho ndy co mot cho
hoa mua ban Lan tu cac khu vuc nong thon xung
quanh cung nhu til cdc vung ciia Viet Nam va Lao
lien ke. Ten ciia Dr. Jack Fowlie, mot ngudi yeu Lan
n6i tieng da chet da duoc dung lam dinh ngu ciia
taxon mdi nay. Var. nay rat giong vdi var.
malipoense ve noi song va hinh thai hoa nhung khac
mot chlit ve hinh dang canh hoa va dac biet ve mhu
she ciia nhi lep va la. Ca hai thu nay it nhieu moc
cung mot cho nhung khong bao gid tao nen mot
quan thd hdn hop trong ciing noi song.
NOI SONG. Var. jackii ua thich dieu kien sinh
thai dac biet. О Viet Nam no moc tren tren da vdi
mem phan lop (hinh thanh tu M esozoi) (Hinh 66),
tren da phien va phien set co thanh phan vdi cao.
Loai nay moc d nhung khu vuc ddi nui thap 550 -
650 m (Hinh 67). О Viet Nam no chi duoc tim thay
d Tuyen Quang trong mot khu vuc da voi rat hep d
dat thap duoc phan each boi song Gam va song Nang
tren cac nui silicat cao ciia day Pia Bioc, Sam Sao va
Lung Ni Ung (Hinh 68). Dieu nay giai thich cho su
hiem hoi cua no о bde Viet Nam. N o van chua duoc
tim thay d cdc khu vuc khac trong nude.
Paphiopedilum malipoense var. jackii ua song d
nhung noi nong hon va co do cao thap hon so vdi thu
, - uu . , *, i , .i с *-• ,, ,, , Hinh 67. Paphiopedilum malipoense var. jackii d
chuan. Nhiet do mua he tu thang 5 den thang 9 trong ,
khu vuc dao dong tu 25 - 30°C va trong mua dong nai s6n§ tv nhien (Anh: L' Averyanov).
tu 15 - 18°C. Vao miia dong, gid miia dong bde lanh
rat phd bien lam cho nhiet do co thd xuong tdi 5 - 10°C. Mua mua keo dai tu thang 5 den thang 9 va
miia dong rat kho. Luong mua trung binh nam vao khoang 1600 - 1700 mm. So lieu khi hau ve khu vuc
phan bd cua var. nay duoc chi ro d Hinh 69.
BIEN THAI. Hoa Paphiopedilum malipoense var. jackii bien ddi ro ret ve hinh dang cdnh hoa va mdu
sdc cua nhi lep. Hinh dang canh hoa bien ddi tu hinh trung tdi hinh trung hep tu quan thd nay tdi quan thd
khac (Hinh 70a - c), trong khi nhi lep co thd trdng tuyen hodc trdng co phan giua vang. xanh vang hoac
xanh tuoi, thuong co cdc dom va gdn mau tia rat dep (Hinh 71b, c). Ld thuong co nen sdng trdng d mat tren
va cac dom tia lua thua d mat duoi (Hinh 72b, c).

3C . P A P H I O P E D I L U M MALIPOENSE var. HIEPII (Aver. ) P. J . Cribb

P a p h io p e d ilu m m a lip o e n se var. h iep ii (A ver.) P.J. C ribb, G enus P aphiopedilum : 8 8 (1998),
T ype: N orthern V ietnam . Prov. T uyen Q uang, D istr. T uyen Q uang, closed evergreen prim ary
forest on lim estone hills at 500-600 m , 14-15 June 1995, N.T. H iep s.n. (holotype LE, photo. H N),
P ap h io p ed ilu m h iepii A ver, in O rch id s 67, 3: 261 (1998).
P ap h io p ed ilu m a n g u statu m Z .J. L iu & S.C . C hen, in A cta P hy to tax . S in ica 38, 5: 4 6 4 (2000).
Type: China, Yunnan, Malipo, 23 March 2000, Z.H. Liu 1505 (holotype Herb. Shenzhen City
Wutongshan Nurseries).
Paphiopedilum jackii H.S. Hua var. hiepii (Aver.) Koop. in Orchid Digest 64, 4: 168 (2000).

115
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

H inh 68. S u phan b o ciia P ap h iop ed ilu m m a lip o en se var. hiep ii (hinh tren ben trai) v a var. ja ck ii (hinh tren ben
phai) 6 V iet N am (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).

350 30

300 25

250
20
Hinh 69. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu biiu nhat 6 phan
200
^g nam cua noi phan bo cua Paphiopedilum malipoense
var. jackii va var. hiepii. Tram khi tucrng Dinh Hoa
150 (21°54'B, 105°38'D, cao 220 m tren mat biin), theo
jо Nguyin Khanh Van et al. (2000).
100 Cac chu so mau den о chan so do la thang. Mau xanh
nude bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra luong
g mua trung binh thang); cac mau do, xanh la cdy va xanh
50 nucrc bidn chi nhiet do °C (duong mdu do - nhiet do toi da
trung binh thang; duong mau xanh la cay - nhiet dp trung
binh thang; duong mau xanh nucrc bidn - nhiet do tot thap
0 0 trung binh thang).

N 6
 PAPHIOPEDILUM MALIPOENSE

MO TA. Co moc tren ddt. La xanh nhat vdi cac

dom kham nhat va gan xanh thdm 6 mat tren va
xanh nhat vai cac dom tim tia lira thua о mat ducn.
Hoa khac thu chuan d canh hoa hinh trung rat hep
hoac hinh mui giao quap lai cr chop, moi xanh vang
nho hep bi dp lai a mat ben va nhi lep trdng co didrn
mot vai dom mau tia rat dep a chop (Hinh 73).
PHAN BO. Trung Quoc (dong nam tinh Van
Nam), bde Viet Nam (tinh Tuyen Quang).
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh, ram, thudng
xanh, kho, cay la rong tren da voi mem va da phien
giau vdi d do cao 500 - 600 m.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRO NG THIEN
NHIEN. Thang 3 - 4.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN: EX
LJCH SU. Paphiopedilum m alipoense var.
hiepii la mot taxon ky la, khac biet voi tat ca nhung
loai khac trong dudi chi Parvisepalum ve la dai va
canh hoa hep, mdi hep, bi bp lai d mat ben va quap
lai. Didrn nay khong thay d cac loai Lan Hai khac
(hinh 73, 74). Tuy nhien, no rat gan vdi var. jackii.
Mot vdi mdu nghien cuu co hat phan khong phat
trien day du cho thay co the ddy la mot dang khac
thudng. Taxon nay duoc nha thuc vat Viet Nam,
tien si Nguydn Tien Hiep phat hien nam 1995 trong
dot dieu tra thuc dja ctia du an "Dieu tra cac loai
Lan Hai Paphiopedilums bi de doa tieu diet d Viet
Nam" duoc Hoi Lan Hoa Ky tai tro.
NOI SONG. Cac cay ciia thu nay duoc tim thay
gan cac quan thd ciia var. jackii, nhung cung nhu
cac loai dja lan, moc d noi ram mat ctia rung ram
kho nguyen sinh. Thir nay moc tren cac mii duoc
tao thanh bdi da voi mem phan ldp va da phien giau
vdi d do cao 500 - 600 m. Noi song tu nhien va cac
yeu cau sinh thai ciia ca hai thu rat giong nhau. Cac
ddn lieu khi hau ciia khu phan bo ciia var. hiepii
duoc chi ra d hinh 69. Miia hoa nd ciia no о ngoai
thien nhien keo dai tir thang 3 den thang 4.

H inh 70. Cac su khac nhau v e m au sdc va hinh thai cua

hoa P ap hiopedilum m a lip o en se var. jack ii d bde V iet
N am (Anh: a: P.J. Cribb: Anh b, c: L. Averyanov),
a — B ic Viet Nam, tinh Tuyen Quang; b. с — cay thu thap
d Tuyen Quang trong trong cac vuon uom tu nhan tai Ha N0i.

117
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Paphiopedilum angustatum khong nghi ngd gi nua chinh la Paphiopedilum malipoense var. hiepii.
Thong tin ve nguon goc cua no 6 Malipo cua tinh Van Nam co le la sai. Malipo la thi tran bien gioi cua
Trung Quoc, noi ma cac loai Lan cua Viet Nam duoc ban rat nhieu.
Trong nhung nam gan day su pha huy tham rimg nguyen sinh trong khu vuc noi var. hiepii duoc
phat hien da gay ra su tuyet chung cua quan the duy nhat duoc biet ciia taxon Lan nay. Mac du da nghien
cuu rat nhieu, trong do co ca viec tim hidu tir nhirng ngudi thu mau nham rnuc dich thuong mai, nhung
khong co them bat ky thong tin nao ve taxon Lan hiem nay. Tiec thay, thu nay co le da bi tiet chung о
Viet Nam.

H inh 7 1 . C ac kieu m au cua nhi lep 6 hoa cua Pap hiopedilum m alip oen se var. m alip oen se va var. jack ii о bac
V ie t N am (Anh: L. Averyanov).
a — Thu'an mau cua Paphiopedilum malipoense var. malipoense; b. с — su thay dpi mau pho bien ciia nhi lep doi vdi
quan the Paphiopedilum malipoense var. jackii 6 bac Viet Nam.

H inh 72 . C ac k ieu m au о la ciia P ap hiopedilum

m alip oen se var. m alip oen se va var. jack ii b bac
V iet N am (Anh: L. Averyanov).
a — La kha thuan mau cua Paphiopedilum
malipoense var. malipoense; b, с — Mau la pho bien cua
Paphiopedilum malipoense var. jackii.

118
 PAPHIOPEDILUM MICRANTHUM

Hinh 73. Pap hiopedilum m a lip o en se var. hiepii (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).
a — Ca y m ang hoa; b — hoa; с — la dai lung; d — la d ai h o p ; e — c a n h h o a; f, g — m o i, n h in tu m a t b en va m at
ca t doc; h -i — co t nhi nh u y , n h in tu m a t lu n g va m at bung; j — b au v a la h o a (V e th e o m au ch u a n - ty p e).

119
w~

LAN HAI VIET NAM

H inh 74. Mdu chudn (Type) cua Pap hiopedilum

m alip oen se var. hiepii (Anh: L. Averyanov).
a — hoa; b — kich thudc cay no hoa trong trong trot.

4. PAPHIOPEDILUM MICRANTHUM T. T a n g & F. T. W a n g

P a p h io p e d ilu m m ic ra n th u m T. T ang & F.T. W ang in A cta P hytotax. S in ica 1, 1: 25, 56

(1951); C ribb, G en. P aphiopedilum : 93(1987); id., G en. P aphiopedilum : 91 (1998).; B raem ,
P aphiopedilum : 4 0 (1988); A ver., Identif. G uide. V ietnam . O rch.: 17 (1994); B raem , C .B ak er
& .B aker, G en. P a p h io p ed ilu m 1: 90 (1998). T y p e: Y unnan, C.W. W ang 86182 (holotype PE!).
P. glo b u lo su m Z.J. L iu & S.C . C h ien in A cta P hytotax. S in ica 40(4): 365, fig. 1 (2002), syn.
nov. T ype: C h in a,Y u n n an ,W en sh an , Z .J. L iu 2 1 0 5 2 (h o lo ty p e P E , iso ty p e S h en zh en C ity
W u to n g sh an N u rseries H erb ariu m ).
P. m icran th u m var. o b latu m Z .J. L iu & S.C . C h en , loc. cit. 366, syn. nov. T ype:
C h ina.Y u n n an , W en sh an , 2 M ay 2001, Z.J. L iu 21053 (h o lo ty p e PE , iso ty p e S h en zh en
C ity W u to n g sh an N u rseries H erb ariu m ).

MO TA. Co moc tren dat hay da voi 3 - 5 la moc thanh 2 hang, it nhieu co than гё bo voi duong kinh
2 - 3 mm va dai tdi 25 cm. La hinh bau due thuon tdi hinh bau due, tit, dai 5 - 1 2 ( 1 5 ) cm, rong 1,5 - 2 cm
co dom xanh nhat va xanh thdm о mat tren, dom tim tia d mat dudi. Cum hoa dung, mot hoa; cuong dai
9 - 25 cm. co long nhung trdng, xanh xam, co dom nau tia. Hoa khong miii, to so vdi kich cd ciia cay.
cao 5.8 - 9 cm, mong min; la dai va canh hoa vang nhat. dom hong d tren, gan it nhieu со cac ddm tia do
thdm; moi do hong, hiem khi trdng hoac tia hong, nhat hon d goc, dom tia о trong; nhi lep trdng. ddm
hong d goc, vang d mat tren va mat dudi gan dmh, ddm do; cuong hoa va bau dai 3,5 - 4,6 cm. ddm tim
паи. со long to trang. La dai lung hinh trung toi hinh trung rong, tit hoac со mui nhon ngdn, dai 1,5 - 3,6
cm, rong 1 , 7 - 3 cm, со long to trdng d mat ngoai. La dai hop hinh trung rong tdi hinh bau due rong,
thuong tu hoac co hai mui nhon ngdn d dmh, dai 1,8 - 3,3 cm, rong 1,1 - 2,5 cm, со hai gd. Canh hoa
hinh trung nguoc rong hoac bau due- gan tron, tron d dinh, dai 1,9 - 4,3 cm, rong 2,3 - 4,4 cm, со long
ria, duoc bao phu bdi nhung long to trdng dai о mat trong, dac biet d nua phan goc. Moi phong nhieu.
hinh trung rong, hinh trung hoac hinh trdng-bau due, dai 5 - 10,4 cm, rong 3,4 - 5,6 cm. Nhi lep loi, gap
ddi theo chieu doc, hinh thuon rong tdi hinh bau due, dai 10 - 12,5 mm, 2n = 26. Hinh 76.
PHAN BO. Tay nam Trung Quoc (dong nam Van Nam, dong va bde Quang Tay va nam va tay bde
Quy Chau), bde Viet Nam (Cao Bang, Ha Giang va Tuyen Quang). Hinh 36 - 37.
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh, thuong xanh va nua rung la hdn giao va rung cay la kim kha thua,
am nhieu reu tren cac nui da vdi bi bao mon manh о do cao (600)1000 - 1600 m. Hinh 75.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN N H lfiN . Thang 3 - 5.

120
 PAPHIOPEDILUM MICRANTHUM

H inh 75. R ung ca y la kirn P inus fen z e lia n a , P seu d otsu ga brevifolia va Tsuga c h in en sls tren ducrng dinh cua
nui da vd i la noi so n g cu a ca c quan the Pap hiopedilum m icranthum d V iet N am (Anh: L. Averyanov).

TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN

Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum micranthum la mot trong nhung loai dep nhat cua dudi chi
Parvisepalum. No co hoa rat quyen ru vdi moi hong phong len rat to vdi la dai va canh hoa uon cong,
la dai vang, canh hoa hong, ca hai It nhieu co gan tia thdm. Hoa to khac thudng so voi kich cd nho cua
cay. Paphiopedilum micranthum cung giong nhu cac loai gan gui khac, P. malipoense va P.
armeniacum, со la кё о chii nhat hoac со dom kham ro va than bb dai. La thudng cung nhung гё thi
thudng gion, nac va mong nude. Loai nay phan bo hep d Bde Viet Nam nhung rong hon d nam Trung
Quoc nhu dong nam Van Nam, Quang Tay va Quy Chau.
LICH SU. Dua tren mau vat do C.W.Wang thu duoc a giua Malipo va Shichou, dong nam Van Nam,
T.Tang va F.T.Wang, hai chuyen gia Lan ciia Trung Quoc, da mb ta loai Paphiopedilum micranthum
vao nam 1951. Mot vai cay vdi kich thudc nho со hoa rat to vdi moi phong len da tixng duoc dinh ten

1 21
 2 cm

H inh 7 6 . P ap hiopedilum m icranthum (Hinh те cua L. Averyanov).

a City m ang hoa: b hoa; с la dai lung: d — la dai h ap : e — canh hoa; f,g — m oi. nhin tir m at trudc. m at ben va
m at cat doc; h -j — cot nhj nhuy, nhin tu m at ben. m at lung v a m at bung; к — b au va la h oa (V e theo m au C B L 1577).
 PAPHIOPEDILUM MICRANTHUM

la Paphiopedilum micranthum. Viec nghien cuu lai

mau chudn cho thay bdn mo td goc da dua tren mdu
co hoa nho bdt thuong hoac chi co nu (Cribb, 1998).
D oi khi о loai rdt gan Id P. armeniacum cung co mot
vai hoa rat nho duoc tim thdy о ngoai thien nhien
(Cribb. 1998).
S.C.Chen vd F.Y.Liu (1982) da nhan thay ban
mo ta cua Paphiopedilum micranthum la khong
binh thuong va da dua ra mot ban mo ta mcri ve hoa
cua no trong ciing mot bai bao mo ta loai P.
armeniacum. No co mOt hoa to don doc vdi cac
canh hoa va la dai co gdn do tia va mdi mau hong to
phong len. Nhi lep vang va trang co ranh doc va
dom do. Cay trudng thanh co la кё o chu nhat va
dom tia d mat dudi. No co moi quan he gan ghi ro
ret vdi P. malipoense va P. vietnamense va chi khac
d cho la co mui nhon nho hep. mau sac hoa va co
nhi lep gap ddi dd thay. Dac didrn sau cung nay
cung cho phep ta nhan ra su khac biet vdi P.
delenatii cung co hoa hong va la dai va canh hoa
khong co gdn mau tim.
Mac du Paphiopedilum micranthum duoc mo ta
nam 1951 nhung chi duoc dua vao trdng trot vao
dau nhung nam 1980. Tir do den nay no da duoc
xuat di khoi Trung Quoc vdi so luong ldn. Nhung
cay co than rd va tao thanh tung cum co kich cd kha
ldn d ngoai thien nhien thuong duoc xe le thanh cac
cum nho dd ban. Mac dii noi song ciia no d rat xa
nhung Paphiopedilum micranthum da xuat hien vdi
so luong ldn trong trdng trot tir nam 1984 va no Hinh 77. Su phan bo cua Paphiopedilum
dang bi suy thoai ngoai thien nhien. Su khai thac micranthum a Viet Nam (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).
ngoai tu nhien dac biet dang lo ngai khi da chung
minh la viec nhan giong tir hat hoac bang phuong phap sinh san dinh dudng rat dd dang. Nhieu cay duoc
thu tu thien nhien d trong tinh trang rat xau khi dem ve vudn uom nude ngoai vi phai matmot thoi gian
dai dd van chuydn. Va khong nghi ngd gi nua, rat nhieu cay trong so do da khong quandi vu trdng trot
dau tien.
Trong nhieu nam, Paphiopedilum micranthum da duoc coi la loai dac huu dja phuong, phan bo trong
mot dien tich han che d nam Trung Quoc: dong nam Van Nam, bac va tay Quang Tay va tay nam Quy
Chau. Thoi gian gan day, no con duoc tim thay d dong va dong bde Quy Chau (theo thong tin ca nhan
cua Luo). Dieu ngac nhien va khac thudng la mot loai Lan dep va rat phd bien d dja phuong nhu vay lai
khong duoc biet den tren lanh thd Viet Nam cho den thoi gian gan day. Rat nhieu quan thd cua loai nay
da dupe phat hien thay о Вас Viet Nam thong qua cac dot nghien cuu thuc dia nam 1998 - 1999, duoc
tai tro bdi Hoi Dja ly Quoc gia va Hoi Lan Hoa Ky (Averyanov & Averyanova, 2000; Averyanov et al.,
2000a,b; Nguydn Tien Hiep, Phan Ke Loc va Averyanov, 2000). Paphiopedilum micranthum cung duoc
thay trong khoi luong ldn lan rung duoc thu thap va tap trung tai mot cong ty thuong mai vao cuoi nam
1998 (Tanaka, 1998). Nhung cay nay duoc cho la thu tu tinh Cao Bang.
NOI SONG. Ngoai tu nhien, Paphiopedilum micranthum moc о tren nhung sudn rat ddc va nhung
vach nui da vdi ket tinh giong nhu da cdm thach bi bao mon manh. О Trung Quoc, pham vi phan bo cua
no trai dai tu dong nam Van Nam qua tay va bde Quang Tay tdi nam va dong bde Quy Chau. О Viet
Nam, lodi nay phan bo d Cao Bang, Hd Giang va phan bac cua Tuyen Quang (Hinh 77).

123
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Doi khi Paphiopedilum micranthum cung duoc tim thay о do cao thap cua bde Viet Nam, 600 -800
m trong rimg cay la rong thuong xanh. Tuy nhien no moc phd bien 6 do cao 900-1000 m. Day la do
cao Ion nhat doi vdi cac loai Lan hai moc tren cac dinh ntii da voi d bde Viet Nam. Dieu kien trong
khu vuc la khi hau nhiet ddi gid miia m ien nui. Mua dong d day co may mil nhung thuong rat kho vdi
nhiet do trung binh vao khoang 8 - 12°C (Hinh 78). Nhung thang lanh nhdt la thang 12 va thang 1, khi
do nhiet do ban dent co the xuong tdi -2°C. Suong muoi tren mat dat vao budi sang va tuydt dm ddi
khi co the co vao nhirng dem mita dong lanh nhat trong khu vuc о do cao 1200-1600 m. Gio mua dong
bac lanh rat didn hinh d day tit cuoi thu tdi dau xuan. Trong suot thang 3 va nhung tuan dau thang 4
gid nay tao ra suong mil lanh kho tan. Day la nguon cung cap do dm chinh cho khu vuc trong thoi gian
nay cua nam. Mua he, кёо ddi tit thang 4 den thang 9 - 10, la miia mua voi nhiet do on hod hon, dao
dong trong khoang 18 - 20°C (hinh 78). Nhiet do tdi da miia he ddi khi co the ldn tdi 28 - 30°C. Luong
mua cao nhat vao thang 5 - 9 . Day la thoi gian co do dm rat cao. Luong mua trung binh hang ndm dao
dong tir 1800 ddn 2500 mm.
Юёи rung nguyen sinh, thuong xanh va nua rung la hdn giao va rung cay la kim moc treti cac duong
dmh nui da vdi hep rat thich hop vdi hau het cac quan the cua Paphiopedilum micranthum d Viet Nam
(Hinh 75). Cac loai cay uu the trong cac kieu rung nay la cac loai Thong nhu Pinus fenzeliana,
Podocarpus brevifolius, P. neriifolius, P. pilgeri, Pseudotsuga sinensis var. brevifolia va Tsuga
chinensis. Cac loai Thong hiem khac nhu Amentotaxus argotaenia, Cephalotaxus mannii, Fokienia
hodginsii, Nageia fleuryi, N. walhchiana, Taxus chinensis va Xanthocyparis vietnamensis thuong khong
со. О Trung Quoc, Calocedrus macrolepis va K eteleeria calcarea cung thuong duoc quan sat thay a noi
song cua P. micranthum. (Cribb, 1998). Mot vai loai cay la rong ddi khi cung la loai ciing uu the quan
trong о noi song cua no. Da phan cac cay rung la va nua rung la d day thuoc cac chi Acer (Aceraceae),
Carpinus (B etulaceae), Lithocarpus va Quercus (Fagaceae), Ulmus (U lm aceae), P istacia
weinmannifolia (Anacardiaceae) va Platycarya strobilacea (Juglandaceae). Cac cay gd cao nhat co the
dat tdi 15-20 m.
Cac loai cay gd nho hon d tang thu hai duoc quan sat thay bao gom Alnus nepalensis (Betulaceae),
Celastrus sp., Euonymus sp. (Celastraceae), Cornus sp. (Cornaceae), Elaeocarpus sp. (Elaeocarpaceae),
Eriobotrya sp., Photinia sp., Prunus sp., Sorbus sp. (Rosaceae), Illicium difengpi (Illiciaceae), Garcinia
sp. (Clusiaceae), Madhuca sp. (Sapotaceae), Myrsine kwangsiense (Myrsinaceae), Pittosporum spp.
(Pittosporaceae), Rhododendron spp., \hccinium spp. (Ericaceae), Schefflera pesavis (Araliaceae),
Symplocos sp. (Symplocaceae), Tirpitzia sinensis (Linaceae) va Wikstroemia sp. (Thymelaeaceae).

Hinh 78. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu bidu nhat о phan nam
cua noi phan bd cua Paphiopedilum micranthum о
Viet Nam, dua tren dan lieu ciia Tram khi tuong gan
nhat - Ha Giang (22°49'B 104°59'D, cao 118 m tren
mat bien), Sa Pa (22°20'B 103°50'D, cao 1570 m tren
mat bidn) ghi theo Bruzon va Carton (1930) va Nguyen
Khanh Van et al., (2000).
Cac chu s6 mau den a chan so do la thang. Mau xanh
nude bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); cac mau do, xanh la cay va xanh
nuoc biOn chi nhiet do °C (duong mau do - nhiet do toi da
trung binh thang; duong mau xanh la cay - nhiet do trung
binh thang; duong mau xanh nuoc bien - nhiet do toi thap
trung binh thang).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

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Co rat nhieu cay bui moc 6 tang duoi ciia rung cay la kim trong khu vuc nay. Trong so do co cac
cay moc tren da thuoc cac chi nhu Abelia, Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae), Agapetes, Rhododendron,
\hccinium (Ericaceae), Ardisia (M yrsinaceae), Berberis, Mahonia (Berberidaceae), Pyracantha, Rosa,
Rubus, Spiraea, Stranvaesia (Rosaceae), H elwingia (H elwingiaceae), Ilex (Aquifoliaceae), Lespedeza,
Sophora (Fabaceae), Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae) va P olygala (Polygalaceae). Mot so cac cay co lun
nhu Guihaia sp. va Rhapis sp. cung rat dien hinh cho loai rung kha thua nay. Trong rung cay la kim co
rat nhieu cac loai co, Duong xi va Reu phu sinh tren da va tren cay. Cac loai co phd bien 6 day la cac
loai cua ho Acanthaceae, Araceae (Arisaema), Aristolochiaceae (Asarum), Asteraceae (Ainsleya),
Balsam inaceae (Im patiens), B egoniaceae (B egonia), C onvallariaceae (Aspidistra, Disporum,
Ophiopogon, Peliosanthes, Polygonatum, Tupistra), Gesneriaceae, Liliaceae (Lilium), Melastomataceae
(Phyllogathis, Sonerila). Podophyllaceae (Podophyllum tonkinense), Primulaceae (Lysimachia,
Primula), Ranunculaceae (Anemone), Rubiaceae (Ophiorrhiza. Hedyotis), Urticaceae (Elatostema,
Pilea, Pellionia, Procris) va Violaceae (Viola), cung vo so cac loai Coi (Carex, Scleria) va Quydn ba
(Selaginella). Cac loai Duong xi phd bien nhat b day la cac loai cua cac chi Asplenium, Cyrtomium,
Diplazium. Polypodium, Polystichum, Pyrrosia va Tnchomanes.
Mot so ldn cac loai Lan co the tim thay trong kidu rung cay la kim nay. Cac loai Lan moc tren da
nhu Bulbophyllum ambrosia, B. macraei, B. purpureifolium, Coelogyne fimbriata, C. lockii, C.
m alipoense, Eria coronaria, E. rhombodalis, E. siamensis, Epigeneium amplum, Liparis distans, L.
mannii, L. stricklandiana, Monomeria barbata, Pholidota roseans va P. yunnanensis. Chung co the phu
toan bo cac hon da co reu ciia rung. Ngoai ra, mot so loai Lan bam da khac nhu Anoectochilus calcareus,
Bulbophyllum m aculosum , Cheirostylis bipunctata, C. yunnanensis, C leisostom a paniculatum,
Cryptochilus luteus, Cymbidium ensifolium, C. floribundum, C. lancifolium, Dendrobium chrysanthum.

H inh 79. Nhirng va ch da dung diing v a nhung sudn nui da vo i rat d o c la noi son g dien hinh ciia Pap hiopedilum
m icranthum .
Nam Trung Quoc (Anh: P.J. Cribb).

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D. nobile, D. thyrsiflorum, Eria globulifera, E. pusilia, E. sutepensis, Goodyera hispida, G.

schlechtendaliana, G. viridiflora, Liparis averyanoviana, M alaxis acuminata, Oberonia cavaleriei,
Paphiopedilum dianthum. P. henryanum, P. hirsutissimum, P. malipoense, Podochilus microphyllus va
Rhomboda petelotii doi ch6 co thd rat pho bien. Cac loai Lan phu sinh tren cay thuong la Bulbophyllum
reptans, Ceratostylis himalaica, Cleisostom a striatum, Dendrobium acinaciforme, D. longicornu,
Epigeneium amplum, E. chapaense, Eria pannea, H olcoglossum wangii, Luisia appressifolia,
Monomeria barbata, Ornithochilus difformis, Pholidota missionariorum, P. yunnanensis, Sunipia
scariosa va Thelasis khasiana.
Paphiopedilum micranthum duoc tim thay a Viet Nam tren nhung duong dinh va suon rat doc gan
dinh ciia nhung day nui da voi cacxto. О nhirng noi con nguyen so сйа nhung canh rung cay la kim lau
doi nguyen sinh nhieu reu co nhieu dam ciia loai nay moc tren suon cua bat ky hubng phai nao (Hinh
79 - 80). Trong ntuing dieu kien nhu vay, nhieu cay dang no hoa co the rat pho bien tren nhung vach da
nhieu anh sang va quang dang hon thuoc suon nam (hinh 80). Nhung cay nay thuong m oc ben ria nhung
tang da phu day reu, doc theo cho thoai thoai hep va ke mit cua vach da dung diing hoac tren dat nhieu
reu hoac miin la cay be mat sudn doc (Cac hinh 81, 82, 83).

H inh 8 0 (doi dien). Tai d o ca o Ion nhieu cay Pap hiopedilum m icranthum n o h oa co the gap о nhung tang da
phu reu am 10 sang thuoc suon nam cua quan xa C oi trong rung n gu yen sinh.
Bien giai Viet Nam- Trung Quoc (Anh: P.J.Cribb).

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Hinh 82. О nhung noi song con nguyen ven Paphiopedilum micranthum de dang moc lan tren nhung suon doc
nho than bo lan ra (a), thuong tao пёп lop phu lien tuc tren nbn rung vdi vai tro la loai uu the сйа quan xa co
moc tren da (b).
Вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Trong dieu kien am udt hon сйа rung may mil nui trung binh, doi khi no moc nhu loai Lan phu sinh
tren phan than gan mat dat phu day гёи cua nhirng cay to lau nam. Dat noi Paphiopedilum micranthum
moc thuong паи, bo min va it nhieu trung tinh, pH tir 6,68 den 7,8 (Cribb, 1999). D oi khi, no cung moc
true tiep tren bui da voi kho hoac о cac hoc da dudi nhirng tang da nghieng bao ve khoi nhung tran mua.
Trong nhung dieu kien kho nhu vay, Paphiopedilum micranthum phat trien nhung гё mong nude dai va
la dai cung. Loai nay co the tao thanh nhung dam ldn trong tu nhien nho nhirng than bo dai co ddm tia
phat trien (Hinh 82a) chung tao nen nhirng than гё lidn tuc noi rat nhieu cay trong cUng mot khom lai
vdi nhau. Thong thuong, Paphiopedilum micranthum moc trdn da vdi ket tinh dang cam thach voi cac
vach da dung dung bi bao mon. Tuy nhien, trong vai trudng hop no cung moc trdn lop da vdi tre va xop
hon co le thuoc M esozoi.
О mot vai noi cua Viet Nam, Paphiopedilum micranthum hien vdn la loai cay moc phd bien. Trong
cac khu rimg cay la kim va hdn giao nguyen sinh, no thuong tao nen lop phu hen tuc tren nen rung vdi
vai tro nhu la loai uu the cua quan xa co moc trdn da (Hinh 82b). О Viet Nam ddi khi no moc cung voi
cac loai Lan hai khac nhu P. dianthum, P. henryanum, P. hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum hay P.
malipoense.
Paphiopedilum micranthum no hoa trong thien nhien tu giua thang 3 den dau thang 5 (Hinh 83).
Vao thdi gian nay co rat nhieu cay no hoa tren cac suon nui doc duoi bong mat cua rung nguyen sinh
(Cac hinh 79, 81a,b). Thant chi co nhieu cay ra hoa tao thanh khom trong cac quan xa moc phu tren cac
phan dat da co reu am (Hinh 80). Sau khi no, hoa cua no van tiep tuc phat trien cho tdi mot kich thuoc
rat to tir mot nu hoa nho be ban dau.
Cac bong hoa khong co huong thorn cua Paphiopedilum micranthum khong co tuyen mat va duoc
thu phan bang viec gia thuc an, co le la bat chudc hoa Rhododendron co tuyen.

Hinh 83. Nhung hoa dau tien сйа Paphiopedilum

micranthum xuat hien ngoai thien nhien vao cuoi
thang 3 hoac dau thang 4 (Anh: L. Averyanov).
Вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang.

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PAPHIOPEDILUM MICRANTHUM

Hinh 84. Sir khac nhau v e m au cua hoa P ap hiopedilum m icranthum 6 V ie t N am (Anh: L. Averyanov),
a-d — Вйс Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bing.

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 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hoa cua loai nay co be ngoai, dac biet la mau sac va kich thuoc rat giong hoa mot vai loai
Rhododendron chua rat nhieu tuyen mat dd thu hut con trung (Hinh 33). Quan thd ciia Paphiopedilum
micranthum thuong moc ben dudi nhirng loai Rhododendron co hoa tring hoac hdng to dang no. Phan ldn
cac loai con trung lay mat hoa Rhododendron ddi khi cung tham vieng ca hoa Paphiopedilum micranthum.
Co le chi co mot so it cac loai con triing nay co tac dung thu phan cho Paphiopedilum micranthum. Nhung
loai con trung qua nho be nhu cac loai ruoi va buom ddm thuong bi chet dudi о trong mdi, noi co nude
mua dong lai. Cac loai con trung ldn hon nhu Bo canh cung (Cetoniinae) ma khong thoat ra khoi cai bdy
mdi qua loi ra nho hep cung thuong bi chet, va ddi khi con tim thay xac cua chung d trong do. Hoan toan
khong nghi ngd cac loai con trung ldn khac bi ket trong mdi co the gam nat vach cua mdi dd thoat. Nhieu
bong hoa voi cac Id bi can nham nho tren vach ctia mdi da thay d cac quan the cua P. micranthum gop phan
khang dinh gia thiet nay. Luong nude duoc giu lai trong mdi cua Paphiopedilum micranthum sau nhung
tran mua khong thudng xuyen la mot each nua de thu hut mot vai loai con triing khi ma thoi tiet trong chu
ky no hoa cua Paphiopedilum micranthum thudng rat kho. Nhung loai con triing nay hoat dong nhu nhung
tac nhan thu phitn khong chuyen. Khoang nam 1998-2000, chung tdi tim thay rat it qua nang mang hat
trong quan the ciia loai nay.
N gay nay, Paphiopedilum micranthum la mot trong nhung loai Lan Hai bi de doa tieu diet nhat о
Viet Nam. Sau khi nhung cay gd to d noi sdng ciia no bi don ha, no bi tieu diet rat nhanh. Ddi khi, co
vai dam nho hoac mot vai cay don le sdng sot о nhung hem nui ram mat va nhung ho tren nhung suon
ddc thuoc huong bde. Nhung da so cac quan the moc о nhirng noi bi suy thoai nhu vay se bi tieu diet
bdi noi sdng tro nen kho han ma khong thd phuc hoi lai duoc. Mot vai noi hidm tro kho tdi vdn con ton
tai nhung quan thd ciia loai nay. Viec chat cay rung de lam cui da lam cho nhieu cay phai sdng true tiep
duoi anh nang mat trdi va lam cho chung bi kho heo chet di. Viec thu mdu nham muc dich thuong mai
cung la mot nhdn to quan trong thuc ddy nhanh su tuyet chung ciia loai nay d ngoai tu nhien. Hang chuc
nghin cdy dang no hoa duoc thu tit thien nhien dd duoc bay ban tren cac dudng phd Ha noi va cac thanh
phd khac cua Viet nam trong mua xudn 2000-2001. Lodi cdy tuyet dep nay moc rat phd bien о trong
nude nhung da phan cac cay ban deu chet ngay sau khi no hoa. Viec trdng thanh cong loai cdy ciia viing
nui nay trong dieu kien khi hau nong a vtmg thap cua Viet nam la rat kho khan.
BILK THAI. Kich thuoc va mau sdc cua hoa Paphiopedilum micranthum trong cac quan thd d Viet
nam rat da dang (Hinh 84,85). Hoa bien ddi tu kich cd giong nhu P. delenatii vdi chieu dai va chieu rong
1a dai lung tii 1,5-2 cm, mdi dai 5 cm va rong 3,5 cm tdi hoa to gap ddi vdi la dai lung 2,5-2,6 x 3 cm,
canh hoa rong tdi 3,5 cm va со mdi rat to, dai 7 cm va rong 5 cm. Mau sac va hinh dang ciia mdi cung

Hinh 85. Su bien ddi hinh dang mdi cua Paphiopedilum micranthum d Viet Nam.
a-c — Вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

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rat da dang: tu trang tdi hong-tia (hinh 84) va tir hinh trung tdi hinh cau hoac hinh cai gi'ay (hinh 85).
La cua Paphiopedilum micranthum о Viet nam hinh mui giao hep, thuon hoac bau due rong, mau sac
cung bien ddi tu trdng bac vdi gan mau xanh M m tdi mau xanh M m dong mau vdi cac dom ro ret.
Mpt vai dang Paphiopedilum micranthum bat nguon tir Trung Quoc da duoc dua vao trong trot trong
vai nam gan day. Fowlie (1989, 1993) da co gang phan biet 4 taxon dudi loai cua Paphiopedilum
micranthum d Trung Quoc: thu chuan co hoa to, moi hong gap 0 dong nam Van Nam; var. marginatum
gap 6 tay nam Quang Tay vdi hoa nho va moi tron va mep hong; var. extendatum о tay Quang Tay vdi
hoa nho va moi hong co cuong dai; va var. eburneum d tay bac Quang Tay vdi moi trang nga va canh
hoa nhat hon. Rat tiec, trong cong bo dau tien ong khong co mo ta Latin va khong chi ro mdu chudn
(type), trong khi d cong bd thu hai, ong da vi pham Dieu khoan 33.1 cua Luat Quoc te ve Danh phap
Thuc vat. Nhu vay tat ca nhirng ten nay la khong hop Id. Tu nhung quan sat mot so luong ldn cac cay
dang ra hoa d quan thd cua Trung Quoc va Viet Nam, chung tdi cho rang viec thira nhan cac dang tren
la khong thuc te.

Dang Paphiopedilum micranthum hoa trang tuyen da tim thay d bac Viet Nam. Thong thuong,
nhirng dang cay hoa trdng nay co moi trdng, canh hoa vang trdng, la dai lung vang nhat va nhi lep vang,
la co mot vai ddm tim tia о ben dudi. Nhung cay tuong tu duoc xuat di tir Trung Quoc da duoc mo ta la
var. glanzeaium O. Gruss & J. Roeth, (in Die Orchidee, Beiheft 2; 16-24, 1994) va var. albo-flavum
Braem (in Leafl. Schlecht. Inst. 1:3, 1994). Su xuat hien thinh thoang ciia nhirng cay nhu vay trong cac
quan the Paphiopedilum micranthum duoc coi la mot su bien ddi khong co gia tri ve mat phan loai. Mot
dang trdng tuyet dep "Bob W eltz” cua Robert Weltz Jnr. vdi moi trdng va la dai lung, canh hoa cung
nhu nhi lep didm vang da nhan duoc giai nhat cua Hdi Lan Hoa Ky vao thang gieng nam 1994.

P a p h io p e d i lu m s e c t. E m e r s o n iu m A v er. & P .J. C r ib b

P a p h io p e d ilu m se c t. E m e rs o m a n u m Aver, et P.J. C rib b sect. nov. affin is sect. P a rv ise p a li,
sed fo lia m agn a, 2 0 -3 5 cm longa, h o m o ch ro m a v irid is, tn flo rescen tia u n iflo ra, plan tae
ex sto lo n o sae, flo ri albo vel p allide v irid i-flav a, et labello d istin cto p etalo m in o ris differt.
T y p u s: P ap h io p ed ilu m em erso n ii K oop. & P.J. C ribb.

MO TA. Cdy khong bao gid co than bd. La dai, thuong dai 20-35 cm, rong 4-6 cm, xanh tuyen о
hai mat, rat hiem khi co cac ddm tim-tia nho d duoi phia gan goc. Cum hoa со 1 hoa. Hoa trdng hoac
xanh vang nhat, rat hiem khi co mot vdi ddm tia d gan goc cua bao hoa. Moi nho hon canh hoa ben mot
each ro ret.

So vdi sect. co quan he gan gui la sect. Parvisepalum, sect. mdi nay khac biet d cac dac didm: khong
bao gid co than Ьо, co la to xanh tuyen, dai 20-35 cm, cum hoa со 1 hoa va co hoa trang hoac xanh-
vang nhat vdi mdi nho hon canh hoa ben mot each ro ret. Co 2 loai, phan bo d nam Trung Quoc va bac
Viet Nam (Hinh 36).

5. PAPHIOPEDILUM HANGIANUM Perner & Gruss

P a p h io p e d ilu m h a n g ia n u m P e rn e r & G ru ss in D ie O rch id ee, B eih efte 6: 3 (1999). T y p e :

N. V ietnam , В ас T h ai P ro v in ce, Tong N goc H an g s.n., N ov. 1998, cult. G ru ss (h o lo ty p e H A L
072655, photo. K).
P ap hiopedilum sin g ch ii Z .J.L iu & J.Y .Z h an g in A cta P h y to tax . S inica 38, 5: 468 (2 000), syn.
nov. T y p e: C hin a, Y un n an , w ith o u t ex act p ro v en an ce, 12 July 2000, Z .J. L iu 2501
(holotype H erb. S h en zh en C ity W u to n g sh an N u rseries).

1 31
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■61

Hinh 86. Rung nguyen sinh, kho, thuong xanh, cay la rong tren nui da voi bi bao mon manh la noi song cua
cac quan the Paphiopedilum hangianum.
Вйс Viet Nam, tinh Tuyen Quang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM HANGIANUM

H inh 8 7 . P ap h iop ed ilu m hangianum (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).

a — Ca y m ang hoa; b — hoa; с — la dai lung; d — la dai hop; e — can h hoa; f, g — m o i, nh in tir m at tru d c, m at ben v a
m at cat doc; h -j — co t nhi nhuy, nhin tir m at ben, m at lung v a m at bung; к — bau v a la h o a (V e theo m au H A L 192).

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LAN HAI VI$T NAM

MO TA. Co moc tren da vdi 4-7 la xep thanh 2 hang. La dai, hinh luoi, tu hoac gan nhon, dai 12(15)-
30 cm, rong 3-5 cm, mat tren xanh bong, mat duoi xanh nhat va co canh lung ro ret. Cum hoa thang dung,
1 hoa (rat hiem khi 2 hoa?); cuong dai 6-12 cm, dudng kinh 4-5 mm, xanh nhat, co long to trang ngdn;
la hoa hinh trung, tu, gap ddi, dai 2,8-3 cm, rong 1,2-2 cm, xanh, phi) long to trang ngdn, long ria trdng
о mep. Hoa thom ngot thoang thoang, rat to so vdi kich cd cua cay, rong 9-12 cm, cao 6-8 cm, gan hinh
chuong hoac xoe rang; Id ddi kha day, vang hoac xanh vang nhat; canh hoa vang nhat hoac xanh vang
nhat vdi ddm tim d goc, cung day nhu la dai; mdi trdng vang, со dom tim thdm a mat trong; nhi lep trdng
hodc trdng vang со cac ddm tim noi nhau; cuong hoa va bau dai 3,5-4,2 cm, xanh tuoi, co long trdng ngdn.
La ddi lung ban dau trum len cong lai ve phia mdi, sau do gan thdng, uon nguoc lai d mep ben, hinh trtmg-
bau due, tu, dai 4-5(5,6) cm, rong (2,2)3-3,9 cm, со gd va phu long mem ngan о mat ngoai. La dai hop
hinh trung rong, tu, dai 3,5(4)-5,5(6) cm, rong 3(3,5)-4(4,7) cm, phu long mem ngdn a ca hai mat, со gd
sdc d mat ngodi. canh hoa cong lai hoac m o rong, hinh bau due rong tdi hinh trung rong, tit cho tdi tron
о dinh, dai 4(4,5)-6(7,2) cm, rong 2,5(3)-3,5(4,5) cm, phu long mem manh o c a hai mat, long trang d phia
goc, mep ben ddi khi cong lai. Mdi gan giong mo vet, dang lo sdu, ddi 3,3(3,5)-4(4,5) cm, rong 2,3 -3,4
cm, loe ra d goc, со mep dmh cong lai va со ranh doc theo gdn, be mat nau tham. Cot nhj nhuy ngdn; nhi
lep loi, hinh mui ten rong, tron d dinh, dai 11-17 mm, rong 11-21 mm vdi mot ranh ngang d nua goc;
niim nhuy dang thia, phu long rat ngdn; bao phan со hat phan rat kho. Hinh 87.
PHAN BO. Nam Trung Quoc (nam Van Nam?), bde Viet Nam (Tuyen Quang). Hinh 36, 88
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh, ram, thuong xanh, cay la rong tren nhung vdch da ram mat va cdc
suon doc cua nui da vdi phan lap bi xoi mon manh d do cao 450-750 m. Hinh 86.
THOI G IAN NO HOA TRONG T H lfiN
NHIEN. Thdng 4-5.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN
Q UAN HE- Paphiopedilum hangianum Id mot
phat hien gdy sung sot trong thoi gian gan day. Lodi
dac hmi ndy cua Viet Nam со khu phan bo rat hep.
No rat gan vdi P. emersonii va mot quan he giua
chiing can duoc nghien citu tiep. Ca hai loai nay d
mot mite do nao do со mot vi tri phan loai tach biet
va cung duoc xem la thuoc ve hai td rieng biet cua
chi. Paphiopedilum hangianum khac vdi
Paphiopedilum emersonii d mdu sdc hoa, bao hoa
tuong ddi to hon va nhi lep trdng ro ret vdi gdn tim
chia nhanh co chieu rong bang chieu ddi. Thdng
bao ve loai nay со gap о Trung Quoc (Liu Zhong-
Jian & Zhang Jian-Yong, 2001) hien vdn chua со gi
la chdc chan.
LICH SU. Paphiopedilum hangianum duoc
Perner va Gruss mb ta dua tren mot cdy duoc xuat
di tir Viet Nam vao mita thu ndm 1998 va no hoa d
Due miia xudn sau do. Cung vdo ndm 1998, do nhu
cdu ve Lan Hai Viet Nam ngay cang tang, mot
luong ldn cdy duoc thu tu thien nhien da xuat hien
tren khap cac cho Lan dia phuong cua Viet Nam.
Cung thoi gian do, nhung ngudi buon Lan tich cue
thu thap vd mua bat cu nhung dang la ndo т а со
tridn vpng bdn duoc tren thi trudng Lan quoc te.
Nhung mdu Paphiopedilum hangianum dau
tien duoc Tong N goc Hdng, mdt ngudi trdng Lan
Viet Nam, xuat di nude ngoai va sau khi no hoa d
Due, ten Hang da duoc dung lam djnh ngir cho loai
mdi nay. Gia cua no sau do tang cao vd noi phan bd
chinh xdc cua no ngay lap tuc duoc giau kin. Nhung Hinh 88. Su phan bo ciia Paphiopedilum
h an gianum (Hinh ve L. Averyanov).

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ngudi xuat khau lan noi rang "cay nay bat nguon
tii tinh Вас Thai" (mot dja danh cu hien tai khong
duoc dung nua).
Chi mot thoi gian ngdn sau do, mot luong Ion
Paphiopedilum hangianum xuat hien tren cac cho
Lan Viet Nam va nhieu cay da duoc xuat di rat
nhieu nucrc. Khong con nghi ngd gi nua, loai P.
singchii (Liu & Zhang, 2000) duoc cho la co
nguon goc tir nam Van Nam nhung khong co dia
didrn chinh xac chinh la duoc mo ta dua tren cay
co nguon goc tir Viet Nam. Cac tac gia tuyen bo
rang nhung cay nay duoc thu tii khu vuc bien giai
cua Viet Nam.
Quan the Paphiopedilum hangianum d'au tien
d ngoai thien nhien duoc hai nha thuc vat
Averyanov va Phan Ke Loc phat hien vao miia
xuan 2001 thong qua dot thuc dia do T6 chuc Bao
ton D ong thuc vat Hoang da Quoc te (FFI) va quy
Khoa hoc Quoc Gia Hoa Ky tai tro.
NOI SONG. Paphiopedilum hangianum moc
trong rung nguyen sinh, it nhieu ram, thudng
xanh, cay la rong tren nui da voi bi bao mon
manh d do cao 450-750 m (Cac hinh 86, 89, 90).
Chting moc tren da vdi phan ldp va thudng chua
khoang thach anh vdi tudi tre hon duoc tao thanh
tii Paleozoi muon hoac M esozoi sdm (Hinh 89).
Cac cube dieu tra thuc dja gan day da xac
dinh duoc noi phan bo cua Paphiopedilum
hangianum. D o la mot viing co dien tich rat nho
nam hoan toan trong tinh Tuyen Quang (Hinh
88). Viing nay co khi hau nhiet ddi gio miia voi
mua dong kho lanh va mua he nong. Luong mua
rat thap trong thoi gian tu thang 11 den dau thang
4 va dieu nay rat dac trung cho noi song ciia
Paphiopedilum hangianum. Nhiet do trung binh
miia dong d day dao dong tir 14 den 16°C va ddi
khi nhiet do co the xuong tdi 3-5°C vao ban dem
cua miia dong lanh nhat thuoc cac thang 1 va 2.
Miia he nong vdi luong mua cao nhat vao cac H inh 89. N h im g vach da v o i phan ldp dung dUng va
thang 6-8 (Hinh 91). Tdng lucmg mua trung binh ch e b on g la noi sdng tieu bidu ciia Pap hiopedilum
nam cua khu vuc nay thap hon so vdi toan bo hangianum .
viing Dong Duong va dao dong tu 1200 den 1400 вас Viet Nam, tinh Tuyen Quang (Anh: L. Averyanov).
mm. Dieu nay dan den viec tao thanh cac khu
rung thua kho tren nui da vdi cacxto trong khu vuc. Nhiet do trung binh thang cua miia he vao khoang
25-28°C va rat hiem khi vuot qua 35°C. Suong mil day dac va mua phiin lien tuc rat pho bien tir d'au
thang 2 den cuoi thang 3. D o am khong khi thoi gian nay thudng xuyen la 100% nhung dat va mun la
cay tren mat dat van hoan toan kho.
Kieu rung nguyen sinh, hoi ram, kha kho, thudng xanh cay la rong rat thich hop cho Paphiopedilum
hangianum trong cac khu vuc phan bo ctia no (Hinh 86). Cac cay gd to co thd cao tdi 20-25 m, bao gom
cac loai cay nhiet ddi ua dm nhu Burretiodendron hsienmu (Tiliaceae), cac loai ciia Ficus (Moraceae),
Lithocarpus, Quercus (Fagaceae), Cinnamomum, Persea (Lauraceae), Pterospermum truncatolobatum
(Sterculiaceae), Chukrasia tabularis (M eliaceae) va tham chi cd Dipterocarpus sp. (Dipterocarpaceae).
Day la cac lodi chi thi cho kidu rung kho. Doi khi cdc lodi Thong nhu N ageia sp. (Podocarpaceae) co
nhieu trong kidu rung nay. Dacrydium elatum (Podocarpaceae) moc rai rac doc theo cdc dudng dinh tai

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 LAN HAI VIET NAM

noi song ciia P. hangianum. Nhung cay g6 nho

va cay bui moc dubi tan rirng la cac loai ciia cac
ho Araliaceae (Schefflera), Clusiaceae
(Calophyllum ), Euphorbiaceae (Cleidion,
Sauropus), Lauraceae (Litsea), M oraceae
(F icus, Streblus tonkinensis, S. ilicifolius),
Rubiaceae, Rutaceae (Micromelum, Murraya)
va Sapindaceae (Dimocarpus longan). Cac cay
Ion thuoc ho Cau nhu Arenga pinnata, Licuala
sp., va 1 loai Pandanus sp. co the thay rat phd
bien о hem nui ram mat va sau tren cac suon
doc gan noi song cua P. hangianum. Cac cay
bui nho nhu Ardisia (M yrsinaceae) va
Biophytum (Oxalidaceae) cung la dai dien cho
cac quan xa cay moc tren da 6 day. Dai dien ciia
cac ho Acanthaceae, Araceae (Aglaonem a,
Amorphophallus, Arisaema), Aristolochiaceae
(Asarum), Begoniaceae (B egonia),
Convallariaceae (Aspidistra, Colonia,
O phiopogon, Polygonatum ), G esneriaceae
(Chirita, Paraboea), Rubiaceae (Ophiorrhiza)
va Urticaceae (Elatostema, Pellionia, Procris)
la cac loai co rat pho bien moc tren dait va da.
Tuy nhien, loai cay uu the ciia quan xa co moc
tren cac vach va cac suon kho doc 6 day chinh
la cac loai nhu Carex indica va Scleria sp.
(Cyperaceae).
Kha nhieu loai Duong xi chiu han va cac
loai co quan he ho hang nhu Adiantum gravesii,
Asplenium belangeri, A. griffithianum, A.
tenuifolium, A. unilaterale, cung cac loai сйа
Cyclosorus; Pyrrosia, va Selaginella, deu co Hinh 90. Paphiopedilum hangianum tai noi song
nhung khong pho bien. tieu bieu.
Вас Viet Nam. tinh Tuyen Quang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

30

25

20 Hinh 91. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu bibu nhat о phan nam
сйа noi phan Ь6 cua Paphiopedilum hangianum.
Thong bao tu Tram khi tuong gan nhat - Cho Ra
15
(22°27'B 105°43'D, cao 220 m tren mat bien). Theo
Nguyen Khanh Van et al., (2000).
Cac chii so mau den 6 chan so do la thang. Mau xanh
10
nuoc bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); cac mau do, xanh la cay va xanh
nuoc bien chi nhiet do °C (duong mau do - nhiet do toi da
trung binh thang; duong mau xanh la cay - nhiet do trung
binh thang; ducrng mau xanh nuoc bien - nhiet do toi thap
trung binh thang).

136

к
 PAPHIOPEDILUM HANGIANUM

Hinh 9 2 . Pap hiopedilum hangianum thuong m o c tren vach da dung dung v o i re phat trien d oc th eo cac ke nut
ngang ciia da v o i phan lop . N 01 so n g tidu bieu.
Вас Viet Nam. tinh Tuyen Quang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

137
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 93 (phia tren ben trai). Nhieu cay giong con va cay non cua Paphiopedilum hangianum doi khi con thay
moc tren khe nut co bot da voi tai cac vdch da dung dung.
Вас Viet Nam, tinh Tuyen Quang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Hinh 94 (phia tren ben phai). Nu hoa cua Paphiopedilum hangianum xuat hien trong tu nhien vao thang ba
nhung hoa no ro vao thang nam.
Вас Viet Nam, tinh Tuyen Quang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Rat it loai Lan gap a nai song nay vi cac dieu kien tu nhien kha kho. Trong so cac loai dia lan gap
6 day co cac loai moc tren nui da voi thap ua nong tieu bidu nhu Calanthe alismaefolia, C. triplicata,
Corymborkis veratrifolia, Cymbidium lancifolium, Liparis nervosa, L. paradoxa, Neuwiedia sp.,
Tropidia angulosa va T. curculigoides. Cac loai moc tren da phd bien a day la Bulbophyllum
purpureifolium, Flickingeria sp., H em ipilia calophylla, Liparis mannii, Liparis sp., Oberonia
ensiform is, Pholidota rubra, Paphiopedilum henryanum, P. tranlienianum va Podochilus microphyllus.
Cac loai Lan phu sinh 6 day kha hiem song cung co cac loai nhu Cleisostom a rostratum, Dendrobium
acinaciforme, D. lindleyi, Eria pubescens, Oberonia sp. va Phalaenopsis mannii. Loai Didimoplexiopsis
violacea Aver., mot loai Lan hoai sinh dac biet mcri ducrc phat hien gan day cung moc chung vdi P.
hangianum.
Paphiopedilum hangianum trong tu nhien thuong moc tren nhung vach cao ram mat vdi гё phat tridn
doc theo cac ke nut ngang cua da vdi phan lap (Hinh 92). Ddi khi co rat nhieu cay giong con va cay non
moc tren bot da vdi xop ldng dong tai cac bd cao dudi nhung vach da (Hinh 93). Tai nhung noi song
nay, no thuong moc cung vdi loai cay song bat buoc tren da vdi nhu Hemipilia calophylla, Oberonia
ensiform is, Paphiopedilum henryanum, P. tranlienianum, Podochilus microphyllus (Orchidaceae),
Begonia sp. (Begoniaceae), Adiantum gravesii, Asplenium belangeri, A. griffithianum, A. tenuifolium,
A. unilaterale (Polypodiaceae s.l.) va Selaginella sp. (Selaginellaceae).

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM HANGIANUM

Paphiopedilum hangianum moc d nhung phan giua cua cac duong dinh va cac sudn nui, d do cao
450-750 m. Ngoai thien nhien, chung ra hoa vao thang 5 va d'au thang 6, thai gian gan nong nhat trong
nam cua khu vuc (Hinh 94, 95).
Day la loai dac hiru hep phan bo trong khu vuc phia bde cua tinh Tuyen Quang lien ke vdi ranh gidi
nam cua cac tinh Ha Giang va Cao Bang cung nhu ranh giai tay cua tinh Bde Kan (Hinh 88). Khu phan
bo cua no khong vupt qua 20 den 25 km2. Trudc nam 1999, no moc trong khu vuc vdi so luong Ion, tao
thanh cac dam Ion dep tuyet dieu d rat nhieu noi. Tuy nhien, trong thoi gian 2000-2001, cac quan thd tu
nhien cua no hau nhu bi xoa sach hoan toan do viec thu mdu о at. Do nhu cau rat Ion ciia nhirng ngudi
buon Lan, thdi gian nay nhung nguoi dan dja phuong da thu hang tram nghin cay Paphiopedilum
hangianum tai toan bo khu vuc phan bo cua no. Hau het da bi xuat bat hop phap ra nude ngoai. So con
lai duoc ban d cac cho n0i dia. Vao thang 5-2001, hang tram cay Paphiopedilum hangianum dang ra
hoa da thay d cac cho hoa tai cac thanh phd ldn cua Viet Nam. Do cac quan thd thien nhien khi do con
kha nhieu va viec thu mdu dd ban mot each о at nen khong thd tin nbi la gia ban ciia loai Lan nay о cho
rat thap. Vao mua xudn nam 2001, gia mot cay Paphiopedilum hangianum dang ra hoa d Ha N oi chi
10.000 dong Viet Nam (khoang 0,7 do la My). Dang tiec thay, chi 2 ndm sau, tat ca cac quan thd duoc
biet tdi d noi phan bo nguyen so da bi thu sach. Mot vdi dam Paphiopedilum hangianum nho sot lai co
thd con thay d nhirng noi xa xoi, hidm tro ma nhung nguoi thu mua Lan chua tdi duoc. Ket qua la
Paphiopedilum hangianum hien nay hau nhu da tuyet chung ngoai thien nhien.
BIEN THAI. Viec quan sat nhieu cdy Paphiopedilum hangianum dang ra hoa d nhieu quan thd khac
nhau da cho thay it co su thay ve kich thudc, mau sac, hinh dang cua hoa. Chieu rong cua hoa bien ddi
tir 10 den 12(14) cm, kha cung kidu vdi cac manh bao hoa hinh trirng rong hoac hinh trirng nguoc,
thudng vang xanh nhat hoac vang nhat. Canh hoa co cac dom tia ndu о goc. La ddi lung vang tuyen hoac
co nhung dom tia ndu lua thua d phan goc. Nhi lep trdng hoac vang tuoi, thuong co cac dom tim noi lien
nhau theo chieu ngang khong deu dan (Hinh 95).

Hinh 95. Mpt hoa didn hinh cua Paphiopedilum hangianum no tai Ha Noi.
Cay lay 6 Вас Viet Nam, tinh Tuyen Quang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

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 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

6. PAPHIOPEDILUM EMERSONII Koop. & P.J. Cribb

P a p h io p e d ilu m e m e rs o n ii K oop. & P.J. C rib b in O rch id A d v o cate 12: 86 (1986). T y p e:

C hina, cult. E .W . C h arles (h o lo ty p e K !).
P ap h io p ed ilu m h u o n g lan ae N .T .T ic h in H o a C anh 1998, 3: 10-11 (1 9 9 8 ), n o m . in v al.
P ap h io p ed ilu m e m erso n ii K oop. & P.J. C rib b var. h u o n g la n a e (N .T .T ich ) N .T .T ich in H o a
C an h 1998, 4: 12 (1 998), com b, inval.

MO TA. Co moc tren da vdi 4 - 7 la xep thanh hai hang. La dai, hinh ludi, tu hoac gan nhon, dai 15
- 25 cm, rong 3 - 5 cm, xanh bong d mat tren, xanh nhat va co go lung ro ret d mat dudi, ddi khi co cac
dom tim-tia lua thua d gan goc. Cum hoa thdng dung, co mot hoa nam trong mot la be trang, mong dai
va khong co kha nang phat tridn; cuong cum hoa dai 10 - 15 cm, dudng kinh 4 - 5 mm, xanh vang, co
long mem trang; la hoa hinh bau due rong, nhon, gap ddi, dai 2,8 - 3 cm, rong 1 , 2 - 2 cm, trang, co long
va long ria d mep. Hoa co miii tham ngot diu, rat to so vdi kich cd than cay, rong (7,5)8 - 9,5( 10,8) cm,
gan hinh chuong hoac md rong; la dai kha day, mau trang; canh hoa tring, ddi khi nhuom hong rat dep
d goc; mdi vang nhat, hong-cam nhat hoac mau kem vdi dom hong xung quanh mep, со dom tia tham
d trong, chuyen mau vang; nhi lep vang tuoi vdi cac dom dd va mep trdng; cuong va bau dai khoang 3
cm, trdng vang nhat, phu long trdng mem. La dai lung mil ngan triim len va cong ve phia mdi, cong d
mep ben, hinh bau due tdi hinh trirng, tu, dai (2,7)3 - 4,5(5,1) cm, rong (1,5)2 - 3(3,5) cm, phu long ngdn
d ca hai mat, со go lung d mat ngoai. La dai hop hinh bau due rong tdi gan tron, tii, dai (2)2,5 - 3,5(4,6)
cm, rong (1,8)2,4 - 3,5(4,2) cm, со ldng d ca hai mat, со go lung d mat ngoai. Canh hoa cong lai hoac
md rong, hinh trung nguoc rong tdi gan hinh cau. tu cho tdi tron d dinh, dai (3,5)4 - 4,5(5,4) cm, rong
(2)2,5 - 3,5(4) cm, phu ldng dep d ca hai mat, со ldng to trang d goc, mep ben ddi khi cong lai. Mdi
cong hinh gan md vet, dang lo sau, dai (3)3,5 - 4,5(5) cm, rong 2 - 3 cm, loe ra d goc, со mep о chop
cong lai va co ranh doc theo gan. Cot nhi nhuy ngdn; nhj lep loi, cut, dai khoang 1 , 6 - 2 cm, rong 0,8 -
1,1 cm, co ranh doc sau va to ra ve phia dinh; niim nhuy dang thia, phu ldng to rat ngdn; bao phan со
hat phan kho. Hinh 96.
PHAN BO. Nam Trung Quoc (dong nam Van Nam, Quang Tay, nam Quy Chau, va со thd со d
Quang Dong), bde Viet Nam (Tuyen Quang). Hinh 36, 97.
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh, ram, thudng xanh, cay la rong tai cac sudn ddc va cac vach ram
mat tren nhi da vdi ket tinh bi bao mon manh, d do cao 550-750 m.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thang 5-6.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN
Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum emersonii la mot loai dd nhan vi со hoa trdng rat to va mdi vang cam.
Hoa co cdnh hoa rong gan nhu hinh tron, mdi kha nho phdng len va mot nhi lep to gap ddi со dom tia
va vang. N o rat gan vdi Paphiopedilum hangianum nhung khac d chd co hoa trdng, khac ve mau sac va
hinh dang cua nhi lep. Noi chung, ca hai loai nay trdng rat giong nhau. La cua Paphiopedilum emersonii,
giong nhu Paphiopedilum hangianum, la xanh tuyen dong mau, hoan toan khong со dom kham d mat
tren. Hai loai nay tao thanh mot nhom tach biet vd duoc xep vao td rieng biet. Trong mot thoi gian dai
trudc day Paphiopedilum emersonii duoc coi la loai dac hmi rat hep tach biet d nam Trung Quoc.
LICH SU. Nhung ngudi buon Lan Quang Tay da mang khoang 100 cay cua loai nay den cho Lan
M aisie d Hong Kong vao mua xuan nam 1985. Chiing d trong tinh trang rat xau va ngudi chu, ong Law
Ka Kai, da tu choi mua. Sau dd chung duoc dua tdi cong ty Diamon Farm va tiep tuc duoc ban cho mot
ngudi trdng Lan ndi tieng d Califoocnia, Emerson Charles thong qua Dr. Sandy Lee. Bang each nuoi
trong rat can than, ong ta da duoc mpt cay ra hoa vao thang 4-1996 (Fowlie, 1990a). Cay nay sau dd da
duoc K oopowitz & Cribb (1986) dung dd mo ta loai mdi. Tuy nhien, den liic dd noi xuat xu chinh xac
cua loai cay nay v in chua duoc biet den. Ngudi ta cho rang no duoc thu d Hui Nam, tinh Quy Chau d
dong nam Trung Quoc.
Nha suu tam Lan ndi tieng ngudi My Jack Fowlie la ngudi dau tien md ta noi sdng tu nhien cua
Paphiopedilum emersonii d ranh gidi giua Van Nam va Quang Tay (Fowlie, 1990a). Ong tim thay nhung

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM EMERSONII

H inh 9 6 . Pap hiopedilum e m erso n ii (Hinh ve ciia L. Averyanov).

a — C ay m ang hoa; b — hoa; с — la dai lung; d — la dai hop; e — can h hoa; f , g — m oi, nhin tii m at tru d c, m at b en va
m at ca t doc; h -j — co t nhi nhuy, nhin tii m at ben, m at lung va m at bung; к — bau v a la h o a (V e th eo т й и H A L 31/1).

141
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

cay nay moc d lung chung nui co do cao 600-700 m, tren nhung vach da voi dung dung tao thanh tu da
voi ket tinh bi bao mon xen ke vdi nhung khoi khoang thach khac. Tham thuc vat trong khu vuc la rung
thu sinh cay bui gai day dac va rung thua kho thay the cho rung nguyen sinh tit nhieu nam trudc day.
Nhung dam Paphiopedilum emersonii con sot lai moc d cac hem nui va sudn bac ram mat citng vdi nhung
dam reu ldn. va cac khe nuoc rt ra tren mat dat bao ve chting khoi su kho han va nan chay rung bat thudng.
Chting moc tren da voi гё bam vao nhung 16. ke nut gap rat phd bien d nhung noi song nhu vay. Ngudi
ta cho ring nhung cay nay nay mam d trong cac dam reu va sau dd гё moc xuydn vao dat. cat, dat vdi va
mun 14n Ion d trong кё nut ctia da. Nhung loai Lan khac moc d day la Cymbidium kanran, C. forrestii va
mot loai Phaius (Fowlie, 1990a).
Dua trdn thong tin ctia nhung ngudi buon Lan Trung Qudc, Fowlie cho ring khu phan bo ciia
Paphiopedilum emersonii keo dai tu tay nam Van Nam qua tay bde Quang Tay den Quang Dong. Thong
qua cac dot didu tra thuc dia mdi day cua Tsi, Chen, Cribb, Luo va Siu, ngudi ta da khdng dinh no con
gap d nam Quy Chau (Chen, Tsi & Luo, 1999; Cribb. Luo & Siu, 2001).
Thong tin dau tien ve su phan bo ctia Paphiopedilum emersonii d Viet Nam xuat hien vao thang 6-
1997 tu mot cong ty thuong mai dong gan Ha Noi. Ho da to chtxc thu thap tren dien rong cac loai
Paphiopedilum tren toan mien bac Viet Nam. Theo Tanaka (1998), ngudi da mo ta chi tiet cac hoat
dong cua cong ty tren nhung trang Web, thi cay Paphiopedilum emersonii d'au tien duoc tim thay a
Viet Nam "vao thang 12-1997 d Napan, phia bde Viet Nam". Dja didrn nay vdn chua ro rang bdi vi no
hidn tai khdng thay co d Viet Nam. Tuy nhidn, theo cac nguon tin gian tiep cho thay cac cay nay duoc
thu tit nui da vdi xung quanh thi tran Na Phac, ndm
d phia bde tmh Bde Kan, gan ranh gidi nam ciia tinh
Cao B in g.
Mot nam sau, Nguydn Thien Tich (1998a,b) da
cong bo ban md ta loai Paphiopedilum huonglanae
d trong Tap chi ciia Hoi Lan Viet Nam (tdn thd hien
ldng ton trang ddi vdi con gai ong ta). Thuc ra, no
chinh la loai Paphiopedilum emersonii. Nhung cay
duoc dung cho ban md ta cung bdt nguon tit nhung
ngudi buon Lan md khdng co bat ky thong tin nao
ve nguon goc xuat xti. Theo nhu tac gia, chung duoc
thu "6 Cao Bdng trong mot khu vuc da vdi gan bidn
gidi Viet Nam -Trung Qudc".
Cho den gan ddy, Paphiopedilum emersonii chi
duoc biet den d Viet Nam thong qua cac mdu cay
sdng thu tu thidn nhidn dang duoc bay ban va co thd
du doan la duoc thu d bde Viet Nam (Averyanov et
al., 2000). Mot luong Ion cay ciia loai cung da bi
xuat bait hop phap ra khoi Viet Nam tdi cac cho Lan
qudc te. Cac quan thd cua loai Lan hiem nay duoc
Averyanov va Phan Ke Loc tim thay lan dau tien d
ngoai thidn nhidn vao miia xuan nam 2001 thong
qua dot thuc dja duoc TO chuc Bao ton Dong thuc
vat Hoang da Qudc te (FFI) va quy Khoa Hoc Qudc
Gia Hoa Ky tai tro.
NOI SONG. Paphiopedilum emersonii co cac
yeu cau ve sinh thai rat giong vdi Paphiopedilum
hangianum. Loai nay moc d rung kho, hoi thua,
thudng xanh, cay la rong trdn cac nui da vdi thap bj
bao mon manh d do cao 550-750 m. Da d noi sdng
nay la da vdi cung xen kd vdi nhung khoi da silicat Hinh 97. Su phan bo ciia Paphiopedilum emersonii
hay da phien. q Viet Nam (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM EMERSONII

Cac nghien ciiu thuc dia so bO ban dau cho thay Paphiopedilum emersonii moc о mot khu vuc nui da
voi nho thuoc tinh Вас Kan va bac tinh Thai Nguyen. Trubc day, co thd no cung da duoc tim thay о tinh
Lang Son, giap voi noi phan bo d Trung Quoc. Dang buon la tham thuc vat nguyen sinh о day hien nay
hau nhu da bi pha huy hoan toan va da phan nhung loai moc tu nhien da bi tieu diet.
Dieu kien khi hau b noi phan bo Paphiopedilum emersonii rat giong voi khi hau noi Paphiopedilum
hangianum moc. Day la noi co khi hau nhiet ddi gid mua vdi miia dong kho lanh va mua he 4m nong.
Nhiet do trung binh miia dong tu thang 11 den dau thang 4 dao dong tir 13 den 15°C. Nhiet do thap nhat
thay a cac thang 1-2, khi ma ban ddm co thd xuong tdi 3-5°C. Miia he tuong doi nong vdi luong mua
cao nhat vao cac thang 6-8 (Hinh 98). Tong luong mua trung binh nam kha thap, khoang 1500 mm, thap
hon so vdi toan bo khu vuc Dong Duong. Dieu nay dan den viec hinh thanh cac khu rung kha kho va
hoi thua d trong khu vuc. Nhiet do trung binh thang miia he vao khoang 24-27°C, hiem khi vuot qua 30-
35°C. Suong mil lanh day dac va mua phiin lien tuc rat phd bien tir dau thang 2 den cuoi thang 3.
N oi song thich hop cho Paphiopedilum emersonii rat giong nhu ciia Paphiopedilum hangianum. Cac
loai cay gd uu the chinh d day la Burretiodendron hsienmu (Tiliaceae), Ficus spp. (Moraceae), Lithocarpus
sp., Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), Cinnamomum sp., Persea sp. (Lauraceae), Pterospermum truncatolobatum
(Sterculiaceae) va Chukrasia tabularis (M eliaceae). Chung cao toi 20-25 m va tao nen cac khu rimg
nguyen sinh kho hoi thua tren cac suon rat doc ciia cac nui da vdi bi bao mon manh. Cau true rimg va
thanh phan cac loai chu yeu rat giong vdi nhung loai duoc mb ta cho noi song cua Paphiopedilum
hangianum. Cung nhu cac loai vira kd, Paphiopedilum emersonii la loai song tren da, moc tren cac vach
ram mat hoac vach co reu dm vdi гё bam vao cac кё nut cua cac tang da vdi ket tinh. N o thuong duoc
tim thay d lung chung doc dudi dudng dinh cua cac nhi do cao 550-750 m. Chung no hoa ngoai thidn
nhien vao thang 5 va dau thang 6. Mac dii co noi song tuong tu nhau nhung d Viet Nam khong bao gid
thay Paphiopedilum emersonii va Paphiopedilum hangianum moc ciing nhau. Du sao, nhung nghien
cuu tiep theo vd mdi quan he сйа chung la rait can thiet.
Paphiopedilum emersonii la mot loai rat hiem d Viet Nam. Tat ca nhung quan the duoc biet da bi pha
hoai nang ne do viec thu mdu nham т ц с dich thuong mai. Nhu cau ve loai Lan quyen ru nay d Viet Nam
hien van rat cao. Dieu ndy dan den vide tan thu cdy vdi so luong ldn trong nhung ndm gan day. Mot thdng
tin co the tin duoc cho rang о Viet Nam Paphiopedilum emersoniii hiem hon Paphiopedilum hangianum va
no dang dung tren bd vuc сйа su tuyet cluing.

3 0 0 Tr- 30

2 5 0 - r- 25

200-b- 20

i l v
1 5 0 -h
Hinh 98. Cac so lieu khi hau ciia noi song cua
I Paphiopedilum emersonii d Viet Nam. Thdng bao сйа
ioo - h- -|0 Tram Khi tuong gan nhat -B d e Son (21°54’B,
106°19"D, cao 400 m tren mat bidn). Theo Nguydn
Khanh Van et al. (2000).
Cac chu so mau den a chan so do la thang. Cot mau xanh
50 t i
JI
nuoc bidn la luong mua tinh bang mm (cot chi lucrng mua
trung binh thang); mau do chi nhiet do °C (duong mau do chi
I s . : 0 nhiet do trung binh thang).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

143
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

BIEN THAI. Paphiopedilum emersonii dac trung bdi la mau xanh va khong co dom kham, hoa
trang to vdi moi hong nhat cung nhu nhi lep do va vang, moc tren mot cuong dai va doi dien vdi la hoa
trang mong nhu giay. N o la loai co kha nang bien ddi, dac biet ve dang dap va hinh dang canh hoa.
Fowlie (1990a) da dua ra 3 thd: var. kwangnanense (thoat dau viet la kwangnanensis), dang gan vdi
mdu chudn nhat; var. guangxiense (viet la guangxiensis), moc a tay bac Quang Tay, co canh hoa hep
hon, cong lai ddi chut d dinh va mdi nhat hon; va thu var. angustipetalum, moc о tinh Quang DOng, co
hoa mem vdi cdnh hoa cong lai о mep ben.
Khdng co ten nao trong so chung duoc cong bo
hop phdp. Mot vdi cdy tuong tu da duoc tim
thdy trong cac quan thd loai ndy d Viet Nam.
Chung cho thdy dd la cac bien dang ngoai thien
nhidn vd khdng phai Id su phan hoa ve mat
phan loai dam bao.
Hoa cua Paphiopedilum emersonii о Viet
Nam thuong co canh hoa trdng tuyen. Tuy
nhien, trong mot vai truong hop, cdnh hoa co
mang mot vdi dom tim ddc biet d gdn goc. Mdi
co thd vang, vang hong hoac vang cam. La
thuong didrn cac dom tim tia lua thua hodc
xanh nhat dong mau d goc (Hinh 99). Hoa cung
bien ddi manh ve hinh dang vd kich thuoc co Hinh 99. Mat dudi cua la Paphiopedilum emersonii.
thd gan hinh chuong (Hinh 100). В;ic Viet Nam, tinh Thai Nguyen (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Hinh 100. S u bien doi ve hinh thai va m au sac hoa cua Paphiopedilum em ersonii trong cac quan thd d V iet Nam .
Tai viron uom tu nhan 6 Ha N0i (Anh: L. Averyanov).

144
 PAPHIOPEDILUM CONCOLOR

Paphiopedilum subgen. Brachypetalum (Hallier) Pfitzer

P a p h io p e d ilu m subgen. B r a c h y p e ta lu m (H a llier) P fitz er in E ngler. P flan zen r. O rch. P leon.
12: 55 (1903). T y p e: P ap h io p e d ilu m c o n c o lo r (B atem an ) P fitzer.
P ap h io p ed ilu m E m e ra n th a T essellata P fitz e r in E ngl. B ot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 40, p.p. (1894).
C ypripediu m sect. C o n c o lo ria K raen zl., O rchid. G en. Sp. 1: 13, 73 (1897).
P ap h io p ed ilu m A p h an o n e u ra B rach y p etalu m H a llier f. in A nn. Jard. B ot. B u iten zo rg 14: 34
(1897).
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. C o n c o lo ria (K raenzl.) V .A .A lb e rt & B orge Pett. in L in d ley a n a 9: 137
(1994); A ver., Id en tif. G u id e V ietnam . O rch.: 17 (1 994).
P aphioped ilu m sect. B rach y p etalu m (H allier) P .J.C rib b , G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 75 (1987).
MO TA. Cay moc tren da voi. khong co than bo. La co dom kham de thay d mat tren va thuong co
dom tia о mat dudi. Hoa mau kem vang nhat hoac trdng, thucrng co cac dom tia nau hoac nau. La dai
lung va la dai hop it nhieu giong vdi canh hoa ve mau sdc, kich c a va hinh dang. Canh hoa hinh bau
due rong. trung nguoc rong hoac hinh trung cho tdi gan tron. Mdi dang trung, dong mau, hoi day, co
mep dinh cuon vao trong. C0t nhj nhuy ngan, num nhuy va bao phan co cuong ngan. Nhi lep phang va
co 3 rang dd thay d dmh. Hat phan dmh.
Co 4 loai, phan bo d phan dat lien Dong Nam A, nhung chi со 1 loai d Viet Nam (Hinh 36).

7. PAPHIOPEDILUM CONCOLOR (Bateman) Pfitzer

P a p h io p e d ilu m c o n c o lo r (B atem an ) P fitzer in E n g le r & P ran tl, N aturl. P flan zen f. 2, 6: 84

(1889); G u illam in in B ull. Soc. B ot. F ran ce 71: 552 (1924); id., FI. G en. In d o -C h in e 6: 643
(1934); K arasaw a & S aito in B ull. H iro sh im a B ot. G ard. 5: 33 (1982); C rib b , G en.
P a p h io p e d ilu m : 78 (1 9 8 7 ); id ., G en . P a p h io p e d ilu m , ed. 2: 110 (1 9 9 8 ); B rae m ,
P aphioped ilu m : 48 (1988); S eid en fad en , O rch. In d o ch in a: 16 (1992); A v er.. Identif. G uide.
V ietnam . O rch.: 17 (1 994); B raem , C. B ak er & M . B aker, G en . P ap h io p ed ilu m 1-2: 98 (1998-
1999); P h am -H o an g H o, 111. FI. V iet. 3: 763 (2000). T y p e : B urm a, cult. R u ck er, P a ris h s.n.
(holotype K!: iso ty p e W !).
C y pripediu m c o n co lo r B atem an in C u rtis's B ot. M ag. 91: t. 5513 (June 1865).
C y pripediu m c o n co lo r L indl. in G ard. C hron. 1865: 318, (A pril 1865), nom . nud.
C o rd u la c o n c o lo r (B atem an ) R o lfe in O rch id R ev. 20: 2 (1912).

MO TA. Co moc tren da, co 4-6 la xep thanh 2 hang va moc thanh dam. La thuon tdi hinh bau due
thuon, tron va hoi lorn о chop, dai tdi 10-16 cm, rong 2,5 - 4 cm, mat tren co cac ddm kham xanh thdm
va xanh nhat xen кё, thuong co cac ddm tim-tia rat dep hoac tim-tia dong mau о mat duoi. Cum hoa co
1-2(3) hoa; cuong dai tdi 8 cm. phu long trdng dep, tia hoac xanh, co ddm tim day; la hoa hinh trung,
dai 1-1,5 cm, rong 1-1,6 cm, phu long trdng, xanh, ddm tim. Hoa co miii tao therm ngot ngao rat quyen
ru, to, phu long trdng, duong kinh 5-7 cm, vang nhat, trdng vang, hiem khi trdng nga, co ddm tia nau rat
dep tren khdp be mat; bau dai 3-5 cm, phu long trdng, tim nhat hoac xanh, ddm tia. La dai lung hinh
trung nguoc rong, tu hoac lom о dinh, dai 2,5-3,7 cm, rong 2.5-3.5 cm. La dai hop lorn long chao, hinh
bau due tdi hinh tning, tu cho tdi rong dau, dai 2,1-3,5 cm, rong 2,1-3,1 cm. Canh hoa hinh bau due,
tron о dau, dai 3,5-4,5 cm, rong 2,3-2,7 cm. Mdi hinh bau due toi hinh trung hep, rat day, co mep uon
cong lai, dai 3-3,8 cm, rong 1,3-1,8 cm. Nhi lep hinh trung nhon, 4 canh tdi gan nhu hinh tam giac, co
rang hoac gan nhon о dinh, co long ria, dai 10-13 mm, rong 10-12 mm. 2n = 26. Hinh 103.
PHAN BO. Dong nam Mianma, tay nam Trung Quoc (Van Nam. Quy Chau vd Quang D ong), bac
Viet Nam (Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Bde Kan, Bde Giang, Ha Nam. Lang Son, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, Quang
Ninh, Son La. Thai Nguyen, Vinh Phuc), Thai Lan, Lao va Campuchia? (Hinh 36, 104).

145
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 101. Nhirng vach nui da voi dung dung bi bao mon manh duoc trang cay bui thu sinh bao phu la noi song
tieu bieu cua Paphiopedilum concolor 6 Viet Nam.
Вас Viet Nam, tinh Quang Ninh (Anh: L. Averyanov).
т

PAPHIOPEDILUM CONCOLOR

H inh 102. Pap hiopedilum co n c o lo r m o c tren nhung vach nui da v o i xop phan lo p dung du ng 6 rung ngu yen
sinh kho thucrng xanh ca y la rong.
Bien gicrt Viet Nam- Trung Quoc (Anh: P.J. Cribb).

SINH THAI. Rung thucrng xanh, cay la rong, nguyen sinh hoac thu sinh va trang cay bui tren cac
suon rat doc va cac vach cua cac nui da voi bi bao mon manh о do cao 10-500(600) m (Hinh 101, 102).
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NH lEN. Thang 4-5.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. VU
Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum concolor la mot loai Lan Hai nho co hoa tuong doi to, thorn, mau vang
nhat va co dom tia. Loai cay quyen ru nay duoc trong rong rai b Viet Nam do kha thich hop voi dieu
kien khi hau nong cua nhung vung dat thap. Hien tai no van rat phd bien 6 Viet Nam. Trudc day no da
tiing moc vdi so luong Ion tren cac nui da voi thuoc dong bang chau th6 song Hong gan Ha noi.
Paphiopedilum concolor co pham vi phan bo rong tren cac vung luc dia cua khu vuc Dong Nam A.
N o co moi quan he gan gui voi loai P. godefroyae 6 Thai Lan va P. bellltulum 6 Mianma, bac Thai Lan
va tay nam Trung Quoc, nhung khac voi cac loai tren о mau sdc hoa vang, thuong co dom tia, cdnh hoa
tuong doi hep hon, moi dai va hep hon vd nhi lep hinh tarn gidc.

147
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

LICH SU. Paphiopedilum concolor la mot trong nhung loai Lan Hai dirqc phat hien sdm nhat 0 Viet
Nam. Balansa va Bon thu no 6 gan Hai Phong, trong khi Regnier thong bao tim thay no о gan Sai Gon.
Thdng tin ciia Regnier la dang nghi ngd va gan nhu khong thd boi loai nay rait ua thich moc tren nen da
vdi ma lai duoc Regnier thdng bao tim thay 0 khu vuc dat phii sa ciia chau thd Ciru Long, noi khong co
bat ky nui da vdi nao. Co thd thdng tin nay dua tren nhirng cay trdng dua vao tii bac Viet Nam.
Paphiopedilum concolor duoc phat hien lan dau tien d vimg Tenaserim thuoc Mianma boi Rev.
Charles Parish, ngudi thu mdu som nhat. Nhung biic tranh mau nude tuyet dep ve loai nay ciing vdi
nhung minh hoa khac ciia ong hien nay duoc bao quan d Vudn Thuc vat Hoang Gia Anh (Kew). James
Bateman lan dau tien mo ta loai nay trong tap chi Curtis's Botanical Magazine. Tuy nhien, John Lindley
da dat ten no la Cympripedium concolor truoc do vai tuan, ngay 8/4/1865, mac du Ong ta da khong dua
ra mot ban mo ta hop luat. Ca hai ten nay deu dua tren miiu vat goc cua Parish va duoc Sigismund
Rucker trdng no hoa va trung bay d Luan Don.
Trong nhieu nam, Paphiopedilum concolor la loai Lan Hai duoc bay ban phd bien nhat tai cac cho
hoa tren toan bo lanh thd Viet Nam. Dieu chac chin la no moc rat phd bien tren nhirng mii da vdi о cac

Hinh 103. Paphiopedilum concolor (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).

a _ C ay m a n g h o a; b — la d ai lung, la d ai h a p v a c a n h h o a; с — la t ca t d oc ciia m o i; d -e — co t n hi n h u y , n h in tu
m a t lung, m a t b u n g v a m a t ben,; f — cu m h o a vcri b au v a la h o a, g — la (V e th e o m du N T H 2 9 2 2 ).

148
 PAPHIOPEDILUM CONCOLOR

viing dat thap ctia bac Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, co rat
it cac tieu ban kho ciia loai nay duoc thu о Viet
Nam. Thong qua cac dot nghien cuu thuc dia trong
thcri gian gan day, nguoi ta moi phat hien ra pham
vi phan bo rong thuc su ciia no. Dang tide la loai
nay hien nay da bi tuyet chiing 6 hau het cac dia
didrn duoc ndu len trong cac tai lieu cu.
NOI SONG. Paphiopedilum concolor la loai
phan bo rong nhat ciia duoi chi Brachypetalum. No
ciing phan bo rong b cac viing da voi dat thap ciia
bac Viet Nam.
Fowlie (1978) thong bao rang Paphiopedilum
concolor moc tren cac nui da voi doc о dp cao 90-
150 m tren mat bidn о ban dao Thai Lan. Ong cho
rang hat cua no nay mam tren rd va гё phu ciia
nhung cay g6 moc tren da voi va sau do moc lan
den cac ke nut cua da co mun dat dong lai. О Trung
Quoc, loai nay moc о tren cac doi va vach da voi,
thuong trong viing da voi cacxto (Cribb, 1998). No
co thd bam vao cac vach da dung dung bang each
bam rd vao cac kd nut cua da hoac cac lop dat da
sau hon ciia cac suon doc noi co nude tham qua. О
nam Trung Quoc, no duoc tim thay о cac suon
dong bde hoac bac, 6 do cao 300-950 m. Do pH dat
bien ddi tir 7,2 den 8. No thich hop vdi cac noi ram
mat, nhung cay truong thanh co thd song dudi anh
nhng mat trdi it nhat mot phan trong ngay. О dong
nam Thai Lan va Campuchia, Fowlie (1977) thong
bao rang Paphiopedilum concolor moc trdn dat cat
ngheo dinh dudng gan muc nude bien trong khi d
xa hon ve phia bac, Khao Yai, no moc trdn cac doi
da vdi. Co thd la dat cat d day da pha vdi nude da Hinh 104. Su phan bb cua Paphiopedilum
vdi do dieu kien khi hau gio miia. concolor d Viet Nam (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).
О Viet Nam, Paphiopedilum concolor thudng Vong tron den chi cac quan the ducrc cac tac gia
thay moc trdn cdc ddi da vdi thap va nhi da vdi nghien cuu; vong tron trdng chi cac diem phan bo theo
tai lieu tham khao.
cacxto, mpc d gan dinh hodc trdn cac dudng dinh.
va phd bien nhat d sudn dong bde hoac sudn bde. N o thudng moc d chd thoai cua cac vach dung hoac
cac sudn ddc d do cao 500 (600) m trdn mat bidn (Hinh 105). Tuy nhidn tai nhirng noi chua bi tan pha,
loai ndy co thd tim thay trdn vach da dung dirng gan sat muc nude bidn (Hinh 101). No khdng hiem thdy
d tat ca cac khu vuc da vdi bde Viet Nam, dac biet la cac viing thap gan bidn.
Paphiopedilum concolor Id lodi cay didn hinh cho viing nui da vdi thap bi bao mon manh, phan bo rong
tu viing ven bidn vdo sau phan dat lien ctia Viet Nam. No moc d khu vuc co khi hau nhiet ddi gio mua didn
hinh vdi miia dong kho lanh va miia he nong dm, noi ma anh hudng ciia gio miia hd va miia dong rat manh.
Miia dong d khu vuc nay ndng, lanh va it mua. Miia dong kho han keo dai tu thang 11 den dau thang
4. Thoi gian ndy mua rat hiem, tuy nhidn co do dm cao do anh huong cua bidn. Thong thudng thi nhiet
do trung binh vao miia dong khoang 15-18°C voi nhiet do tuyet ddi thap nhat thudng trdn 5-6°C (Hinh
106). Thang lanh nhat la thang 12 va thang 1. Miia he tir kha ndng den ndng vdi nhiet do trung binh
khoang 26-30°C. Nhiet do cao nhat duoc quan sat thay co thd ldn den 41- 43°C (Nguydn Khanh Vdn et
al., 2000). Thai tiet ndng triing vdi miia mua. Luong mua cao nhat d day vao thang 6-9. Tdng luong mua
trung binh nam dao dong trong khoang 1700-2000 mm.
Paphiopedilum concolor thudng duoc tim thay d Viet Nam tu muc nuoc bidn den do cao 450-500 m,
tuong ddi hidm thay d do cao 550-600 m. No ludn luon la loai moc tren dd bdt buoc, trdn da vdi cung,
mem hodc phan ldp, bi bao mon manh. No thich hop voi rung nguyen sinh, kho, kha thua, thudng xanh,
cay la rong.

149
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 105. Nhung diem thoai thoai tren cac vach da dung dung la noi song dien hinh cua Paphiopedilum
concolor о Viet Nam.
Вас Viet Nam, tmh Вас Kan (Anh: L. Averyanov).

150
 PAPHIOPEDILUM CONCOLOR

Hinh 106. Cac so lieu khi hau cua khu vuc phan bo
Paphiopedilum concolor tai Vinh Ha Long va dong
bang ven bien cua Viet Nam. Tram Khi tuong Phu
Li6n (20°48'B 106°38'D, cao 5 m tren mat bien) theo
Bruzon va Carton (1930).
Cac chu so mau den 6 chan so do la thang. Cot mau
xanh nude bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra
luong mua trung binh thang); cac mau do, xanh la cay va
xanh nude Ыёп chi nhiet do °C (dudng mau do - nhiet dp toi
da trung binh thang; dudng mau xanh la cay - nhiet do trung
binh thang; dudng mau xanh nude bien - nhiet do toi thap
9 10 1 1 1 2 trung binh thang).

Thong thuong thi cac loai cay uu the trong kieu rung nay 6 Viet Nam la Burretiodendron hsienmu
(Tiliaceae), Calophyllum sp. (Clusiaceae), Choerospondias sp.. Dracontomelum sp. (Anacardiaceae),
Chukrasia tabularis (M eliaceae), Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae), Diospyros sp. (Ebenaceae), Ficus spp..
Streblus tonkinensis, S. llicifolius (M oraceae), M adhuca sp. (Sapotaceae), Pterospermum
truncatolobatum (Sterculiaceae) va Terminalia sp. (Combretaceae). Kieu rung nhiet ddi tren dat thap co
mot tap hop rat phd bien cac loai cay gd nho va cay bui thuoc rat nhieu ho nhu Anacardiaceae,
Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Celastraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae,
Sapotaceae, v.v. Cac cay Cau dua nhu Livistona halongensis, Livistona sp., Rhapis sp.. Arenga pinnata
va Licuala sp. ciing vdi cac loai Pandanus spp.. Tren nhung suon doc trdng trai thi cac loai Tue nhu
Cycas brachycantha, Cycas spp., kha phd bien. Cac loai day leo than co chju han bao gom cac loai cua
Dischidia va Hoya cung cac loai Duong xi moc tren da nhu Pyrrosia spp., gap rat nhieu о noi song cua
P. concolor.
Cac loai Lan phd bien nhat gap d day la cac loai Lan song tren da nhu Acampe rigida, Calanthe
argenteostriata, C. triplicata, Cheirostylis chinensis, C. yunnanensis, C leisostom a rostratum,
Cymbidium aloifolium, Liparis viridiflora, Malaxis acuminata va Oberonia ensiformis. Nhung loai tieu
bidu khac song tren da co than mpng nuoc nhu Chirita drakei va C. hiepii. Cac loai Lan phu sinh о day
khong nhieu do dieu kien khi hau kho, nhung cung co nhu Dendrobium acinaciforme, D. lindleyi, D.
parishii, Luisia morsei, Ornithochilus difformis, Thelasis khasiana va Vanda concolor. Cac loai dja lan
la cac loai ua nong cung xuht hien о day nhu Calanthe alismaefolia, Corymborkis veratrifolia,
Habenaria spp., Nervilia spp., Tropidia angulosa va T. curculigoides.
Paphiopedilum concolor la loai Lan Hai Viet Nam duy nhat co kha nang song sot cao trong tinh
trang tham thuc vat bi pha huy. Mot vai quan thd con sot lai co thd duoc tim thay d trong rung thu sinh
thua. kho da bi tan pha va tham chi trong nhung trang cay bui thu sinh chiu han (Hinh 107). Trong nhung
dieu kien nhu vay, nhung cay nay co the song tren cac tang da voi bi bao mon lo duoi anh sang mat trdi
(Hinh 109). Tuy nhien, noi song tdi uu cua no vim la d cac khe nut hay noi thoai thoai tren cac vach da
vdi dung dudi bong mat ciia cac cay gd cua rung thua kho nguyen sinh (Cac hinh 108, 110). Do dac tinh
chju han cao Paphiopedilum concolor co thd duoc tim thay tren cac vach da vdi cao dung dtrng giua cac
trang co va cay bui rat gan cac con dudng mon va lang ban.
Paphiopedilum concolor la cay lam canh rat phd bien d Viet Nam. May man la viec thu mua chung
tii ngoai thien nhien dd ban trong cac cho trong nude van con it. D o la loai Lan Hai moc tu nhien dd
trdng nhat d Viet Nam. Va no sinh trudng va no hoa d dieu kien khi hau nong ciia cac vung dat thap.
noi ma phan ldn nguoi dan Viet Nam sinh song.

1 51
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

Hinh 107 (Phia tren ben trai) Paphiopedilum concolor moc tren vach da voi trong dung diing co cay bui thu sinh
bao phu.
Вас Viet Nam, tinh Quang Ninh (Anh L. Averyanov).

Hinh 108 (Phia tren ben phai) Trong dieu kien song tu nhien toi uu tren nhung vach nui da vdi dung dirng duoc
rung kho nguyen sinh che bong Paphiopedilum concolor moc thanh nhung dam rong vdi nhieu hoa no.
Вас Viet Nam. tinh Son La (Anh L. Averyanov).

Paphiopedilum concolor no hoa ngoai thidn nhidn tit tuan cuoi ciia thang 4 den cuoi thang 6. Thai
gian no hoa cua cac cay duoc thu tu thidn nhidn va trdng d Ha N oi bat d'au tir thang 3 va keo dai cho
den tuan dau cua thang 8.
BIEN THAI. Paphiopedilum concolor la loai bien ddi rat da dang ve dom kham la, mau sdc hoa,
hinh dang va chieu dai cdnh hoa cung nhu so luong cdc hoa d mdi cum hoa. Mot vai bien thd ciia loai
nay da duoc cong nhan la co su khac nhau ve mat phan loai, vi du var. hennisianum (album) khdng co
cac dom tia trdn hoa hoac trdn la; var. chlorophyllum khdng co cdc dom tia d mat dudi cua la; var.
longipetalum co canh hoa hinh thia hep, dai 5 cm vd rong 1,5 cm; var. striatum trdn canh hoa co cac
dudng soc tia hon la cac dom; va var. sulphurinum khdng co cac dom tia ca trdn hoa va Id.
Guillaumin (1924, 1934) dd phat hien ra 2 thu ciia Paphiopedilum concolor a Viet Nam: var.
regnieri Rchb.f. gap d gan Sai Gon vdi cum hoa co 4-5 hoa vang thdm vd canh hoa to; va var. tonkinense
Guillaum. vdi la dai lung vd canh hoa ldn hon vdi cac dom day dac d goc. Su phan loai nay vdn con bi
nghi ngd. Chua co ai tung nhin thay Paphiopedilum concolor co 4-5 hoa d trong tu nhidn. Neu co mot
dang nhu vay ton tai d khu vuc thanh phd Ho Chi Minh thi chac chdn la no phai duoc nhung ngudi buon
Lan trong khu vuc biet den tu trudc. Chung tdi chua tung nghe ndi ve bdt cii dang Lan nao nhu vay.
Dang co nhieu hoa nam trong pham vi bien dang tu nhien ctia Paphiopedilum concolor. Bien dang hoa
trang tuyen chi la trudng hop thay trong trdng trot. Cu thd la bien thd "Albino Jamboree" dd duoc nhan
giai thuong ctia Hoi Lan Hoa Ky ndm 1993. Mot dang cay tuong tu da duoc dat ten la Paphiopedilum
concolor var. album Braem. Nhi ldp trong hoa cua Paphiopedilum concolor cung rat bien ddi. No

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Hinh 109. Paphiopedilum concolor co thd song trong cac khoi da voi bi bao mon 16 hoan toan dudi anh sang
mat trdi.
BSc Viet Nam, tmh Quang Ninh (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Hinh 110. La cua Paphiopedilum concolor trong dieu kien song toi uu.
Вас Viet Nam, tinh Lang San (Anh: L. Averyanov).

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LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 111. N hun g thay d 6i ph 6 bien nhat cua

Pap hiopedilum c o n c o lo r о V ie t N am (Anh: L.
Averyanov).
a — Вйс Viet Nam, tinh Son La;
b — Вйс Viet Nam, tinh Quang Ninh;
c, d — Вйс Viet Nam, thanh pho Hai Phdng.

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM HIRSUTISSIMUM

thuong dai hon rong va thuon nhon cho tdi co 3 rang d dinh. Bien dang nay duoc Seidenfaden (1972)
mo ta va minh hoa rat ky.
О Viet Nam, hoa cua Paphiopedilum concolor thudng bien ddi tii dang trdng tuyen cho toi vang nhat
(Hinh 111). Trong mot vai quan thd, chop cac manh bao hoa cua Paphiopedilum concolor xanh nhat.
Thong thuong, canh hoa va mdi co cac dom tia nau nho, nhung ddi khi khdng co dom. Trong cac dieu
kien ram mat dm udt, mat trdn la ctia Paphiopedilum concolor co the co cac dom kham xanh thdm va
sang bac rat tuong phan (Hinh 110), nhung d noi nhieu anh sang, la thudng xanh nhat vdi cdc dom kham
trdng ro rang (Hinh 109). О mat dudi, 1a ciia cac cay moc d Viet Nam thudng xanh xam nhat vdi it nhieu
dom tim-tia. Ddi khi, la co thd xanh nhat tuyen hoac tim-tia thdm dong mau.

Paphiopedilum subgen. Paphiopedilum

P a p h io p e d ilu m subgen. P a p h io p e d ilu m : K arasaw a & S aito in B ull. H iro sh im a Bot. G ard.
5: 39 (1982). T y p e: P a p h io p ed ilu m insig n e (W all, ex L in d l.) Pfitz. (C y p rip ed iu m insigne
W all, ex L indl.).
P ap h io p ed ilu m su b g en u s P o ly a n th a (P fitzer) B rieg er in S ch lech ter, D ie O rch id een , ed. 3: 175
(1971).

MO TA. Co khdng co than bo. La xanh bdng hoac kham dom xanh vd xanh nhat d trdn, co cac dom
tim-tia tii lua thua tdi day dac d mat dudi gan goc. H oa khdng co mui hoac co mui khai nhe, co mau sac
khac nhau, la dai lung va canh hoa thudng co dom hoac soc. Canh hoa thon nhon, thuon hoac hinh thia.
dai hon 2 lan chieu rong. Mdi dang сбс co chan, be mat phang va kha day, vdi thuy ben cong lai, mep
dinh ciia tui mdi thang hoac hoi cong lai. Cot nhi nhuy hoi ngdn; num nhuy va bao phan co cuong ngan;
nhi lep hinh trung, trirng nguoc rong, gan hinh vuong, tim nguoc hoac it nhieu hinh ludi liem , thuong
co 3 rang о dinh, phang d mat lung, ddi khi co mot u loi d giua, bdng nhan hoac day mun nho; hat phan
dinh.
Co khoang 62 loai, phan bo d phan luc dia chau A nhiet ddi, ban dao Ma Lai, Philippin, N ew Guinea
va cac dao Solom on (Hinh 37)

P a p h io p e d ilu m s e c t. P a p h io p e d ilu m

P a p h io p e d ilu m sect. P a p h io p e d ilu m : K arasaw a & S aito in Bull. H iro sh im a Bot. G ard. 5: 39
(1982). T ype: P a p h io p ed ilu m insigne (W all, ex L indl.) P fitz. (C y p rip ed iu m insigne W all, ex
L indl.).
C ypripedium sect. In sig n ia K raen zl., O rch. G en. Spec. 1: 78 (1897).
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. S ticto p etalu m H allier f. ex P fitz. in E ngler, P flanzenr. O rch. P leon.: 69
(1903); K arasaw a & S aito in B ull. H iro sh im a B ot. G ard. 5: 41 (1982).
P aphiopedilum sect. N eu ro p etalu m H allier f. ex P fitz. in E n g ler, P flan zen r. O rch. P leon.: 71
(1903), nom . illeg.
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. T h io p e ta lu m H allier f. ex P fitz. in E n g ler, P flanzenr. O rch. P leon.: 75
(1903); K arasaw a & S aito in B ull. H iro sh im a Bot. G ard. 5: 41 (1982).
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. C y m ato p etalu m H allier f. ex Pfitz. in E n g ler, P flan zen r. O rch. P leon.: 76
(1903).
P aphiopedilum sect. C e rato p etalu m H allier f. ex P fitz. in E n g ler, P flan zen r. O rch. P leon.: 77
(1903); K arasaw a & S aito in Bull. H iro sh im a B ot. G ard. 5: 42 (1982).

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 LAN HAI VI$T NAM

DAC DIEM. La xanh tuyen, doi khi co gan xanh thim , thuong co cac dom tim-tia lua thua о mat dudi
gan goc. Cum hoa thdng hoac uon cong, 1 hoa (rat hiem khi co 2 hoa). La dai lung va la dai hop khac
vdi canh hoa mot each ro ret ve mau sdc, hinh dang va kich thudc. Canh hoa thuon cho tdi hinh trung
nguoc hep, hep hon nhieu so vdi la dai lung. Mdi co thuy ben rong va udn cong nhieu, mep dinh thdng
(khong cuon lai). Nhj lep thuong hinh tim nguoc vdi be mat nhan nheo va u loi d giua nhdn bong.
Co 14 loai, phan bo tii nam va dong bde An D o tdi tay nam Trung Quoc, Dong Duong va nam Thai
Lan (Hinh 37).

8. PAPHIOPEDILUM H I R S U TI S S I M U M ( L i n d l . ex Hook.) Stein

P a p h io p e d ilu m h ir s u tis s im u m (Lindl. ex H ook.) Stein, O rch id een b u ch : 4 7 0 (1892); P fitzer

in E ngler, B ot. Jahrb. 19: 41 (1894); id., in E n g ler, P flan zen r. O rch. P leon.: 69 (1903);
K arasaw a & S aito, B ull. H iro sh im a B ot. G ard. 5: 4 0 (1982); C ribb, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 138
(1987); id., G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m , ed. 2: 2 2 0 (1998); B raem , P ap h io p ed ilu m : 125 (1988);
S eid en fad en , O rch. In dochina: 19 (1 992); A ver., Id en tif. G u id e V ietn am . O rch.: 19 (1994);
A ver, et al. in O rch id s 66, 4: 378, 3 8 0 (1997); B raem , C .B a k e r & M .B ak er, G en.
P ap h io p ed ilu m 1-2: 258 (1 9 9 8 -1 9 9 9 ); P h am H oang H o, 111. FI. V iet. 3: 764 (2000). T y p e:
W ith o u t p ro v en an ce, cult. P a rk e r (h o lo ty p e K !).
C y pripedium h irsu tissim u m L indl. ex H ook, in C u rtis's B ot. M ag. 83: t. 4 9 9 0 (1857).
C o rd u la h irsu tissim a (L indl. ex H o o k .) R o lfe in O rch id R ev. 20: 2 (1912).

MO TA. Co moc tren dat hoac tren da vdi 5-7 la xep thanh 2 hang, moc thanh dam. La hinh ludi
dai hep, tii hoac co 2 thuy tu khong ddi xung d chop, dai toi 45 cm, rong 1,5-2 cm, xanh, co ddm tia d
mat dudi gan goc. Cum hoa со 1 hoa (rat it khi 2 hoa); cuong dai 17-25 cm, phu long dai day dac, moc
trong mot bao dang la mau xanh dai toi 1 1cm: la hoa hinh bau due, gan nhon cho tdi tii, dai 1,5-2,8 cm,
phu long. Hoa rong 6(10)-14(16) cm; la dai vang nhat cho tdi xanh nhat, co nhieu ddm nau tdi, day dac
gan nhu tdi tan mep; canh hoa vang nhat, ddm tia паи о nua goc, ddm hong tia d nua tren; mdi vang
nhat cho tdi xanh о liu nhat, ddm tia-hdng; nhi lep vang nhat, ddm tia ve goc, nau tdi bong ve phia giua;
cuong hoa va bau dai 5-7,5 cm, phu long dai den day dac. La dai lung hinh trung rong cho tdi triing -
bau due, tii hoac lom d dmh, dai l,8(3)-4,5(5,2) cm, rong l,8(2,3)-4(4,5) cm vdi mep lupn song, co long
ria. La dai hop giong vdi la dai lung, dai l,8(3)-4(4,5) cm, rong 1.1(1,5)-3(4) cm. Canh hoa nam ngang
hoac quay xuong duoi, hinh thia, tron о dmh, dai 2,6(5)-7(8) cm, rong 1(1,3)-2,5(3) cm, xoin lai d niia
phia tren, thuong lupn song d mep ve goc, phu long to va long ria. Mdi dai 1,8(3)-4(4,5) cm, rong
l,2 (l,5 )-2 ,2 (2 ,8 ) cm. Nhi lep gan hinh vuong, tii, loi, dai khoang 10 mm, rong 8mm. 2n = 26.
PHAN BO. Dong bac An D o (Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram va Nagaland), Myanma, tay nam
Trung Quoc (Van Nam, Quy Chau, Quang Tay), bac Thai Lan, bac Lao, va Viet Nam (Cao Bang, Ha
Giang, Hoa Binh, Son La, Lao Cai, Thai Nguyen va Thanh Hoa). Hinh 37.
Loai nay co 3 thu (var.). Dd la var. hirsutissimum, var. esquirolei va var. chiwuanum. Thtr chuan
phan bd d dong bac An Do va Mianma. Ca hai thu esquirolei va chiwuanum deu moc d Viet Nam.

KHOA X А С DINH CAC THU

1. H oa to, ro n g (1 0 )1 2 -1 6 cm ; canh h o a dai (5)7-8 cm , n u a goc lu o n song day d m ep . .

........................................................ 8a. P a p h io p e d ilu m h irsu tissim u m v ar. e sq u iro le i
+ H oa nho, ra n g (6 )8 -1 0 cm ; can h h o a dai (2,6)3 - 4 (5) cm , th in g hoac lu o n song th u a 6
m ep ............................................ 8b. P a p h io p e d ilu m h irsu tissim u m v ar. c h iw u a n u m

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM HIRSUTISSIMUM

H inh 112. R ung ngu yen sinh ca y la rong thuong xanh tren suon d oc ctia nui da vo i ket tinh bi bao m on manh
о V ie t N am van c o n nhirng quan the ldn P ap hiopedilum h irsutissim um var. esq uirolei.
В ас V iet N am , tin h C ao B an g (A nh: L. A v ery an o v )

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 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 113. Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum var. esquirolei (Hinh ve ciia L. Averyanov).

a — Cay mang hoa; b — hoa; с — la dai va canh hoa ep phdng; d — moi, nhin tir mat trucrc, mat ben va mat cat doc;
e, f — cot nhi nhuy, nhin tir mat ben, mat lung va mat bung; g — bau va la hoa (Ve theo mau Averyanov et al. s.n., 30 thang
Tu, 1995).

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM HIRSUTISSIMUM

8A . PAPHIOPEDILUM HIRSUTISSIMUM VAR. ESQUIROLEI

(Schl tr. ) Ka r a s a wa & Sai t o

P a p h io p e d ilu m h ir s u tis s im u m var. e s q u iro le i (S chltr.) K a ra sa w a & S a ito in B u ll.

H iro sh im a B ot. G ard. 5: 4 0 (1982); C ribb, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 140 (1 987); id., G en.
P ap h io p ed ilu m , ed. 2: 225, p.p. (1998); A ver, e t al. in O rch id s 66, 4: 378, 3 8 0 (1997). T y p e:
C hina, G uizhou (K w eich o w ), E sq u iro l 3277 (h o lo ty p e В t ; iso ty p e P!).
P ap h io p ed ilu m esq u iro lei S ch ltr. in R epert. Spec. N ov. R eg n i V eg. B eih. 4: 39 (1919);
B raem , C. B ak er & M . B ak er, G en. P ap h io p e d ilu m 1-2: 2 5 4 (1 9 9 8 -1 9 9 9 ).
C o rd u la esq u iro le i (S ch ltr.) H u in R h o d ora, 27: 105 (1925).
P ap h io p ed ilu m sacco p etalu m H ua in D ie O rch id ee 4 9 , 1: 38 (1998), fo rm a ab err.

MO TA. Khac voi thii chuan о cac dac diem: hoa to, rong (10)12-16 cm; cuong cum hoa va bau co
phu long to tia tham ngin. La dai lung dai 4,2-5,2 cm, rong 3,4-4,5 cm. La dai hop dai 4,2-4,5 cm, rong
2,9-4 cm. Canh hoa dai (5)7-8 cm, rong 2,1-3 cm. Moi dai 3,8-5,2 cm, rong 1,5-2,8 cm. Hinh 113.
PHAN BO. Tay nam Trung Quoc (dong nam
Van Nam, Quy Chau, nam Quang Tay), b ic Thai
Lan, b ic Lao, Viet Nam (Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Hoa
Binh, Lao Cai, Son La, Thai Nguyen va Thanh
Hoa). Hinh 114.
SINH THAI. Rimg nguyen sinh hoac thu sinh,
thucrng xanh, cay la rong, rimg h6n giao va rimg cay
la kim tren nui da voi ket tinh bi bao mon manh 6
do cao (350) 500-1100 (1250) m. (Hinh 112)
THOI G IAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN
NHIEN. Thang 3-5
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. VU
Q UAN НЁ. Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum la
mot trong nhirng loai tach biet nhat trong chi nay,
de dang nhan ra boi cuong cum hoa rat nhieu long,
canh hoa hinh thia dai, luon song о mep tren, la dai
lung tii, hoi nho va nhj lep loi, gan vuong.
Thil chuin moc 6 dong b ic An D o (Assam) va
Mianma. Pradhan (1976) da chi ra noi phan bo ciia
no о An D o la Jowai (M eghalaya), M izo
(Mizoram) va Naga Hills (Nagaland va Manipur),
moc tren da hoac phu sinh tren cac cay g6 6 do cao
1200 m den 1800 m. Ghatak va D evi (1986) thong
bao rang loai nay о Moreh, Nagaland moc tu do
cao 200 m. Pham vi phan bo cua no 6 dong bac An
D o co miia mua keo dai tu thang 6 den thang 9 va
nhiet do tir thang 12 den thang 2 co the xuong tdi
1°C (G. Pradhan, 1972).
Tai khu vuc dong va dong nam cua khu phan
bo, thu chuan nay duoc thay the boi var. esquirolei,
mot thu phan bo rat rong d b ic T hii Lan v i nam
Trung Quoc, noi co khoi luong xuat khiu rat ldn H inh 114. Su phan bo cua P ap hiopedilum
trong nhung n im gan d iy . Thii n iy khac vdi thii hirsutissimum var. esquirolei d V iet N am (Hinh ve: L.
chuin chu yeu d dac diem co ldng tren bau va Averyanov).
cuong cum hoa ngan hon va hoa co it ldng hon.
Vong tron den chi cac quan the da nghien ciiu: vong
M iu chuin ciia var. esquirolei duoc Esquirol thu a
tron trang chi cac diem phan bo theo tai lieu tham khao.

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 LAN HAl VIET NAM

tinh Quy Chau, nam Trung Quoc, khac voi thu chudn cua P. hirsutissimum chi a mot vai diem rat nho.
Su khac nhau rat nho nay duong nhu khong du dd cho rang chung la hai loai khac nhau, va chung toi
dong у vdi Karasawa va Saito (1982) cho rang no chi la mot thu ciia P. hirsutissimum.
Mot dang P. hirsutissimum hoa nho duoc phat hien d dong nam Van Nam da duoc mo ta la
Paphiopedilum chiwuanum T.Tang & F.T.Wang. Nhung cay nay, phan bo d nam Trung Quoc va bac
Viet Nam, co quan he gan vdi var. esquirolei. Chting la ket qua ciia su phan hoa loai theo do cao nhung
chua co dii cac dac didni dd cong nhan d bac phan loai cao hon bac thd (var.).
LICH SU. Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum duoc John Lindley mo ta vao nam 1857 dua tren mdu vat
co nguon gdc tu dong bde An DO va duoc trdng d Kew. Khu phan bd cua loai nay trai rong tu dong bde
An DO. Mianma, bac Thai Lan, nam Trung Quoc, bac Lao tdi bde Viet Nam (Cribb, 1998). Tuy nhien,
chi co duy nhat mot mdu vat duoc thu tu tu nhien d Viet Nam trudc khi co nhung dot nghien cuu ngoai
thuc dia trong thoi gian gan day (Averyanov, 1998b, 2000b: Averyanov & Averyanova, 2000;
Averyanov et al., 1997b; Averyanov et al., 2000a,b). No duoc ghi la thu d tmh Cao Bang, Bde Viet Nam
nhung khong chi ro dja didm chmh xac (Averyanov, 1990d, 1994). Nhung cay P. hirsutissimum co
nguon gdc tu Viet Nam da duoc trdng tu nhieu nam nay о cac vuon Lan tu nhan, chu yeu d Da Lat thuoc
trung Viet Nam (Pham Hoang Ho, 1993). Cung thoi gian nay, co mot so luong ldn cay P. hirsutissimum
duoc bay ban о cac cho cay canh dia phuong gan Ha Noi va doc dudng о cac vung nui da vdi bde Viet
Nam. Dang tiec la, tat ca cac bang chting gian tiep ve P. hirsutissimum о Viet Nam truoc day ddu thieu
tai lieu va cac du lieu chmh xac.
Nhieu quan thd ldn ciia Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum da duoc tim thay d rat nhieu khu vuc da vdi
ciia bde Viet Nam thdng qua cac dot nghien cuu thuc dia gan day (Averyanov, 1998b, 2000b;

H inh 115. N h u n g vach nui da vdi dim g dung du oc ch e bong trong rung n g u y en sinh va thu sinh dm thuong
xanh ca y la rong la noi so n g tieu bidu cua Pap hiopedilum h irsutissim um var. esq u irolei d bde V ie t N am .
a ,b — В ас V ie t N am , tin h C ao B an g (A nh: L. A very an o v ).

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Averyanov & Averyanova, 2000; Averyanov et al., 1997b). Ro rang rang P. hirsutissimum la loai Lan
Hai co pham vi phan bo rong nhat va pho bien nhat о bac Viet Nam. Dieu ky la la tai sao loai Lan Hai
n6i bat nay lai khong duoc cac nha thuc vat hoc nguoi Phap phat hien mac du ho da tien hanh dieu tra
rat nhieu tai khu vuc nay.
Trong hau het cac dac didm hinh thai quan trong, bao gom mau sdc hoa, do luon song cua mep canh
hoa va kich thuoc hoa, nhung cay moc о Viet Nam ducrng nhu khac ddi chut vdi thu chuan P.
hirsutissimum. No co lop ldng nau thdm, kha ngan va day dac d tren cuong hoa, tren bau va mat lung
cua la dai lung va la dai hop. Hon nua, canh hoa cua nhung cay nay thudng hep hon so vdi kich thuoc
trung binh.
Ban md ta loai P. esquirolei (Schlechter, 1919) moc о nam Trung Qudc va bac Thai Lan hoan toan
giong vdi cac dac didrn hinh thai cua nhung cay moc d Viet Nam. Tuy nhien ro rang P. esquirolei khac
ddi chut so vdi P. hirsutissimum didn hinh. No la mot ndi thay the d phan dong cua P. hirsutissimum
phan bo rong. Va no duoc xep hop ly vao bac thu cua loai nay (Karasawa & Saito. 1982; Cribb. 1987,
1998; Averyanov et al., 1997).
NOI SONG. Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum var. esquirolei kha phd bien d nam Trung Qudc va bac
Viet Nam. Khdng nghi ngd gi nua no cung moc rat phd bien d cac khu vuc nui da vdi bac Lao, nhung
hien nay van chua co dan lieu nao lam bang chung.
6 Viet Nam, no duoc tim thay о cdc cao nguyen dd vdi bj bao mon manh, bj bien ddi tung phan
thanh kidu cacxto vd it nhieu bi dut doan bdi cac luu vuc sdng. Dja hinh cdcxto co rat nhieu nui da vdi
co dinh hep vdi cac vach dung dting, cac hang ldn, cac ho hut nude hinh non va cac ho (Hinh 112). Rimg
d gan dinh cua nhung nui da vdi nay thuong kha kho bdi luong nude mua bien mat nhanh chong vao vd
so hang va ho. Tuy nhien, d do cao ma P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei duoc tim thay, dieu kien tu nhien
dm uot hon nhieu va tham thuc vat nguyen sinh tao ra cac dieu kien ram mat hon.
Rung nguyen sinh, thudng xanh, cay la rong, hdn giao va rung cay Id kim thudng dm tren cac nui
da voi bj bao mon manh la noi sdng ly tuong ciia var. esquirolei о Viet Nam. Cho den gan ddy, d nhieu
noi, trong cdc tham thuc vat nguyen sinh chua bi pha hoai vdn con ton tai mot so rat ldn thu Lan Hai
nay (Hinh 115). N o xuat hien thuong xuyen nhat d do cao 500-1100 m, nhung ddi khi co the gap d do
cao thdp hon, 350-400 m vd cao hon 1200-1250 m.

30

25

20

1g Hinh 116. Cdc so lieu khi hau dac trung nhat cua khu vuc
phan bo P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei о Viet Nam.
Cac chir so mau den 6 chan so do la thang. Cot mau xanh
-| q nuoc bien la luong mua tinh bang mm fcac cot chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); duong mau do chi nhiet do (°C) trung
binh thang - Mau xanh nuoc bien tham va mau do la cac so
lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Cao Bang (22°39'B, 106°14’D , cao
5 258 m tren mat bien); mau xanh nuoc bien nhat va mau tia
la cac so lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Moc Chau (20°5TB
104°38'D, cao 958 m trenmat bicrl). Tat ca theo Nguyen
q Khanh Van et al., (2000).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

16 1
 PAPHIOPEDILUM HIRSUTISSIMUM

Hinh 118. Hoa tieu bidu cua P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei.

B de V ie t N am . tinh C ao Bdng (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Khi hau didn hinh cho vung phan bo ctia thii nay a bde Viet Nam la co miia dong kho lanh va mua
he nong. Mua he, keo dai tir thang 5 den thang 9 hoac thang 10, kha ndng hoac ndng va am voi nhiet
do khoang 22-27°C (Hinh 116). Mua dong d day kho vdi thang lanh nhat la thang 12 va thang 1, khi do
nhiet do ban dem co thd xuong tdi 5°C. Trong suot thang 3 va nhung tuan d'au ciia thang 4, suong mil
lanh va day dac rat phd bien. Luong mua trung binh nam thudng dao dong tu 1400 den 1600 mm. Cac
so lieu khi hau didn hinh cho cac khu vuc nay d Viet Nam duoc trinh bay d Hinh 116.
Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum var. esquirolei d Viet Nam thudng moc tren da, tao thanh tung dam
ldn trdn cac vach da hoac suon nui dung dting hoac gan dung dung. Trong tham thuc vat nguyen sinh,
no moc d noi ram mat cua cac sudn о bat ky huong phot nao. N o gap phd bien trong cac ke nut va hoc
da vdi duoc bao phu bdi reu, noi mun la cay duoc tich luy lai va dat giau dinh dudng. Rd bam vao cac
khe nut hay ke hd ciia da mot each khdng c h ic chan, tham chi con hinh thanh cai rd dung mun la cay
dd lam giau chat dinh dudng cho dat noi no moc. Loai cay nay co thd phat trien den mot kich cd dang
kd voi 50 ca thd hoac nhieu hon. Nhirng dam to, hien chi con sot lai trdn cac vach da cao ma nhung ngudi
thu Lan khdng the tdi duoc (Hinh 117). La trai ra hoac treo lung lang va hoa thi gan nhu ndm ngang so
vdi be mat da (Hinh 115). Do pH ciia loai dat bd bao quanh rd dao dong tu 7,5 den 7,86 (Cribb, 1998).
Trong tu nhidn, thdi gian no hoa keo dai tit giua thang 3 den thang 5.
Noi song ciia thu nay со rat nhieu loai Lan, trong do со cdc loai Lan Hai hiem khde nhu
Paphiopedilum dianthum, P. helenae, P. henryanum, P. malipoense vd P. tranlienianum. Nhung loai Lan

Hinh 117 (doi dien). 6 ca c vun g nui xa x o i cua V ie t N am с о thd van con gap cac quan the ldn ciia P.
hirsutissim um var. esq u iro lei d ca c vach da vdi ram m at m a nhung ngu di thu Lan dd ban khdng the tdi duoc.
Bde Viet Nam — vung bien gioi Viet Nam va Trung Quoc (Anh P.J. Cribb).

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 LAN HAI VIET NAM

moc tren dait, tren da va phu sinh tren cay cung rat phd bien d day, dac biet nhu Aerides odorata,
Bulbophyllum purpureifolium, B. ambrosia, Bulbophyllum spp., Calanthe argenteostriata, C. triplicata,
Cheirostylis eglandulosa, Cleisostoma striatum, Cleisostoma spp., C oelogyne fimbriata, Coelogyne
spp., Cymbidium ensifolium, C. lancifolium, C. suavissimum, Dendrobium aduncum, Dendrobium spp.,
Eria coronaria, E. globulifera, E. pannea, E. pusilla, E. sutepensis, E. thao, Flickingeria spp.,
Gastrochilus minutiflorus, Liparis conopea, L. distans, L. mannii, L. nervosa, L. viridiflora, Luisia
morsei, M alaxis acuminata, Oberonia ensiformis, Oberonia spp., Pholidota chinensis, P. convallariae,
P. rubra, P. roseans, Podochilus cultratus, P. microphyllus, Thrixspermum spp. va nhieu loai khac. Cau
true va thanh phan loai ciia nhirng cay g6 Ion trong nhirng kidu rung nay 6 Viet Nam tuong tu nhu kidu
rimg da mo ta noi song cua P. malipoense var. malipoense. Nhung loai cay uu the la cac cay la rang nhu
Burretiodendron hsienmu (Tiliaceae), Carpinus sp. (Betulaceae), Chukrasia tabularis (M eliaceae),
Cinnamomum sp., Persea sp. (Lauraceae), Ficus spp. (M oraceae), Garcinia sp. (Clusiaceae),
Lithocarpus spp., Quercus spp. (Fagaceae), Madhuca sp. (Sapotaceae), Pistacia weinmannifolia
(Anacardiaceae), Platycarya strobilacea (Juglandaceae) va mot vai loai khac. Nhung cay thuoc lop
Thong nhu Amentotaxus argotaenia, Calocedrus macrolepis, Cephalotaxus mannii, Nageia fleuryi,
Podocarpus neriifolius va P. pilgeri doi khi cung co mat nhung chi xuat hien 6 noi cao hon, thuong 6
900-1000 m. Rat nhieu loai co moc tren da cung
co mat о day, dac biet nhung loai cua ho
A canthaceae, Araceae (A glaonem a,
Am orphophallus, Arisaema), B egoniaceae
(B egonia), Convallariaceae (Aspidistra,
Disporum, O phiopogon, Polygonatum ),
Gesneriaceae (Chirita), Rubiaceae (Ophiorrhiza)
va Urticaceae (Elatostema, Pellionia, Procris).
Rat pho bien 6 day la vo so nhung loai Coi nhu
Carex spp., Scleria spp. va cac loai Duong xi
bam da (Adiantum sp., Asplenium spp.,
Cyclosorus spp., Pyrrosia spp., v.v.).
BIEN THAI. Kich thuoc va hinh dang hoa
bien d6i 6 muc do nao do. Da phan hoa rong 14~
16 cm vdi canh hoa dai 7-8 cm va phu long day
dac, luon song manh 6 mep trdn (Hinh 118).
Dang chti у la su luon song ciia mep canh hoa
P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei bien ddi manh
trong suot thoi gian ton tai cua loai hoa lau tan
nay. Khi mdi no thudng canh hoa gan nhu phdng
va thdng nhung ngay sau dd mep ciia no tro nen
luon sdng. Rat hiem khi tim duoc cum hoa co 2
hoa trong cac quan thd thd thudng chi co mot hoa
nay (Hinh 119). Cling giong nhu cac loai Lan Hai
khac, dang hoa trdng tuyen cung da duoc biet
den. Dang hoa trang tuyen va khdng co bat ky
dom tia nao da duoc van Delden cong bo lan d'au
tien (Paphiopedilum World 1: 36 (1971), va da
nhan duoc giai thudng nhu mot var. alba Hort.
cua Hoi lam vudn Hoang Gia vao thang 6 nam
1986 khi duoc Paul Phillips trung bay (Paul Hinh 119 (tren). Mot cay Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum
Phillips o f Ratcliffes, Chilton, Oxfordshire). Mot var. esquirolei vdi hai hoa trong mot cum hoa gap rat
cay tuong tu sau dd duoc O.Gruss va J.Roth dat hiem trong tu nhien.
ten la P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei f. viride (in Bde Viet Nam, tinh Cao B ing (Anh: L. Averyanov).
Caesiana 12: 57, 1999).

_________________________________________________________________________
* Mau chudn (Type): khong ro nguon goc, cay trong (cult. Paphanatics, Los Angeles, USA, 10 April 1998,
leg. Olaf Gruss & Juergen Roth (holotype HAL 078846)

164
 PAPHIOPEDILUM HIRSUTISSIMUM

Hinh 120. R im g ngu yen sinh ca y la kim v a rung h6n g ia o tren nui da vo i ket tinh bi bao m on m anh la noi song
cua Paphiopedilum hirsutissim um var. esq uirolei 6 V iet N am .
Вас V iet N am , tin h C ao B an g (A nh: L. A very an o v ).

165
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

Paphiopedilum saccopetalum duoc Hua mo ta vao nam 1998 dua tren mot cay trong co nguon goc
tit tinh Quang Tay, Trung Quoc va duoc M.H. Chao trong no hoa. Day rd rang la mot di dang ciia P.
hirsutissimum var. esquirolei, thu gap rat pho bien о bac Viet Nam. N o co hoa voi cac canh hoa dang
tui tuong tu nhu mdi. Nhirng bdng hoa kidu di dang nay khdng phai la hiem trong chi nay (Cribb, 1998).
Viec pha hoai rung tren nui da vdi didn ra khap noi la nhan to chinh d in den viec gan bien mat ciia
P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei tren toim b ic Viet Nam. Hien chi co mot vai dam nho don doc con sot
lai tren cac vach da vdi dung dirng khdng thd tdi duoc, d ie biet la tren nhung hang va ho cacxto rong d
nhirng sudn bac mat va am hon gidng nhu da thay d Trung Qudc (Fowlie, 1990c). Tuy nhien, trong hau
het cac trudng hop thi viec noi sdng tro nen kho do con ngudi lam cho tham thuc vat rung nguyen sinh
bj suy thoai khdng dao nguoc duoc dang d in den su tuyet chung ciia thu Lan nay.
О nhirng khu vuc da vdi ciia mien b ic Viet Nam, mot luong ldn cac c iy cua thu nay hien v in dang
bj tan thu de ban d cac cho Lan noi dja va de xuat khau (Tanaka, 1998). D iy la mot nguyen nhin quan
trong nua lam gia tang toe do bien mat ciia no d Viet Nam. Ket qua la thu Lan vdn phd bien nay da trd
nen ngay cang hiem trong thoi gian gan day.

8 В . P A P H I O P E D I L U M H I R S U T I S S I M U M VAR. CHIWUANUM
(T . T a n g & F .T . Wa n g ) P. J. C r i b b

P a p h io p e d ilu m h ir s u tis s im u m var. c h iw u a n u m (T. T ang & F.T. W ang) P.J. C rib b , G en.
P ap hiopedilum : 140 (1 987); A ver, et al., O rch id s 66, 4: 378, 3 8 0 (1997). T y p e : C hin a,
southeast Y un n an , F o o -n in g H sien , B an -lo u n , 7 0 0 m ., 15 A p ril 1940, W ang 88252 (h o lo ty p e
PE !). P ap h io p ed ilu m ch iw u an u m T. T an g & F .T . W an g in A cta P hy to tax . Sin. 1: 56 (1951).

MO TA. Khac vdi thir chuan bdi hoa nho hon, rong 6-8(10) cm, cuong cum hoa va bau phii ldng
tia tham ngan. La dai lung dai 1,8-2,6 cm, rong 1,8-2,5 cm. La dai hop dai 1,8-2,4 cm, rong 1,1-1,5 cm.
Canh hoa ngdn hon, thdng hoac luon sdng d mep, dai 2,6-4(5) cm, rong 1-1,3 cm. Mdi dai 1,8-2,6 cm,
rong 1,2-1,5 cm. Hinh 121.

H inh 121. P ap hiopedilum h irsutissim um var. chiw uan um (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).
a — hoa; b — la dai lung; с — la dai hop; d — m o i, n h in m at tru d c ; e — c a n h h oa; f — mOi, n h in m a t b en v a lat cat
d o c; g -i — cOt nhi n h uy, nhin tir m a t b en, m a t lung v a m at b u n g (V e th e o m au C B L 15S8) .

166
 PAPHIOPEDILUM HIRSUTISSIMUM

PHAN BO. Tay nam Trung Quoc (dong nam Van Nam), bac Viet Nam (Cao Bang, Hoa Binh va
Son La). Hinh 122.
SINH THAI. Rimg nguyen sinh hoac thu sinh thuong xanh cay la kim, rung h6n giao va rung cay
la rong, tren nui da voi ket tinh bj bao mon manh 6 do cao (750) 900-1450 m. Hinh 120.
THOI GIAN N 0 HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thang 3-5
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. VU
QUAN НЁ V A LICH SU. Cac mdu Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum co hoa nho moc 6 nam Trung
Quoc da duoc dat ten la Paphiopedilum chiwuanum. Hoa ciia chiing hiem khi vuot qua 6-8 cm ve chieu
rong, canh hoa thuong phdng hoac hoi luon song о mep. Them nua, tat ca cac bo phan deu nho hon
binh thuong.
Paphiopedilum chiwuanum duoc cac nha thuc vat hoc Trung Quoc T.Tang va F.T.Wang mo ta vao nam
1951 dua tren m iu vat duoc C.W. Wang thu о Foo-ning Hsien, Ban-Loun, dong nam Van Nam. No moc
tren cac tang da о do cao 700 m. Nhung cay nay khac vdi thu chuin va thu var. esquirolei bdi hoa nho hon
nhieu vdi canh hoa chi dai 2,6 cm va mep khong luon song. Dua tren viec kidm tra lai mau chuan, Cribb
(1987) da chap nhan no la mot thu rieng biet ciia P. hirsutissimum. Nhung nhung cay co hoa vdi canh hoa
ngan va khong co mep tren luon song ddi khi cung gap trong cac quan thd ciia var. esquirolei. Bdi vay, Chen
& Liu (1982) cho rang ca P. chiwuanum va P. esquirolei deu la ten dong nghia ciia P. hirsutissimum. Tuy
nhien, chung ta co thd nhan biet ra su khac nhau giua var. esquirolei va var. chiwuanum mot each dd dang
NOI SONG. Su phan bd va noi song ua thich
cua P. hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum d Viet Nam
cho thay taxon nay co thd duoc phat sinh tii mot bien
dang sinh thai cua var. esquirolei. Khong nghi ngd
gi nua, ca hai thu nay co quan he rat gan gui va duoc
lien ket bdi nhung dang trung gian thudc nhung
quan the co ciing noi phan bo. Tuy nhien, P.
hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum thuong chi duoc tim
thay d Viet Nam tren do cao khoang 900-1450 m,
chu yeu d 1100-1400 m (Hinh 123). 6 nhung do cao
nay dang didn hinh ciia P. hirsutissimum var.
esquirolei hiem khi xuat hien. Dieu kien khi hau d
noi song didn hinh ciia P. hirsutissimum var.
chiwuanum lanh va dm udt hon nhieu so vdi noi
song ciia var. esquirolei. Luong mua trung binh
nam thuong cao hon 1700 mm. Vao miia he tai do
cao ma thu nay song thuong am udt va kha nong,
nhung miia dong thi lanh va kho (Hinh 124). Nhiet
do vao nhirng ddm miia dong lanh nhat co thd xuong
tdi-2-4°C .
Nhung loai cay la kim nhu Calocedrus
m acrolepis, N ageia sp., Pinus fenzeliana,
Podocarpus neriifolius, P. pilgeri, Pseudotsuga
brevifolia va Tsuga chinensis thuong hinh thanh nen
tang cay uu the cua rung nguyen sinh va tao ra dieu
kien song thich hop cho cac quan thd ciia P.
hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum a Viet Nam (Hinh
120). V o so cac loai cay la rong niia rung la va rung
la cung duoc tim thay о day nhu Acer (Aceraceae),
Carpinus (B etulaceae), Lithocarpus, Quercus
(Fagaceae), Ulmus (U lm aceae), P istacea
w einm annifolia (Anacardiaceae) va Platycarya H inh 122. S u phan bo ciia P. hirsutissim um var.
strobilacea (Juglandaceae). chiw uan um cr V ie t N am (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).

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 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 123. Nhung vach da voi duoc che bong la noi song dien hinh cua P. hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum 6
Viet Nam.
a,b — Вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang (Anh: a — L. Averyanov; b- P.J. Cribb).

Hinh 124. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu bidu nhat doi voi noi
phan bo cua P. hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum 6 Viet Nam.
Cac chii so mau den о chan so do la thang. C0t mau xanh
nuoc bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); duong mau do chi nhiet do (°C) trung
binh thang - Mau xanh nuoc bidn tham va mau do la cac so
lieu ciia Tram Khi tuong Вас Ha (22°32'B. 104°17'D, cao
957 m trdn mat bidn); mau xanh nude bidn nhat va mau tia
la cac so lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Pha Din (21°34’B
103°30'D, cao 1347 m trdn mat bidn). Tat ca theo Nguydn
Khanh Van et al. (2000).

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM HIRSUTISSIMUM

Hinh 125. Hoa di6n hinh ciia P. hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum.

Вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Hinh 126. Dang trung gian giua P. hirsutissimum

var. esquilorei va var. chiwuanum tai noi song tu
nhien.
a, b — Вас Viet Nam. tinh Cao Bang (Anh: L.
Averyanov).

169
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Khu he Lan trong nhirng kieu rirng nay rat giau ve thanh phan loai ciia niii trung binh nhu
Anoectochilus calcareus, Bulbophyllum ambrosia, B. reptans, Calanthe argenteostriata, Ceratostylis
himalaica, Cheirostylis bipunctata, Coelogyne fimbriata, Cymbidium floribundum, C. suavissimum,
Epigeneium chapaense, Eria coronaria, Dendrobium chrysanthum, D. fimbriatum, D. longicom u, D.
thyrsiflorum, Goodyera schlechtendaliana, H olcoglossum wangii, Nephelaphyllum tenuiflorum,
Pholidota missionariorum, P. yunnanensis, Podochilus microphyllus va Rhomboda petelotii. Ddi khi, P.
hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum moc cung vdi nhung loai Lan Hai niii trung binh khac nhu P. micranthum
va P. malipoense.
BIEN THAI. Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum bien ddi rat manh ve kich thuoc cua
hoa, la va cay trong cac quan the moc 6 Viet Nam (Hinh 125). Nhung cay nay co quan he rat than thuoc
va co the bat nguon tu P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei. О mot vai noi, ca hai thu nay va nhung dang it
nhieu trung gian ciing ton tai (Hinh 126). Dua vao nhirng quan sat ta co the thay cac dac diem chan loai
ciia thu nay co tinh chat va su bien dang ciia chung vdn tiep tuc duoc tim thay. Hoan toan co the la nhung
nghien cuu thuc dia tiep theo se coi taxon nay chi la ten dong nghia cua var. esquirolei nhu de xuat ciia
Cribb (1998).

9 . PAPHIOPEDILUM BARBIGERUM T. T a n g & F. T. Wang

P a p h io p e d ilu m b a r b ig e r u m T. T ang & F.T. W ang in B ull. F an. M em . Inst. B ot. Ser. 10: 23
(1940); C ribb, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 140 (1987); id., G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m , ed. 2: 2 3 4 (1998);
B raem , C. B ak er & M . B ak er, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m 2: 216 (1 9 9 8 -1 9 9 9 ). T y p e: C hina,
K w eichow (G u izh o u ), C av alerie & F o rtu n a t 1794 (h o lo ty p e P E !, iso ty p e P!).
P ap h io p ed ilu m in sig n e (W all, ex L in d l.) P fitze r var. b a rb ig e ru m (T .T an g & F .T .W an g )
B raem , P ap h io p ed ilu m : 113 (1988).

MO TA. Co nho, moc tren da vdi 4-6 la xep thanh 2 hang, moc thanh dam. La gan nhu dung hoac
nam ngang, cong lai, hinh mui giao hep cho tdi hinh dudng thing, chop tu, thuong co 3 rang nho, dai 8-
14 cm, rong 0,7-1,2 cm, xanh tuyen. Cum hoa со 1 hoa, thing dung, dai 12-16 cm; cuong cunt hoa dai
9-11 cm, manh, phu long nau cho tdi vang nhat ngin; la hoa hinh bau due, gan nhon hoac tii, dai 1,8-
3,5(4) cm, phu long ngin d gan goc. Hoa rong khoang 6,5 cm; La dai lung trang vdi goc xanh va ddi
khi co gan giua hong; canh hoa mau mat ong hoac nau vang nhat vdi mep mau xanh hay mau kem; mdi
mau nau-vang nhat; nhi lep vang vdi mot ndm mau da cam; bau va cuong dai 2,7-3 cm, phu long ngin
mau nau tdi vang nhat. La dai lung gan hinh tron, tii, dai 3-3,2 cm, rong 2,5-3,3 cm. Dai hop hinh bau
due, tii, dai 2,5-3,5 cm, rong 1,3-1,7 cm. Canh hoa thuon dai hoac hinh thia dai, tii, dai 3,3-3,4 cm, rong
0,8-1 cm, co long d gdc, mep luon song va co long ria thua. Mdi nhin d mat ngoai, dai 2,7-3 cm, rong
1,5-2,8 cm. Nhi lep hinh bau due tdi hinh trung ngupc-tim nguoc nam ngang, dai 6-9 mm, rong 8-11
mm, co ndm d giua, phii ldng nhu min.
PHAN BO. Thd chudn duoc tim thay d tay nam Trung Quoc (nam Quang Dong, Quang Tay, nam
Quy Chau (K weichow), dong nam Van Nam). 0 Viet Nam loai nay chi со 1 thu la lockianum.

9 A . PAPHIOPEDILUM BARBIGERUM VAR. LOCKIANUM Aver.

P a p h io p e d ilu m b a rb ig e ru m var. lo c k ia n u m Aver, in K o m aro v ia 2: 11 (2002). T ype:

N o rth ern V ietn am , Prov. S o n L a, D istr. M oc C hau, M un. D o n g S ang, B a P hach v illag e, 3
N ov. 2001, P h an K e L oc et al. P -1 0 5 4 6 (h o lo ty p e H N , iso ty p e LE).
P ap h io p ed ilu m co ccin eu m H .P e rn e r & R .H errm an n in D ie O rch id ee 51, 5: 623 (2000). Type:
V ietnam , "C ao B ang P ro v .", G .C . T h ieu s.n. (holotype ?).
MO TA. Thu nay khac vdi thu chudn bdi hoa to vdi phan trung tarn cua la dai lung mau do son hoac
do nau. Cuong cum hoa dai 14-18 cm, gan thdng dung, nau-tia, phu ldng nau nhat ngdn; la hoa hinh bau

170
 PAPHIOPEDILUM BARBIGERUM

5 mm
2 cm

5 mm

1
H inh 127. Pap hiopedilum barbigerum var. lockianum (Hinh ve ciia L. Averyanov).
a Cay mang hoa; b — hoa; с — la dai lung; d — la dai hop; e — canh hoa; f. g — moi. nhin tii mat trudc, mat ben
va mat cat doc; h-j — cot nhi nhuy, nhin tu mat ben, mat lung (binh thuong va ep phang) va mat bung; к — bau va la
hoa (Ve theo m iu P.K.Loc s.n, 29 thang 9 nam 2000).

171
 LAN HAI VI$T NAM

due, tu, dai (2,5)3,5-4 cm, phu long n gin о gan goc. Hoa rong khoang (5,7)9-10 cm; la dai lung tring
voi phan trung tarn mau do-son hoac do-nau; canh hoa vang niu toi do-nau vdi mep xanh hoac vang
nhat; mdi vang nau, vang hong hoac do-nau; nhi lep vang tuoi vdi u mau vang cam. Bau va cuong hoa
dai 3,1-4 cm, phu ldng nau sang ngan. La dai lung hmh trung rong, tu, dai (3)4-5 cm, rong (2,6)3,5-4,2
cm. Dai hop hinh bau due, tu, dai (2,4)4-5 cm, rong (1,3) 1,8-2,2 cm. Canh hoa hinh thia, tu, dai
(3,6)4,5-5 cm, rong (1)1,8-2,2 cm, phu ldng thua d gdc, mep luon song va co ldng ria thua. Mdi dai
(3)3,5-4,5 cm, rong 3-3,5 cm. Nhi lep hinh trung nguoc cho tdi hinh trung nguoc-tim nguoc nim ngang,
dai 9-11 mm, rong 8-10 mm. Hmh 127, 130.
PHAN BO. B ic Viet Nam (Cao B ing? va Son La). Hinh 37, 128.
SINH THAI. Rung cay la rong thuong xanh tren niii da vdi ket tinh bi bao mon manh d do cao 600-
1000 m. Hinh 129.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. T hing 9-11
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. DD.
Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum barbigerum co mdi quan he rat gan voi P. insigne, P. helenae, P.
henryanum va P. gratrixianum. Trong c ic loai ciia nhom n iy , P. barbigerum co xu hudng giong nhu
mot c iy P. insigne nho. Tuy nhien, no co the de dang duoc nhan biet boi kich thudc nho, la hep, cum
hoa ngin va la dai lung khong co ddm. L o ii nay la dang thay the cua nhom P. insigne vdi khu phan bd
nho d nam Trung Quoc va b ic Viet Nam.
LICH SU. Paphiopedilum barbigerum duoc cac
nha thuc vat hoc Trung Quoc T.Tang va F.T.Wang
mb ta vao nam 1940 dua tren m iu vat do c ic nha thu
mau nguoi Phap Julian Cavalerie va Jean Joseph
Fortunat thu nam 1930 о Kweichow (bay gid l i Quy
Chau), tay nam Trung Quoc. Loai nay bi quen lang
cho den khi mot vai cay song cua P. barbigerum
duoc dua tu Trung Quoc vao trdng trot vai nam trudc
day. Lan dau tien no duoc de у vao khoang nam 1985
khi nim lin giua c ic cay P. hirsutissimum var.
esquirolei duoc thu d ranh gicri ciia c ic tinh Quy
Chau va Quang Tay (Mark, 1987; F ow lie &
C.Z.Tang, 1987). C ic quan the tu nhien ciia loai Lan
hiem nay sau do duoc tim thay о tmh Quang Tay (Hu
Song Hua, 1994; Cribb, 1998) va d Quy Chau
(Cribb, Luo & Siu, 2001). Hien nay d Trung Quoc no
duoc tim thay о Quang Dong, Quang Tay, Quy Chau
va Van Nam (Hu Song Hua, 1999). Trong mot then
gian dai, loai nay da duoc cho la dac huu ciia Trung
Quoc, ranh gidi cua chiing nam trong phan can nhiet
ddi nam Trung Quoc giap vdi Viet Nam.
6 Viet Nam, m iu hoang dai co hoa dau tien
ciia Paphiopedilum barbigerum var. lockianum da
duoc giao su Phan К ё Loc- Dai hoc Quoc Gia Ha
Noi quan sat tai mot vudn uom Lan tu nhan d thi
tran Sa Pa, tinh Lao Cai vao thang 9 nam 2000.
Ong da c in than bao quan mot so hoa d trong con,
chup rat nhieu anh va cho rang nhung bong hoa ciia
cay nay khac voi thu chuan bdi dac didm la phan
trung tarn cua la dai lung mau do-tia va co hoa to
hon. Nhung cay nay dai dien cho mot noi dia ly Hinh 128. Su phan bd ciia Paphiopedilum
rieng biet о phan tay nam khu phan bo cua P. barbigerum var. lockianum (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).
barbigerum, loai gan giong vdi P. insigne ve kich Vong tron den chi cac quan the da nghien cuu;
thuoc cua hoa. vong tron trdng chi cac diem phan bo theo cac nguoi
thu mua Lan.

172
H inh 129. N o i so n g tieu bidu cua P ap hiopedilum barbigerum var. lockianum (Anh: P.K.Loc).

Nam sau, cac quan thd moc tu nhien ciia P. barbigerum da duoc giao su Loc va cong su phat hien
tai mot khu vuc nhi da voi cua tinh Son La. Rat nhieu cay co hoa no ro duoc quan sat thay vao dau
thang 11.
Ciing vdo thoi gian do da xuat hien nhung biic anh cua R olf Herrmann chup mot cay tuong tu khi
ong tham mot vudn Lan tu nhan d Ha Noi. Sau do, dua tren nhung buc anh nay mot loai mdi voi ten la
P. coccineum da duoc mo ta (Perner & Herrmann, 2000). Ho thong bao rang nhung cay duoc chup anh
nay co nguon goc tu tinh Cao Bang. Tuy nhien, nhung nguoi lam vudn Viet Nam so him nhirng cay dd
khdng khang dinh thong tin nay (thong tin ca nhan). Cac tac gia ciia loai mdi nay da trich dan la m iu
chudn cua no luu tru о "Vien Sinh Thai va Tai nguyen Sinh vat, Ha Noi". Nhung hien khdng co bat ky
mau vat dang tin cay m o ciia loai nay co d phong tieu ban Thuc vat ctia Vien Sinh thai va Tai nguyen
Sinh vat, Ha Noi (HN) thuoc Trung tam Khoa hoc tu nhien va Cong nghe Qudc gia Viet Nam. Tuy
nhien, chc bo phan say kho ciia mot loai Lan Hai giong vdi cay duoc Perner and Hermann md ta da duoc
gui tu Due cho nha thuc vat hoc, Tien sy Nguyen Tien Hiep vao mua dong nam 2000. Goi buu kien nay
khdng co dia chi cua nguoi gui cung nhu bat ky thong tin nao kem theo. Mac du ban md ta hinh thuc
cua P. coccineum la co hieu luc, nhung chung tdi khdng su dung ten do cho thu nay.
NOI SONG. Tai Trung Qudc Paphiopedilum barbigerum moc tren sudn bac ciia cac vach d do cao
300-1200 m tren cdc nui da vdi cdcxto dudi bdng mat cua cdc lodi Cinnamomum va Guihaia. Chung
thudng Id nhirng cdy moc tren dat vd da d nhung khe nut ctia cdc tdng da vdi, lay chat dinh dudng tu dat
va mot ldp reu day. Mdi trudng sdng co do am nhd su boc hoi nude tu nhirng hem ntii va hang dong
trong dja hmh cdcxto. Cac lodi dja lan nhu Amitostigma guizhouensis, Habenaria sp vd lan moc tren da
Id Bulbophyllum spp., Coelogyne sp., Eria spp.. Pholidota chinensis and Podochilus sp. cung moc vdi
no (Hu Song Hua, 1994, 1999; Cribb, 1998).

173
 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

Tai Viet Nam, cac dam var. lockianum moc tren cac khe nut hoac 6 noi thoai thoai hep ciia cac vach
da ram mat dung dung gan dinh nhirng ngon nui da voi ket tinh bi bao mon manh, a do cao 1000-1100
m, chti yeu о suon dong nam. Chiing moc rai rac hay thanh tirng dam nho о trong rimg thudng xanh, cay
la rong, mua miia nhiet ddi da bj chat pha vdi cac loai cay uu the nhu Acer (Aceraceae), Lithocarpus,
Quercus (Fagaceae), Polyalthia (Annonaceae), Pistacia weinmannifolia (Anacardiaceae), Schefflera
pesavis (Araliaceae), Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) va Sapotaceae. Cac loai Lan о day khdng phong phu
nhu d tren cac nui da vdi khac trong khu vuc. Cac loai Duong xi va co phd bien nhat ctia rung la
Cyrtomium hemionitis, C. pachyphyllum, Polystichum sp„ Ptens deltodon, Paphiopedilum dianthum,
cac loai cua Begonia, Carex phankei va vd so cac dai dien cua ho Urticaceae (Phan Ke Loc, thong tin
ca nhan). Khi hau trong khu vuc la khi hau gio miia nhiet ddi vdi miia dong kho va lanh keo dai 4-5
thang, didn hinh cho hau het cac khu vuc d mien bde Viet Nam (Nguydn Khanh Van et al., 2000). Cac
so lieu tir Tram khi tuong M 0c Chau (20°51’B, 104°38'D, do cao 958 m), duoc gidi thieu d cac Hinh 61,
116 va 201 cho thay mot buc tranh dang tin cay ve cac dieu kien khi hau d noi sdng tu nhien cua P.
barbigerum var. lockianum d Viet Nam.
Chdc chdn la phan khu phan bd ciia Paphiopedilum barbigerum d Viet Nam rat hep. Dang tide la
chi co mot quan thd duy nhat ciia loai Lan hiem nay duoc tim thay va nghien cuu dua tren cac thong tin
cua nhirng ngudi thu mua Lan. Tir dd den nay, da so chiing da bi thu va xuat ra nude ngoai, chu yeu la
qua Trung Qudc. Neu khdng co nhirng bien phap bao ve co hieu qua va kip thoi thi thu Lan nay co thd
se bj tuyet chiing trong tuong lai rat gan.
BIEN THAI. Paphiopedilum barbigerum la loai bien ddi manh dac biet ve kich thuoc cua cay, la va
hoa. Hoa didn hinh cua no rong 6 cm va la thudng khdng rong hon 1,3 cm. Tuy nhidn, cac cay d Viet
Nam thudng co hoa rong hon, tdi 10 cm va tham chi con hon voi la thudng rong 1,3-1,5 cm (Hinh 127).
Da so cac cay moc d Trung Qudc co hoa vdi la dai lung trdng ciing cac didrn xanh d goc va ddi khi
co gan gitra nau hoac nau-tia, canh hoa mau nau-vang nhat vdi chop xanh, mdi nau dd va nhi lep vang.
Muc do chat mau anthocyanin cao trong hoa cua cac cay moc d Viet Nam la dac diem phan biet chinh
cua P. barbigerum var. lockianum (Hinh 129, 130). N o thudng co la dai lung mau trdng vdi phan giua
do son hay do nau, canh hoa vang-nau tdi do-nau vdi mep xanh hoac vang nhat. Nhung cay co cac dom
den d trdn la dai lung cung ddi khi gap ngoai thidn nhien d Viet Nam. Nhung dang co mau sdc nhu vay
co the giai thich la do ket qua lai tao gitra loai nay vdi mot loai Lan Hai gan gui cua nhom P. insigne
vdi hoa co dom.

174
 PAPHIOPEDILUM TRANLIENIANUM

Hinh dang nhi lep ciia Paphiopedilum barbigerum co the la bau due ngang, trung, trung nguoc, tim
ngucrc va bau due. Dinh ciia nhi lep thucrng cong ro ret, co 2 hoac 3 rang (Hinh 127 i, 130 c).
Mot dang hoa trdng tuyen ciia Paphiopedilum barbigerum khong co bat ky chat mau nau hoac tim
nao da duoc mo ta la P. barbigerum var. aureum Hua Orchids. Mag. Amer. Orch. Soc. 68, 3: 242
(1999)*.

Paphiopedilum barbigerum rat giong vdi P. insigne, P. x herrmannii, P. henryanum, P.

tranlienianum va P. helenae. Moi quan he ciia nhirng loai nay can duoc nghien cuu them. Dang lai tu
nhien giua P. barbigerum var. lockianum va P. henryanum da duoc phat hien d Viet Nam trong thoi gian
gan day va duoc mo ta duoi ten la P. x aspersum (Averyanov, 2002 b).
Khong nghi ngd gi nua. Paphiopedilum barbigerum var. lockianum la mot trong vai Lan Hai hiem
nhat d Viet Nam. Nghien cuu chi tiet cac quan the tu nhien. su phan bo va noi song tu nhien ciia no la
rat cap thiet cho viec bao ton no d Viet Nam.

10 . PAPHIOPEDILUM TRANLIENIANUM Gruss & Perner

P a p h io p e d ilu m tr a n lie n ia n u m G ru ss & P e rn e r in C ae sia n a 11: 66 (1998); B raem , C. B ak er

& M . B aker, G en. P a p h io p ed ilu m 2: 2 2 2 (1999). T y p e: V ietn am , В ас T h ai P ro v in ce, O cto b er
1998, fl. in cult. N o v e m b e r 1998, leg. O .G ru ss (h o lo ty p e R O ). P ap h io p e d ilu m c a o b an g en se
N g u y en T h ien T ich in H oa C an h 1999, 1: 14, (1999), nom illeg.

MO TA. Co nho moc tren da voi 3-6 la xep thanh 2 hang, thuong moc thanh dam. La hinh dai, co
2 thuy tii khong bang nhau hoac co 3 rang nho о chop, dai toi 18 cm, rong 1,7 cm, xanh bong d mat tren
vdi mep nhat hon ro ret, xanh nhat hon d mat dudi, co gan giua loi thanh go d mat dudi. Cum hoa gan
thdng dung cho tdi cong, со 1 hoa (rat it khi co 2 hoa), cao 10-18 cm; cuong cum hoa dai 7-15 cm, xanh
tuoi, co ldng vang-nau, nau hoac tia-nau ngdn, day dac; la hoa gap ddi, hinh trung, nhon hoac tii, dai
1,7-2,5(3) cm, rong tdi 1,6 cm, xanh, co dom nau thim d gdc. co ldng ngdn tren gan gitta va mep chop.
H oa rong 5,5-6 cm, cao 5-5,8 cm, mat ngoai la dai phit ldng ngdn; la dai lung trdng vdi gdc xanh va gan
tia; la dai hop xanh nhat; canh hoa xanh co gan vd cac ddm do-nau bong; mdi xanh nhat co diem cac
ddm do-nau thdm day dac; nhi lep vang. vdi dinh ciia ndm loi mau xanh о liu; cuong hoa va bau va dai
2,9-4(5) cm. xanh, phu ldng nau sang, nau hoac tia-nau ngdn ddy dac. Ld dai lung gan hinh tron, hoi
nhon hoac tii d chop, dai (2,5)3-3,2 cm, rong (2,8)3-3,4 cm. it nhieu giong mil che d tren nhung co mep
cong lai d gdc. La ddi hop it nhieu dm sat lay bau, hinh trung hep hoac hmh trung, gan nhon, dai 2,4-
2,6 cm, rong 1,1-1,8 cm, ca hai mep deu cong vao trong ro ret. Cdnh hoa md rong, quay xuong dudi,
thuon, tii d chop, ddi 3-3,4 cm, rong 0,7-0,9 cm, bong, ldng ria trdng, hoi co ldng nau-tia d gdc. Mdi
hinh vai, tii, vudt thon lai d gdc, ddi 3,7-3,9 cm, rong tdi 1,6 cm; cdc thuy ben hinh nira bau due, khong
dinh vdi nhau, bong. Nhi lep hinh tim nguoc tdi hinh trung nguoc, ve chop cong nguoc xuong dudi, co
dinh tu ngan, dai 8-10 mm va rong 7-9 mm, co mot mini bong d giua, cac mat ben it nhieu cong lai va
co cac hat loi. Hinh 132.

PHAN В б . Вас Viet Nam (Вас Kan?, Cao Bang?, Thai Nguyen vd Tuyen Quang). Hinh 133.
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh thuong xanh cay 1a rong tren nui da vdi phan lop va ket tinh bi bao
mon manh d do cao 400-750 m. Hinh 131.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thang 9-11
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN.

* Type: China. Yunnan, Malipo, Oct. 1997, J.C.Lo 1256 (holotype SCBI). Cdy nay duoc tim thay d gan thi
tran Malipo, dong nam tinh Van Nam, gan bien gidi vdi Viet Nam. No co hoa mau xanh vdng nhat vdi la dai
lung co mep trdng rong. Nhung cay nhu the chua gap d Viet Nam.

175
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 131. Nhung vach da voi bi che bong trong rung nguyen sinh thuong xanh cay la rong la noi song tieu
bieu ciia Paphiopedilum tranlienianum.
B ic Viet Nam. tinh Thai Nguyen (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum tranlienianum la mot loai Lan nho khong binh thuong ciia nhom P.
insigne, va co quan he gan nhat voi P. barbigerum va P. x herrmannii. Moi quan he giua chiing can duoc
nghien ciiu them. Loai cay nay co hoa tao nha voi la dai lung trdng co soc tia nau. canh hoa tia nau luon
song rat manh о mep, moi nau-tia va nhi lep vang tuoi. No la loai dac huu hep о Viet Nam, phan bo о
cac khu vuc da voi dat thap ciia cac tinh thuoc viing trung tam ctia bac Viet Nam (Hinh 133).
LICH SU. Viec phat hien ra nhieu loai Lan Hai mdi d cac khu vuc nui da vdi ctia bde Viet Nam vao
khoang nam 1996 (Averyanov, 1996a, 1997b, 1998a; Averyanov et al., 1996a. 1997a,b) cung vdi chinh
sach m o cua ciia Viet Nam da bi nhirng ngudi buon Lan loi dung de xuat khdu bat hop phap cac loai
Lan Hai. Do gia cac cay Lan duoc thu tu ngoai thien nhien rat re, viec quan ly khai thac nguon tai
nguyen thien nhien nay con long leo va viec xuat khdu de dang nen da thu hut cac nguoi buon Lan qudc
te ddn Viet Nam. Trong nhung nam gan day, mot loai Lan Hai tuong tu dang hoa to cua Paphiopedilum
helenae khi khdng co hoa, da duoc thu mua vdi so luong ldn d cac khu vuc da vdi ciia Bde Viet Nam.
Ban dau no duoc rao ban la "helenae to" hoac mot thii mdi ciia P. herrmannii. Loai cay nay ngay sau dd
duoc dua tdi Nhat Ban va Ddc duoi cai ten P. herrmannii (Gruss and Perner, 1998).
Paphiopedilum tranlienianum duoc Gruss va Perner (1998) md ta dua tren mot cay sdng duoc nhap
khdu tu Viet Nam, no hoa о Ddc ngay sau do 1 thang. Loai nay duoc dat ten theo ten cua ngudi Viet
Nam da xuat khau no, ba Tran N go Lien. Ngudi ta thong bao rdng cac cay goc, ma chdc chdn da qua

176
 PAPHIOPEDILUM TRANLIENIANUM

1 cm

Hmh 132. Paphiopedilum tranlienianum (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).

a — Cay mang hoa: b — hoa; с — la dai lung; d — la dai hop; e — canh hoa; f. g — moi, nhin tii mat trudc, mat ben
va mat cat doc; h-j — cot nhi nhuy, nhin tu mat ben, mat lung (binh thuong va ер phang) va mat bung; к — bau va la hoa
(Ve theo mdu HAL 30).

177
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

tay nhieu ngucri, da duoc thu b Bde Kan hoac Thai Nguyen (ten cu la tinh Bde Thai), 6 do cao khoang
500 m. Sau do it lau, Paphiopedilum tranlienianum duoc mot nguoi yeu va trong Lan Viet Nam la
Nguydn Thien Tich (1999) mo ta lai mot lan nira duoi cai ten la P. caobangense (nhung khong co ban
mo ta latin) trong tap chi Hoa Canh, m0t tap chi pho thong ciia Hoi Lan Viet Nam. Ong noi rang nguon
goc cua no la b tinh Cao Bdng, nhung mot lan nua cung khong dua ra bat cu thong tin nao ve sinh thai
va noi song chinh xac ciia chung.
Cac quan the tu nhien cua Paphiopedilum tranlienianum lan dau tien duoc Averyanov va Phan Ke
Loc phat hien va nghien cuu vao mua xuan nam 2001 tai cac tinh Thai Nguydn va Tuydn Quang, bde
Viet Nam trong dot nghien ciiu thuc dia do Hoi Dja ly Quoc Gia Hoa Ky, Quy Khoa hoc Quoc Gia Hoa
Ky va Hoi Lan Hoa Ky tai tro. Dieu duoc khdng dinh la loai Lan dac huu cua Viet Nam nay co khu phan
bo rat hep, duoc gibi han trong mot khu vuc niii da vdi thap b trung tarn bde Viet Nam ve phia bde Ha
N oi (Hinh 133).
NOI SONG. Paphiopedilum tranlienianum moc b khu vuc co khi hau nhiet doi gib mua voi mua dong
kho lanh va miia he nong dm. Che do nhiet do bien dong manh theo miia. Miia dong keo dai tir thang 11
toi thang 2 hoac thang 3. Nhiet do trung binh thoi gian nay ndm giira 12-16°C (Hinh 134). Nhiet do tdi
thap tuyet ddi la -2°C. Suong rail lanh day dac va mua phim lien tuc bat nguon tir gid miia dong bde lanh
rat phd bien tir thang 2 den cuoi thang 3. Miia he am voi luong mua cao nhat vao cac thang 6, 7 va 8 (Hinh
134). Nhiet do miia he trung binh khoang 25-28°C
voi nhiet do tdi da trung binh la 35-40°C. Luong mua
trung binh nam thuong thay doi tir 1500 den 1700
mm. Tuy nhien, tren nhung suon dong nam va nam
dm hon, luong mua trung binh co thd len tori 2200
mm hoac cao hon.
Paphiopedilum tranlienianum moc trong rung
nguyen sinh thuong xanh, h6n giao va rung cay la
rong tren cac suon doc cua cac niii da voi bi bao
mon manh о do cao 400-750 m.
Nhung cay gd to nhat trong kibu rung nay co thd
cao toi 25-30 m va bao gom cac loai nhu
Burretiodendron hsienmu (T iliaceae),
Choerospondias axillaris, Allospondias lakonensis
va Dracontomelon duperreanum (Anacardiaceae),
Chukrasia tabularis (M eliaceae), Cinnamomum
sp., P ersea sp. (Lauraceae), D iospyros sp.
(Ebenaceae), Fernandoa sp. (Bignoniaceae), Ficus
spp. (M oraceae), Lithocarpus sp., Quercus sp.
(Fagaceae) va Pterospermum truncatolobatum
(Sterculiaceae). D oi khi cac loai Thong nhu
Dacrycarpus elatus, Dacrydium elatuni va Nageia
sp. (Podocarpaceae) cung gap, dac biet doc theo
dong nui hoac gan dinh.
Nhirng cay moc о tang duoi bao gom mot so Ion
cac loai cay nhiet doi co kich thuoc trung binh thuoc
nhieu ho, dac biet nhu Araliaceae (Schefflera,
B rassaiopsis glom erulata), C lusiaceae
(C alophyllum ), Elaeocarpaceae (E laeocarpus),
Euphorbiaceae (Cleidion, Sauropus), Lauraceae
(Cryptocarya, Litsea), Moraceae (Ficus, Streblus Hinh 133. Su phan bo ciia Paphiopedilum
tonkinensis, S. ilicifolius), Myrtaceae (Syzygium), tranlienianum (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).

178
 PAPHIOPEDILUM TRANLIENIANUM

Rubiaceae, Rutaceae (Micromelum, Murraya), Sapindaceae (Dimocarpus longan), Staphyleaceae

(Turpinia), Sterculiaceae (Sterculia). Cac loai Cau ldn bao gom Arenga pinnata, Livistona chinensis, va
mot loai Licuala. Cac loai cay hoa g6 nhu Dracaena cam bodiana va Pandanus cung rat phd bien.
Cac cay bui phd bien la Ardisia (Myrsinaceae), Ilex (Aquifoliaceae), Leea indica (Leeaceae) va
Lysimachia insignis (Primulaceae). Vd so cac loai co moc tren dat va da, dac biet nhu cac dai dien cua cac
ho Acanthaceae, Araceae (Aglaonema, Alocasia, Amorphophallus paeonifolius va nhung loai khac nhu
Arisaema, Colocasia), Aristolochiaceae (Asarum), Begoniaceae (Begonia), Costaceae (Costus speciosus),
Convallariaceae (cac loai cua Aspidistra, Colonia, Ophiopogon, Polygonatum), Gesneriaceae (cac loai ciia
Chirita, Paraboea), Hypoxidaceae (Curculigo), Marantaceae (Phrynium), Rubiaceae (Ophiorrhiza),
Urticaceae (cac loai ctia Elatostema, Pellionia, Procris) va Zingiberaceae (cac loai cua Alpinia, Amomum).
Cac loai Coi nhu Carex indica va Scleria (Cyperaceae) uu the cua quan xa cay co moc tren cac sudn va
cac vach kho hon. Rat nhieu loai Duong xi moc tren da со d day nhu Adiantum caudatum, A. gravesii,
Antrophyum, Asplenium belangeri, A. griffithianum, A. tenuifolium, A. unilateral, Colysis, Cyclosorus,
Nephrolepis cordifolia, Polypodium, Pyrrosia, Tectaria decurrens, T. deflexa va T. subpedata. Mot vai loai
Selaginella (Selaginellaceae) va cac loai reu it nhieu chju han cung phd bien d noi sdng cua P.
tranlienianum.

Tren cac suon da ddc co rat nhieu cay duong xi to chim nhu Asplenium antrophioides va A. nidus
cung rat nhieu day leo bam tren cay va da khac nhu Acacia, Bauhinia, Entada phaseoloides,
Pterolobium microphyllum (Fabaceae), Calamus (Arecaceae), Dischidia, H oya (Asclepiadaceae),
Embelia (Myrsinaceae), Jasminum (Oleaceae), Beaumontia grandiflora, M elodinus (Apocynaceae),
Combretum (Combretaceae), Pothos repens, Pothos sp., Rhaphidophora (Araceae) va Tetrastigma
(Vitaceae).

Cac loai cay phu sinh phd bien trong kieu rung nay la cac loai Lan nhu Callostylis rigida,
C leisostom a fuersteinbergianum, C. rostratum, C. striatum, C oelogyne fimbriata, Dendrobium
acinaciforme, D. lindleyi, Eria pubescens, E. sutepensis, Luisia sp., Oberonia sp., Phalaenopsis mannii
va Thelasis khasiana. Tuy nhien, cac loai Lan moc tren da d day thudng phong phu va da dang hon.
Chung la Acampe rigida, Bulbophyllum purpureifolium, Calanthe alism aefolia, C. triplicata,
Cheirostylis yunnanensis, Cleisostom a rostratum, C oelogyne fimbriata, Corymborkis veratrifolia,
Cymbidium aloifolium , C. lancifolium , Dendrobium chrysanthum, Flickingeria sp., H em ipilia
calophylla, Liparis mannii, L. nervosa, L. paradoxa, Liparis sp., Neuwiedia sp., Oberonia ensiformis,

H inh 134. C ac sd lieu khi hau tieu bidu ch o khu phan

bo ciia P ap h iop ed ilu m tranlienianum .
Cac chii so mau den d chan so do la thang. Cot mau xanh
nucrc bidn la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra lucrng
mua trung binh thang); dudng mau do chi nhiet do (°C) trung
binh thang - Mau xanh nucrc bidn tham va mau do la cac so
lieu cua Tram Khi tucmg Djnh Hoa (21°54'B, 105°38'D, cao
220 m tren mat bien); mau xanh nuoc bien nhat va mau tia
la cac so lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Ngan Son (22°26'B
105°59'D, cao 566 m tren mat bidn). Tat ca theo Nguyen
Khanh Van et al., (2000).

179
 LAN HAI У1ЁТ NAM

Hinh 135. Paphiopedilum tranlienianum о noi song to nhien.

вас Viet Nam, tinh Thai Nguyen (Anh.: L. Averyanov).

Pholidota rubra, Podochilus microphyllus, Tropidia angulosa, T. curculigoides va \hndopsis gigantea.

О vai noi P. tranlienianum thay moc cung voi cac loai Paphiopedilum khac, dac biet la P. concolor, P.
hangianum, P. henryanum, P. hirsutissimum va P. vietnamense.
О nhung noi da duoc nghien chu Paphiopedilum tranlienianum la loai song tren da dien hinh. Нё гё
thuong phat tribn va bam vao nhung 16 hong, ke nut va nhung ho nho ciia nhung vach cao duoc che mat
ndm duoi cac hem nui sau (Hinh 135). О nhung noi tham rung nguyen sinh chua bi pha hoai no moc
trong bong ram о bat ky huong phoi nao, о do cao 400-750 m. No thuong moc roi rac va khong tao thanh
cac dam Ion о lung chung cac suon va cac vach gan dinh nui da voi ket tinh, phan lop, it nhieu xop va
bi bao mon. Cay no hoa о ngoai thien nhien vao thang 9-11.

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM TRANLIENIANUM

Hinh 136. Paphiopedilum tranlienianum trong vucrn uom tu nhan tai Ha Noi (Anh: L. Averyanov).

181
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Paphiopedilum tranlienianum duoc ua chuong d ca tren thi trudng Lan quoc te lan trong nude va
hien tai no van dang duoc thu mua vdi so luong ldn. Loai Lan Hai hiem nay la loai dac huu dia phuong
voi pham vi phan bo rat hep nam trong phan dong dan cu cua khu trung tarn bac Viet Nam. Theo nhung
nguon tin dang tin cay, hien nay chi con sot lai mot vai quan thd nho ma rat de bi tuyet chung trong
tuong lai gan do thu mua vi muc dich thuong mai.
BIEN THAI. Cac cay trong quan thd Paphiopedilum tranlienianum da duoc nghien cuu cho thay
chung co hoa kha giong nhau, chi co bien ddi rat nho ve kich thuoc hoa. Mau sac cua hoa cung it nhieu
dn dinh va khong khac so vdi mau chudn (Hinh 136). Tuy nhien, cac nghien ctiu sau hon co the thay
nhung bien dang ldn hon ve hoa, dac biet tai nhung khu vuc moc chung voi nhung loai Lan Hai gan gui
khac. Trong so nhung cay thu ngoai thien nhien dem vao trdng ddi khi cung xudt hien nhung dang trung
gian giua P. tranlienianum, P. barbigerum va P. x herrmannii. Tuy nhien, nguon gdc ciia chiing nhu
thuong thay khong duoc ro rang.

11 . PAPHIOPEDILUM HELENAE Aver.

P a p h io p e d ilu m h e le n a e Aver, in B ot. Journ. (L en in g rad ) 8 1 ,9 : 108 (S ep tem b er 1996); A ver,

et al. in O rch id s 65, 10: 1064 (O cto b er 1996); C ribb, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m , ed. 2: 238 (1998);
B raem , C .B a k e r & M .B ak er, G en. P a p h io p ed ilu m 2: 2 2 0 (1 999). T y pe: N . V ietn am , C ao
B ang P ro v ., T ra L inh D istr., Q uoc T o an S ubdistr., 8 5 0 -9 0 0 m , n e a r T h an g H en L ake,
en v iro n s o f T h an g H en and L ung T ao v illag es, 21 O cto b er 1995, L A veryanov, N .T.H iep &
D .D .H u y en CB 012 (h o lo ty p e L E !, iso ty p e H N !).
P ap h io p ed ilu m h elen a e fo rm a a u reu m O .G ru ss & J.R o th in D ie O rch id ee 50, 1 :3 (1999).
P ap h io p ed ilu m d elicatu m Z .J.L iu & J.Y .Z h an g in A cta P h y to tax . Sin. 39, 1: 78 (2 001), syn.
nov. T y p e: V ietn am , w ith o u t ex act loc., Z.J. Liu 2 0 9 2 0 (h o lo ty p e, H erb. S h en zh en C ity
W u to n sh an N u rseries).

MO TA. Co rat nho moc tren da vdi 3-4(5) la xep thanh 2 hang, moc thanh cum. La dai - nac tdi
cung, hoi mong nude, hinh mui giao nguoc cho tdi hmh bau due thuon, co 3 rang d dinh tii, dai (3)4-
9(12) cm, rong (0,6)0,8-1,6(2) cm, xanh vdi mep trdng vang nhat hon, co vai ddm tim-tia ben dudi gan
gdc. Cum hoa cong hinh vong cung cho tdi gan nhu nam ngang hoac hoi treo, mot hoa; cuong cum hoa
manh, dai 4-7 cm, phu ldng tia den ngdn va day dac; la hoa gap ddi, hinh trdng cho tdi hinh bau due, tu,
dai 8-12 mm, rong 3-4 mm. Hoa to so vdi kich thuoc cua cay, rong (2,5)5-6 cm, phu ldng 6 mat ngoai
la dai; la dai lung vang tuoi sang vdi mep trdng hoac vang nhat; la dai hop trdng; canh hoa mdu cam
hoac vang son cho tdi vang nhat vdi gan vang nau tham hon; mdi mau cam-nau sang cho tdi hong-vang
nhat hoac hong nhat; nhj lep vang nhat vdi num loi trung tarn xanh bong hoac vang tuoi; cuong hoa va
bau dai 2-3,5 cm, phu ldng ngdn mau tia den day dac. La dai lung hinh trung nguoc gan tron cho tdi
tron, tu hoac lorn nong d dinh, ddi 18-35 mm, rong 15-30 mm, mep ben cong lai, mep dinh hoi cong
vao trong. La ddi hop hinh trung, hinh bau due cho tdi hinh hinh trung rong, tu hoac co hai rang ngan
d dinh, ddi 15-25 mm, rong 8-15 mm. Canh hoa thdng hoac hoi cong vao, hinh ludi tdi gan hinh thia,
tu hoac cut d dinh, co ldng ria о mep va ldng to d mat trong gan gdc, dai (15)25-35 mm, rong (3)4-8
mm. Mdi dang tiii sau, khong nhon lam d phan dinh, dai 20-30 mm, rong 15-20 mm, nhan d mat ngoai;
thuy ben cong lai, khong co hat loi. Cot nhi nhuy dai 5-6 mm; nhi lep hinh trimg nguoc rong, hinh tron
hoac hinh thoi cho tdi hinh bau due rong ndm ngang, dai va rong 7-8 mm, phu ldng vdi mot num loi
trung tarn hinh ban nguyet. Hinh 139.
PHAN BO. Bde Viet Nam (cac tinh Bde Kan va Cao Bang). Hinh 37, 140.
SINH THAI. Rimg nguyen sinh kho hdn giao va rimg cay la kim, thua, nhieu reu vdi cac loai
Pseudotsuga brevifolia va Pinus fenzeliana moc tren dinh nhung niii da vdi bi bao mon manh d do cao
(500) 600-900 (1000) m. Hinh 137, 138, 141.

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM HELENAE

Hinh 137. Mot mang cua rang nguyen sinh cay la kim voi cac loai Pseudotsuga brevifolia va Pinus fenzeliana
tren dinh mii da voi hep la noi song ciia Paphiopedilum helenae.
Вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

183
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thang 9-11

TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN.
QUAN HE. Paphiopedilum helenae la mot trong nhirng loai Lan Hai dep nhat duoc phat hien trong
thoi gian gan day. Loai nho xiu nay chac ch in la nho nhat thuoc chi Lan Hai. Nhung cay dang ra hoa о
ngoai tu nhien thucrng co la chi dai 4-5 cm voi hoa rong 4-6 cm (Hinh 142). Su ket hop giua mot than
cay nho xiu voi hoa to da tao ra m0t ve dep cua loai va rat duoc ua chuong trong ngh'e trong cay canh
de tao ra cac dang Lan Hai lai nho be.

Hinh 138. Rimg nguyen sinh kho, cay la kim thua, vcri loai Pseudotsuga brevifolia da bao ve nhirng quan the
Ion cua Paphiopedilum helenae tai noi song khdi thuy trucrc khi bi khai thac vi т ц с dich thuong mai.
Вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

184
 PAPHIOPEDILUM HELENAE

Hinh 139. P ap hiopedilum h elen a e (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).

a — Cay mang hoa; b — hoa; с — la dai lung; d — la dai hop; e — canh hoa; f — nhin mat ben; g — goc cua canh
hoa ben; h — long cua hoa; i — hinh dang chung nhat va cac dang bien d6i khac ciia nhi lep; j — cuong cum hoa va bau;
к — la hoa; 1 — la; m — chop la; n — cay nay mam tir hat (Ve theo тйи chuan- type).

185
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Paphiopedilum helenae co quan he gan vdi P.

barbigerum nhung khac о chd co la gan mong
nuoc, ngdn va rong hon, hoa vang ndi bat, co hoac
khdng co mep trdng hep hon d la dai lung, canh hoa
co mep thing chii khdng luon sdng, mdi hoi phdng
hon, nhi lep gan tron. Nhung dac didrn nay dudng
nhu du de dam bao cho P. helenae 1a mot loai rieng
biet, mac du cac nghien cuu sau hon 6 muc do quan
the co thd gdn no gan hon vdi P. barbigerum. Day
la mot loai dac hiiu dja phuong vdi khu phan bo rat
hep, chi gap d khu vuc nui da vdi dong bac Viet
Nam (Hinh 140).
LICH SU. Paphiopedilum helenae duoc
Leonid Averyanov, N.T. Hiep va D.D. Huyen phat
hien vao thang 10 nam 1995 trong dot dieu tra vdi
su tdi tro cua Hoi Lan Hoa Ky. N o duoc tim thay d
mot didrn xa xoi thuoc tinh Cao Bang, Viet Nam,
ngay sat bien gidi nam cua Trung Qudc. Ten v o cua
Leonid Averyanov duoc dung lam dinh ngu loai
nham to long kinh trong.
Viec phat hien va cong bo loai Paphiopedilum
helenae da thu hut mdi quan tam cua gidi buon Lan
va d cho den. Mac du thong tin ve diem thu mau da
duoc luoc bot d trong ban cong bo (Averyanov,
1996a; Averyanov et al., 1996a), nhung nhung
ngudi buon Lan da nhanh chong tim ra noi phan bo
chinh xac cua no. Theo nhCrng ngudi dan dia
phuong, rat nhieu nguoi buon Lan d Ha Noi va
thanh pho Ho Chi Minh da co mat tai khu vuc nay
sau khi bdi bao duoc cong bo trong tap chi thuong
ky cua Hoi Lan Hoa Ky 2 thang (Averyanov et al., Hinh 140. Su phdn bo ciia Paphiopedilum helenae
1996a). Bang each su dung ban copy nhirng buc (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).
anh trong bai bao. ho da yeu cau ngudi dan dia
phuong thu cang nhieu cang tot. Chi vai tuan sau
dd, toan bo cac quan the P. helenae trong khu vuc nay hau nhu da bi tieu diet. Nhung nguoi dan dja
phuong ban vdi gia 2-3 dola/kg. Theo danh gia cua chiing tdi thi khoang 15.000-20.000 ca the P. helenae
truong thanh da bi thu mua trong mot thoi gian rat ngan. Da so cac cay nay ngay lap tuc duoc xuat khau
va co mat tren thj trucrng Lan quoc te ngay sau dd. Hau nhu chac chan la viec nhap bat hop phap loai
cay nay vao Due la co so cho viec mo ta P. helenae forma aureum O.Gruss & J.Roth in Die Orchidee
50, 1: 3 (1999)*. Dang nay hoi khac vdi mau chuan d chd la dai lung hoan toan mau vang va khdng co
mep trdng. Theo quan sat cua chiing tdi, nhirng dang nhu vay khdng hiem trong cac quan the cua loai
nay d nhung khu vuc da thu mdu chudn trudc khi viec thu mdu nham muc dich thuong mai bung phat.
Ngay sau dd, hang tram cay P. helenae da bj mot cong ty thuong mai trong suot qua trinh khai thde
nguon tdi nguyen thien nhien nay cua Viet Nam thu thap bat hop phap (Tanaka, 1998-1999).
NOI SONG. Paphiopedilum helenae co khu phan bo rat hep d tinh Cao Bang vd d mot khu vuc lan
can thuoc tinh Bde Kan, bde Viet Nam (Hinh 140). N o Id mpt dai dien thay the ciia nhom P. insigne, co
quan he rat gan vdi P. barbigerum, P. henryanum va P. tranlienianum nhung со уёи cau ve sinh thai rat
dac biet.

* Mdu chudn (Type): North Vietnam, Kao Bang (Cao Bang), near to the Guangxi border, c. 850 m
12.10.1997, Ngo Diem s.n., cult. J.Roth & O.Gruss (holotype HAL 078518).

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM HELENAE

Canh quan nhi da hung vi cua khu vuc ma Paphiopedilum helenae moc duoc tao nen boi rat nhieu
ducrng dmh va ngon nui hep va nhon bi bao mon manh 6 do cao 600-1000 m, tren nen thung lung phu
sa b in g phang 6 do cao 300-600 m (Fig. 137).
Nhung ch6 trung cue bo trong thung lung duoc tao thanh bdi vo so cac 16 hdng cacxto cua niii da vdi,
thuong chua day nude trong mua mua. Vao thoi g dd d khu vuc ndy hinh thanh nhieu ho nho hoac trung
binh nam giua cac vdch niii lam cho viec den day kho khdn va chung cung cap them do dm. Tuy nhien,
vao dau miia kho thi cdc ho nay cung bien mat.
Nhung loai sinh vat thuy sinh song qua thoi gian
nay trong chc hang ngam dudi ldng dat. Cac niii
da vdi trong khu vuc duoc bao phu boi rung
nguyen sinh tuong ddi kho, thuong xanh. Tai chc
dinh rieng re, kieu rimg nay duoc thay the bdi
rung kha thua, hdn giao va rung cay la kim giau
chc loai dac him dia phuong ma uu the la
Pseudotsuga brevifolia va Pinus fenzeliana
(Hinh 137, 138, 141).
Ve mat sinh thai, Paphiopedilum helenae
co mdi quan he chat che vdi kidu rung hdn giao
va rung chy la kim co Pseudotsuga brevifolia va
Pinus fenzeliana, nhung loai moc tren cdc dinh
dd vdi co cdc vach doc dung cao tuong ddi
khoang 100-150 m. Nhirng cdy Pseudotsuga
brevifolia khdng khiu lau nam (khoang tren 200
-250 tuoi) cao 8-12 m tao nen tang tan thuan
lodi cua kidu rimg kha thua. Tang dudi tan trong
nhung kidu rung nay duoc tao thanh bdi rat
nhieu loai cay gd la rong, thuong xanh va nira
rung Id cao khodng 4-8 m, bao gom Acer sp.
(A ceraceae), Burretiodendron hsienmu
(Tiliaceae), Illicium difengpii (Illiciaceae),
Myrsine kwangsiense (Myrsinaceae), Pistacia
weinmannifolia (Anacardiaceae), Platycarya
strobilacea (Juglandaceae), Quercus sp.
(Fagaceae), Nageia fleuryi (Podocarpaceae),
Schefflera pesavis (A raliaceae), Tirpitzia
sinensis (Linaceae), Ulmus sp. (Ulmaceae),
Pinus fenzeliana (Pinaceae) va Podocarpus
neriifolius (Podocarpaceae). Ben dudi chung Id
vo so cay gd chju han nho va cay bui nhu
Cam pylotropis bonii, Sophora glauca
(Fabaceae), va cdc loai ciia Euonymus
(Celastraceae), M ahonia (Berbendaceae),
Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae), Rhapis
(Arecaceae) va Wikstroemia (Thymelaeaceae).
Mot vdi cay leo nhu Bauhinia sp. (Fabaceae),
Jasminum sp. (O leaceae), D ioscorea spp.
(Dioscoreaceae) vd Tetrastigma sp. (Vitaceae)
cung rat phd bien.
Co nhieu lodi Duong xi va Lan song tren da
trong rung Pseudotsuga brevifolia va Pinus
fenzeliana. Cdc loai Lan phu sinh phd bien nhat
d day Id A erides odorata, A. rosea,
Bulbophyllum ambrosia, B. macraei, B.
Hinh 141. Rimg nguyen sinh, cay la kim kho, thua,
purpureifolium , Ceratostylis himalaica,
tren nhung chd thoai hep d tren cac vach niii cao la noi
Cleisostoma rostratum, C oelogyne fimbriata,
Dendrobium acinaciform e, D. lindleyi song thich hop cua Paphiopedilum helenae.
Epigeneium amplum, E. chapaense, Eria Вас Viet Nam, tmh Cao Bang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

187
 LAN HAI VI$T NAM

Hinh 142. Mau chuan (Type) cua Paphiopedilum helenae trong tu nhien.
вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

globulifera, E. rhombodalis, E. siamensis, E. sutepensis, Hygrochilus partshii, Liparis balansae, L.

distans, L. mannii, Luisia morsei, Thrixspermum centipeda, T. calceolus va Trichotosia dasyphylla. Cac
cay phu sinh rat phong phu a tren cac cay Soi nhiet ddi nho nhung lau nam (Quercus sp.).
Nhung hon da co reu dm trong rung duoc bao phu bdi cac loai Lan song tren da nhu Acampe rigida,
Bulbophyllum purpureifolium, Cymbidium aloifolium , C oelogyne fimbriata, C oelogyne spp..
Cleisostom a paniculatum, Dendrobium chrysanthum, D. fimbriatum, D. loddtgesii, Epigeneiunt
amplum, Eria coronaria, E. rhombodalis, Liparis mannii, L. viridiflora, Monomeria barbata, Oberonia
cavaleriei, O. ensiformis, Pelatantheria insectifera, Phalaenopsis mannii, Pholidota leveilleana, P.
roseans, P. rubra. P. yunnanensis, Podochilus microphyllus va \hnda concolor. Su phong phu cua he
Lan trong khu vuc nay dac biet cao. Nhieu loai dac huu dia phuong luon luon gdn chat vdi kidu rung
dac biet nay. Cac loai Lan do la Bulbophyllum arcuatilabium, B. purpureifolium, Cheirostylis
marmorifolia, Eria crassifolia, Gastrochilus minutiflorus, Liparis averyanoviana, L. conopea, Luisia
appressifolia, Phatus longicruris, va Renanthera citrina. Tai mot vai noi, P. helenae luon moc cimg vdi
cdc loai Lan Hai khac nhu P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei. P. x herrmannii va P. micranthum.

188
 PAPHIOPEDILUM HELENAE

Hinh 143. Cac so lieu khi hau chlnh ciia khu vuc co
Paphiopedilum helenae.
Cac chu so mau den о chan so do la thang. Cot mau xanh
nuoc bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cdc cot chi ra luong
mua trung binh thdng); duong mdu do chi nhiet do (°C) trung
binh thdng - Mau xanh nuoc bien tham va mdu do la cac so
lieu ciia Tram Khi tuong Cao Bang (22°39'B, 106°14'D, cao
258 m tren mat bien); mdu xanh nuoc bien nhat vd mdu tia
Id cdc so lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Trimg Khanh (22°50’B
106°3TD, cao 520 m tren mat bien). Tat ca theo Nguyen
Khanh Van et al., (2000).

H inh 144. P ap h iop ed ilu m h elen a e a n ai so n g Иёи bieu (Anh; L. Averyanov),

a.b — Bde Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang.

189
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Cac dieu kien khi hau tren nhung dinh nui da voi nhon hep nay rat khac nghiet boi noi day hoan
toan kho han. Ket qua la cac cay 6 day, bao gom cac loai Lan phu sinh va Lan song bam tren da co kha
nang chju han cao. Miia dong о day on hoa va kho nhung miia he thi nong va dm. Nhiet do thuong xuydn
ciia mua dong nam 6 10-16°C vdi nhiet do thap nhat tuyet doi ghi nhan duoc la -3,4°C. Nhiet do miia
he phd bien d 20-28°C nhung ddi khi co the len tdi 35-40°C. Luong mua cao nhat la vao thang 5-8 (Hmh
143). Luong mua trung binh nam tuong ddi thap, bien ddi tii 1400 tdi 1650 mm.
Cac quan thd cua Paphiopedilum helenae thudng duoc tim thay d nhung chd it bi che bdng hoac trdn
cac go nhung vach da gan dinh dung dung Id sang thuoc ve sudn bde. Chiing co mat trdn cac nui da vdi
dinh nhon va hep, chu yeu о do cao 600-900 m. Tuy nhidn, ddi khi cung co thd thay d do cao thap hon,
khoang 500 m, hoac nguoc lai, cao hon, khoang 950-1000 m.

Hinh 145. Nhung bien ddi chung nhat cua

Paphiopedilum helenae trong cac quan thd tu nhien
(Anh: L. Averyanov).
a — Вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang: mau chuan (type),
b, с — Вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang.

190
 PAPHIOPEDILUM HENRYANUM

Da a day thudng la da voi co, ket tinh va bi bao mon manh (duoc cho la tii Paleozoi). Noi song didn
hmh nhat la о chan cac vach va cac dudng nut cua da о gdc cac cay go nho va cay bui. Tuy khong phd
bien, nhung ddi khi ta cung thay mot vai cay moc tren cac vach da dung dirng khong co khe nut, bam
khong chac chin vao be mat da it nhieu nhin (Hinh 144). Luong khong khi dot luu doc theo cac vach
duoc lam am vao ban ngay co the la nhan to thuc ddy cac cay loai nay dinh cu d day. Thai gian no hoa
d ngoai thien nhien bat dau tu cuoi thang 9 den dau thang 11. Viec tao thanh qua rat hiem gap trong cac
quan the tu nhien cua loai nay.
Do phu thuoc chat che vao kieu rung cay la kim vdi loai cay uu the la Pseudotsuga brevifolia,
Paphiopedilum helenae la mot trong nhirng loai Lan Hai hiem nhat о Viet nam. Kidu rung Pseudotsuga
tren nui da vdi co d bac Viet Nam dai dien cho mot kieu quan xa nguyen sinh gidi han ve mat dia ly va
dang d trong tinh trang bi de doa. Chung bao gom vd so cac loai doc dao ciing vdi cac loai Lan (Nguyen
Tien Hiep, Averyanov & Phan Ke Loc, 1998; Phan Ke Loc, Nguydn Tien Hiep & Averyanov 1999a,b,c;
Nguyen Tien Hidp, Phan Ke Loc & Averyanov, 2000). Nhirng kieu rung nay hidn nay bj nan chay rung
va chat pha de doa. Nhu thuong thay, cac quan the cua P. helenae thuong moc d cac vach da voi cao
dung dung gan dmh va hau nhu khong thd tdi duoc thi vide thu chung cung kho khan. Tuy nhien, nhung
ngudi buon Lan da khuyen khich nhirng ngudi dan dja phuong thu hai chung dd ban vdi so luong ldn.
Chay rung thuong xuyen cong vdi viec chat cay tren didn rong la mot nhan to khac gop phan pha huy
hoan toan noi song ciia P. helenae. Hien tuong nay tham chi con xay ra ca tren cac dmh nui rat kho ddn.
Chung tdi chua tirng nhin thay bat ky quan the tai sinh nao cua P. helenae sau khi tham thuc vat nguyen
sinh bj chay. Co dieu khong chac chan la loai nay trudc day co thd da tung phan bo rong hon d Cao Bang
va Вас Kan. That dang tiec la hien tuong pha rung hidn nay tai cac khu vuc da vdi о bac Viet Nam lam
cho co hoi song sot о ngoai tu nhien ciia loai nay tai nhung khu vuc tren la rat hiem.
BIEN THAI. Paphiopedilum helenae rat bien ddi ca ve kich co cay va mau sac hoa. Nhirng cay tai
noi song tu nhien hiem khi co la dai hon 6-8 cm. Tuy nhien d nhirng dieu kien dm va ram mat hon cung
nhu о cac cay duoc trdng, la co the dai tdi 10-12 cm va rang tdi 1,5-2 cm. La thuong xanh thdm vdi mot
duong vien vang hep doc theo mep.
Hoa cua cac cay moc trong quan thd tu nhien bien ddi tir dang rat nho, khong rong hon 2,5 cm cho
tdi dudng kinh kha ldn, 6-7 cm. La dai lung thdng thuong vang tuoi hoac vang nhat, co hoac khong co
mep trang. Cac canh hoa ben bien ddi tu mau vang cam tuoi hoac vang son cho toi vang nhat tuoi voi
gan nau hoac vang cam. Moi thudng vang cam tuoi hoac vang cam nau, nhung о mot so quan thd cung
co nhung cay mdi co thd mdu nau vang tuoi hoac hong nhat. Nhj lep vang tuoi, co mot num loi d giua
mau vang tuoi, xanh vang hoac xanh bong. Hinh dang nhj lep bien ddi tir hinh trung nguoc rong hoac
hinh tron cho tdi hinh thoi hoac hinh bau due rong ndm ngang (Hinh 145).
Viec lai giong tu nhien giua P. helenae voi cac loai Lan Hai khac co ciing noi phan bd can duoc tiep
tuc nghien cuu. Vi du, о noi P. helenae va P. hirsutissimum moc ciing nhau co thd gap khong hiem cac
cay ma co thd coi la dang lai tu nhien giua chting. Cay duoc mo ta la P. herrmannii co thd la mot trong
nhirng dang nay. Mot vai cay duoc thu tu tu nhien vdi cac dac didm hmh thai trung gian giua P. helenae
va P. x herrmannii da dan dan xuat hien tren thi truong. Chung co the dd bat nguon tu viec lai giong
giua cac taxon nay.

12 . PAPHIOPEDILUM HENRYANUM Braem

P a p h io p e d ilu m h e n ry a n u m B raem in S ch lech terian a 1, 1: 4 (3 Sept. 1987); S eid en fad en ,

O rch. Indochina: 19 (1992); A ver., Identif. G uide. V ietnam . O rch.: 2 0 (1994); C rib b , G en.
P ap hiopedilum , ed. 2: 246 (1998); B raem , C. B ak er & M . B ak er, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m 2: 204
(1999); P ham H o an g H o, 111. FI. V iet. 3: 764 (2000). T y p e: C hin a, b o rd e r reg io n to V ietn am ,
1987, A zadehdel s.n. (h o lo ty p e S C H L E ).
Paphiopedilum dollii Luckel in Die Orchidee 38, 5: 266 (18 Sept. 1987). Type: ex China, cult. H. Doll
(holotype К !).
Paphiopedilum chaoi Hua in Die Orchidee 50, 5: 495 (1999), syn. nov. Type: China, Guangxi Province,
Napo County 10. May 1998, M.H.Chao 5322 (holotype SCBI).

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 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

MO TA. Co nho moc tren da voi 3-6 la xep

thanh 2 hang, moc thanh khom. La hinh mui
giao hoac hinh ludi hep, tu, co hai thuy khong
bang nhau hoac co 3 rang nho 6 dinh, dai 10-17
cm, rong 1,2-1,6 cm, xanh tham bong, co mot
vach vang dd nhan doc theo mep d mat tren,
xanh nhat hon a mat duoi, co gan gitra noi go 6
mat duoi. Cum hoa gan thang, cong hinh cung
hoac hinh cung treo, 1 hoa; cuong cum hoa dai
12-15 cm, xanh tdi tia nau, phu long tia nau; la
hoa dai 2-3,6 cm, rong 0,6-2 cm, xanh tham vdi
goc tia. Hoa cao 4-5 cm, rong 4-6 cm, phu long
ngdn day dac d mat ngoai la dai; la dai lung vang
tuoi tdi xanh vang nhat vdi cdc dom tia ndu mau
hat de thdm; Id dai hop vdng nhat hoac xanh
vdng nhat vdi cdc dom ndu hat de; cdnh hoa
vang nhat tdi tim hong, co cac dom nau thdm d
ntra goc; mdi tia hong tdi tim hong tuoi vdi mep
I
vdng; nhi lep vdng vdi mot vach tia hoac tim tia,
ddi thanh mdu cam khi hoa gid. Cuong hoa vd
bau ddi 3,6-4 cm, xanh nhat phu ldng nau tia
thdm. Ld ddi lung hinh bau duc-gan trdn tdi hmh
trung rong, tii hodc co mui nhon ngdn, ddi 3,3-
3,6 cm, rong 2,9-3,5 cm, luon sdng d mep,
thudng cong lai d mep duoi. La ddi hop hinh
ldng chao, hinh trung bau due, nhon, ddi 2,5-2,8
cm, rong 1,6 cm. Canh hoa xoe rong, gan nhu
ndm ngang, hmh thia thuon cho tdi hinh triing
nguoc hep, co 3 rang kho thay hodc tii о dinh,
Hinh 146. Rung nguyen sinh hdn giao nita rung la va
ddi 3,4-3,6 cm, rong 1,4-1,6 cm, mep luon sdng,
rung cay la kim tren nui da vdi ciia tinh Ha Giang la
co ldng ria ngdn. Mdi hinh tui sau, co mieng noi sdng tieu bidu ciia Paphiopedilum henryanum 6
rong, dai 3,7-4,3 cm, rong 1,9-2,1 cm. Cot nhi Bde Viet Nam.
nhuy ngan, dai khoang 9 mm; nhj lep hinh trung Вас Viet Nam, tinh Ha Giang (Anh: L. Averyanov).
nguoc rong, co 3 rang kho thay hoac mui nhon
ngdn, dai 7-10 mm, rong 8-9 mm, phu ldng, co mot num loi d giira, nho va thap. Hinh 147.
PHAN BO. Nam Trung Qudc (dong nam Vdn Nam, tay nam Quang Tay), bac Viet Nam (Ha Giang).
Hinh 37, 148.
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh hdn giao, cay la rong va rung cay la kim, thua, reu am, thudng xanh
hoac rimg nua rung la (cac loai uu the chii yeu la Pseudotsuga brevifolia va Tsuga chinensis) tren mii
da vdi ket tinh bi bao mon manh d do cao (700) 900-1400 m. Hinh 146.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG TII1F.N NHIEN. Thang 9-11
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. VU
Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum henryanum la mot loai Lan Hai nho rat dep vdi hoa co mau sac dd nhan,
nhieu dom thdm va cau true day. V e nhieu mat no giong nhu mot loai lai nho phuc hop. Loai Lan quyen
ru nay rat gan vdi P. insigne, P. villosum va mot so loai co lien quan thuoc ve sect. Paphiopedilum duoc
phan biet bdi la xanh, cum hoa со 1 hoa, canh hoa thudng hinh thia cong vao trong, la dai lung to va
thudng co nhi lep hinh trung nguoc vdi be mat xti xi va mot mini giua bong. No khac cac loai than can
khac moc trong cung khu vuc d mau sdc va kich thuoc ciia hoa, dac biet d la dai lung co cac dom thdm,
co dom d goc cua canh hoa cung vdi mdi hong. 6 Viet Nam chi P. gratrixianum va P. villosum var.
boxalli co la dai lung vdi dom tuong tu nhung ca hai deu co hoa to hon, canh hoa hinh thia hon va khdng
thay moc tren da vdi.

192
 PAPHIOPEDILUM HENRYANUM

2 cm
1 cm

H inh 147. Pap hiopedilum henryanum (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).

a Cay mang hoa; b hoa; с — la dai lung; d — la dai hop; e — canh hoa; f, g — moi. nhin tu mat truac, mat ben va
mat cat doc; h-j — cOt nhi nhuy, nhin tu mat ben, mat lung va mat bung; к — bau va la hoa (Ve theo m iu NTH 3590).

193
 PAPHIOPEDILUM HENRYANUM

Paphiopedilum henryanum co khu phan bo rat

hep, chi 6 mot khu vuc da voi nho nim doc theo
bien gidi dong nam ciia tmh Van Nam, tay nam cua
tinh Quang Tay, Trung Quoc va tmh Ha Giang,
Viet Nam (Hmh 37, 148). N o la mot dai dien thay
the cua nhom P. insigne, rat gan vdi cac loai cung
moc tren da voi nhu P. barbigerum, P. helenae, P.
tranlienianum va P. x herrmannii.
LICH SU. Paphiopedilum henryanum duoc
Braem mo ta (1987) dua tren mot mau vat moc
hoang dai thu d Trung Quoc va sau dd duoc trong
no hoa о Due. Ten goi P. henryanum duoc chon
theo nguyen tic uu tien cho du sau dd 2 tuan mot
ten khac la P. dollii cung duoc Liickel cong bo va
cung dua tren m iu v it duoc nhap khau.
Viec thu m iu Lan H ii nhim muc dich thuong
mai tren quy mo 1cm trong nhung nim g in day d i cho
thay su co m it cua Paphiopedilum henryanum d Viet
Nam tii cuoi n im 1998. Mot luong ldn
Paphiopedilum henryanum da duoc mot cong ty
thuong mai thu mua trong nim 1998 (Tanaka, 1998).
Paphiopedilum henryanum moc tu nhien о Viet
Nam duoc L. Averyanov va P.K. Loc phit hien vao
mua xuin nam 1999 thdng qua mot chuyen thuc dia
duoc H oi D ia ly Q uoc gia Hoa ky tii tro
(Averyanov & Averyanova, 2000).
О Trung Quoc, lo ii n iy duoc tim th iy d cue tiy
nam tinh Q uing Tay (Hu Song Hua, 1999) v i d
dong nam Van Nam, nhung nhirng dieu tra ngoii
thuc dja d Van Nam cho thay co le la da bj tuyet
chung d tat ca c ic dja didm da biet den d d iy (Tsi H in h 148. Su phan bd cu a P a p h io p e d ilu m
et al., 1999). Ro rang, P. henryanum la mot trong henryanum d V iet N am (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).
nhung loai Lan hiem nhit cua chi nay vdi khu phin
bd tu nhien rat hep.
NOI SONG. Paphiopedilum henryanum song о mot khu vuc da voi rat nho giua ranh gioi 3 tmh Van
Nam, Quang Tay cua Trung Quoc v i Ha Giang cua b ic Viet nam (Hmh 37, 148). No la lo ii song tren
d i tieu bidu, thuong moc thanh dim nho tren da tren c ic suon doc v i vach dung dung ciia nhung nui da
vdi bi bao mon manh, chu yeu d do cao 900 tdi 1400 m (Hinh 149, 150). Rat hiem khi co thd tim thay
о do cao thap hon l i 700 m.
Tai noi moc, gid dong b ic kho lanh duoc thay the boi gio mua tiy nam nong am vao cuoi thing 4.
Thoi gian no hoa trung vdi thoi gian cuoi cua gio miia he, cudi thang 9 va dau thang 10. Vao thoi ky n iy
trong nam, khi mua thu bit dau thi thoi tiet lanh v i kho hon. Do im cua mua thu, miia dong v i mua xuin
do nhirng trin mua hiem hoi nhung chu yeu thuong do suong mil mang lai. V io mua dong, nhiet do trung
binh v io khoang 12-14°C, nhung ddi khi co thd xuong tdi nhiet do g in bin g gia. M ic du vay, d ben trong
rung nhiet do luon cao hon v ii do. Nhiet do miia he hiem khi cao hon 30°C v i thudng dao dong giua 22-
28°C. Luong mua cao nhat duoc quan sat thay vao c ic thing 5-8 (Hinh 151). 6 hau het vung luong mua
trung binh nam bien ddi tu 1800 den 2500 mm, tuy nhien tren nhung sudn dong nam, luong mua co thd
ldn tdi 4800 mm, cao nhit о khu vuc b ic Dong Duong (Nguydn Khanh V in et al., 2000).

Hinh 149 (doi dien) Paphiopedilum henryanum no hoa rat tot co thd duoc tim thay d sudn nam trong rung
nguyen sinh chua bj tan pha.
B ic Viet Nam, tmh Ha Giang (Anh: P.J.Cribb).

195
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hmh 150. Nhung cay Paphiopedilum henryanum con sot lai chi tren vach da thu0c sudn bac, dac biet tai
nhung khe hep va sau sau khi rung nguyen sinh bi pha huy.
Вас Viet Nam, tinh Ha Giang (Anh: P.J.Cribb).

О Viet Nam, Paphiopedilum henryanum thuong moc trong rung nguyen sinh hdn giao cay la rong,
va rung cay la kim, co nhieu reu am, hoi thua, thudng xanh hoac rung nua rung la tren cac dinh nui da
vdi ket tinh, nhon hep va bi bao mon manh d do cao (700) 900 den 1400 m (Hinh 146). N o thuong moc
trong rung cay la kim va rUng hdn giao vdi loai cay uu the la Pseudotsuga brevifolia va Tsuga chinensis
(Cribb, Averyanov & Nguyen Tien Hiep, 2000). Trung tam phan bo cua loai Lan Hai nay trung vdi khu
phan bo ciia loai cay la kim dac hUu rat hiem va doc dao nhat Viet Nam Xanthocyparis vietnamensis
(Cupressaceae).
RUng hdn giao va rung Thong la tham thuc vat nguyen sinh cao dinh tai cac dinh va dudng dinh d
khu vuc da vdi cacxto bac Viet Nam. N o khdng giong vdi kieu rung Thong u am d vung on ddi phia bac
ma la kieu rung doc theo cac dudng dinh hep vdi hinh bdng cua cac cay gd to don doc va be mat rang
ldn nhdn day nhung tang da, cac khe niit, cac vach nho va nhieu loai cay.
Tren nhirng dudng dinh va dinh nhon co cac cay thuoc ldp Thong, bao gom Pseudotsuga brevifolia,
Tsuga chinensis, Podocarpus neriifolius, Nageia wallichiana, va ddi khi la Taxus chinensis va
Xanthocyparis vietnamensis. Cac loai cay la rong thuoc ctmg fang 6 day la rung la hoac nita rung la
thuoc cac chi nhu Acer (Aceraceae), Carpinus (Betulaceae), Cinnamomum (Lauraceae), Lithocarpus,
Quercus (Fagaceae) va Ulmus (Ulm aceae), Pistacia weinm annifolia (Anacardiaceae) va Platycarya
strobilacea (Juglandaceae). Cac cay cao nhat co the tdi 15-20 m (Hinh 146).

196
 PAPHIOPEDILUM HENRYANUM

600 Г 30

500

400"

300 -
Hinh 151. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu bieu cua khu vuc co
Paphiopedilum henryanum 6 Viet Nam.
200 Cac chir so mau den a chan so do la thang. Cpt mau xanh
nude bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); dudng mau dd chi nhiet do (°C) trung
binh thang - Mau xanh nude bien tham va mau dd la cac so
100
lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Cao Bang (22°49'B, 104°59'D, cao
1 1 8 m tren mat bien); mau xanh nude bien nhat va mau tia
la cac so lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Triing Khanh (22°45'B
104°40'D, cao 553 m tren mat bien). Tat ca theo Nguyen
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 Khanh Van et al., (2000).

Ben duoi tang uu the sinh thai la vo so cac loai cay gd nho nhu Amentotaxus argotaenia (Taxaceae),
cac loai ciia Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae), Eriobotrya, Sorbus (Rosaceae), Myrsine kwangsiense
(Myrsinaceae), Schefflera pesavis, Schefflera sp. (Araliaceae) va Tirpitzia sinensis (Linaceae). Rat
nhieu cac loai cay bui cung thay moc о day, phd bien nhat la cac loai moc tren da nhu Ardisia
(Myrsinaceae), Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae), Polygala (Polygalaceae), Rhododendron, Vaccinium
(Ericaceae) va Spiraea (Rosaceae). Mot vai loai Cau nho nhu Guihaia sp., cung rat didn hinh cho nhirng
kidu rimg thua nay.
Cac khu rung nguyen sinh trong khu vuc nay rat giau cac loai reu bam trdn da va trdn cay, cac loai
Duong xi va cac loai co. Cac co gom Acanthaceae,
Begoniaceae (Begonia spp.), Convallariaceae (cac loai
ciia Aspidistra, Ophiopogon, Peliosanthes, Tupistra),
G esneriaceae, Rubiaceae (cac loai Ophiorrhiza,
Hedyotis) va Urticaceae (cac loai ciia Elatostema, Pilea,
Pellionia) va vd so cac loai Coi (cua chi Carex, Scleria)
cung nhu cac loai Quyen ba (Selaginella spp.). Cac
Duong xi phd bien nhat la cac loai cua Asplenium,
Cyrtomium, Polypodium, Polystichum va Pyrrosia.
Cac loai Lan 6 day cue ky da dang va phong phu. Co
thd gap vo so loai Lan sdng trdn da nhu Bulbophyllum
ambrosia, B. macraei, B. maculosum, B. purpureifolium,
C oelogyne fimbriata, C. lockii, C. m alipoense, C.
schultesii, C leisostom a paniculatum, Dendrobium
chrysanthum, D. nobile, D. thyrsiflorum, Eria
coronaria, E. globulifera, E. sutepensis, E. siamensis,
Epigeneium amplum, Flickingeria sp., Liparis
averyanoviana, L. distans, L. mannii, L. stricklandiana,
Monomeria barbata, Pholidota gracilis, P. roseans, P.
yunnanensis va Podochilus microphyllus. Tai nhung chd Hinh 152. Paphiopedilum henryanum loai
ram mat va nhung ho trung sau, kha nhieu loai dia lan Lan sdng tren da tieu bieu, thuong moc tren
duoc tim thay nhu Anoectochilus calcareus, Calanthe nhung vach da voi dung dung.
alisntaefolia, C. argenteostriata, Cheirostylis Вас Viet Nam. tinh Ha Giang (Anh: P.J.Cribb).

197
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

bipunctata, Goodyera hispida, Nephelaphyllum tenuiflorum, Phaius flavus, Ph. longicruris va

Rhomboda petelotii.
Cac loai Lan phu sinh cung rat phd bien, bao gom Agrostophyllum callosum. Bulbophyllum hirtum,
B. reptans, Ceratostylis himalaica, Cleisostoma striatum, Coelogyne schultesii, Epigeneium amplum, E.
chapaense, Eria pannea, Luisia appressifolia, Ornithochilus difformis, Pholidota missionariorum, P.
yunnanensis, Sunipia scariosa, Thelasis khasiana, Thrixspermum calceolus va Renanthera coccinea.
Dang chh у la co mot tap hop cac loai Lan dac huu dia phuong hiem nhu Anoectochilus calcareus,
Bulbophyllum purpureifolium, Cheirostylis bipunctata, Coelogyne lockli, C. malipoense, Dendrobium
chittimae, H olcoglossum wangii, Liparis averyanoviana, Luisia appressifolia, Pholidota gracilis. P.
missionariorum, P. yunnanensis, Phaius longicruris va Rhomboda petelotii thudng moc cung voi P.
henryanum. Trong cung dieu kien do ddi khi cung gap cac loai Lan Hai khac moc chung nhu
Paphiopedilum dianthum, P. hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum, P. m alipoense va P. micranthum.
Paphiopedilum henryanum thuong moc о noi co it anh nang nhung v in duoc che bong tren cac vach
doc cua sudn nam. No khong gap d mot loat cac vach thap ngay dudi dmh. Cac cay nay thuong moc tren
cac vach da hau nhu thang dung vdi гё bam vao cac khe da nut (Hinh 152). Giong nhu P. hirsutissimum.

Hinh 153. Nhung bien ddi chung nhat cua hoa trong quan thd Paphiopedilum henryanum d Viet Nam.
a — вас Viet Nam, tinh Ha Giang (Anh: L. Averyanov); b-d — Вас Viet Nam, tinh Ha Giang (Anh: P.J.Cribb).

198
 PAPHIOPEDILUM GRATRIXIANUM

P. helenae va P. dianthum, гё cua no bam chat vao da. Ddi khi гё tao thanh cac be mat hung cac la cay roi
xuong va bi phan huy dd cung cap chat dinh duong cho cay. Dat va miin la cay ducrc tap hop xung quanh
гё ciia chung thucrng nau thim va bd. Do pH cua dat gan гё khoang 6,4, mac du cM yeu d day la da vdi
cirng (Cribb, Averyanov & Nguydn Tien Hiep, 2000).
Mot thuc te la mac du da duoc tim kiem tren didn rong qua nhieu nam nhung Paphiopedilum
henryanum chi mdi gap d vai noi thuoc bac Viet Nam. Dieu nay cho thay loai nay dang d trong tinh
trang nguy cap cao. Vdi tdc do pha rung va viec thu mua Lan Hai van tiep tuc nhu hien nay, tuong lai
cua no thuc su rat mong manh. Da so cac quan thd cua no da bi pha hoai nghidm trong do viec chat pha
rung va thu mua Lan Hai. Sau khi tham thuc vat nguyen sinh bi pha huy, mot vai cay don le co the song
sot tren cac vach da rdu dm ducrc che bong d sudn bde. Nhung roi chting cuoi cung cung bien mat do su
suy thoai va gia tang do kho han cua noi song.
BIEN THAI. Paphiopedilum henryanum la mot loai da hinh vdi hoa bien ddi rat nhieu ve kich thuoc
va ve cac ddm, dac biet la trdn la dai lung. Cac cay moc о Viet Nam thuong co hoa rat khac nhau (Hinh
153). Trong cac quan thd chung tdi nghien cuu da nhan thay la dai lung bien ddi ve hinh dang, tu hinh
bau due hep va hinh trung hep tdi hinh trung rong, tham chi la hinh bau due ndm ngang. No co thd co
cac ddm day dac hoac nguoc lai, chi co mot vai ddm nho d gdc. Cac canh hoa ben cung co thd co cac
ddm day dac hoac chi mang mot vai ddm nho.
Mot bien thd ndi bat 1a cac ddm day trdn la dai lung va cac canh hoa bdn duoc thay the bang nhung
chain va vai soc tdi md. N o da duoc tim thay trong dong hang duoc nhap vao Due. Hoa cua cay nay co
la dai lung va cac canh hoa xanh vang tuoi tuong phan manh vdi mau hong cua mdi. N o duoc Braem
mo ta (trong Schlechteriana 2, 4: 160, 1991) la var. christae *. Theo Braem, mau chudn ciia dang cay
co hoa trang khong hoan toan nay da duoc gidi thieu nhu la m iu chuin P. henryanum duoc gui ban,
nhung no da no hoa sau do mot thoi gian trong bo suu tap cua Helmut va Christa Sang tai Due (Helmut
and Christa Sang o f Essen, Germany). Hien tai, no duoc coi la mot dang P. henryanum f. christae
(Braem) Gruss & Roth (Gruss & Roth, 1999).
P. chaoi (Hua in Die Orchidee 50, 5: 495, 1999) duoc т о ta mdi day duoc minh hoa bang 2 biic anh.
Chung cho thay mot dang hoa giong nhu hoa chuin cua P. henryanum ngoai trii viec khong co cac ddm
thim tren la dai lung trong khi cac ddm trdn canh hoa lai kha day, nhat. M iu chuin duoc thu d gan Napo
tinh Quang Tay, Trung Quoc, mot khu vuc rat gan voi nhUng dia didm co P. henryanum moc ca d Trung
Quoc va Viet Nam. Dua vao nhung bing chung hien co, chung tdi khong tin rang loai cay nay co su
khac biet ve mat phin loai d muc loai. Su khac biet nho ve cac ddm cho thay, ciing lam no chi co thd la
mot dang hoac mot thu trong P. henryanum.

13 . PAPHIOPEDILUM GRATRIXIANUM (Masters) Rolfe

P a p h io p e d ilu m g r a tr ix ia n u m M asters ex R o lfe in O rch id R ev. 13: 63 (1905); G u illau m in in

B ull. Soc. B ot. F ran ce 24: 5 5 6 (1924); id., FI. G en. In d o -C h in e 6: 6 4 0 (1 934); K arasaw a,
Saito in B ull. H iro sh im a B ot. G ard. 5: 59 (1982); C ribb, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 146 (1987);
id., G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m , ed. 2: 249 (1998); S eid en fad en , O rch. In dochina: 17 (1 992); A ver.,
Identif. G uide. V ietnam . O rch.: 20 (1994); B raem , C .B a k er & M .B ak er, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m
2: 236 (1999); P ham H oang H o, 111. FI. V iet. 3: 764 (2000). T y p e: A n n am , M icholitz s.n., cult.
S an d er (holoty p e K).
C y p rip ed iu m g ratrix ian u m M asters in G ard. C hro n . ser. 3, 37: 76, fig. 35 (1 905), nom . m val.
non W illiam s (1897).
C o rd u la g ra trix ia n a (M asters ex R olfe) R o lfe in O rch id R ev. 20, 1: 2 (1912).
P ap h io p ed ilu m v illo su m (L in d l.) S tein var. g ra trix ia n u m (M asters ex R o lfe) B raem ,
Paphiopedilu m : 119 (1988).

* Type: Border region China/Vietnam, 1987,Azadehdel s.n. (holotype SCHLE).

199
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

MO TA. Co moc tren dat hoac tren da, thudng thanh dam. La 4-7, xep thanh 2 hang, gan nhu dirng,
hinh dudng cho tdi hinh mui giao, hinh mUi giao rong va hinh thuon, co 3 rang nhon nho d dinh, dai tdi
30 cm, rong 2-2,3(4) cm, xanh, thuong co dom tim tia b in d mat dudi gan goc. Cum hoa со 1 hoa; cuong
thing dirng, dai tdi 25 cm, xanh, phu ldng tia nau; la hoa hinh mui giao thuon hep tdi hinh trung nguoc,
nhon hoac tir d dinh, dai 3-4,5 cm, rong 1,2-1,2 cm, xanh, doi khi co cac dom tim tia rai rac va co ldng
ngan day dac. Hoa rong 7-8 cm; la dai lung trdng, xanh nau nhat d goc, it nhieu co cac dom tia nau 6
2/3 goc; la dai hop xanh nhat; canh hoa nau vang, bdng va gan tia nau; mdi bdng, mau vang xen nau;
nhi lep vang; bau va cuong hoa co mat cdt ngang hmh tam giac, dai 4-5,5 cm, xanh nhat, co phu ldng
tia nau ngdn. La dai lung hmh trirng, hinh trirng rong tdi gan nhu hinh trdn, tii, dai 4,8-5,2 cm, rong 4,4-
4,6 cm, phu ldng trdng ngan d mat ngoai. La dai hop hmh trirng bau due, nhon, dai 3,5-5 cm, rong 2,5
cm, phu ldng trdng ngdn о mat ngoai. Canh hoa hinh thia, tu, dai 4,5-5,2 cm, rong 1,8-2,5 cm, co ldng

Hinh 154. Rung nguyen sinh dm thudng xanh cay la rong tren suon doc ciia day nui Tam Dao a do cao 950-
1.000 m noi song ciia cac quan the Paphiopedilum gratrixianum о Вас Viet Nam (Anh: L. Averyanov).

200
 PAPHIOPEDILUM GRATRIXIANUM

2 cm

Hm h 155. Pap hiopedilum gratrixianum (Hinh ve ciia L. Averyanov).

a Cay mang hoa; b — la dai lung; с — la dai hap; d — moi; e — canh hoa; f — moi, nhin tir mat ben va mat cat
doc; g-i — cot nhi nhuy, nhin tir mat ben, mat lung va mat bung; j — bau va la hoa (Ve theo mdu L.Averyanov & N.T.Hiep
s.n. 10 thang 11 nam 1998).

201
 LAN HAI V1$T NAM

ria nho, mep ben luon song hoac cong lai. Moi thuon nhon b dinh, dai 4-4,2 cm, rong 2,4-2,8 cm. Nhi
lep hmh tim nguoc, dai va rong 10-12 mm, co mui nhon ngdn a chop, phu long nhu, co long tim tia 6
nua goc va co u giiia nho len nhu bubu. 2n = 26. Hinh 32, 155.
PHAN BO. Dong nam Lao (tinh Attopeu) va bac Viet Nam (Lao Cai?, Lai Chau?, Vinh Phuc va
Thai Nguyen). Hinh 37, 156.
SINH THAI. Rimg nguyen sinh dm thuong xanh, cay la rong, tren cac suon nui doc duoc tao thanh
bdi da granit, da gonai va ridlit о do cao 900-1100 (2000?) m. Hinh 154.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thang 10-12
TiNH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN.
Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum gratrixianum la mot loai cay dd nhan bdi co hoa to, dep tao nha va lau
tan. Day la loai gan gui nhat vdi P. insigne d dong bac An D o va loai P. exul о phan ban dao Thai Lan.
N o la loai thay the d phan dong cua nhom P. insigne moc tren chat nen axit khong co canxi. Khu phan
bo duoc biet den hien nay ciia no bao gom 2 phan tuong ddi nho phan each nhau: d phan cuoi dong nam
Lao va d trung tam cua bac Viet Nam.
LICH SU. M axwell Masters da mo ta loai
Cypripedium gratrixianum dua vao mot cay do
Sander & Sons (Messrs. Sander & Sons o f St
Albans) trung bay. Nhung cay nay do W ilhelm
M icholitz thu thap va duoc xuat tii Annam (duoc
cho la tir khu vuc nam d phan cuoi dong nam Lao
thuoc tinh Attopeu). Loai nay da duoc trong tai
nhieu vudn Lan tu nhan d Viet Nam tir nhieu nam,
do dd cho rang co thd moc tu nhidn d day. Tuy
nhien, loai cay hiem nay chi duoc phat hien thay
d ngoai tu nhidn tai Viet Nam vao nam 1985 trong
mot dot dieu tra thuc dia phoi hop giua cac nha
thuc vat Viet Nam-Lien X o d bac Viet nam
(A veryanov, 1988d). Paphiopedilum
gratrixianum d day mii Tam Dao, doc theo ranh
gidi giua hai tinh Vinh Phuc va Thai Nguyen,
each Ha N oi khoang 50 km ve phia tay b ic. Day
la mot phat hien dang ngac nhien bdi no duoc tim
thay each xa ncri gap ban dau hon 1400 km.
NOI SONG. О Viet Nam, Paphiopedilum
gratrixianum chi duoc tim thay d mot didm duy
nhat. Da gap mot vai quan the tren sudn va vach
ddc cua day mii Tam Dao, 6 do cao 950 tdi 1100
m (Averyanov, 1988d, Averyanov, 2000b). Da
me d day bao gom da riolit d cuoi M esozoi. Rat
nhieu cay P. gratrixianum da duoc trdng tit nhieu
nam tai cac vudn Lan tu nhan d thi tran Sa Pa, tinh
Lao Cai gan voi bien gidi tay bde Viet Nam. Da
so cac cay nay chdc chdn phai duoc thu d trang
thai hoang dai tu nhung noi gan dd. Theo nhung
ngudi thu Lan dia phuong, P. gratrixianum duoc
thu d cac sudn ddc va cac vach da granit cua day Hmh 156 pha„ b6 сйа Paphl0pedllum
Hoang Lien Son tai khu vuc dinh Fan Si Pan d do gratrixianum (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov),
cao 1400-2000 m. Tuy nhien, nguon tin nay chua Vong tron den chi cac quan the da nghien cuu; vong
duoc xac minh. tron trdng chi cac diem phan bo theo cac nguoi thu Lan
dia phuong.

202
 PAPHIOPEDILUM GRATRIXIANUM

Tanaka (1998) cong bo rang P. gratrixianum la loai cay phd bien 6 bac Viet Nam. Co le ong da quan
sat thay rat nhieu cay thuoc loai nay tai mot Cong ty thuong mai do nhung ngucri thu m iu dia phuong
chuy6n toi. Nhung thong tin gian tiep di kem vdi cac cay nay tii viec buon ban Lan cho thay P.
gratrixianum da bi tuyet chung hoac da tro nen rat hiem 6 nam Lao. Tat ca nhung cay duoc mua ban
trong nude hien nay co the deu bat nguon tii tay b ic Viet Nam va b ic L io. Chung tdi nghi ngd ring P.
gratrixianum con moc d mot v ii noi cua b ic Viet Nam nhung chua co mot thdng tin chmh x ic n io de
khing dinh dieu nay.
Tai b ic Viet nam, Paphiopedilum gratrixianum moc tren c ic sudn nui im rat doc duoc tao thanh
bdi da silicat nhu da gramt, d i gonai va d ie biet la da ridlit. N o moc d do cao 900-1100 m nhung co the
cung gap d do cao 1500-2000 m. О d iy rat im vdi luong mua trung binh nim it nhit l i 2500-3000 mm.
Khi h iu d d iy la nhiet ddi gid miia vung niii. No khong co mua kho do suong g i i va may mu lien tuc
trong miia dong v i dau miia xuin. thoi gian n iy thudng la miia kho d b ic Viet Nam. D o im khong khi
v io thoi gian n iy khong bao gid dudi 100%. Nhiet do mua dong thdng thudng trong khu vuc bien ddi
tii 8 den 12°C (Hinh 157). Nhung thing lanh nhat la thang 12 va thing 1 khi ma nhiet do ban dem ddi
khi co the xuong tdi dudi 0°C. Tuyet am vao ban dem khong phd bidn d tren 1570 m. Nhiet do thap nhit
tuyet doi trong khu vuc noi P. gratrixianum moc nim trong khoing 0°C va -3°C. Miia he d day rat im
vdi luong mua cao nhat tir thang 6 den thing 9. Nhiet do thoi gian nay kha on hoa, thuong chi tii 18 den
25°C (Hmh 157).
Paphiopedilum gratrixianum moc trong rung rim , c iy la rong, rat im , phat trien rat tot do co luong
mua rat cao va do im dat silicat cao. Do co mua he on hoa va miia dong lanh пёп kidu rung nay khong
co c ic c iy nhiet ddi dien hinh cua viing di't thap d Viet nam. Cac lo ii c iy uu the nhat d d iy thudc c ic
ho Aceraceae (Acer), Clusiaceae (Garcinia), Elaeocarpaceae (Elaeocarpus), Fagaceae (Castanopsis,
Lithocarpus, Quercus), Hamamelidaceae (Altingia, Rhodoleia championii, Symingtonia populnea, S.
tonkinensis), Juglandaceae (Engelhardia), Lauraceae (Actinodaphne, Cinnamomum, Cryptocarya,
Lindera, Litsea, Machilus, Neolitsea, Notaphoebe, Phoebe), M agnoliaceae (M agnolia, Michelia,
Talauma), M yrtaceae (Syzygium), Proteaceae (H elicia), R osaceae (Pyrus, Sorbus, Pygeum ),
Sterculiaceae (Reevesia), Theaceae (Eurya, Pyrenaria, Schima, Gordonia) va Ulmaceae (Gironniera).
Nhung loai co thin gd v i nua gd ciia cac ho Euphorbiaceae, M elastomataceae, Rubiaceae v i
Sterculiaceae rat phd bien d tin g c iy bui. Kha nhieu c iy Duong xi hoa gd ldn nhu Cyathea v i Cibotium
co the cao tdi 4-6 m gap d nhung hem niii im udt.

600

500

400 —

300
Hinh 157. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu bidu cua khu vuc co
Paphiopedilum gratrixianum a Viet Nam.
200 Cac chii so mau den 6 chan so do la thang. Cot mau xanh
nuoc bidn la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); duong mau do chi nhiet do (°C) trung
100- binh thang - Mau xanh nucrc bidn tham va mau do la cac so
lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Tam Dao (21°27'B, 105°38'D, cao
897 m tren mat bidn); mau xanh nude bidn nhat va mau tia
la cac so lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Sa Pa (22°20'B 103°50'D,
cao 1570 m tren mat bidn). Tat ca theo Nguydn Khanh Van
et al., (2000).

203
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Tren nhirng suon doc va vach da am udt noi co P. gratrixianum moc, cac quan xa uu the о day gom
cac cay g6 nho va cay bui nhu cac loai ciia Ardisia (Myrsinaceae), Blastus (Melastomataceae), Desmos
(Annonaceae), Rhododendron, Vaccinium (Ericaceae), Schefflera, Trevesia palmata (Araliaceae),
Cinnamomum (Lauraceae), E laeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae), Ficus (M oraceae), Ixora, Pavetta,
Lasianthus (Rubiaceae), Euonymus (Celastraceae) va Pandanus (Pandanaceae).
Mot vai dam P. gratrixianum co the tim thay tren cac vach da am, 16 sang thuoc ve hubng nam cung
voi cac loai co song tren da khac nhu cac loai cua Begonia (Begoniaceae), Curculigo (Hypoxtdaceae),
Impatiens (Balsaminaceae), Ophiorrhiza (Rubiaceae), Amorphophallus, Arisaema (Araceae), Alpinia,
Amomum (Zingiberaceae), Sonerila, Phyllagathis (M elastom ataceae), Aspidistra, O phiopogon
(Convallariaceae), Mola (Violaceae) va cac loai ciia Acanthaceae, Gesneriaceae, cac loai co va lau lach
ua Sm khac. 6 nhung noi ram mat co rat nhieu loai Duong xi, Quyen ba va reu bam tren cay va tren da.
Tren nhirng vach da doc diing am uot ram mat, luon giu duoc am do suong va may mil mang lai co rat
nhieu loai Duong xi bo, la mong, giong nhu reu, dac biet nhu Hymenophyllum va Trichomanes
(Hymenophyllaceae).

Co nhieu loai Lan moc chung voi Paphiopedilum gratrixianum. D o la cac loai Lan bam da va dia
lan nhu Acanthephippium simplex, A. striatum, Anoectochilus elw esii, A. daoensis, A. lanceolatus, A
roxburghii, A. sikkimensis, A. tridentatus, Apostasia wallichii, Calanthe herbacea, Cephalantheropsis
obcordata, Collabium assamicum, C. chinense, Dendrobium henryi, Eria gagnepainii, E. pusilla,
Habenaria rhodocheila, M ischobulbon macranthum, Nephelaphyllum tenuiflorum, Pholidota rubra,
Platanthera angustata va Podochilus microphyllus. Tuy nhien, cac loai Lan phu sinh la nhom Lan da
dang va phong phu nhat о day. Do la Bulbophyllum ambrosia, Callostylis rigida, Ceratostylis himalaica,

H inh 158. R im g ram thuong xanh m ay m il am tren suon bac cua vach da riolit dung dung 6 d o cao 9 5 0 - 1.000
m la noi so n g cua ca c quan the P a p h io p ed ilu m gratrixianum 6 Bde V ie t N am .
T in h T h ai N g u y e n (A n h : L. A v e r y a n o v ).

204
 PAPHIOPEDILUM GRATRIXIANUM

Hinh 159. Paphiopedilum gratrixianum tren nhiing khe hep kho toi duoc cua vach nui cao dung dung.
Вас Viet Nam, Tmh Thai Nguyen (Anh: L. Averyanov).

C. radiata, Cleisostom a birmanicum. C. striatum, C oelogyne assamica, C. fimbriata, Dendrobium

aduncum, D. faulhaberianum, D. hercoglossum, D. linguella, D. longicornu, D. nobile, Epigeneium
amplum, E. chapaense, Eria foetida. E. pannea. E. thao, Flickingeria sp., Liparis bootanensis, L.
chapaensis, L. latilabris, L. stricklandiana, Oberonia quadridentata, Pholidota chinensis, Podochilus
microphyllus va Schoenorchis gemmata.
Cac dam cay P. gratrixianum thudng moc trong nhung dieu kien kha am udt tren cac khe hep co lap
mum mong cua vach da riolit (Hinh 158-160). Tai noi khac, chung moc trong cac khe nut nho tren vach
da dung dung cua cac bo vuc nui (Hinh 161). Vao miia mua co nhieu nuoc ri ra tii cac mach nude ngam
a day. Khu vuc nay co rat nhieu con suoi nho va cac thac nude. Dat, mun la cay va cac tang da tren mat
dat rung luon luon dm.
Paphiopedilum gratrixianum la mdt trong nhung loai Lan Hai Viet Nam bj de doa tuyet chung nhat.
Tat ca nhung quan the cua loai Lan quyen ru nay duoc biet deu ndm о cac dmh niii Tam Dao. Day gan
khu du licit Tam Dao, nai da duoc md rong de trd thanh trung tarn du licit chmh vdi mot luong ldn khach
du lich hang nam lui tdi. Trong nhung nam gan day, tat ca cac quan the cua P. gratrixianum d day da bi
suy kiet hoan toan. Mot dieu rat de xay ra la P. gratrixianum se bi tuyet chung d day trong mot tuong
lai rat gan do vide thu mdu qua Ion va nhung hoat dong khong kidm soat duoc ciia khach du lich.
BIEN THAI. Trong ban mo ta ciia mmh. M axwell Masters da hoan toan co ly khi so sanh
Paphiopedilum gratrixianum voi P. insigne va P. exul va nhan dinh rang "hoa cua no co rat nhieu diem
be ngoai giong vdi vai dang ciia P. insigne hoac cua P. exul nhung neu coi no la mOt loai rieng biet thi
day la mot van de can phai xem xet...". Cac dong vd tinh ciia Paphiopedilum gratrixianum trong trdng
trot noi chung co hoa nho hon P. insigne didn hmh vdi cac canh hoa ngan hon va la dai lung hinh bau
due vdi it dom thdm nhung ro ret hon. La gan thdng dung va hep vdi cac ddm tia d gdc. Tuy nhien,

205
 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

Masters da m o ta mdu chudn co la rong 4 cm.

Nhirng cay co la rong 2-3 cm khong phai hiem
о Viet Nam. La dai lung cua nhirng cay moc 6
Viet Nam thudng tring vdi cac dom tia nau
thdm (Hmh 162), it nhieu co ldn cac dom tia,
xanh hoac tia xanh о goc hoac doc theo gan
giua, hiem khi trdng tuyen.
Su khac nhau ve mat hinh thai giua
Paphiopedilum gratrixianum va P. insigne la
nho nhung vdn 6n dinh. Vdi P. exul, no co khac
nhieu hon, va co the dd dang nhan ra bdi dang
cay, bo la, la dai lung thuon nhon ve phia goc
va mdi to hon vdi thuy ben dai hon.
Paphiopedilum gratrixianum cung rat gan
vdi P. villosum va moc chung d mot vai noi tai
Lao va Viet Nam. Tuy nhidn, co the phan biet
dd dang bdi hoa cua P. gratrixiamun nho hon,
co cac dom nau do thdm, canh hoa mau son
bdng hep hon va moi nho hon. La va cuong cum
hoa dai thdng dung khdng khac P. insigne, trong
khi hoa co bau phu ldng ngan d P. insigne
nhung nhin chung cac thanh phan hoa giong vdi
P. villosum.

Hinh 160. Nhung dam Paphiopedilum gratrixianum

moc tren cac tang da lo sang, am nho 1ёп d sudn bde
tai do cao 900 - 1000 m.
Bde Viet Nam, tinh Vinh Phiic (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Hinh 161. Paphiopedilum gratrixianum thudng la loai song tren da b nhung vach da ram mat dung dung.
Вйс Viet Nam, tinh Vinh Phuc (Anh L. Averyanov).

206
 PAPHIOPEDILUM GRATRIXIANUM

Cac moi quan he ho hang va su quan he dia ly cua cac loai nay can duoc nghien ctru sau hon. Dieu
nay se cang kho khan hon vi cac quan the cua chung dang bi bien mat nhanh chong. Theo nhung nguon
tin dang tin cay, chting toi cho ring nhom nay v in dang tien hoa manh me va co the v in chua 6n dinh.
Seidenfaden (1992) cho ring viec lai giong tu nhien giua chung co the lim roi loan hinh anh.
Paphiopedilum affine De Wild, truoc day duoc cho co the la ten dong nghia cua P. gratrixianum (Cribb,
1987). Thuc ra d iy co the la dang lai tu nhien cua P. villosum va P. appletonianum (Cribb, 1998).

H inh 162. N hun g b ien dbi ph6 bien cua P ap hiopedilum gratrixianum trong cac quan the hoan g dai 6 V iet N am .
a, b — в а с V ie t N a m , tin h T h a i N g u y e n ; c , d — В а с V ie t N a m , tin h V in h P h tic (A n h L. A v e r y a n o v ) .

207
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

1 4 . PAPHIOPEDILUM VILLOSUM (Lindl.) Stein

P a p h io p e d ilu m v illo s u m (L indl.) Stein, O rchid een b u ch : 4 9 0 (1892); P fitzer in B ot. Jahrb.
Syst. 19: 41 (1894); id. in E ngler, P flanzenr. O rch. P leon.: 72 (1903); G u illam in in B ull. Soc.
B ot. F rance 71: 557 (1924); id. FI. G en. In d o -C h in e 6: 637 (1934); K arasaw a & S aito in B ull.
H iro sh im a Bot. G ard. 5: 41 (1982); C ribb, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 150 (1987); id., G en.
P ap h io p ed ilu m , ed. 2: 2 5 4 (1998); B raem , P ap h iop ed ilum : 115 (1988); S eid en fad en , O rch.
Indochina: 19 (1992); A v er., Identif. G uide. V ietn am . O rch.: 19 (1994); B raem . C. B ak er &
M . B aker, G en. P a p h io p ed ilu m 1-2: 242 (199 8 -1 9 9 9 ); P ham H o an g H o, 111. FI. V ietn am 3:
765 (2000). T y p e : B urm a, L obb s.n. (h o lo ty p e K -L IN D L !).
C y pripediu m v illosum L indl. in G ard. C hron.1854: 135 (1854).
C o rd u la v illo sa (L indl.) R olfe in O rch id Rev. 20: 2 (1912).

MO TA. Co phu sinh hoac hiem khi moc tren da, thuong it nhieu tao thanh cac dam ldn. La 4-5,
hinh ludi dai hep, nhon den co mui nhon tai 2 thuy dmh khong bang nhau, dai 14-42 cm, rong 2.5-4 cm,
xanh nhat d mat dudi, ddm tia d gdc, mep phan gdc co ldng ria. Cum hoa gan thang diing cho tdi cong
vong cung hoac treo, 1 hoa; cuong cum hoa dai 7-24 cm, xanh, thudng dom tia, co cac ldng to dai tu
trang toi tia tham, la hoa hinh bau due, tu, dai 3,7-6,5 cm, rong 3-3,8 cm, xanh, ddm mau hat de. nhan.
Hoa rong 7,5-13,5 cm; la dai lung trdng hoac xanh ve phia giua vdi phan trung tarn mau nau thdm bong
loang, la dai hop xanh nhat; cac canh hoa nau dd bong, thudng co mot vach nau thdm о giua, thudng
ndu vang doc theo phan duoi; mdi mau son, ldn vdi mdu hong hoac dd, co gdn nau thdm; nhj lep vang,
co u giua xanh hoac vang; bau va cuong co mat cat ngang hinh tarn giac, ddi 3-6 cm, xanh sang, phu
ldng trdng tdi tia day dac. La ddi lung hinh trung nguoc, tu, dai 4,5-7 cm, rong 3-4,6 cm vdi mep d gdc
udn cong. La ddi hop dm lay bau, hinh trung hep, gan nhon, dai 3.8-7.6 cm, rong 1,8-2,6 cm. Cac canh
hoa cong vao trong, hinh trung nguoc thia, lorn rong hoac co 3 rang rong, trdn d dinh, dai 4,7-8,6 cm,
rong 2,5-4,6 cm, bong, co long ria о mep, ldng tia о gdc. Mdi thuon nhon ve phia dmh, dai 4-6,8 cm'
rong 3-3,8 cm. Nhi lep hinh tim ngupc-trung nguoc, cut dau, dai khoang 16 mm, rong 14 mm, co cac
hat loi nho, nhieu ldng vdi mot num giua bong loang. 2n = 26. Hinh 164.
PHAN ВЙ. Dong bde An Do, Mianma, nam Trung Quoc, Ldo, bac va nam Viet Nam (Lai Chau,
Lao Cai, Ldm Dong, Khdnh Hoa, Kon Turn), Thdi Lan (Hinh 165 a, b).
SINH THAI. Rimg nguyen sinh hdn giao, ram, dm, thudng xanh vd rung may mil, cay la rong tren
niii о do cao 1300-2000 m. Hinh 163.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thdng 4-5.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. VU.
Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum villosum la mot lodi phan bd rong va bien ddi vdi hoa to quyen ru. Cac
loai gan gui nhat vdi no la P. gratrixianum va P. insigne. Та co the nhan ra no khac vdi 2 loai tren о dang
song phu sinh, cuong hoa thudng ngan hon, la hoa va hoa to hon, hoa co mau sdc dd nhan va cac canh
hoa hinh thia rong hon, la dai lung hinh trung nguoc, bau phu ldng, co mat cat ngang hinh tam giac va
mdi dai hon.

Paphiopedilum villosum co 3 thu da duoc cong nhan. Thu chudn co pham vi phan bd tu dong bde
An Do, bde Mianma va tay nam Van Nam cho tdi bac Thai Lan. Paphiopedilum villosum var. boxallii
phan bd d Mianma, bde Lao, tay nam Van Nam va tay bac Viet Nam. Thii thu ba var. annamense, duoc
tim thay о Dong Duong va nam Trung Quoc. О Viet Nam co 2 thu la Paphiopedilum villosum var.
annamense va var. boxallii
LICH SU. Thomas Lobb phat hien ra Paphiopedilum villosum vao nam 1853, moc 6 do cao 1300-
1600 m tren cac ngon nhi gan M oulmein d dong nam Mianma va duoc Veitch & Sons trdng ngay trong
ndm do. Loai Lan noi tieng nay hien nay duoc trdng rong rai a moi noi. Paphiopedilum villosum la mot
trong nhung loai Lan Hai duoc cac nha thuc vat hoc nguoi Phap phat hien sdm nhat о Viet Nam vao dau
the ky trudc. Cac cay duoc thu tu ngoai thien nhidn da duoc bay ban nhieu ndm tai cho Da Lat, Nam
Viet Nam. Trudc day, loai Lan Hai nay rat phd bien о khu vuc Da Lat, dac biet la о tren nui Lang Bian.

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM VILLOSUM

H inh 163. R ung n g u y en sinh m ay m u ca y la rong thuong xanh d d o c a o 1800 m la n oi so n g cua Pap hiopedilum
villosum var. an n am en se 6 V ie t N am .
N a m V ie t N a m , tin h L a m D o n g (A n h : L. A v e r y a n o v ).

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 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

Hinh 164. Paphiopedilum villosum var. annamense (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).

a - C a y m a n g hoa; b - hoa; с - la d a i lu n g ; d - la dai ho p ; e - ca n h hoa; f , g - m o i, n h in tir m at tru o c, m a t ben
va m at c a t d oc; h -j - c o t nhi n h u y , n hin tu m a t b e n , m a t lu n g v a m at bun g; к - ba u v a la h o a ( V e th e o m iu V H 3 3 3 3 ) .

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM VILLOSUM

NOI SONG. Khu vuc phan bo rong cua Paphiopedilum villosum tai vung luc dia Dong Nam A co
the thuong gdn lien voi kieu phu sinh cua no. Tuy nhien, loai cay nay doi khi cung gap moc tren da.
Nhung cay chu ua thich cua no 6 bde Thai Lan la Eugenia angkae, Podocarpus neriifolius, N yssa
javanica va Quercus rex. Tren mot vdi cay g6 ldn thuoc loai Eugenia angkae b Thai Lan da dem duoc
tai 30 bui Lan Hai nay (Banziger, 1996).
Tai Viet Nam, Paphiopedilum villosum moc trong rimg nguyen sinh dm, cay la rong va rung hbn
giao tren ntii thuong b do cao 1400-2000 m (Hinh 163). Thuong gap no phu sinh b cac hoc mun tren
cac cay gb cao doc theo cac dinh ntii b trong rimg may mu reu dm (Hinh 166). Tai nhirng noi ma nhung
ngucri thu Lan dd ban khong tbi duoc, loai cay nay doi khi con co the gap tren cac tang da granit, gonai,
daxit hoac cac loai da axit silicat khac (Hinh 167).
Dieu kien khi hau noi Paphiopedilum villosum moc la khi hau nhiet dbi gib mua viing nui. Cac dieu
kien nhu vay la dien hinh cho cac khu vuc mien niii Viet Nam ndm a do cao tren 1400-1500 m. Kibu
khi hau nay luon gan lien voi viing nui trung binh ciia nhung day nui rong lbn va cac dinh ntii. Luong
mua trung binh nam ciia nhung khu vuc nay dao dong tu 1800 den 3900 mm va chdc chan la cao hon
trong cac khu rimg may mil nui tren cac dinh nui. Mua b day keo dai tit thang 5 tbi thang 9, nhung tai
mien nam Viet Nam no thuong xay ra vao thang 8-10. Suong mil thuong xuyen day dac rat dac trung
cho nhung khu vuc nay va tai day khong co miia kho .

H inh 165. S u phan bo cua Pap hiopedilum v illo su m var. ann am ense (phia tren ben trai) va var. b oxallii (phia tren
ben phai) b V iet N am (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).
Vong iron den chi cac quan the da nghien cuu; vong tron trdng chi cac diem phan bo theo cac nguoi thu lan dia phuong.

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 LAN HAI VI$T NAM

Hinh 166. Paphiopedilum villosum var. annamense phu sinh mun tai noi song tieu bidu.
Nam Viet Nam, tmh Lam Dong (Anh: L. Averyanov).

Nhiet do trung binh mua he trong vung nay bien doi quanh 18-20°C ca a bac va nam Viet Nam,
nhung nhiet do miia dong tai cac day nui о m ien bac thap han nhieu so vai mien nam (Hinh 168). Nhiet
do thap nhat vao miia dong co the xuong tai 0° a nam va -3°C a bac Viet Nam. Nhung nguoi dan dia
phuong song tai nhirng khu vuc nay rat quen voi suong gia va bang. Nhiet do cao nhat duoc ghi nhan
trong nhung khu vuc nay la 32°C.
О Viet Nam Paphiopedilum villosum thuong gap trong rung nguyen sinh ram, thuong xanh, am, tren
nui, phat trien tren nen da axit silicat о do cao 1300-2000 m (Hinh 163). Tang uu the sinh thai cua kieu
rimg nay co cac loai cay uu the bao gom cac loai cay la rang, thudng xanh, chiu lanh va cac cay thuoc
lop Thong. Cac cay gd la rong chu yeu moc tren cac suon cua cac day nui va bao gom nhieu loai cay
gd nua uu the nhu Aceraceae (Acer), Betulaceae (Alnus, Betula, Carpinus), Elaeocarpaceae
(E laeocarpus), Ericaceae (Rhododendron), Fagaceae (C astanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus),
H amamelidaceae (Rhodoleia, Sym ingtonia), Ilhciaceae (Illicium ), Juglandaceae (Engelhardia)'
Lauraceae (Actinodaphne, Cinnamomum , Cryptocarya, Lindera, Litsea, M achilus. N eolitsea,
Notaphoebe, Phoebe), M agnoliaceae (Magnolia, M ichelia, Talauma), Moraceae (Ficus), Myrtaceae
(Syzygium), Rosaceae (Eriobotrya, Pyrus, Sorbus, Photinia, Pygeum), Sabiaceae (M eliosma), Theaceae
(Eurya, Pyrenaria, Schima, Gordoma) va Ulmaceae (Gironniera).
Nhung loai thuoc lop Thong thuong duoc thay doc theo cac duong dinh va dmh 6 day la
Amentotaxus sp., Cephalotaxus mannii, Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Dacrydium elatum, Fokienia
hodginsii, Keteleeria evelyniana, Nageia fleuryi, N. wallichiana. Pinus kesiya, P. krempfii, P. dalatensis,
P. wangii, Podocarpus neriifolius va Taxus wallichiana. О Viet Nam P. villosum ua thich nhung noi song
co rung cay la kim va h6n giao kieu nay, nhung cac cay thuoc lop Thong khong bao gio la cay chu cho
loai Lan Hai phu sinh nay.
Tang dudi tan ciia kidu rimg tren nui nay thudng gom cac loai cay bui cua cac ho Araliaceae
(B rassaiopsis, Macropanax, Trevesia, Tupidanthus, Schefflera), Chloranthaceae (Chloranthus),
E ricaceae (A gapethes, Gaultheria, Craibiodendron, Lyonia, Rhododendron, Vaccinium ),

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM VILLOSUM

Grossulariaceae (Polyosm a), Melastomataceae

(Blastus, Poilannammia, Pseudodissochaeta),
Myrsinaceae (Ardisia), Oleaceae (Fraxinus),
R ubiaceae (Ixora, Pavetta, Lasianthus),
Saxifragaceae (D ichroa), Sym plocaceae
(Sym plocos) va Theaceae (Adinandra,
Anneslea, Eurya, Ternstroemia).
Cac loai co pho bien 6 tang tham tuoi cua
rung la cac loai cua Argostemma, Ophiorrhiza
(Rubiaceae), B egonia (Begoniaceae),
Curculigo (H ypoxidaceae), Dicliptera,
Justicia, N elsonia, Peristrophe,
Phlogacanthus, Staurogyne, Strobilanthes
(Acanthaceae), Disporum, Ophiopogon,
P eliosanthes (Convallariaceae), Impatiens
(Balsaminaceae), Pellionia, Pilea (Urticaceae),
Pentaphragma (Pentaphragmaceae),
Phyllagathis va Sonerila (Melastomataceae).
Mot khu he rat giau cac loai Duong xi moc tren
dat, tren da va phu sinh tren cay la dac trung
cua kidu rung nay voi mot luong ldn cac loai ua
tim nhu Angiopteris, Asplenium, Belvisia,
Coniogramme, Crypsinus, Diplazium,
Histiopteris, Humata, Leptochilus, Lindsaea,
Marattia, M icrolepia, Microsorum,
Paragramma, P olystichum , Prosaptia,
Stegnogramma, Tectaria, Thelypteris, Vittaria
Hinh 167. Paphiopedilum villosum var. annamense
va Wbodwardia. Reu va cac loai Duong xi than moc nhu loai sdng tren da d vach da gramt/gonai dung,
bb co la mong, giong reu la cac loai ciia gan thac nude trong cac hem nui sau.
H ymenophyllum, M acroglena, M ecodium,
Nam Viet Nam. tinh Khanh Hoa (Anh: L. Averyanov).
Trichomanes va Vandenboschia
(Hymenophyllaceae) phu day tren than canh
ctia nhung cay moc trong ki6u rung nui trung binh nay tao thanhmot ldp day, lien tuc.Cac loai Duong
xi than gd nhu Cyathea, Ctenitopsis va Cibotium co the cao tdi10 m hoac hon cung gap d day.
Paphiopedilum villosum thudng phu sinh tren cac than cay to each mat dat khoang 10-15 m (Hinh
166). Cac cay chit gom nhieu loai, dac biet la cac loai cua Magnoliaceae va Fagaceae. Trong cac khu rung
nguyen sinh, P. villosum thudng moc thanh cac dam ldn vdi 10-20 ca the hoac hon. Tai day, no thuong
bam tren cac chac ctia cac canh cay to lau nam giau mun (Hinh 169) cung vdi cac loai reu, Dia y, Duong
xi cung nhu cac loai phu sinh khac nhu cac loai ctia Peperomia, Piper (Piperaceae), Aeschynanthus
(Gesneriaceae) va Vaccinium (Ericaceae). Loai day leo than gd ldn, Schisandra coccinea (Schisandraceae),
rat phd Ыёп trong kieu rung nay.
Cac loai Lan phu smh khac moc phd bien ciing vdi Paphiopedilum villosum о Viet Nam bao gom
Agrostophyllum callosum, Appendicula gracilis. Bulbophyllum crassiusculifolium. B. hymenanthum, B.
longiflorum, B. luanii. B. ngoclinhensis, B. odoratissimum, B. reptans, B. retusiusculum, Callostylis rigida,
Ceratostylis himalaica, C. radiata, C. subulata, Cleisostoma birmanicum, C. duplicilobum, C. striatum, C.
williamsonii, Coelogyne calcicola, C. cycnoches, C. eberhardtii, C. fimbriata, C. mooreana, C. sanderae.
Cymbidium ebumeum, C. schroederi, Dendrobium bellatulum, D. cariniferum, D. crystallinum, D.
gratiosissimum, D. khanhoaense, D. langbianense, D. nobile, D. virgineum, D. wattii, Epigeneium
amplum, E. cacuminis. E. chapaense, Eria apertiflora, E. bidupensis, E. globifera, E. lactiflora, E.
paniculata, E. pannea, E. siamensis, E. thao, Flickingeria angustifolia, F. ritaeana, Gastrochilus
calceolaris, G. pseudodistichus, G. simplicilabius, Holcoglossum subulifohum, Hygrochilus parishii,
Liparis cespitosa, L. compressa, L. elliptica, L. luteola, Monomeria dichroma, Oberonia acaulis, O.
anthropophora, O. caulescens, O. dalatensis, O. dolichocaulis, O. langbianensis, Otochilus albus, O.
fuscus, Panisea albiflora, Pholidota articulata, P. chinensis, P. convallariae, P. leveilleana, P. recurva.

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 LAN HAl VIET NAM

600 X

500 —

Hinh 168. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu bieu cua khu vuc co
Paphiopedilum villosum о Nam va B ic Viet Nam tren
co so so lieu ciia Tram khi tuong Da Lat (11°57'B,
108°26'D, cao 1513 m tren mat bien) va Tram khi
tuong Sa Pa (22°20’B. 103“50'D, cao 1570 m tren mat
bien). Tat ca ghi theo Nguyen Khanh Van et al. (2000)
Cac chu so mau den о chan so do la thang. Cot mau xanh
nuoc bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); duong mau do chi nhiet do (°C) trung
binh thang - Mau xanh nuoc bien tham va mau do la cac so
lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Da Lat; mau xanh nude bien nhat
va mau tia la cac so lieu cua Tram Sa Pa.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 2

Polystachya concrete, Schoenorchis eberhardtii, S. gemmata, Sunipia annamensis S pallida S scariosa

Tnchotosia dasyphylla, T. microphylla, T. pulvinata. va T. velutina ’

со ’ о",!4'" Pfaphl° pedilum vlllosum ° V i* Nam cung gap moc tren vach da dung dung о cac hem nui
co hoac tren suon cua cac thac nuoc (Hinh 167). Nhung tang da va dat 6 day luon duoc gui am boi
uong mu doc theo cac dong suot chay manh. Tai mot vai not о mien nam, P. villosum m0c cung vdi P

; r n: t a 0SU: ; a R delenatI1' m “ ChUng thlldng d&u m° c tren * granit. da gonm daxii

cac loai da silicat khac. Co nhieu loai reu, duong xi va co song tren da cung moc vdi P villosum
tai noi song nay Cac loai Lan pho bien о day bao gom cac loai moc bam da va dia lan la Anoectochilus
acaicaratus, A. Iylei, A. roxburghii, Apostasia wallichii, Append,cula cornuta. A. hexandra A reflexa
Calanthe clavata, C. dens,flora, Cymbidium ens,folium , C. lane,folium, Ena gagnepainh Goodyera
oliosa, G. fumata, G. schlechtendaliana, Pristiglottis umbrosa, Taima hookeriana Bulbophyllum
hxien, Dendrobium alleizettii, D. fimbnatum, D. soc,ale, Fhckingena fimbnata Lmans S a
M onom ena barbata, Pholidota levelleana, P. rubra va Podochilus microphyllus.
BIEN THAI. Paphiopedilum villosum la mot loa, phan bo rong va rat bien doi. Su bien ddi ve hinh
thai cua no nhat thiet can dieu tra them dua vao vrec nghien cuu cac quan the tu nh.en № en nay lorn
S “ 3 «■"? « 3 * * » a V ,« N ™ . D o 1, annamense » , . r bo Ш C„b“
1У98). Thu chuan chua gap о Viet Nam.

KHOA XAC DINH CAC THU

1• L a dai lu n g hinh tru n g n guoc ra n g cho to , hm h trung nguoc, trang vo, phan gitra rong
m au nau hat de; cac can h h o a ben hinh trung n g u o c hep toi h in h th ia ro n g vdi phan
goc ra n g , nau v an g co m o t vach tia nau hep 6 g i u a ...............................

........................................................................................ P. v illo su m v ar. a n n a m e n s e

+. L a dai lung h m h tru n g n guoc hep, x anh nhat, co cac dom m au nau h at de to M m va
m ep trang hep: cac canh hoa ben hm h th ia hep vdi p h an goc h ep gio n g n h u cu o n g
c o cac vach tia nau t h a m ..................................................14 b _ v lllo su m v a[. b o x a lm

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM VILLOSUM

14 A . P A P H I O P E D I L U M VILLOSUM VAR. ANNAMENSE Rolfe

P a p h io p e d ilu m v illo s u m var. a n n a m e n s e Rolfe in C u rtis's B ot. M ag. 133: t. 8126 (1907).
L e c to ty p e : A nnam , M icholitz s.n., cult. S a n d e r (icon, in C u rtis's B ot. M ag. 133: t. 8126).

MO TA. N o khac voi thu chuan о ch6 co la hep hon gan nhu thing dting, rong 2,5 cm va co hoa
nho hon voi la dai lung tring co mot dudng soc tia nau thim d giua hoac co vien vang hoac xanh nhat
(Hmh 169, 170).
PHAN BO. Nam Trung Qudc (Van Nam? va Quang Tay?), Lao, Viet Nam (Lai Chau, Lao Cai?,
Lam Ddng, Khanh Hoa va Kon Turn). Hinh 165 a.
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh hdn giao, am, thudng xanh va rung cay la rong may mil tren nui d
do cao 1300-2000 m (Hinh 163).
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thang 4-5.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. VU
QUAN HE, LICH SU VA BIEN THAI. Paphiopedilum villosum var. annamense la mot thii d
phia ddng cua loai nay. N o hoi khac thii chuin d cac dac didrn: kich thuoc hoa nho va mau sdc la dai
lung (Hinh 170). N o duoc W ilhelm M icholitz phat hien va thu cho Sander & Sons (M essrs. Sander
& Sons o f St Albans) va cuoi cilng duoc Robert A llen R olfe mo ta loai mdi trong Tap chi thuc vat
Curtis vao nam 1907. Le ra ngudi ta phai chi ra rang su bien dang ve mau sac сйа hoa P. villosum var.
annamense trong cac quan the m oc 6 V iet Nam la rat ldn, con no khac vdi thu chuan nhu the nao cung
khdng duoc chi rd.

H in h 1 6 9 . P a p h i o p e d i l u m v i l l o s u m v a r . a n n a m e n s e p h u s in h t r e n m u n .
N a m V ie t N a m , tinh L a m D o n g (A n h : L . A v e r y a n o v ).

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LAN HAI VIET NAM

H in h 170. N hirng s u b ie n d o i p h o b ie n ciia

P a p h io p e d ilu m v illo s u m var. a n n am en se (Anh:
L. Averyanov).
a — Nam Viet Nam, tinh Lam Dong, Da Lat, bo suu tap
lan to nhan.
b, с — Nam Viet Nam, tinh Lam Dong, Da Lat, cay moc
hoang dai.

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 PAPHIOPEDILUM VILLOSUM

Rat nhieu quan the tu nhien cua var. annamense duoc tim thay 6 nam Viet Nam trong thoi gian gan
day (Averyanov, 1988d, 2000b). Trudc khi viec thu mdu nham ntuc dich thuong mai bung phat, no da
tung gap rat pho bien 6 cac khu vuc nui trung binh 6 m ien nam. Hien nay no vdn dang duoc tim kiem
о bac Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, no da duoc trong trong cac vudn Lan tu nhan d Sa Pa trong nhieu nam. Dudng
nhu hau het chiing duoc thu 6 ngoai thien nhien 6 day mii cao Hoang Lien Son thuoc cac tinh Lao Cai va
Lai Chau. Tuy vay, chting tdi hien khdng co bat cti bang chiing nao ve su co mat cua chiing о bac Viet nam.
M ot dang bien the hoa trang tuyen ctia loai nay da duoc Braem (1988, 1999) ve dudi ten
Paphiopedilum villosum var. aureum. N o duoc phat hien ra trong so cac cay duoc trdng va co le tot nhat
nen coi no nhu la mot dang bien the hoa trang сйа thu chuan.

14 В . P A P H I O P E D I L U M VILLOSUM VAR. BOXALL1I (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer

P a p h io p e d ilu m v illo s u m var. b o x a llii (R chb.f.) P fitz e r in E n g ler & P ran tl, N at. P flan zen fam .
2, 6: 83 (1888); id., in E ngler, P flanzenr. O rch. P leon.: 73 (1903). T y p e : M y an m a, M o u lm ein ,
B oxall s.n. (h o lo ty p e W !).
C y pripedium bo x allii R chb.f. in G ard. C hron. n.s. 7: 367 (1877).
C y pripedium b o x allii R chb.f. var. a tra tu m M asters in G ard. C hron. ser. 3, 1: 2 1 0 (1887).
C y pripedium d ilectu m R chb.f. in G ard. C hron. ser. 3, 3: 330 (1888).
C y pripedium v illo su m L indl. var. bo x allii (R chb.f.) V eitch , M an. 4: 5 4 (1889).
C o rd u la b o x allii (R ch b .f.) R o lfe in O rch id R ev. 20: 2 (1912).

MO TA. Khac vdi thii chudn 6 cac dac diem: la dai lung hep, xanh nhat vdi cac dom thdm va cac
canh hoa ben hep co cac soc tia nau thdm. Hinh 171.
PHAN BO. Mianma, bde Viet Nam (Lai Chau va Lao Cai?). Hmh 165b.
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh thudng xanh, cay la rong, tren niii trung binh ?
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN
NHIEN. ?
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. DD.
Q UAN HE, LICH SU V A BIEN THAI.
Paphiopedilum villosum var. boxallii la mot
bien the dia ly khac thudng va rat dd phan biet
bdi hoa co mau sang dd thdy vdi la dai lung co
dom thdm. N o duoc W illiam Boxall phat hien
vao nam 1877 va thu cho Hugh Low & Co., co
le la о huyen Tongku thuoc Mianma. Khu phan
bo cua no co the md rong tdi bac Viet Nam. Rat
nhieu cay cua thii nay dd dupe trdng trong cac
vudn Lan d thi xa Sa Pa. Trong so chiing co
nhung cay duoc cho la thu d cac vach da granit

Hinh 171 (ben phai). Hoa сйа Paphiopedilum

villosum var. boxallii trong trong trot khong ro
nguon goc.
Cay voi hoa co mau giong het co the duoc thu tai
viing nui сйа day Hoang Lien Son о bac Viet Nam. Bo
suu tap Lan tu nhan о Chau Au (Anh: P.J. Cribb).

217
 cua day Hoang Lien Son a cac tmh Lao Cai va Lai Chau, tai do cao 1400-2000 m. Tuy nhien, chung toi
vhn chua the khdng dinh duoc dieu nay.

Paphiopedilum villosum var. boxallii khac vdi thu chuan d cac dac didm: mau sac hoa, dac biet la
co nhirng dom thdm tren la dai lung. La dai hop cung nhon hon va cac canh hoa co ddm tia. Cac phan
ciia hoa thuong hep hon d gdc (Hinh 171).

Reichenbach trong mot ban mo ta taxon nay nhu loai moi da cho rang su khac biet cua no vdi P.
villosum con о la hoa to hon va cuong cum hoa co cac vet tia duoc phu bdi cac long mau tia va khdng
mau. Cac bien dang duoc thay d thu chuan cua P. villosum cung bao gom cac dac diem nay. Ve cac mat
nay thi mau chuan cua Cypripedium dilectum la dang trung gian giua 2 thu trong khi vdn co cac ddm
tren la dai lung nhu cua C. boxallii. Mat khac, Cypripedium boxallii var. atratum la dang co ddm thdm
hon ciia var. boxallii va d day no duoc coi la ten dong nghia.

P a p h io p e d ilu m s e c t. B a r b a ta ( K r a e n z l .) V.A. A lb e r t & B . P e tte r s e n

P a p h io p e d ilu m sect. B a r b a ta (K raenzl.) V.A. A lbert & B. P ettersen in L tn d ley an a 9, 2: 137

(1994). T y p e. P a p h io p ed ilu m b arb atu m (L in d l.) P fitze r (syn. C y p rip ed iu m b arb atu m L in d l.).
C y pripediu m sect. B a rb a ta K raen zl., O rch. G en. Sp. 1: 53 (1897).
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. S p ath o p etalu m P fitz e r in E n g ler, P flan zen r. O rch. P leon.: 78 (1903).
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. B lep h aro p e talu m P fitzer, I.e.: 82 (1903).
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. P h a c o p e ta lu m P fitzer, I.e.: 87 (1903).
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. S ig m ato p etalu m H a llier f. ex K arasaw a & S aito in B ull. H iro sh im a B ot
G ard. 5: 42 (1982).
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. P u n ctatu m K arasaw a & S aito, I.e.: 49 (1982).
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. P lan ip etalu m K a rasaw a & S aito, I.e.: 54 (1982).

MO TA. La co ddm kham xanh nhat-xanh tham, thudng xanh nhat tuyen, khdng co cac ddm tim tia
о ben duoi. Cum hoa thang dung, mot hoac hiem khi 2 hoa. La dai lung va la dai hop khac canh hoa
mot each ro ret ve mau sdc, kich thuoc va hinh dang. Canh hoa thuon cho toi hinh trung nguoc hep. hep
hon nhieu so vdi la dai lung, co cac ddm va cac mun loi nho doc theo mep о hau het cac loai. Mdi rong,
phat trien cong vao, thuy ben thuong co cac mun loi nho vdi mep dmh thang (khdng cuon vao trong).'
Nhj lep thuong hinh ludi liem, co 3 rang d dmh. hoac co mot bien dang dd thay d tren dd. hiem khi hinh
tim nguoc, be mat it nhieu gd ghe, khdng co u giua. 2n=28-44. Co 27 loai, phan bd hau nhu khap ca khu
phan bd ciia chi (Hinh 38).

1 5 . PAPHIOPEDILUM A P P L E T О N IA N U M ( G o w e r ) Rolfe

P a p h io p e d ilu m a p p le to n ia n u m (G ow er) R olfe in O rchid R ev. 4: 364 (1896): P fitzer in

E ngler, P flan zen r. O rch. P leon.: 79 (1903); G uillaum . in B ull. Soc. B ot. F rance. 71: 550
(1924); id., FI. G en. In d o -C h in e 6: 641 (1934); K arasaw a & S aito in B ull. H iro sh im a B ot.
G ard. 5: 46 (1982); C ribb, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 161 (1987); id., G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m , ed. 2:
2 80 (1998); B raem , P ap h io p ed ilu m : 149 (1988); S eid en fad en , O rch. Indochina: 19 (1992);
A ver., Iden tif. G uide. V ietn am . O rch.: 21 (1994); B raem , C. B ak e r & M . B ak er, G e n ’
P ap h io p ed ilu m 2: 292 (1999); P h am H oang H o, 111. FI. V iet. 3: 763 (2000). T y p e: hort. F.
A ppleton, A pril 1893 (h o lo ty p e K !).
C y p rip ed iu m ap p leto n ian u m G o w e r in T h e G ard en 1893: 95 (1893).
C y p rip ed iu m b u llen ian u m R chb.f. var. ap p leto n ian u m (G o w er) R o lfe in O rch id R ev 1- 135
(1893). "

218
 PAPHIOPEDILUM APPLETONIANUM

C y p ripedium p o y n tzian u m O 'B rien in G ard. C hron. ser. 3, 15: 36 (1894); R olfe in O rchid
R ev. 3: 55 (1 895); id., ibid. 4; 18 (1896).
C y pripedium w olterian u m K raenzl. in G ard. C hron. ser. 3, 17: 166 (1 895) & in X en ia O rchid.
3: 142, t. 282 (1896).
P ap h io p ed ilu m ap p le to n ia n u m (G o w er) R o lfe var. p o y n tz ia n u m (O 'B rien ) P fitze r in E n g ler,
Pflanzenr. O rch. P leon.: 79 (1903); G u illau m ., FI. G en. In d o -C h in e 6: 6 4 2 (1934).
P ap h io p ed ilu m w o lterian u m (K raen zl.) P fitz e r in E n g ler, P flan zen r. O rch. P leon.: 7 9 (1903).
C o rd u la a p p le to n ia n a (G o w er) R o lfe in O rc h id R ev. 20: 2 (1 9 1 2 ).
P ap h io p e d ilu m h o o k e ra e (R c h b .f. ex H o o k .f.) S te in su b sp . a p p le to n ia n u m (G o w e r)
M .W .W o o d in O rch id R ev. 85, 1007: 11 (1977).
P ap h io p ed ilu m h ain a n e n se F o w lie in O rch id D ig. 5 1 ,2 : 69 (1987).
P ap h io p ed ilu m ro b in so n ii fo rm a virid e B raem in O rch id . C ult. P ro tect. 36: 35 -3 8 (1998).
P ap h io p ed ilu m cerv eran u m B raem in O rchid. C ult. P ro tect. 38: 28 (1999). T y p e: In d o ch in a,
V ietn am -C am b o d ian bo rd er, D e R aev e s.n. (h o lo ty p e S C H L E ).
P ap h io p ed ilu m cerv e ra n u m fo rm a virid e B rae m in O rch id . C ult. P ro tect. 38: 29 (1999).
P ap h io p ed ilu m a p p le to n ia n u m (G o w er) R o lfe var. h a in a n e n se (F ow lie) B raem , C .O .B ak e r &
M .L .B aker, G en. P a p h io p ed ilu m 2: 295 (1999).
P. trid en tatu m S.C . C hen, Z .J. L iu & J.Y . Z h a n g in A c ta P h y to tax . S in ic a 39 (5): 455 (2 001),
syn. nov. T yp e: V ietn am , w ith o u t e x a c t loc., cult. S h en zh en C ity W u to n g sh a n N u rseries,
28 M arch 200 1 , L iu 20141 (h o lo ty p e H erb. S h en zh en C ity W u to n g sh an N u rseries).
P. p u b eru lu m S.P. L ei & J.Y . Z h an g in A c ta B ot. Y u n n an ica 24 (3): 309, fig. (2 002), syn. nov.
T ype: N . V ietn am , w ith o u t ex act loc., cult. 2 M ay 20 02 , S h en zh en C ity W u to n g sh an
N urseries (h o lo ty p e H erb. S ch en zh en C ity W u to n g sh an N u rseries).

MO TA. Co moc tren dat, tren da hoac doi khi phu sinh tren cay vdi 4-6(8) la. La hinh bau due hep
cho tai bau due thuon, gan nhon hoac tu co 3 rang tit d dinh, dai (7)15-25 cm, rong 2-4 cm, co ldng ria
rai rac d goc, dom kham phan biet giua xanh nhat va xanh tham, hiem khi co dom tia d phan dudi goc.
Cum hoa thang dung, mot hoac hiem khi 2 hoa; cuong cum hoa dai 20-50 cm, mau tia, phu ldng ngan;
la hoa hinh mui giao, nhon, dai 1,5-2,1 cm, xanh, co ldng ria. Hoa rong 6-10(12); cac la dai xanh trdng
hoac xanh nhat, gan doc xanh, la ddi lung thudng co soc xanh о liu hoac spc tia nau hudng ve goc; cdc
canh hoa mat dudi xanh vdi cdc soc xanh thdm hon va soc паи о liu cung vdi cac dom ndu den d nua phdn
goc, mat tren tia hoac hong nhat; mdi xanh 6 liu, do son cho tdi tia nhat vdi cac gdn thdm hon va co mep
xanh hoac vdng nhat; bau va cuong co dom tim tia nhat, dai 3-6 cm, phu ldng. La ddi lung hinh tnmg,
hinh tim d goc, nhon d dinh, dai 2,7-4,5 cm, rong 2-3,2 cm, vdi mep d goc cong lai. La dai hop hinh mui
giao bau due, nhon, ddi 2-3 cm, rong 1,1-1,5 cm. Cac canh hoa hinh thia, nhon, dai 4,4-5,8(6) cm, rong
1,2-1,8 cm, thudng hoi xoan d nua phia dinh, co cdc mun loi den nau thdm d nua phan goc cua mep tren.
Mdi ddi 3,6-4,6 cm; mep phia trudc phang, cong lai hoac it nhieu phan biet duoc 2 den 6 rang. Nhi lep
vang nhat, xanh vang, xanh luc hoac xanh о liu vdi mep trdng vang vd dom vdng d giua, tu hinh tim nguoc
rong tdi hmh bdn nguyet nim ngang, co 2, 4 hoac 5-rdng о dinh, dai 7-9 mm, rong 8-9 mm; cdc rang ben
thudng hinh ludi liem, che ddi, thudng dai hon rang giua. 2n=38. Hinh 173, 174.
PHAN BO. Trung Qudc (dao Hai Nam), Thai Lan, nam Viet Nam (Ddc Lac, Khanh Hoa, Kon Turn,
Lam Ddng, Ninh Thuan va Thua Thien Hue), Ldo vd Cdmpuchia. Hinh 38, 175.
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh aim, cay la kim, hdn giao va rung cdy la rong, thuong xanh trdn ntii, thudng
moc d cac sudn ddc trdn dd granit, da gonai vd dd cdt d do cao (700) 1000-1900 (2000) m. Hinh 172.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thdng 3-5.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. VU.
Q UAN HE. Trudc day, Paphiopedilum appletonianum chdc chan la mot trong nhirng lodi Lan Hai
phd bien nhat, phdn bo rong d viing nui thuoc phan nam day Truong Son, nam Viet Nam (Hinh 175).
Loai Lan dep dd nay co la vdi dom kham thdm thudng moc trdn dat hoac dd trong rung ram tren mii

219
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

H in h 1 7 2 . R u n g c a y la r a n g t h u o n g x a n h v a h 6 n g i a o a m t r e n d a g r a n i t v a d a g o n a i d o c t h e o c a c c o n su O i c o

c a c q u a n t h e P a p h i o p e d i l u m a p p l e t o n ia n u m l d n ta i p h a n n a m c u a d a y T r u o n g S o n , n a m V i e t N a m .
N a m V ie t N a m , tm h D i e L a c (A n h : L. A v e r y a n o v ).

220
 PAPHIOPEDILUM APPLETONIANUM

H inh 173. P ap hiopedilum app letonianu m (Hinh ve ciia L. Averyanov).

a — Cay mang hoa; b — hoa; с — la dai lung; d — la dai hop; e — canh hoa; f, g — moi, nhin tir mat truoc, mat ben
va mat cat doc; h-j — cot nhi nhuy, nhin tir mat ben, mat lung va mat bung; к — bau va la hoa; 1 — cdc bien dot phO
bien nhat ve hinh dang nhi lep trong cac qudn the cr Viet Nam; m — cac bien dOi pho bien nhat ciia mbp mOi truoc trong
cdc quan the loai a Viet Nam (a-k — Ve theo mdu VH 5316).

221
 H inh 174. C ac bien ddi v e hinh dang nhi lep
th udng thay d c a c quan the P ap h io p ed ilu m
app letonianu m (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).

(Hmh 176-178) doc theo cac hem suoi am hoac tren

cac suon ram am cua cac thac nude. No co cuong
cum hoa rat dai va thang, mang mot hoac hiem khi
2 hoa (Hinh 176, 181). Hoa rat bien d6i ve hinh
dang, kich thudc va mau sic , trong mot vai quin the
co thd rong tdi 10-12 cm. Paphiopedilum
appletonianum co quan he rat g in vdi P.
bullenianum, loai co khu phan bo rong d ban dao
Ma Lai va c ic dao phia tay cua quan dao Ma Lai
(Hinh 38).
LICH SU. G ower m o ta loai n iy la
Cypripedium appletonianum vao nam 1893 dua
tren mot cay khdng ro xuat xu va duoc ong J.
Appleton trdng no hoa. Ban dau, Rolfe (1893) coi
no nhu la mot thu ciia C. bullenianum nhung sau dd
ong nin g len bac loai. phan biet vdi C. bullenianum
boi la co ddm kham md (Rolfe, 1896b). Pfitzer
(1903) trong chuyen khao chi nay da phan biet no d
hinh dang nhi lep. Cac ddm kham la va hmh dang
nhi lep la cac dac diem quan trong de phan biet P.
appletonianum vdi P. bullenianum, nhung nhirng
thay ddi ve ca hai dac didm nay trong cac quan thd
ciia P. appletonianum moc d Viet Nam rat rong va
lam cho su khac nhau giua 2 loai nay tro nen md
nhat di. О P. appletonianum la dai lung thuong dai
hon vdi dinh nhon dai hon va mep о gdc cong lai
tao nen mot hinh trung nguoc ro ret. Cac canh hoa
cua P. bullenianum hoi dai hon vdi dau kha nhon,
nhung ddm tren nua gdc canh hoa ciia P.
appletonianum ldn hon. Mdi ciia P. appletonianum
thudng co rang cun, nghieng d tren mep dinh.
Paphiopedilum wolterianum, trong mot thoi
gian dai duoc xem la ten dong nghia cua P. H inh 175. Su phan bo cua P. appletonianum d
appletonianum. No da duoc Fowlie (1966, 1969) va V iet N am (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).
nhung ngudi khac phuc hoi lai khi dua tren ban minh Vong tron den chi cac quan the da nghien ciiu; vong
hoa ngheo nan cua Kraenzlin trong Xenia tron trdng chi cac diem phan bo theo nguon tai lieu
tham khao.

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Orchidacea (1896). Kraenzlin da mo ta loai nay khi khong biet den su ton tai cua P. appletonianum va P.
bullenianum va so sanh no vdi loai biet lap P. barbatum. Su khac nhau ve hinh dang nhi lep giua P.
appletonianum va P. wolterianum duoc Fowlie (1969) de cap den khong nhieu hon so voi hai ban ve cua
Kraenzlin trong ban minh hoa dr Xenia Orchidacea. Nhung su khac nhau khac ve dang dap canh hoa va
cac ddm о tren bo la ciia chung cung ndm trong gidi han bien doi thay о trong cac quan the P.
appletonianum moc d Viet Nam.
Loai Cypripedium poyntzianum duoc O'Brien mo ta nam 1894 chi la mot bien thd ctia P.
appletonianum vdi la ddm tham hon va hoa hoi to. Chting tdi cung theo Rolfe (1895, 1896a) khi coi no
la ten ddng nghia ctia P. appletonianum.
Loai Paphiopedilum hainanense duoc J.A.Fowlie md ta nam 1987 dua tren mot cay trdng co nguon
goc о Hai Nam nhung no hoa tai vudn cay go о Los Angeles. N o cung nam trong pham vi bien ddi hinh
thai ciia P. appletonianum, nhung hoa co mau tuoi hon va la ddm kham thim hon cac cay d luc dia Ddng
Nam A. Mac du Fowlie khang dinh rang nhi lep ciia no khac vdi cua P. appletonianum о "muc do nao
dd" rat kho md ta, nhung co the xac dinh duoc bang phint Kodak duong ban". Nhung su khac nhau la
qua nho dd chap nhan la mot loai rieng biet.
Nhieu cay co quan he rat gan vdi P. appletonianum da duoc trong trong nhieu nam dudi cai ten sai
la P. robinsonii nhung khdng ai biet ve xuat xii ciia chiing. Cribb (1998) da chi ra rang ten P. robinsonii,
co mau chudn tii ban dao Malaixia, khdng thd dung cho cac cay nay duoc. Nhung cay duoc trdng co mot
nhi ldp hinh than nam ngang dien hinh khdng giong nhu nhi lep dang tim rong hoac ludi liem rong сйа
P. appletonianum.

Hinh 176. Paphiopedilum appletonianum, loai dia lan moc phd bien duoi tan rung tren lop mUn la cay day.
a — Nam Viet Nam, tinh Ninh Thuan; b — Nam Viet Nam. tinh Ddc Ldc (Anh: L. Averyanov).

223
 Mot cay tuong tu duoc De Raeve thu nam 1996 6 nam Viet Nam gan bien gidi Campuchia va duoc
Frank Cervera trong no hoa о Yonkers, N ew York da duoc mo ta la Paphiopedilum cerveranum (Braem,
1999). Tuy nhien, cac dac didrn hinh thai cua no nam trong pham vi bien ddi tu nhien ciia P.
appletonianum. Ca hai loai Paphiopedilum tridentatum S.C. Chen, Z.J. Liu & J.Y. Zhang va P.
puberulum S.P. Lei & J.Y. Zhang deu duoc mo ta dua tren cac cay trdng о Trung Qudc nhap tu Viet
Nam. Chiing chac chan deu la P. appletonianum. Ban mb ta chiing co Id xuat phat tit loi ich thuong mai
thu duoc khi mua ban dudi danh nghia la mot "loai mdi".
NOI SONG. Fowlie (1987) mb ta noi sdng ciia Paphiopedilum appletonianum d Hai Nam la "mii
da cat va dai dat phang cua cao nguyen bi bao mon manh d tay nam dao Hai Nam, cao 1500 va 2000
Phit (600-800 m)". О Viet nam, P. appletonianum moc trong rimg nguyen sinh am, cay la kim, rimg hdn
giao va rirng cay la rong thudng xanh trdn cac sudn nui ddc duoc tao thanh tit da granit, da gonai va da
cat d do cao 700-1900 m (Hinh 172). N o thudng moc doc theo cac hem mii ram mat am udt ciia cac
ddng suoi trdn cac hdn da co reu am nhu la cay sdng trdn da hoac trdn dat co ldp mim la cay day (Hinh
176-178). Ddi khi chiing cung moc bam trdn cay lau nam co phii reu о gan mat dat trong cac khu rung
am may mil nui (Hinh 179). Trong da so cac trudng hop, Paphiopedilum appletonianum co noi sdng
tuong tu nhu P. villosum. Ca hai loai nay co the moc cung nhau. Khi hau trong nhiing khu vuc nay la
khi hau nhiet ddi gio miia. Nhiing dieu kien khi hau nhu vay cung da duoc md ta cho noi sdng cua P.
villosum (Hinh 168).
Trudc day, Paphiopedilum appletonianum da tirng la mot trong nhung loai Lan Hai phd bien nhat d
trong viing mii cua phan nam day Trudng Son thuoc nam Viet Nam. Vai nam trudc khi vide thu mhu
nham muc dich thuong mai biing no, da tung gap rat nhieu dam ldn cua loai nay b nhiing dia diem kho
tdi. О nhieu noi, P. appletonianum chiem da so trong thanh phan co cua tang tham tuoi ciing vdi cac loai
co ua am khac (Hinh 179). Dang tiec la ngay nay loai nay da trd nen hiem do viec thu mua о at.
B lfiN THAI. Paphiopedilum appletonianum la mot trong nhung loai Lan Hai bien thai nhat ciia Viet
Nam. La dai lung va la dai hop thudng xanh trang hoac xanh nhat, nhung co the xanh luc tuoi, xanh oliu
hoac xanh nau vdi cac soc tia nau theo chieu doc d phan goc. Cac canh hoa thudng xanh hoac xanh oliu
d goc va hong, hong tia nhat hoac tim tia ve chop, thudng co soc tia nau vdi cac dom nau tham va cac
mun loi mau nau tham d mep. Mdi xanh oliu, hong nau nhat hoac tia nau vdi gan va mep xanh. Мер

Hmh 177. Paphiopedilum appletonianum thudng co the thay nhu la cay sdng tren da d nhung vach ddc da
granit hoac gonai ram, am doc theo cac khe nui 4m.
a — N am V ie t N am , tinh K h an h H oa; b — N am V iet N am . tinh D ac L ac (A nh: L. A v ery an o v ).

224
 PAPHIOPEDILUM APPLETONIANUM

Hinh 178. Nhung dam Paphiopedilum appletonianum rong co the doi khi con gap trong tang tham tuoi cua
rimg con nguyen ven noi nhung ngudi thu Lan de ban khong the tdi duoc.
Nam Viet Nam, tinh Kon Turn (Anh: L. Averyanov).

tren cua mdi co the phdng, uon cong hoac co 2 den 6 rang it nhieu sau d6 nhan. Hinh dang va mau sac
cua nhi lep cung rat thay doi. Nhi lep сйа P. appletonianum trong cac quan the m oc о V iet Nam thay
doi tu vang nhat, xanh vang, xanh luc tdi xanh dliu vdi mep trdng vang va mot ddm vang о giua. Hinh
dang cua chung bien ddi tu hinh tim nguqc rong cho tdi hinh ban nguyet sau nam ngang vdi 2, 4 hoac
5 rang a dinh (Hinh 174, 180).
Cum hoa thudng со 1 hoa, nhung trong mot vai quan the da gap mot vai cay co 2 hoa (Hinh 181).
Hoa co the rang tdi 10-12 cm hoac hon. Hinh dang, kich thudc va dac diem cac ddm kham сйа la сйа
cac quan the Paphiopedilum appletonianum moc о Viet Nam cung rat bien ddi. La bien ddi tit dang bau
due rong tdi thuon hep hoac hinh mui giao rang. Cac dom kham сйа la cd the tham vdi 2 mau xanh thdm
va xanh nhat tuong phan, hoac nguoc lai, co phien la xanh dong mau vdi cac dudng van nhat kho thay.
B ien the со hoa hoan toan trang сйа loai nay gan day da duoc dua vao trdng trot va duoc dat ten la
Paphiopedilum appletonianum var. album bdi Birk (1983), var. immaculatum (Braem, 1988) va P.
cerveranum forma viride boi Braem (1999). Tat ca cac ten nay со le tot nhat n6n xep vao bac dang.
Chhng tdi chua tung nhin thay chhng d Viet Nam.

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 LAN H A l У 1ЁТ N A M

Hmh 179. Paphiopedilum appletonianum doi khi moc phu sinh mun tren than cay g6 to gan dat trong dieu
kien rat am cua rimg may mu tren mil.
N a m V iet N am , tin h K o n T urn (A nh: L. A v ery an o v ).

226
227
228
w

PAPHIOPEDILUM APPLETONIANUM

Hinh 181. Trong mot so quan the Paphiopedilum appletonianum 6 Viet Nam co the gap cay co cum hoa vdi
hai hoa.
Nam Viet Nam, tmh Kon Turn (Anh: L. Averyanov).

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 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

16 . P A P H I O P E D I L U M CALLOSUM (Rchb.f.) Stein

P a p h io p e d ilu m c a llo s u m (R chb.f.) Stein, O rch id eenb uch : 4 5 7 (1892); P fitzer in E n g ler,
P flanzenr. O rch. P leon.: 92 (1 903); G u illau m . in B ull. Soc. B ot. F rance. 71: 551 (1924); id.,
FI. G en. In d o-C h in e 6: 642 (1 934); K a rasaw a & S aito in B ull. H iro sh im a B ot. G ard. 5: 51
(1982); C ribb, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 184 (1987); id., G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m , ed. 2: 331 (1998);
B raem , P ap h io p ed ilu m : 197 (1988); S eid en fad en , O rch. In dochina: 20 (1992); A v er., Identif.
G uide. V ietnam . O rch.: 21 (1994); P ham H o an g H o, 111. FI. V iet. 3; 762 (2000). T ype:
T hailand, R eg n ier s.n. (h o lo ty p e W !).
C y priped iu m callo su m R chb.f. in G ard. C hron. ser. 2, 26: 3 2 6 (1886).
C y priped iu m crossii E .M o rren in B elg. H ort. 15: 226, t. 17 (1 865), nom . nud.
C y p rip ed iu m sch m id tian u m K raen zl. in B ot. T idsskr. 24: 13 (1901); F o w lie in O rch id D ig est
40: 164 (1976).
P ap h io p ed ilu m callo su m var. sch m id tian u m (K raen zl.) P fitze r in E n g ler, P flan zen r. O rch.
Pleon.: 93 (1903).
C o rd u la c a llo sa (R chb.f.) R o lfe in O rch id R ev. 20: 2 (1912).
P ap h io p e d ilu m callo su m var. an g u stip e ta lu m G u illau m . in B ull. Soc. B ot. F ran ce ser. 4 , 24:
551; id., 1934, FI. G en. In d o -C h in e 6: 643 (1924).
P ap h io p ed ilu m crossii (M o rren ) B raem & S en g h as in S id a 19, 2: 251 (2000), com b, invalid.
P ap h io p ed ilu m am ab ile sen su G u illau m . B ull. M us. P aris 2 Ser. 9: 217 (1937); id. ibid., 2
Ser. 33, 3: 333 (1961); G ag n ep . in B ull. M us. H ist. N at. P aris 2 ser. 22, 5: 628 (1950);
S eiden f., C ontrib. R evis. O rch. FI. C am bod. L aos V ietnam : 88 (1975); A ver., P relim . L ist
V ietnam . O rch. 2: 31 (1988); P h am H oang H o, 111. FI. V iet. 3: 7 6 2 (2 000), n o n H allier.

MO TA. Co moc tren dat hoac doi khi tren da vdi 3-5(6) la. La hinh bau due hep, bau due thuon
hoac hinh trung nguoc, thudng co 3 rang d dinh nhon, dai 10-20 cm, rong 3,2-4,8 cm, phu ldng ria о
goc, ddm kham tdi va sang d mat tren, ddi khi ddm tia d mat dudi gan goc. Cum hoa 1 hoa (hoac hiem
khi 2 hoa), cao 20-40 cm; cuong cum hoa tia, phu ldng tia, dai 12-25 cm; la hoa hmh trirng tdi hinh bau
due, nhon hoac gan nhon, dai 1,5-2,8 cm, rong 1,5-2 cm, xanh, doi khi co dom tia, co ldng ria. Hoa to,
rong 8-11 cm; la dai trdng co didrn vai ddm tia d nua dudi, gan tia va xanh; la dai lung co cac mun loi
nho mau bac d gan goc; canh hoa trang, xanh hoac xanh vang voi mot phan ba dinh mau tia, co ddm
nau thdm d mep trdn va ddi khi d nira dudi; mdi nau tia nhat, vang tuoi d goc, co cac mun loi tia nau d
cac thuy ben, thudng co gan xanh 0 liu; nhj lep trdng hoac vang tuoi vdi gan xanh thdm; cuong vd bau
dai 3-6,5 cm, xanh, dom tia, phu ldng tia. La dai lung hinh triing nguoc rong tdi gan hmh trdn, chop
nhon dot ngot, ddi 4-5,5 cm, rong 4,2-6 cm, mep uon cong co ldng ria. La dai hop hinh ldng chao, bau
due tdi hinh mui giao rong, nhon, dai 2,7-3,2 cm, rong 1,6-2,5 cm. Canh hoa ddi khi cong lai, it nhieu
hinh chu S, dang ludi, tu hoac trdn о dinh, dai 4,6-6,8 cm, rong 1,2-1,8 cm, co ldng ria nau hat de. Mdi
dai 2,5-4,4 cm, rong 2-2,5 cm, co nhung mun loi nho tren nhung thuy ben cong. Nhi lep hinh ban nguyet,
dai 11 mm, rong 7 mm, vdi cac thuy ben cong hinh ludi liem hep. 2n=32. Hinh 183.
PHAN BO. Thai Lan, Viet Nam (Gia Lai, Lant Ddng, Quang Nam, Quang Tri va Thua Thien Hue),
Lao, Campuchia. Hinh 38, 184.
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh ram, thudng xanh, mua mua, cay la rong, tren da granit va da cat 6
do cao 300-1300 m. Hinh 182.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thang 4-6.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN.
Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum callosum la loai tu nhien ciia khu vuc Ddng Nam A, moc rai rac d cac noi
xa nhau d Thai Lan, Campuchia, Lao va Viet Nam. No co quan he rat gan vdi P. barbatum moc d Malaixia
nhung khac a cac dac didrn: la dai lung to hon, thudng dai va rong hon 4 cm va co ddm tia d ngang phan
giua, it nhieu hmh chu S dai, canh hoa hau nhu treo, dai hon 5 cm va rong hem 1.2 cm.

230
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PAPHIOPEDILUM CALLOSUM

Hinh 182. Pap hiopedilum ca llo su m m o c ph6 bien 6 V iet N am trong rung n gu yen sinh thudng xanh m ua m ua
cay la rong tren da granit doc theo nhung co n suoi va son g nho.
N am V ie t N am , tin h L am D o n g (A nh: L . A v ery an o v ).

231
 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

Hinh 183. Paphiopedilum callosum (Hinh vecuaL. Averyanov).

va таГсаА dor h i ^ c o t n7T h ^ '“V “ “ ““ hgp: e “ canh h° * f. g -m M , nhin tir mat irnoc, mat ben
L. A v e ty to v & N.T.Htep VH fne^o) ™ т4' ^ ~ ™ Ыh° a (V4 2000 theo

232
 PAPHIOPEDILUM CALLOSUM

LICH SU. H.G. Reichenbach vao nam 1886 da

mo ta loai nay la Cypripedium callosum dua tren
mot cay co ngubn goc tir Thai Lan duoc Alexandre
Regnier giri cho ong. Tranh minh hoa no nam tap
tieu ban thuc vat cua ong cho thay day la mot loai
co canh hoa dom. Duong nhu c h ic chin la loai cay
nam 1865 duoc Morren ve minh hoa va goi la C.
crossii cung chinh la loai nay. Tuy nhien, Morren da
khong mo ta ma chi don thuan thong bao la no duoc
Cross phat hien о Рё-ru, va trong tranh minh hoa
cung khong co bat ky mo ta nao ve hoa, do do ten
C. crossii phai coi la ten tr'an (nomen nudum).
Cay duoc mo ta va minh hoa la Cypripedium
barbatum var. warnerianum cung co the cho la
Paphiopedilum callosum, nhung tinh ngii thu da
khong bao gib duoc su dung о bac loai va vi vay no
bi quin di do nguyen tic uu tien.
V ao nam 1901, Kraenzlin mo ta loai
Cypripedium schmidtianum dua tren m iu vat thu о
Klong Son, Koh Chang (Elephant Island), tren bo
bien dong nam cua Thai Lan. Ong ta so sanh no voi
Paphiopedilum fairrieanum v i P. dayanum hon l i
voi P. callosum va P. barbatum, v i cho ring minh da
mo ta no nhu mot loai moi "khong mot chut luong
lu". Seidenfaden (1972) trtch d in "Schmidt 789 (С)"
l i m iu chuan (holotype) nhung Kraenzlin khong
dua ra so hieu m iu ong da nghien cuu (3 bong hoa
ngam trong con). V i vi vay, nhung trich d in cua
Seidenfaden phai duoc coi la mot m iu chuin lua
chon lai d in g luat (lectotype). M iu vat nay cung voi
b in mo ta cho th iy no rat g in voi lo ii P. callosum
duoc tim thay о tren dao (Fowlie, 1976). V i vay
Hinh 184. Su phan bb cua Paphiopedilum
chung toi khong chut luong lu da dua ten n iy vao
callosum b Viet Nam (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).
ten dong nghia (synonym) cua P. callosum.
Vong tron den chi cac quan the da nghien ciiu; vdng
Paphiopedilum callosum duoc trong rat phb tron tring chi cac diem phan bo theo nguon tai lieu
bien va khong con nghi ngb gi n ia , no da bi kiet que tham khao.
ngoai thien nhien do viec thu mua qua muc. Viec
thu m iu rat d i boi loai nay song thanh dam lbn. No moc trong rung thuong xanh 6 nui thap, tren mun
la cay v i tren cac hon d i phu reu doc cac dong suoi.
Rat nhieu th i cua P. callosum d i duoc mo ta dua tren cac cay duoc trong. Mot trong nhung t h i dep
nhat la Paphiopedilum callosum var. sanderae, dang hoa tring thuan khiet co hoa to nhu dang d iin hinh
nhat cua var. callosum. Braem (1988) cho ring nin goi dang n iy l i P. callosum var. viridiflorum, mot
tin duoc cong bo sbm hon var. sanderae mot nim . C ic cay khac thuoc c ic var. nhu: grandiflorum,
giganteum, rossianum v i superbum diu duoc quy la cac c iy hoa to nim trong ranh gibi cua su bien dbi
c ia cac duoi lo ii d iin hinh cua loai n iy. Tat ca ch in g, bao gom ca sanderae va viridiflorum, tot nhat
n in coi la cac dang trong cua P. callosum.
Hai thu khac biet ctia lo ii nay d i duoc cong nhan b Thai Lan- var. sublaeve (Rchb.f.) Cribb v i var.
potentianum (Gruss & Roth) Cribb. Var. sublaeve khac b iit voi thu chuin b hoa nho hon cung la dai
lung nho hon, dai 3.4-4.2 cm, rong 3-4,1 cm, v i cin h hoa hinh chu S khong d iin hinh, n gin v i tuong
dbi rong hon, chi co cac mun loi b mep trin. Var. potentianum (Gruss & Roth) Cribb khac thu chuin b
chb canh hoa khong co c ic mun loi b mep trin v i la dai lung hep hon, dai khoang 4 cm va rong 2,6 cm.
C i hai thu n iy v in chua duoc tim thay b Viet Nam.
NOI SONG. Fowlie (1974) mo ta noi song cua Paphiopedilum callosum b Gunong Jerai, tay bac
Malaixia. N o moc rai rac thanh cac dam lbn b do cao 700 - 950 m. C ic cay nay co ri bim vao mun la
c iy hoac trong cat min ciia rung Podocarpus-Dacrydium nhi'iu reu im .

233
 LAN HAI V I $ T NAM

Hinh 185. Pap hiopedilum ca llo su m a V ie t N am .

В ас V iet N am , tin h L am D o n g (A nh: L. A v ery an o v ).

234
 PAPHIOPEDILUM CALLOSUM

О Viet Nam, Paphiopedilum song trong rimg nguyen sinh thuong xanh, rant, it nhieu kho, cay la
rong, mua mua, tren da granit va da cat d do cao 800-1100 m (Hmh 182). Cac loai cay g6 uu the phd
bien nhat о day la Canarium (Burseraceae), Dipterocarpus, Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae), Gironniera
subaequalis (Ulm aceae), Lithocarpus, Castanopsis (Fagaceae), M ichelia (M agnoliaceae), Nephelium
(Sapindaceae), Parkia sumatrana (Fabaceae), Rhodoleia championi (Hamamelidaceae), Schima
wallichii (Theaceae) va Syzygium (Myrtaceae). Thong thuong, cac dam P. callosum co thd gap о cac noi
kha sang doc theo cac suon suoi, noi ma mot vai loai tre nua dong vai tro quan trong trong tang tham
rung. Paphiopedilum callosum moc pho bien nhu loai dja lan trong ldp mun la cay day thuoc tang co
cua rung (Hinh 185). Nhung ddi khi no co thd thay tren cac tang da phu reu. No moc d nhung noi tuong
tu nhu P. appletonianum. nhung thudng d do cao thap hon, trong nhung khu vuc kho hon vdi khi hau
bien ddi theo mita rd ret.
Khi hau nhiet ddi gio mua vdi mua kho dai va khdng co thoi ky lanh la didn hinh cho cac khu vuc
tim thay Paphiopedilum callosum о Viet Nam. Khu vuc nay co khi hau nong va tuong ddi kho voi su
khac biet ve nhiet do giua miia ddng va miia he khdng rd ret. Nhiet do trung binh nam vao khoang 19-
25°C (Hinh 186). Nhiet do cao nhat thay vao thang 4-5, ddi khi co thd ldn tdi 35-39°C. Nhiet do thap
nhat trong khu vuc co thd xuong tdi 11-14°C trong thang 12-1. Tuy nhidn, nhiet do thuong xuyen vao
miia ddng bien ddi d 19-20°C. Luong mua trung binh nam khdng vuot qua 2000 mm, thudng vao khoang
1600 - 1900 mm. Mua rao xoi xa keo dai vao miia he xay ra tit thang 4 den thang 10. Tuy nhidn, vao
miia ddng, tii thang 11 den dau thang 4, khi hau о day kho. Luong mua trung binh thang trong thoi gian
tii thang 12 den thang 2 chi la 2-10 mm (Hinh 186).
Paphiopedilum callosum hien rat hiem d Viet Nam. Cac quan thd ctia chting da bi thu mua den kiet
que. Do moc d noi co do cao thap, nen viec thu no dd ban rat dd dang, va chac chan rat can nhung bien
phap bao ve khan cap о tat ca nhung noi da tung gap no. Dua trdn quan sat cua chiing tdi d Viet Nam,
da so cdc cay duoc bay ban d cac cho hoa d Viet Nam deu bat nguon tii Lao va Campuchia, noi chiing
con moc rat phd bien.
BIEN THAI. Hoa Paphiopedilum callosum moc о Viet Nam kha bien ddi, dac biet d hinh dang la dai
lung va cdc canh hoa. La dai lung co thd hinh triing nguoc rong tdi hinh trdn va thudng trang vdi ddm tia
nhat va cac soc doc mdu xanh (Hinh 185). Cac canh hoa ben thuon hep, hinh ludi hoac hinh mui gido rong;
chung co thd cong lai, it nhieu hinh chd S, hoac cong lai nhieu.

Hinh 186. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu bidu ciia khu vuc co
Paphiopedilum callosum d Viet Nam.
Cac chu so mau den 6 chan so do la thang. Cot mau xanh
nucrc bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac c0t chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); duong mau do chi nhiet do (°C) trung
binh thang - Mau xanh nucrc bien tham va mau do la cdc so
lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Ddc To (14°42'B, 107°49'D, cao
620 m tren mat bidn); mdu xanh nuoc bidn nhat va mau tia
la cdc so lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Triing Khdnh (14°30'B
108°01'D, cao 536 m tren mat bidn). Tat ca theo Nguyen
Khanh Van et al., (2000).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

235
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Thinh thoang dang hoa trdng tuyen, loai

khong co cac chat mau, da xuat hien о cac cho
hoa Viet Nam (Hmh 187). Nhung dang tuong tu
duoc biet trong trong trot duoi cac ten var.
sanderae (Hort.) Braem va var. viridiflorum
(Hort.) Pfitzer.
Theo Seidenfaden (1992), m0t vai cay ong
da nhin thay tai cac cho hoa о thanh pho Da
Lat, nam Viet Nam co the la lai tu nhien giua P.
callosum va P. appletonianum. V iec lai tao tu
nhien giua 2 loai nay 6 Viet Nam la hoan toan
co kha nang. Nhung cho den nay chting toi vdn
chua thay mot lai nao nhu vay 6 Viet Nam.

Hinh 187. Dang hoa trdng tuyen ciia

Paphiopedilum callosum duoc thu d nam Viet Nam.
Da Lat, thu thap tu nhan (Anh: Son Ha, sua chtra anh
bang ky thuat so: L. Averyanov).

17 . PAPHIOPEDILUM PURPURATUM (Lindl.) Stein

P a p h io p e d ilu m p u r p u r a tu m (L indl.) Stein, O rch id een b u ch : 481 (1892); P fitz e r in Bot.

Jahrb. Syst. 19: 4 0 (1894); id., in E n g ler, P flan zen r. O rch. P leon.: 86 (1903); K a rasaw a &
Saito in B ull. H iro sh im a B ot. G ard. 5: 54 (1982); C ribb, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 205 (1987);
id., G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m , ed. 2: 380 (1998); B raem , P ap h io p ed ilu m : 179 (1988); S eid en fad en ,
O rch. Indochina: 2 0 (1992); A v er., Identif. G uide. V ietnam . O rch.: 21 (1994); B raem , C.
B ak er & M . B aker, G en. P a p h io p ed ilu m 2: 336 (1999); P h am H oang H o, 111. FI. V iet. 3: 762
(2000). L e c to ty p e : cult. L oddiges, B ot. R eg. 23: t. 1991 (1 837), selected by C rib b (1998).
C y p rip ed iu m p u rp u ratu m L indl. in B ot. R eg. 23: t. 1991 (1837); id., G en. Spec. O rch. PL: 530
(1840); H ook, in C urtis's B ot. M ag. 82: t. 4901 (1856).
C ypriped iu m sinicum H ance ex R chb.f.,W alp. A nn. 3: 602 (1853). T y p e: H ong K ong, H an ce
s.n. (h o lo ty p e W l).
P ap h io p ed ilu m sin icu m (H ance) S tein, O rch id een b u ch : 481 (1892).
C o rd u la p u rp u ra ta (L indl.) R olfe in O rchid R ev. 20, 1 :2 (1912).
P ap h io p ed ilu m p u rp u ratu m (L in d l.) S tein var. h a in a n e n se F .Y .L iu & P ern er in O rch id ee 52,
1: 64 (2001) syn. nov. T y p e: C hin a, H ainan, M .E. T ang 98003 (h o lo ty p e K U N ).
P. aestivu m Z .J. L iu & J.Y . Z h an g in A cta Phytotax. S in ica 39, 6: 568, fig. 1 (2 001), syn. nov.
T ype: Y un n an , W en sh an , cult. S h en zh en C ity W u to n g sh an N u rseries, Ju ly 3rd 2000, Z.J.
Liu 1525 (h o lo ty p e. H erb. S h en zeh en C ity W u to n g sh an N u rseries).

MO TA. Co moc a dat voi 4-6(8) la. La hinh bau due toi hinh bau due thuon, nhon hoac gan nhon
о dinh voi co 3 rang khong deu nhau, dai 7-14( 17) cm, rong 2,3-4,2 cm, xanh nhat о duoi, co dom kham

236
w
PAPHIOPEDILUM PURPURATUM

xanh thim va xanh nhat о tren, mep co long ria ngdn о phia goc. Cum hoa thang dung, 1 hoac hiem khi
2 hoa; cuong cum hoa dai (6)10-20 cm, manh, tim tia, phu long tia thdm; la hoa hinh triing-bau due hep,
nhon, dai 1,5-1,7 cm, rong 0,7 cm, xanh, phu long trdng. Hoa rong 7-10 cm; la dai lung trdng, xanh о
goc, co nhung duong gan mdu tia nau ro ; la dai hop xanh voi cac gdn thdm hon, thuong co 2 soc doc
nau tia; Cdc canh hoa mdu tia ndu bong loang, xanh nhat о gan goc va vdng hong о dinh, co cdc dom
den ndu day dac о hai phan ba phia duoi; moi tia ndu thdm; nhi lep nau vang son nhat, tia do doc theo
mep, co gdn xanh quanh phan giua trdng; bau vd cuong dai 2,5-4 cm, xanh, phd long trang; num nhuy
trang vdng; chi nhi xanh; khoi phan vdng mat. Ld ddi lung hinh triing-tim rong, nhon dot ngot hoac nhon
о dinh, dai 2,5-3,5 cm, rong 2,2-4,3 cm. Ld dai hop hinh trirng hep, nhon, dai 2-3,5 cm, rong 1,2-1,6
cm. Canh hoa it nhieu nam ngang, hinh bau due hep toi thuon, nhon tdi tu, ddi 3,5-4,6 cm, rong 0,9-1,3
cm, long ria den dai. Mdi ddi 3,3-4,4 cm, rong 2-2,7 cm, co cac mun loi nho tren cac thuy ben uon cong.
Nhi lep hinh bdn nguyet vdi cac thuy ben hinh ludi liem nhon hep, dai 8 mm, rong 8-11 mm, phti ldng,
co rang nhon d dinh. Nhi co dau chi nhi keo ddi nhon. 2n=40. Hinh 189.
PHAN BO. Trung Quoc (Hong Kong, Quang Dong, Hai Nam va co the 6 Quang Tay), Viet Nam
(Cao Bdng, Lao Cai, Ldm Dong?). Hinh 38, 190.
SINH THAI. Rimg nguyen sinh cay la rong nira rung Id va rimg hdn giao moc tren nui dd vdi ket
tinh bi bao mon manh d do cao 1200-1400 m. Hinh 188.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NH ffiN. Thang 9-10.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN.
Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum purpuratum la mot loai dd nhan biet. N o tuong tu nhu lodi P. barbatum
ciia Malaixia ve mdu sac vd kich cd hoa, nhung hodn toan khac 6 chd cdc canh hoa rong hon va khdng
co cac mun to loi 6 mep trdn, nhi lep hinh ban nguyet ro hon va la ddi lung nhon, hinh trung tuong ddi
nho hon. Cac canh hoa cua P. purpuratum cung со cdc mun loi nho d hai phan ba phia goc ciia mat trong.

H inh 188. P ap hiopedilum purpuratum m o c trong rung n g u y en sinh cay la rong v a hdn g ia o , rung nua rung la
tren nui da vd i о B de V ie t N am .
вас V iet N am , tm h C ao B in g (A nh: L. A v ery an o v ).

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 LAN H A I V 1ЁТ N A M

H inh 189. P a p h io p ed ilu m purpuratum (Hmh ve cua L. Averyanov).

n h tir
nnin i nmat
t ^ben
r ng r a;
va la catVdoc;Th, i C “ 13"■da'
' ' iung:
’ . hoa-' * - "**• nhin tu mat nuw^,
d - canh truoc; if —
- la dai hop; g — moi,
- cot nhi nhuy, nhin tu mat lung, mat bung va mat ben; j - bau va la hoa (Ve theo
шйи CBL 1458b).

238
 PAPHIOPEDILUM PURPURATUM

LICH SU. Paphiopedilum purpuratum duoc

John Lindley mo ta lan dau vao nam 1837 dua tren
hinh ve mot cay trong сйа Messrs. Loddiges o f
Hackney nhung do Messrs. Knight o f King's Road
Nursery, Chelsea nhap. Nguon goc сйа cay nay
duoc noi la tu vung quan dao Ma Lai (Malay
Archipelago), noi duoc Hooker nhdc lai trong tap
chi Thuc vat Curtis vao nam 1856. Tuy nhien, hau
nhu ch ic ch in la nhung c iy nay xuat phat tu Hong
Kong (Seidenfaden, 1992). Cay duoc Wight ve
minh hoa duoi ten la Cypripedium purpuratum
trong tic pham cua minh vao nam 1851 (leones
Plantarum Indiae Occidentalis 5, t. 1760 (1851) thi
hau nhu c h ic ch in la loai P. barbatum 6 Malaixia.
Khong nghi ngo gi nua, nguon goc g i i dinh сйа loai
n iy da la nguyen nhan сйа viec mo t i lo ii
Cypripedium sinicum сйа Hong Kong. Tuy nhien,
Reichenbach da nhan ra no l i cung lo ii voi P.
purpuratum boi vi ong da khau m iu chuin cua C.
sinicum tren c in g to bia trong tap tieu b in cua ong
co nhan vcri chu viet tay ro ring сйа Lindley la
"Cypr. purpuratum Lindl.".
Thong tin dau tien ve lo ii Paphiopedilum
purpuratum 6 Dong Duong co trong mot l i thu cua
Wilhelm M icholitz gui cho Frederick Sander. Cribb
(1998) d i nghien ейи Ьйс thu do v i nhan ra ring
trong hai la thu сйа M icholitz th thang 12 -1903,
ong da thu 1000 c iy P. purpuratum о Dankia,
khoang 10-12 km ve phia tiy b ic сйа thanh pho D i
Lat о nam Viet Nam (Seidenfaden, 1992). Thong tin
n iy hien nay v in con la dieu nghi ngo. Khong co
nguon tin dang tin cay nao khac noi rang lo ii n iy co
о dja danh n6i tieng do. Mat khac, rat co thi l i Hinh 190. Su phan bo сйа Paphiopedilum
Micholitz da thu het toan bo quin thi сйа loai n iy о purpuratum d Viet Nam (Hinh ve сйа L. Averyanov).
day. Them nua, P. appletonianum v i P. callosum rat Vong tron den chi cac quan thei da nghien ciiu; vong tron
p h i bien 6 khu vuc D i Lat v i M icholitz co th i d i trdng chi cac diem phan bo theo nguon tai lieu tham khao.
nham cho l i Paphiopedilum purpuratum khi nhung
cay n iy khong co hoa.
Khong may l i bo suu tap m iu сйа M icholitz hien khong luu lai bat ky tieu ban n io 6 cac phong tieu
ban thuc vat (Seidenfaden, 1992). Lai tu nhien giua P. callosum va P. villosum, ducrc mo ta dudi ten P.
x dalatensis (Averyanov, 2001), trdng be ngoai rat giong vdi P. purpuratum. Lan lai hiem nay xuat hien
lien tuc a cho hoa D i Lat dudi ten Paphiopedilum purpuratum. Thong tin dang tin cay dau tien ve su
co mat сйа Paphiopedilum purpuratum d Viet Nam duoc Averyanov va cong su (2000a,b) dua ra. Ho
thong bao rang loai nay со о bac Viet Nam, gan bien gidi vdi Trung Quoc. Chng thoi gian nay, cac cay
P. purpuratum co nguon goc d Viet Nam b it dau xuat hien tren thi trudng Lan quoc te.
Loai P. aestivum duoc Z.J. Liu & J.Y. Zhang mb ta gan d iy khac vdi P. purpuratum ve thdi gian no
hoa, co gan la kha rd va la dai lung nam ngang. Nhung su khac nhau ve hinh thai dd nam trong cac gidi
han bien doi сйа loai P. purpuratum. Va chung tdi thay khdng co ly do gi dd cong nhan no la mot taxon
mdi thuoc bat ky bac nao. Chung tdi chng nghi ngo ve nguon goc сйа m iu chuan duoc cho la tit
Wenshan d ddng nam Van Nam. Wenshan la mot thi tran gan bien gidi vdi Viet Nam va cac loai Lan
Hai Viet Nam duoc mua ban nhieu trong cac cho tai day. Rat nhieu cay trong so chdng co nguon goc
tu cac nude lan can va ca tu tay nam Trung Qudc.
Pham vi phan bo сйа P. purpuratum ben ngoai lanh thd Viet Nam trai rong tii Hong Kong tdi cac
khu vuc lan can сйа tinh Quang Ddng va dao Hai Nam a ddng nam Trung Qudc va ddng nam Van Nam
(Hinh 38).

239
 Hmh 191. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu bieu cua khu vuc co
Paphiopedilum purpuratum a Viet Nam.
Cac chu so mau den о chan so do la thang. Cot mau xanh
nuoc bidn la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cot chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); duong mau do chi nhiet do (°C)
trung binh thang - Mau xanh nuoc bidn tham va mau do la
cac so lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Trung Khanh (20°50'B,
106°31'D, cao 520 m tren mat bien); mau xanh nuoc bidn
nhat va mau tia la cac so lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Sin Ho
(22°21 В I03°15'D, cao 1529 m tren mat bidn). Tat ca theo
Nguydn Khanh Van et al., (2000).

NOI SONG. О Hong Kong, Paphiopedilum

purpuratum moc tren cac sucm b ic va tay bde
don gio bde kho lanh vao mua dong, voi nhiet
do co the xuong toi 0°C (Lee, 1975). N o moc
thanh timg dam nho tren cac suon da doc dudi
anh sang nhe duoc che bdi cac cay bui nho d do
cao khoang 500 m. Graham (thdng tin ca nhan)
chi ra rang no moc tren cac sudn co rung cay gd
gan cac dong suoi chay tren cac tang da. Cac
cay nay moc trong bong mat tren cac go dat da
co reu phti d do cao 0,3 m so vdi mat nuoc suoi,
noi co the bi ngap. О mot not khac, no moc
trong lap mun la cay day giua cac re ciia cac cay
tre nua va cac hdn da luon co bong mat va aim.
Nhung cay nay thudng chi moc don le. Ong
cung nhan manh mtic do bien ddi rong ve do
ddm kham va mau ciia la tir xanh nhat tdi hoi
xanh о mot quan the don le. Chau va Siu (thdng
tin ca nhan) da tim thay loai Lan Hai nay d mot
vai noi co do cao tu 120 den 750 m, chu yeu tren
cac sudn bde va tay bac. nhung ddi khi cung
thay d sudn tay nam va dong nam doc theo cac
dong suoi. Kich thuoc ciia quan thd nho, chu
yeu gom 20 den 30 cay.

Paphiopedilum purpuratum tim thay d

Viet Nam tai cac khu vuc niii co do cao 1200-
1500 m. Khi hau d day la nhiet ddi gid mita
Hinh 192. Paphiopedilum purpuratum tim thay phd
mien nui. Khai niem khi hau d day co duoc qua
bien d Viet Nam dudi dang nhung cay don le moc rai
so lieu cua cac tram khi tuong Tritng Khanh va rac hoac tao thanh cac dam nho.
Sin Ho (Hinh 191). Loai nay moc d khu vuc
в а с V iet N am , tinh C ao B in g (A nh: L. A v ery an o v ).

240
 PAPHIOPEDILUM PURPURATUM

H inh 193. C ay m ang h oa cua P ap hiopedilum purpuratum.

Bde V iet N am , tm h C ao B an g (A nh: L. A very an o v ).

241
 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

1 hau CO SU khac biet theo m ua ro ret gitra m ua dong kho lanh va m ua he am vdi nhiet do kha on hoa

М ь°«п Пк !г trUnu bmh mUa d6ng ° day thu6ng 9-13°C - ThanS lanh nMt la thang 12 va thang
1. Nhiet do ban dem vao thoi gian nay co thd xudng tdi 0°C, nhung nhiet do thap nhat tuyet doi gh. nhan
duoc la -4 5 C. Mua kho rat kho, hau nhu khdng cd mua, keo din tu cuoi thang 9 den nhung ngay dau
cua ang 4^ Nguoc lai, do am khdng khi thuong xuyen len tdi 100% vao thang 2 va 3 khi gid mha ddng
bac am lanh tu bien mang suong mu lanh va day dac vao dat lien. Mua he am bat dau tu giua than . 4
va ket thuc vao thang 9 hoac thang 10. Nhiet dd trung binh cua miia he dao ddng xung quanh 20°C voi
n iet do cao nhat len toi 30-35°C. Luong mua trung bmh nam len tdi 2500-2800 mm. Nhirng quan the

cao ^ O o T i o m ,HP1 Го^РмфиГаШт ° ^ ^ ° СЙС S™ n d & CUa Cac nUi dd v6i ° d6

Ш thua nhin hd v , m0C tr° ng rtlng ngU^ n sinh саУ la r(>ng- throng xanh va nua rung la,
kha thua phan bo chu yeu a gan duong dinh (Averyanov et al„ 2000a). Cac cay gd phd bien d tang tan
non T m fUng T t Burretl0dendron hsienmu (Tiliaceae), Gleditsia sp. (Fabaceae), Symingtoma
populnea (Hamamehdaceae), Lithocarpus, Quercus (Fagaceae), cac loin cua Acer (Aceraceae)
Alangium (Alangiaceae), Carpinus (Betulaceae). Ulmus (Ulm aceae) va Platycarya strobilacea
( uglandaceae). Doi khi, cac loai thuoc lop Thong nhu Pinus fenzeliana, Pseudotsuga brevifolia Tsuga
chinensis (Pmaceae), Amentotaxus argotaenia (Taxaceae), Fokienia hodginsii (Cupressaceae), Nageia
ryl, Va Podocarpus nem folius (Podocarpaceae) cung cd the gap d day. Cac loai cay gd о tang cao
nhat cua kieu rung nay thudng khdng cao qua 14-18 m.

Duoi tang nay cac cay gd nho nhu Garcinia (Clusiaceae), Illicium difengpi (Ilhciaceae) Pistacia
e l. Schefflera p e a ,,» ( A „ , „ c e .e , . Tirpiizhr ) £ £ % £ £
Photmia, Sorbus (Rosaceae) va Madhuca (Sapotaceae) rat phd bien.

?l a „ c f r ? h bUi df ohmh nh* ^ CdC l0al CUa Celastrus’ Euonymus (Celastraceae), Lespedeza, Sophora
(Fabaceae), Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae), Wkstroemia (Thymelaeaceae), cung vd so cac loai
Hinh 194. Paphiopedilum purpuratum d Viet Nam.
Hoa dien hinh.
В ас V iet N am , tin h C ao B an g (A nh: P.J. C ribb).
Rhododendron va Vaccinium (Ericaceae).
He со pho bien о day bao gom cac loai cua
Ainsleya (A steraceae), Alpinia, Hedychium
(Zingiberaceae), Arisaema (Araceae),
Lysim achia (Prim ulaceae), Selaginella
(S elagin ellaceae), B egonia (B egoniaceae),
Aspidistra, Disporum , O phiopogon,
Peliosanthes, Polygonatum va Tupistra
(Convallariaceae), Elatostema, Pilea, Pellionia
(Urticaceae), Carex va Scleria (Cyperaceae).
Rat nhieu loai Duong xi moc tren dat va da khac
nhau cting vdi cac loai со ciia ho Acanthaceae,
Gesneriaceae va Melastomataceae cung moc
phd bien trong kieu rimg nay.
Nhieu loai Lan khac ciing gap d day bao
gom cac loai dia lan nhu A noectochilus
calcareus, A. setaceus, Calanthe aleizettii, C.
argenteostriata, Cymbidium ensifolium , C.
lancifolium , Goodyera hispida, G.
schlechtendaliana, G. viridiflora, M alaxis
acuminata, Phaius flavus, P. longicruris va
Rhomboda petelotii.
Tren sudn va vach da rat giau cac loai Lan
sdng tren da nhu Aerides rosea, Bulbophyllum
ambrosia, B. macraei, B. purpureifolium,
C leisostom a paniculatum, C. rostratum, C.
striatum, Coelogyne fimbriata, Cymbidium
floribundum, C. suavissimum, Dendrobium
chrysanthum, D. fimbriatum, D. loddigesii, Eria

242
 PAPHIOPEDILUM PURPURATUM

coronaria, E. pusilla, E. rhombodalis,

Gastrochilus pseudodistichus, Hemipilia
calophylla, Liparis balansae, L. bootanensis, L.
distans, L. mannii, M onom eria barbata,
Oberonia cavaleriei, Pelatantheria insectifera,
Pholidota leveilleana, P. roseans, P.
yunnanensis, va Podochilus microphyllus. Nhieu
loai Lan phu sinh cung co trong cac kidu rimg
nay ma dien hinh nhat la Aerides rosea,
C allostylis rigida, Ceratostylis himalaica,
Cleisostoma rostratum, C. striatum, Dendrobium
acinaciforme, D. aduncum, D. lindleyi, D.
longicomu, D. nobile, Epigeneium amplum, E.
chapaense, Eria pannea, E. sutepensis,
H olcoglossum wangii, Hygrochilus parishii,
Pelatantheria insectifera. Pholidota articulata,
P. missionariorum, P. recurva, Thelasis
pygmaea, Thrixspermum calceolus, Vanda
fuscoviridis, V. concolor va Trichotosia velutina.
Paphiopedilum purpuratum doi khi ciing
moc vdi cac Lan Hai khac nhu P. dianthum, P.
micranthum va P. hirsutissim um var.
chiwuanum.
Paphiopedilum purpuratum d V iet Nam la
loai dia lan, thudng moc tren cac lop dat day
giau mun va duoc phu mot ldp la cay day. Cay Hinh 195. Nhung cay Paphiopedilum purpuratum co
thudng moc phan tan hoac tao thanh cac dam hai hoa trong cum hoa hiem gap d Viet Nam.
nho tren cac sudn nui da vdi doc a bait ky Вас Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang (Anh: L. Averyanov).
hudng phoi nao dudi tan cay thua (Hinh 192,
193). О V iet Nam, hien tai no con sot lai rat it
vi da bi nhung ngudi buon Lan thu mua voi so luong cue ky ldn. N o rat can cac bien phap bao ve
khiin cap.
BIEN THAI. Su bien ddi dang ke ve ddm kham cua la la dac trung cho cac cay trong quan thd
Paphiopedilum purpuratum cua Viet Nam. Giong nhu cac cay moc d Trung Quoc, d Viet Nam mau la
bien ddi tu xanh nhat hoac xanh trang xay ra trong dam don doc. Dong thdi mau sdc va hinh dang cua
hoa tuong ddi bn dinh d tat ca cac cay duoc nghien cuu (Hinh 194). Thdng thudng cac cay chi co mot
hoa trong cum hoa, nhung ddi khi co thd gap cay co hai hoa trdn mot cum hoa (Hinh 195).

Paphiopedilum sect. P a rd a lo p e ta lu m H a l l i e r f. & P f i t z e r

P a p h io p e d ilu m sect. P a r d a lo p e ta lu m H allie r f. & P fitz e r in E n g ler, P flan zen r. O rch. P leon.:
66 (1903). L e c to ty p e : P ap h io p ed ilu m low ii (L indl.) Stein.
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. P o ly a n th a P fitze r in B ot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 41 (1 894), p.p.
P ap h io p ed ilu m sect. M ystropetalum P fitzer in E n g ler, I.e.: 65 (1903); K arasa w a & Saito,
Bull. H iro sh im a B ot. G ard. 5: 38 (1982).

MO TA. La xanh. dai, hmh dai ngan, khdng co cac ddm tim tia d mat dudi. Cum hoa treo, cong hinh
cung hoac thing dung, co 2-10 hoa; hoa no dong thdi. La dai lung va la dai hop rat khac biet voi canh
hoa ve mau sac, kich thuoc va hinh dang. Canh hoa hinh mui giao hep hoac hmh duong, x o in , hep hon

243
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

nhieu so voi la dai lung, co nhung dam long den doc theo mep dudi va a tren dinh bi phong len. Moi
tuong doi nho vdi thuy ben cong ro ret. Nhi lep hinh tim nguoc, vdi phan gdc phong to va co ba rang о
dinh. 2n = 26. Co bon loai, phan bd d Dong Nam chau A, Philipin va tay Malaixia (Hinh 37).

18 . PAPHIOPEDILUM DIANTHUM T.Tang & F.T.Wang

P a p h io p e d ilu m d ia n th u m T. T an g & F.T. W ang in B u ll. F an M em . Inst. B io l. S er. 10: 24

(1940); C rib b , G en. P a p h io p e d ilu m , ed. 2: 189 (1 9 9 8 ); B raem , C. B a k e r & M . B ak er, G en.
P a p h io p e d ilu m 1: 126 (1 9 9 8 ). T y p e : C h in a, Y u n n a n , M en g tze, W ang & L iu 8 3 4 4 6
(h o lo ty p e P E !).
P ap h io p ed ilu m p arish ii (R ch b .f.) S tein var. d ian th u m (T ang & W ang) K arasaw a & S aito in
B ull. H iro sh im a B ot. G ard. 5: 38 (1982); C rib b & C .Z . T an g in P la n tsm a n 4 : 170 (1982);
C ribb , G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m : 121 (1987); B raem , P ap h io p ed ilu m : 105 (1988).

MO TA. Co moc tren da hoac it khi phu sinh, thuong moc thanh dam tdi 15 ca thd, mdi cay co 4 -
6 la. La dai, hinh ludi, tii lech d dmh, dai 20 - 50 cm, rong 2 - 5 cm, mat trdn xanh tham, nhat hon о mat
dudi. Cum hoa cong hinh cung treo, vuon theo chieu ngang hoac gan thang dirng, co ( 1 ) 2 - 5 hoa: cuong
cum hoa xanh, co ldng nhu thua d dudi, nhan о tren; la hoa dang mu, hinh trung rong, cut, dai 1 , 2 - 3
cm, xanh. Hoa co ldng to nho о mat ngoai cua la dai; la dai lung trdng vdi gdc va gan xanh; la dai hop
xanh nhat hoac trdng co gan xanh thdm; canh hoa trdng hoac xanh vang tuoi, soc xanh oliu thdm, co
mot vai mun loi den d gan gdc va mot vai dam ldng den doc theo phan dudi cua mep; mdi nau vang
sang tdi xanh oliu; nhi lep trdng vdi gdn xanh tham d giua; bau va cuong nhdn, xanh. Ld dai lung hinh
bau due tdi hinh trung nguoc, mui nhon ngdn о dinh, dai 3,8-4,3 cm, rong 2,2-2,5 cm, mep о gdc cong
lai, co ldng nhu d mat trong cua gdc. Ld ddi hop hinh bau due rong tdi hinh trung rang, tu. dai 3,5-3,8
cm, rong 2,3-2,6 cm, mep d gdc cong lai va mep dinh cup vao trong. Canh hoa hinh ludi hem treo, xodn
manh, thon hinh duong thdng, trdn d dinh, ddi 8-10( 11) cm, rang 1-1,1 cm d gdc, phan gdc cong lai bao
quanh lay gdc cot nhj nhuy, co mot vdi mun loi nho о mat trong gan gdc va mot vai ddm ldng nhu о
mep dudi, khdng co ldng ria, co ldng to d mat trong d gdc va dmh. Mdi dang tdi sau, nhon d dmh, ddi
4-4,5 cm, rong 2-2,5 cm, thuy ben hmh tarn gidc uon cong vdo trong. Cot nhi nhuy ddi 1-1,2 cm, cuong
phu ldng vd chi nhi co ldng to ngdn; nhi lep hinh tim nguoc, co u gdc to ngdn, 3 thuy d dmh, dai 9-11
mm, rong 6-7,5 mm. co nhu rai гас о mep ben. Hinh 198, 199.
PHAN BO. Nam Trung Quoc (dong nam Van Nam, tay nam Quy Chau va tdy Quang Tay), bac Viet
Nam (Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Hoa Binh, Lai Chau, Lao Cai va Son La). Hinh 37, 200.
SINH THAI. Rimg nguyen sinh cdy la kim, rimg hdn giao vd rimg la rong, thuong xanh, reu dm, tren
niii dd vdi ket tinh bi bao mon manh о do cao (600) 1000-1450 m. Hinh 196, 197.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thang 9-11.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN.
Q UAN HE. Paphiopedilum dianthum la loai Lan Hai duy nhat co cum hoa vdi nhieu hoa d Viet
Nam. Loai Lan dep ndi tieng ndy co mot cum hoa dai mang den 5 hoa to rat dep, rong 12-15 cm. No
rat gan vdi loai P. parishii d Mianma, Thai Lan va tay nam Van Nam. Tuy nhien. Paphiopedilum
dianthum khac d chd no la loai cay ua song tren dd, cum hoa dai nhdn, thuong mang 2 tdi 5 hoa, la hoa
nhdn, bau nhdn. Id ddi lung trdng, canh hoa trdng hoac xanh nhat co soc xanh oliu va mdi to hon. Trong
cac dieu kien ly tuong, cac cay P. dianthum thuong phat tridn tdi 15 cay trong mot dam nhung thudng
la 4 - 7 cay.
LICH SU. Paphiopedilum dianthum duoc cac nha thuc vat hoc Trung Quoc T. Tang va F.T. Wang mo
ta lan dau tien ndm 1940 dua tren mdu chuan duoc C.W.Wang thu о Mong Tu (Mengtze) tinh Van Nam
vd mdu thu hai о Tsingsi Hsien (Chinghsi) tmh Quang Tay. Mau Paphiopedilum dianthum duoc

244
 PAPHIOPEDILUM DIANTHUM

H in h 1 9 6 . R irn g n g u y e n s in h t h u o n g x a n h c a y la k im , h o n g ia o v a r u n g c a y l a r a n g , tr e n n iii d a v o i b j b a o
m o n m a n h t h u o n g l a n o i s o n g c u a P a p h io p e d ilu m d ia n th u m о B d e V ie t N a m .
В ас V iet N am , tin h C ao B an g (A nh: L. A v ery an o v ).

245
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

H m h 197. N h u n g tang da bi che bon g nho len tren du ong dinh nui da vo i bj bao m on manh trong rung am
n g u y en sinh la noi so n g tieu bieu cua Pap hiopedilum dianthum о В ас V ie t N am .
V ung b ie n g ia i V iet N a m -T ru n g Q u o c (A nh: P.J.C rib b ).

246
PAPHIOPEDILUM DIANTHUM

3 cm

247
 LAN HAI VI$T NAM

W. Hancock thu som nhat (so 582) о Mengtsz (Mengtze), Van Nam vao thang 11 nam 1894, о do cao
1800-2100 m, hien duoc luu trtr tai phong tieu ban thuc Vat Kew.
Paphiopedilum dianthum, trudc day v in dupe coi la loai dac huu ciia Trung Quoc, da dupe phat hien
d cac khu vuc da voi b ic Viet Nam vao thdi gian gan day thdng qua cac dpt dieu tra thuc vat cua Vien
Sinh thai va Tai nguyen Sinh vat, Trung tarn Khoa hoc Tu nhien va Cong nghe Quoc gia (Averyanov
& Averyanova, 2000; Averyanov et al., 2000a,b). Trudc dd mot thdi gian, Tanaka (1998) da noi rang
loai nay rat pho bien d b ic Viet Nam. Thdng tin cua ong hau nhu ch ic chan va co thd b it nguon tii tiep
xtic vdi viec buon b in Lan.

5 mm

H inh 199. P ap h iop ed ilu m dianthum (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).

a — hoa; b — la d ai lung; с — la d ai h a p ; d — can h h oa; e — m o i, n h in tii m a t tru d c ; f — m o i. n h in til m a t b en v a
lat ca t d o c; g , h — co t nhi n h uy, n h in tu m a t ben v a m at lu n g (V e th e o m iu C B L 394 ).

248
 PAPHIOPEDILUM DIANTHUM

Trong nhieu nam, rat nhieu cay Paphiopedilum

dianthum da duoc trong trong cac vudn Lan 0 thi
tran Sa Pa. Mot so Ion cac cay trong so do chac
chan duoc thu tii khu vuc nui da vdi сйа day Hoang
Lien Son о cac tinh Lai Chau va Lao Cai. Tuy
nhien, nguon goc chinh xac сйа P. dianthum b khu
vuc nay con bi gill kin.
Trudc day, Paphiopedilum dianthum duoc cho
la mot thu сйа P. parishii (Karasawa & Saito, 1982;
Cribb, 1987; Braem, 1988). Nhung hien nay no
duoc cong nhan rong rai la mot loai rieng biet
(Cribb, 1998; Braem, C.Baker & M.Baker, 1998).
NOI SONG. Paphiopedilum dianthum thudng
moc tren cac tang da va cac vach ram mat сйа bat
ky hudng phoi nao ngay dudi dinh сйа cac mii da
voi, thudng d do cao 1000-1450 m (Hinh 196, 197).
No tao thanh cac dam ldn hoac nho tren cac sudn
rat doc. Mark (1987) da chi ra mot ncri sdng tuong
tu tren cac ddc da vdi d Trung Qudc. N o moc dudi
bdng mat сйа cac cay go ldn nhu soi va cay nguyet
que. D o pH dat dao dong tu 7,5 den 7,86. Tai mot
noi d Trung Qudc no moc lin vdi P. micranthum va
6 noi khac no moc chung vdi P. hirsutissimum var.
esquirolei (Cribb, 1998).
Paphiopedilum dianthum moc d khu vuc со khi
hau nhiet doi gio mua mien nui. Mua ddng kho lanh
d day keo dai tu thang 10 den thang 4. Nhiet do
trung binh mua dong thudng vao khoang 11-16°C
(Hinh 201), nhiet do thap nhat tuyet ddi khoang -
1,5°C. Gio mua ddng Ьйс lanh am thudng tao nen
suong т й day dac xay ra vao thang 2-3. Vao thoi Hinh 200. Su phan bo сйа Paphiopedilum
gian nay do am khdng khi rat cao. Mua he trung vdi dianthum d Viet Nam (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).
mua mua vdi cac tran mua rao thudng xuyen nhieu Vong tron den chi cac quan the da nghien cuu, vong
tron trang chi diem phan bd theo ngudi thu miu.
nhat vao thang 6-9. Nhiet do trung binh thdi gian
nay bien doi tu 20 den 24°C (Hinh 201) vdi nhiet do
cao nhat la 31-35°C. Luong mua trung binh nam
dao dong tu 1500 den 2000 mm.
Tai Viet Nam, Paphiopedilum dianthum moc trong rung nguyen sinh cay la kim, hdn giao va cay la
rong. thuong xanh, reu dm tren nui da vdi ket tinh bi bao mon manh. Hien nay no thudng duoc tim thay
d do cao 1000-1450 m (Hinh 196, 197), noi со the sdng tot hon.Tuy nhien, no со the gap 0 do cao 600-
700 m. Trudc day, chac chan loai Lan Hai nay со pham vi phanbo rong ca dcac do cao thap, nhung bi
tuyet cluing d nhieu noi do con ngudi lam suy giam tham rimg nguyen sinh tren nui da vdi.
Cac loai cay uu the phd bien trong rung nay la cac loai cay la kim nhu Pinus fenzeliana, Pseudotsuga
brevifolia, Tsuga chinensis, Calocedrus macrolepis, Podocarpus brevifolius, P. neriifolius, P. pilgeri,
Amentotaxus argotaenia, Cephalotaxus mannii, Fokienia hodginsii, Nageia fleuryi va Taxus chinensis.
Mot so cay gd la rong la cac loai ddng uu the nhu cac loai сйа Acer (Aceraceae), Carpinus (Betulaceae),
Garcinia (Clusiaceae), Lithocarpus va Quercus (Fagaceae), Madhuca (Sapotaceae), Ulmus (Ulmaceae),
Myrsine kwangsiense (Myrsinaceae), Pistacia weinmannifolia (Anacardiaceae) va Platycarya strobilacea
(Juglandaceae). Cac cay cao nhat со the tdi 15-20 m.
Dudi tang nay la rat nhieu cay gd nho hon nhu cac loai сйа Celastrus, Euonymus (Celastraceae),
Cornus (Cornaceae), Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae), Eriobotrya, Photinia, Prunus, Sorbus (Rosaceae),
Ficus (M oraceae), Illicium difengpi (Illiciaceae), Ixonanthes (Ixonanthaceae), Pittosporum

249
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

Hinh 201. Cac so lieu khi hau tieu bieu cua khu vuc co
Paphiopedilum dianthum a Viet Nam.
Cac chu so mau den 6 chan so do la thang. Cot mau xanh
nuoc bien la luong mua tinh bang mm (cac cdt chi ra luong
mua trung binh thang); duong mau do chi nhiet do (°C) trung
binh thang - Mau xanh nuoc bidn tham va mau do la cac so
lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Moc Chau (20°51'B, 104°38'D, cao
958 m tren mat bien); mau xanh nuoc bien nhat va mau tia
la cac so lieu cua Tram Khi tuong Pha Din (21°34'B
103°30'D, cao 1347 m tren mat bien). Tat ca theo Nguyen
Khanh Van et al., (2000).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112

(Pittosporaceae), Rhododendron, Vaccinium (Ericaceae), Schefflera pesavis (Araliaceae), Symplocos

(Sym plocaceae), Tirpitzia sinensis (Linaceae) va Wikstroemia (Thymelaeaceae).
Cac cay bui song tren da moc 6 nhirng tang da nho cao о day bao gom cac loai ciia Abelia, Lonicera
(Caprifoliaceae), Agapethes, Rhododendron, Vaccinium (Ericaceae), Ardisia (Myrsinaceae), Berberis,
Mahoma (Berbertdaceae), Pyracantha, Rosa, Rubus, Spiraea, Stranvaesia (Rosaceae), H elwingia
(H elw ingiaceae), Ilex (A q uifoliaceae), L espedeza, Sophora glauca (Fabaceae), Pittosporum
(Pittosporaceae) va P olygala (Polygalaceae). Nhirng cay Cau lun nhu Guihaia va Rhapis cung co moc
a day.

Hmh 2 0 2 . Pap hiopedilum dianthum a noi so n g tieu bieu.

B ac V iet N am , tin h H a G ian g (A nh: P .J.C rib b ).

250
 PAPHIOPEDILUM DIANTHUM

H inh 2 0 3 (phia tren va trang tiep theo). H oa tieu Ыёи ciia P ap hiopedilum dianthum trong quan the a V iet N am .
BacViet Nam, tinh Ha Giang (Anh: P.J.Cribb).

251
 PAPHIOPEDILUM X AFFINE

Cac khu rung nay co he thuc vat phong phu gom cac loai reu bam da va phu sinh tren cay, cac loai
Duong xi va cac loai co. Co duoc tim thay 6 day nhieu nhat la cac loai ciia Acanthaceae, Araceae
(Arisaem a), A steraceae (A insleya), Balsam inaceae (Im patiens), B egoniaceae (B egonia),
Convallariaceae (Aspidistra, Disporum, O phiopogon, Peliosanthes, Polygonatum , Tupistra),
Gesneriaceae, Liliaceae (Lilium), Primulaceae (Lysimachia), Rubiaceae (Ophiorrhiza), Urticaceae
(Elatostema, Pilea, Pellionia, Procris), Violaceae (Viola) va cac loai Coi (Carex, Scleria) cung nhu
Selaginella. Cac loai ciia Adiantum, Asplenium, Cyrtomium, Colysis, Crypsinus, Davallia, Diplazium,
Grammitis, Neocheiropteris, Polypodium, Polystichum, Pyrrosia, Tectaria va Trichomanes la cac loai
Duong xi phd bien nhat d trong kieu rung nay.
Mot so ldn loai Lan cting gap d day. Chung gom cac loai moc tren cac hon da phu day reu am tren
nen dat rung nhu Bulbophyllum ambrosia, B. macraei, B. purpureifolium, C oelogyne fimbriata, C.
lockii, C. m alipoense, Eria coronaria, E. diversicolor, E. rhombodalis, Liparis distans, L. mannii, L.
stricklandiana, M onomeria dichroma, Pholidota roseans, P. rubra va P. yunnanensis.
Cac loai dja lan phd bien gap о day la Anoectochilus calcareus, Bulbophyllum maculosum, Calanthe
aleizettii, Cheirostylis bipunctata, C. yunnanensis, Cleisostom a paniculatum, Cryptochilus luteus,
Cymbidium ensifolium, C. floribundum, C. lancifolium, Dendrobium chrysanthum, D. nobile, D.
thyrsiflorum , Eria boniana, E. globulifera, E. pusilla, E. sutepensis, G oodyera hispida, G.
schlechtendaliana, G. vindiflora, Liparis averyanoviana, M alaxis acuminata, Oberonia cavaleriei,
Podochilus cultratus, P. microphyllus va Rhomboda petelotii. Cac loai lan phu sinh phd bien d day la
Bulbophyllum reptans, Ceratostylis himalaica, Cleisostom a striatum, Dendrobium acinaciforme, D.
longicornu, Epigeneium amplum, E. chapaense, Eria foetida, E. pannea, E. siam ensis, Ena thao,
H olcoglossum wangii, Luisia appressifolia, Monomeria barbata, Ornithochilus difformis, Pholidota
missionariorum, P. yunnanensis, Rhomboda petelotii, Schoenorchis gemmata, Sunipia scariosa,
Thelasis khasiana va \knda concolor.
6 Viet Nam. Paphiopedilum dianthum thuoc loai sdng tren da, thuong moc tren nhung gd da со reu
hoac о nhirng ke nut cua cac hdn da hoac mat cac vach (Hinh 202). Chiing hinh thanh cac rd khoe vuon
tdi cac ldp miin la cay tao nen loai dat nau thdm va bd. Trong mot vai quan the, loai nay moc cung vdi
cac loai Lan Hai khac nhu P. hirsutissimum. P. malipoense, P. micranthum hoac P. henryanum. Trong
dieu kien rang may mil am, ddi khi chiing giong nhu loai phu sinh mun va moc tren cac cay khang khiu
co reu bam gan mat dat.
Trong cac khu rang nguyen sinh nui, Paphiopedilum dianthum hien v in la loai cay phd bien d nhieu
diem сйа Viet Nam. О nhiing noi chua bi tan pha, no со the tao thanh cac dam ldn vdi vd so cac cay со
hoa rat dep. Ngoai thien nhien, chung no hoa tit giua thang 9 den cuoi thang 11. Cung nhu cac loai Lan
Hai khac сйа V iet Nam, P. dianthum hien dang bien mat vdi toe do rat nhanh sau khi rang nguyen sinh
bj tan pha. Ddi khi, con sot lai mot vai cay d cac hem ndi ram mat va tren cac ho сйа sudn bac. Tuy
nhien, chdng thudng bien mat ngay sau dd bdi su suy thoai сйа noi sdng vdn tiep tuc didn ra. Rat it dia
diem ma con ngudi tdi duoc hien nay con cac dam ldn сйа P. dianthum ldn. V iec thu шйи nham muc
dich thuong mai cdng la mot nhan to lam kiet que loai nay d ngoai thien nhien tren toan qudc, bao gom
ca d cac khu bao ton thien nhien. Tat ca nhung dieu tren d in den viec loai Lan Hai dep de nay bi tuyet
chdng nhanh chdng d ngoai thien nhien.
BIEN THAI. Theo quan sat сйа chung tdi, Paphiopedilum dianthum со mot vai bien thai nho ve
mau s ic va hinh dang hoa trong cac quan the moc d V iet Nam. Dang hoa didn hinh duoc chi ra d Hinh
203a,b. Nhung cum cay со it hon 5 ca the thudng it khi ra qua trong khi cac cay to hon thudng со tir 1
den 5 qua tren mot cay.

Cac lai tu nhien cua Paphiopedilum duoc biet a Viet Nam

19 . PAPHIOPEDILUM X AFFINE De Wild.

P a p h io p e d ilu m x a ffin e D e W ild, in T rib. H ort. 1: 57 (1906); G u illam in in B ull. Soc. B ot.
France. 71: 5 5 0 (1924); id., FI. G en. In d o -C h in e 6: 6 4 0 (1934). T y p e: N o rth e rn V ietn am
(T onkin), cult. B ru x elles (h o lo ty p e n o t located).
P aphiopedilu m v illo su m var. affine (D e W ild .) B raem , P ap h io p ed ilu m : 119 (1988).

253
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

МО ТА (theo Guillaumin, 1934). La hinh dudng cho tdi hinh thuon dai 15 cm, rong 3 cm. mat tren
mau cam thach, co hai thuy ngan 6 dinh. Cuong cum hoa dai khoang 15 cm, phu long, xanh nhat vdi cac
dom tla; la hoa hinh trung, gap doi. ngdn hon nira b'au, xanh nhat, nhan, co long ria 6 т е р . Hoa rong 12
cm. La dai lung hinh trung, dai 5 cm, rang 2,8 cm, quay ve phia goc d т ё р , xanh a goc va phan giua,
trdng 6 dinh, co nhung dom nau M m о 1/3 goc. La dai hop hinh trung, quay ve phia goc doc theo mep
6 g'an goc, nhdn о mat trong ngoai tru phan goc, phu long trdng a mat ngoai. Canh hoa hinh thia, dai 6
cm, rong 2,3 cm, xanh nhat cho tdi nau nhat, nhan, co long ria doc theo mep. Moi dai 4,3 cm, xanh tuoi
cho tdi nau M m , nhan, co long ria doc theo mep truoc. Nhi lep hinh tim khong ro d goc, niton rong d
dinh, xanh vang nhat cho tdi nau nhat, co cac dom xanh va co u kho M y a giua, phu long ngan.
TINH TRANG ВАО TON THEO IUCN. DD
QUAN HE VA LICH SU. Loai nay duqc biet den rat it. Hien nay khong co bat ky thong tin gi ve
sinh thai, phan bo va thdi gian ra hoa d ngoai tu nhien cua no. No duoc mo ta dua tren mot cay song
duqc nhap khau mb nguon goc duqc cho la tu bbc Viet Nam hoac bdc Lao. Cribb.P.J.. trong l'an xuat
ban dau tien chuyen khao Lan Hai (Paphiopedilum monograph, Cribb, 1987), da cho rang P. affine co
thd la ten dong nghia cua P. gratrixianum khi ong dua tren ban mo ta cho rang la cua no it nhieu xanh
M m .. nhimg vach dom kham xanh M m hon "d'un vert plus ou moins fonce ... , striees-tachetees de
vert plus fonce". Hien nay, do da nhin thay mot mbu co le la that (Hort. Bruxelles 21 Nov. 1912), ong
ta nghieng ve у kien cho rang no la lai tu nhien giua P. villosum va P. appletonianum. Chung tdi chua
tung nhin thay loai cay nay trong cac mdu vat duqc thu о Viet Nam.

20 . PAPHIOPEDILUM x ASPERSUM Aver.

P a p h io p e d ilu m X a s p e r s u m Aver, in K om arovia 2: 17 (2 0 0 2 ). T ype: N . V ietn am , S o n La

P rov., M o c C hau D istr., D o n g S a n g m u n icip a lity , 1 0 0 0 -1 1 0 0 m , sou th -east slo p e o f lim e sto n e
m ou n tain s, vertical b lu ffs near top, cult. H an oi, 4 Sept. 2 0 0 1 . Phan K e L oc P -9 8 9 5 (h o lo ty p e
H N !, ph oto. LE).

A natural hybrid o f P. barbigerum var. lock ian u m and P. henryanum .

MO TA. Co moc tren da. 4 - 6 la, hinh mui giao cho tdi hinh ludi, thudng co mui nhon tai hai thuy
khong bang nhau d dinh, dai 7-11,2 cm, rong 0,8-1,2 cm, xanh bong d mat tren vdi mep xanh nhat hon
de thay, xanh nhat hon d mat duoi, gan chinh tao go d mat dudi. Cum hoa g'an nhu diing cho tdi ndm
ngang, cong vong cung hoac treo, m0t hoa, cuong dai 7 - 12 cm, xanh tia nhat, phu long tim tia ngan: la
hoa gap doi, hmh triing, dai 2-2,5 cm, rong toi 1,4 cm, xanh lan vdi nau M m , co long tim tia ngan d tren
gan giua va mep dinh. Hoa rong 5,5-6 cm. Bau va cuong dai 4 - 5 cm, xanh, co phu long tim tia ngan day
dac. La dai lung hinh trung rong cho tdi hinh ban nguyet, tu, dai 2,5-3,5 cm, rang 2,5-3,5 cm, dang mu
che о tren, co mep d goc cong lai, trdng, xanh vang d goc va doc theo gdn giua, co nhieu cac dom nau
tia. La dai hop hinh trung, tu, dai 2-2,5 cm, rong 1,2-1,3 cm, trang, vang nhat d goc. Canh hoa ben mo
rong, hinh thia, tu о dinh, dai 4-4,5 cm, rong 1-1,5 cm, bong loang, phu long ngan d mat ngoai va co long
tia dai lua thua о goc, luqn song doc theo mep, nau do vdi mep xanh vang. Moi bong lodng, hinh lo, tim
hong sang cho toi nau hong, dai 3 - 4 cm, rong khoang 1,6 cm, tron d dinh, co goc thuon dang moc. Nhi
lep hinh tim ngupc tdi hinh trung ngupc, tu, rong 7 - 8 mm, dai 8 - 10 mm, canh ben doi khi cong vdo
trong, co mun hat loi vdi mot u vang bong loang. Cot nhi nhuy trdng. Hinh 204.
PHAN BO. Bdc Viet Nam (Son La).
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh cay Id rong, thudng xanh, tren cac sudn doc va cac vdch dd vdi ket
tinh bi bao mon manh d do cao 1000-1100 m.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NHIEN. Thdng 9-11.
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN.
QUAN HE. Paphiopedilum x aspersum la mot dang trung gian ve mat hinh thai giua cac loai bo me
gia djnh: P. barbigerum var. lockianum va P. henryanum. No co la ddi lung trdng hodc hong vang nhat

254
 PAPHIOPEDILUM X DALATENSE

voi nhieu cac dom nau hat de tia, canh hoa ben hong
nau sang va moi hong tia sang hoac nau hong. Cac
mhu cua dang lai nay trong tu nhien da cho thay co
su giong nhau ro rang va hien nhien vdi dang lai
nhan tao giua P. barbigerum va P. henryanum da
duoc biet tai trong trong trot.
LICH SU V A NOI SONG. Cay Paphiopedilum
x aspersunt dau tien duoc giao su Phan Ke Loc phat
hien ra tai mot vuon Lan tu nhan gan Ha Noi. Theo
nhung ngudi thu mhu dia phuong, no moc tren mot
ngon ntii da vdi gan ldng Ba Phach thuoc tinh Son
La. Вас Viet Nam. Hai thang sau dd, gido su Loc vd
ddng nghiep da phdt hien them mot vai cdy cua lai
tu nhien nay trong mot dot nghien ciiu thuc vat cua
Vien Sinh thai va Tai nguyen Sinh vdt thuoc Trung
tdm Khoa hoc Tu nhien vd Cong nghe Quoc gia.
Cay hiem ndy duoc tim thdy trong mot quan thd Ion
cua Paphiopedilum barbigerum var. lockianum tren
ntii dd vdi cua huyen Moc Chau tinh Son La (Hinh
128). Paphiopedilum x aspersunt moc rai rac hoac
thdnh tung ddm nho tren nhung ke nut hodc nhung
khe hep tren vach da dung dung thuoc sudn ddng
nam duoc che bong ngay gan dudng dinh о do cao
1000-1100 m trong rung cdy Id rong thudng xanh,
Hinh 204. Paphiopedilum X aspersunt.
nhiet doi, dd bj chat phd nhieu (Hinh 129). Dieu M iu chuin, B ic Viet Nam. tinh Son La (Anh: Phan
kien khi hdu va cac dac didm ctia tham thuc vat о Ke Loc).
ddy giong nhu dd duoc т о td cho P. barbigerum.

21. PAPHIOPEDILUM XDALATENSE Aver.

P a p h io p e d ilu m x d a la te n s e Aver, in O rch id D igest. 65, 3: 134 (2001). T y p e: S ou th ern

V ietnam , L am D ong p ro v in ce, D on D uong, cult. D alat C ity In stitu te o f B io lo g y , N ov. 1996,
N .V .D uy PI (ho lo ty p e LE!).
P ap h io p ed ilu m p u rp u ratu m sensu A v ery an o v , V ase. PI. S y n o p sis V ietn am . FI. 1: 133 (1990);
id., Identif. G uide V ietn am . O rch.: 21 (1994); S eid en fad en , O rch. In dochina: 20 (1992),
non (L indl.) Stein.

МО ТА. Со moc tren dat. La 5 - 7, hinh bdu due thuon hoac nhon о dinh, dai 15 - 20 cm, rong 2,5
- 3,5 cm, co dom kham xanh nhat hodc xanh kho nhan thay о mat tren, co nhung dont tim tia о mat dudi
gan goc. Cum hoa co mot hoa; cuong thang diing hodc gan thang dung, xanh, phu ldng tim tia dam. ddi
1 5 - 2 0 cm; la hoa hinh trung cho tdi hinh bau due, nhon hoac gan nhon, dai 2 - 2,5 cm, rong 1 - 1 , 5 cm,
xanh. thuong со dom tim va ldng ria tim tia dam. Hoa to, rong 9 - 1 2 cm; la ddi lung trdng о goc va nua
dudi, pha mau hong, nau hong, ndu tia, tia hoac xanh Oliu, gan xanh hong, xanh oliu, ndu hoac tia; Id
ddi hop trang vdi gan xanh nhat, ndu nhat hoac tia nhat о nua dudi; canh hoa trdng cho tdi hong nhat,
xanh vang va xanh nau nhat vdi cdc soc hong, nau tia hoac tia, ddi khi со didrn mot vai man loi phdng
nho mau tia den doc theo mep tren gan goc; mdi hong, hong vang hodc nau vdng voi cac gan mdu thdm
hon; nhi lep trang cho tdi hong vang tuoi vdi mot u loi mau xanh hinh trung thuon va cac ddm xanh nho
khdng deu dan d giua; bau vd cuong dai 3 - 5 cm. xanh, phu ldng tim tia thim. Ld dai lung hinh trung
tdi hinh trung rong, mui nhon ngdn thot dot ngot, dai 3.5 - 5 cm, rong 2,5 - 3,5 cm vdi т ё р со ldng ria

255
H inh 2 0 5 . Pap hiopedilum X d a la ten se (Hinh ve cua L. Averyanov).
a — cay mang hoa; b — hoa; с — la dai lung; d — la dai hop; e — canh hoa ben; f — moi; g — nhi lep; h — bau
va la hoa (Ve theo m&u Nguyen Van Duy P 111).

256
 PAPHIOPEDILUM X DALATENSE

uon cong. La dai hop hinh long chao, hinh bau due,
tii 6 dinh, dai 2,8 - 3 cm, rong 1,4 - 1,8 cm. Canh
hoa cong lai, hinh gan chit S, dang ludi tdi hinh
trung nguoc hep, tit hoac nhon dot ngot d dinh, dai
4,5 - 6 cm, rong 1,3 - 1,7 cm, со ldng ria tim tia
tham. Mdi dai 3,5 - 4 cm, rong 2 - 2,5 cm. Nhi lep
hmh ban nguyet rong, dai 7 mm, rong 8 mm, vdi
mot rang giua tii nho va mot u loi thap hinh trung
thuon. Hinh 205.
PHAN BO. Nam Viet Nam (Lam Ddng).
Hinh 206.
SINH THAl. Rung nguyen sinh thuong xanh,
cay la rong va rimg hdn giao d do cao 900-1700 m.
THOI G IA N NO HOA TRONG THIEN
NHIEN. Thang 6 - 7?
TINH TRANG BAO t6 n THEO IUCN. DD.
Q UAN HE- Paphiopedilum x dalatense la m0t
dang lai tu nhien giua P. callosum va P. villosum,
mot dang hinh thai trung gian giua cac loai duoc
cho la bo me (Hinh. 205, 207). Cay dep ndy со hoa
to vdi mau sac bien ddi va la со nhung dudng van
vdi nhung ddm kham dep kho thay. Mot vai dang
ciia lai nay ve be ngoai rat giong vdi P. purpuratum.
LICH SU. Cac dang lai tu nhien ciia
Paphiopedilum callosum va P. villosum da duoc
nhin thay vai lan (Averyanov, 2001). N o duoc
nhung ngudi thu va buon Lan phat hien ra trong so
nhung cay bo me cua no. Co le cac cay nay со
H inh 206. Su phan b o ciia P ap h iop ed ilu m X
nguon goc tit tinh Lam Ddng d nam Viet Nam va
d a la ten se (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).
hau het duoc trdng tai cdc vudn Lan tu nhdn d thanh
phd Dd Lat, noi со cdc dieu kien khi hdu hoan toan
thich hop cho su sinh trudng cua no (Averyanov, 2001). Paphiopedilum callosum x P. villosum chac
chan со mot vdi dac didrn ben ngoai rat giong vdi P. purpuratum do do cac cay trdng tai day duoc goi
dudi ten P. purpuratum trong nhieu ndm. Dieu nay gay ra cdch nhin nhan sai lam rang P. purpuratum
со moc tu nhien о nam Viet Nam (Averyanov, 1990, 1994; Seidenfaden, 1992; Pham Hodng Ho, 2000).
Mot vdi cdy thu tit ngoai thien nhien da duoc trdng thanh cong trong vai ndm lien tai vudn Lan ciia Trung
tdm Sinh hoc Da Lat thuoc Trung tdm Khoa hoc Tu nhien vd Cong nghe Qudc gia sau khi chting duoc
phat hien va thu thap vao ndm 1993 - 1994 d huyen Don Duong, tinh Lam Ddng. Tieu ban kho ciia dang
lai nay duoc N.V .D uy thu vdo ndm 1996. Viec kiem tra cac tieu ban ndy cung vdi nghien cttu cdc cay
tuong tu dang trdng d mot vai vudn Lan tu nhdn dd cho thay mot dieu chdc chdn rdng chiing la ket qua
lai tu nhien giua P. callosum vd P. villosum (Averyanov, 2001).
NOI SONG. V iec xuat hien Paphiopedilum x dalatense tai nam Viet Nam la dieu khdng qua ngac
nhien bdi vi ca hai loai bo me gia dinh deu moc 6 khu vuc nay, d nhung noi sdng rat tuong tu nhu da
duoc т о ta cho P. callosum va P. villosum. Theo mot nguon tin dang tin cay, P. x dalatense la mot cay
hiem, moc trong rirng nguyen sinh thuong xanh, cay la rong va rimg hdn giao (vdi mot vdi loai cay gd
thuoc ldp Thong), chii yeu d do cao 900-1500 m. Ngoai Lam Ddng thi pham vi phdn bo сйа no со the
bao gom cac khu vuc khac, noi ma cac loai bo me cua no moc ciing nhau nhu Dac Lac, Gia Lai, Khanh
Hod, Kon Turn va Ninh Thuan d nam Viet Nam va cdc ngon mii cua Cdmpuchia giap bien gidi Viet
Nam. Tuy nhien cho tdi nay vdn chua со bang chung ve dang lai nay d cac khu vuc кё tren.

257
 LAN HAI VI$T NAM

B ffiN THAI. Hinh dang, kich thubc va mau sac hoa cua dang lai Paphiopedilum X dalatense rat bien
d6i, nhung rat giong vdi lai nhan tao giira P. callosum va P. villosum duoc R.I.Measures (Harold
K oopowitz, thong tin ca nhan) goi la Paphiopedilum Indra vao nam 1893. Cac kieu bien thai ciia loai
cay nay da duoc quan sat va de cap trong ban mo ta 6 tren. Cac bien dang pho bien nhat ve hoa duoc
chi га о hinh 207 a-c.

Hinh 207. Su bien doi khac nhau ve hinh dang, mau

sac hoa cua Paphiopedilum X dalatense trong co
nguon goc hoang dai duoc phat hien 6 gan thanh pho
Da Lat.
(A n h : S a n H a, s iia c h u a an h k y thuat so: L . A v e r y a n o v ) .
 PAPHIOPEDILUM X HERRM ANNII

22 . P A P H IO P E D IL U M x H E R R M A N N II F uchs & R e is in g e r

P a p h io p e d ilu m x h e r r m a n n i i F u ch s & R e isin g e r in L in z e r B iol. B eitr. 27, 2: 1213 (1995);

B raem , C .B ak er & M .B ak er, G en. P ap h io p ed ilu m 2: 208 (1999). T y p e: N o rth V ietnam ,
bo rd er reg io n to C hin a, H e rrm a n n 343/85 (h o lo ty p e L I).

MO TA. Co moc tren da va doi khi tren dat, thudng tao thanh dam. La 4-6, hinh luoi hep, tu hoac
mui nhon ngan о hai thuy dinh khong bang nhau, dai toi 10-14(18) cm, rong 1-1,2(1,5) cm, mat tren
xanh bong vdi mep nhat hon de thay, xanh nhat hon d mat dudi, co go 6 mat dudi cua gan chinh. Cum
hoa g'an thang dung tdi cong hinh vong cung, mot hoa, cao 11-17 cm; cuong dai 7-15 cm, xanh nhat vdi
long tim tia thdm ngan; la hoa gap doi, hinh trung, nhon dau, dai 2-2,5 cm, rong tdi 1,6 cm, xanh, dom
nau thdm d goc, co long tim tia ngan tren gan giua va mep dinh. Hoa rong 5,5-6 cm, cao 5,2-5,8 cm,
phii long ngan d mat ngoai la dai; la dai lung bong, xanh vang nhat vdi goc va gan nau thdm; dai hop
vang nhat; canh hoa bong, vang nhat vdi it nhieu gan mau nau oliu thdm; moi tim hong sang, vang doc
theo mep; nhi lep vang, co mot u loi giiia mau vang cam, cuong cot nhi nhuy tia; b'au va cuong dai 4-5
cm, xanh, phii long tim tia ngan day dac. La dai lung hinh tnrng rong tdi hinh ban nguyet, tu, dai 2,5-
3,5 cm, rang 2,5-3,5 cm, it nhieu dang mu che d tren, vdi mep d goc cong. La dai hop it nhieu dm lay
bau, hinh triing hep cho tdi hinh triing, g'an nhon, dai 2,4-2,5 cm, rong khoang 1,3 cm, ca hai mep thudng
luon song va uon cong vao trong. Canh hoa md rong, hoi quay xuong dudi, hinh mui giao nguoc hoac
hinh thia, tu d dinh, dai 4-4,5 cm, rong 1-1,5 cm, bong, co long ria nau, co long tia sang d goc, mep luon
song manh. Moi dang lp, tron d dinh, thuon vuot nhon ro ret d goc, dai 3 - 4 cm, rong khoang 1,6 cm;
thuy ben hinh nira bau due, bong. Nhi lep hinh tim nguoc - triing nguoc, tu, rong 6-8 mm, dai 8-10 mm,
mep ben doi khi uon cong vao trong, co cac mun loi va long vdi mot ntim giua bong. Hinh 209.
PHAN BO. Вас Viet Nam (Cao Bang). Hinh 210.
SINH THAI. Rung nguyen sinh ram, thudng xanh, cay la kim, rung hdn giao va rtrng cay la rong,
tren cac sudn niii doc da vdi ket tinh bi bao mon manh d do cao 700 - 900 m. Hinh 208.
THOI GIAN NO HOA TRONG THIEN NH ffiN. Thang 8 - 9
TINH TRANG BAO TON THEO IUCN. EN.
Q UAN НЁ. Paphiopedilum x herrmannii dai dien cho lai tu nhien it nhieu duoc on dinh giua P.
hirsutissimum va mot loai Lan Hai khde thudc nhom P. insigne, co kha nang nhat la Paphiopedilum
helenae. Hinh thai cua P. x herrmannii la dang trung gian giua hai loai bd me gia dinh. Tuy nhien hien
vim con mot chut nghi ngd ve nguon goc cua no.
LICH SU. Paphiopedilum herrmannii duoc Fuchs va Reisinger mo ta nam 1995 dua tren cay trdng
duoc tim thay trong mot loat cdc cay P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei tai vudn thuc vat ейа thanh pho
Linz, thuoc nude Ao. Cac cay nay duoc cdc nhd thuc vat hoc ngudi Sec thu nam 1985 d bac V iet Nam,
g'an bien gidi vdi Trung Quoc (Braem, C.Baker & M.Baker, 1999).
Chung tdi da so sdnh Paphiopedilum x herrmannii vdi P. henryanum vd nhan thay no khac d cac
dac diem: la dai lung khong co dom vd hinh mui giao hep, mep luon song va cong о phan goc, cdnh hoa
nhon, Id dai hop nhon vd cot nhi nhuy co long d goc. Cox (trong Cribb, 1998) dd so sanh cau true phan
tu cua la lay tir mot cay trdng vd ket luan rang no co kha nang Id dang lai. Ong dd cho rang bd me cua
no Id P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei, mot loai phd bien trong khu vuc va P. barbigerum cua Trung
Quoc. Averyanov va Nguydn Tien Hiep dd tim thay P. x herrmannii moc tu nhien giua cac quan thd cua
P. hirsutissimum var. esquirolei vd P. helenae (Averyanov, 1999a; Averyanov et al., 2000a,b). P.
helenae rat g'an vdi P. barbigerum. Bdi vay, chiing tdi tin rang P. X herrmannii la dang lai tu nhien cua
hai loai tren. Trong thien nhien. thdi gian no hoa cua hai loai bd me gia thiet hau nhu trung hop mot
chiit vao thang 8, ddi khi cung du de tao ra su thu phdn cheo.
NOI SONG. Paphiopedilum x herrmannii moc thua that trong cdc quan thd ldn Ion giua P.
hirsutissimum va P. helenae, thuong d do cao 700-900 m. Khu phdn bd cua no co the gdn lien vdi khu
phdn bd cua P. helenae. Ddi khi no co thd gdp d ranh gidi cua cac quan thd bd me, trong rtrng nguyen

259
 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

Fig. 208. Dia didm noi cac quan the cua Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum va P. helenae moc chung vdi nhau
trong rimg nguyen sinh hdn giao tren nui da voi cung la noi song cua P. herrmannii.
Вйс Viet Nam, tinh Cao Bang (Anh: L. Averyanov).

260
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PAPHIOPEDILUM X HERRMANNII

Fig. 2 0 9 . P a p h io p ed ilu m herrm annii (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).

a — c a y m a n g h o a ; b — h o a ; с — la d a i lung; d — m o i; e — c a c c a n h hoa; f — m o i, n h in tir m at b e n v a lat c a t d o c;
g — la dai h o p ; h , 1 — c o t nh i n h u y , n hin tu m a t lu n g v a m at b en ; j — ba u v a la h o a . ( V e tir m a u 2 5 - 2 7 M a y 1 9 9 7 , L.
A v e r y a n o v e t a l. V H s .n .).

261
 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

sinh, ram, thuong xanh, cay la kim, rung hdn giao

va cay la rong tren cac sudn nui da vdi ket tinh rat
ddc bi bao mon manh (Hinh 211). Dang didn hinh
moc tren da nhung ddi khi moc ca tren dat giua cac
hon da d cac sudn ddc. N oi sdng ciia P. herrmannii
giong nhu noi sdng ciia P. hirsutissimum va P.
helenae da duoc т о ta trong nhirng phan truoc.
BIEN THAI. Hoa ciia Paphiopedilum x
herrmannii hoan toan cung kidu (Hinh 211, 212).
Tuy nhidn, cac dang lai xuat hien tren thj trudng
Lan qudc te dudi ten nay da cho thay cac bien dang
dang kd. Khdng nghi ngo gi, su khac nhau nhieu dd
phan anh nguon goc khac nhau ciia nhung lai nay.
Co it nhat 4 loai hoang dai d V iet Nam la
Paphiopedilum helenae, P. henryanum, P.
barbigerum va P. tranlienianum da thmh thoang lai
vdi loai cay rat phd bien va phan bb rong la
Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum dd tao ra mot loat cac
dang lai tu nhidn hiem gitra chung. Nhung cay ciia
phuc he dang lai nay thudng со kha nang sinh san,
va trong m0t vai trudng hop со the lai vdi bo me ciia
chung. Nhung cay nhu vay thudng mang td hop cac
dac didrn khac nhau ciia ca bo me, do dd rat kho
djnh loai. Trong khi mdu chuan ciia P. x herrmannii
duoc minh hoa bdi Gruss va Perner (Gruss &
Perner, 1998) chinh la dang lai giua P.
hirsutissimum x P. helenae, nhung nhirng cay nhap
va duoc Braem, C.O.Baker & M.L.Baker (1999)
minh hoa dudi ten P. herrmannii diing hon la dang
lai gitra P. hirsutissimum x P. henryanum va P. H inh 2 1 0 . S u phan b o cua P ap hiopedilum X
hirsutissimum x P. barbigerum. herrm annii (Hinh ve: L. Averyanov).

H inh 211 (ben trai). Pap hiopedilum X herrm annii

trong d D u e (Anh: E. Grell).

262
■г-------------------------------
PAPHIOPEDILUM X HERRMANNII

Hinh 212. M iu chudn cua Paphiopedilum x herrmannii trong о Due (Anh: F.Fuchs).

M o t vai th o n g tin g ia n tiep cho thay о V iet N am co cac d ang lai tu n h ien k h ac cua
P ap h io p e d ilu m sau:

P ap h io p e d ilu m ap p leto n ian u m x P. callo su m ,

P. b a rb ig e ru m x P. hirsu tissim u m ,
P. h en ry an u m x P. hirsu tissim u m ,
P. hirsu tissim u m x P. tra n lien ia n u m ,
P. m alip o en se x P. m icran th u m (P. x fan aticu m )

D ang tiec la k h o n g co tu lieu co g ia tri de ch o p h ep chiing to i k h an g d in h n h u n g tax o n nay

m oc 6 V ie t N am . C ac n g h ien ciiu th em ve cac d ang lai tu n h ien ctia chi nay la ra t cap thiet.

263
 P H A N IV: B A O T O N

SU SUY T H O A I VA T U Y E T C H U N G CAC
LAN HAI TR O NG TU NHlfiN
That kho ma tim duoc bat ky loai cay nao khac trong he thuc vat hoang dai cua Viet Nam
т а co toe do tuyet chiing nhanh nhu cac Lan Hai. Tat ca cac Paphiopedilum о Viet Nam dang
bien mat mot each nhanh chong. Dua tren nhrnig nghien cuu thuc dia gan day, tinh trang bao
ton cac Lan Hai trong tu nhien theo tieu chuan cac thu hang ve muc do de doa tuyet chung
cua To chuc bao ton thien nhien Quoc te (IUCN) dupe t6ng ket 6 bang 10.

B A N G 10

CAC NHOM LAN HAI V I$T NA M ХЁР THEO CAC THU HANG
b Ao t 6 n CU A IUCN

Da bi tuyet chung (EX): P. dianthum Sap bi tuyet chung (VU):

P. malipoense var. hiepii P. emersonii P. appletonianum
P. gratrixianum P. concolor
Da bi tuyet chung ngoai P. hirsutissimum var.
P. hangianum
thien nhien (EW): chiwuanum
P. helenae
P. vietnamense P. hirsutissimum var.
P. henryanum
Dang bi tuyet chung tram P. x herrmannii esquirolei
trpng (CR): P. malipoense var. P. villosum var. annamense
P. delenatii malipoense
P. malipoense var. jackii Thieu ddn lieu (DD):
Dang bi tuyet chiing (EN):
P. x aspersum P. micranthum P. x affine
P. barbigerum var. lockianum P. purpuratum P. x dalatense
P. callosum P. tranlienianum P. villosum var. boxallii

Nhu ta thay trong bang 10, cac taxon nhu Paphiopedilum malipoense var. hiepii va P.
vietnamense co le da bi tuyet chiing 6 Viet Nam. Tinh trang cua Paphiopedilum delenatii
duoc danh gia la dang bi tuyet chiing tram trong va rat co the se bi tuyet chung trong tuong
lai rat gan. Da so cac Lan Hai Viet Nam nam 6 muc do dang bi tuyet chung. Chiing la
Paphiopedilum x aspersum, P. barbigerum var. lockianum, P. callosum, P. dianthum,
P. emersonii, P. gratrixianum, P. hangianum, P. helenae, P. henryanum, P. x herrmannii,
P. malipoense var. malipoense, P. malipoense var. jackii, P. micranthum, P. purpuratum va
P. tranlienianum. Can nhan manh mot each chdc chan rang da so cdc taxon ndy dang den gan
muc do bi tuyet chiing tram trong. Mot so it Lan Hdi hien vbn con khd ph6 bien 6 Viet Nam
nhung deu dang tro nen hiem mot cdch nhanh chong. Nhom sdp bi tuyet chiing bao gom cdc
taxon Paphiopedilum appletonianum, P. concolor, P. hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum, P.
hirsutissimum var. esquirolei va P. villosum var. annamense. Doi khi khong the ddnh gia duoc
tinh trang bao ton ngodi thien nhien cua mot vai Lan Hdi do khong co du cac ddn lieu khoa

265
 LAN H AI VIET NAM

hoc d an g tin cay. P a p h io p ed ilu m x affin e, P. x d a la te n se v a P. villosum var. b o x allii 6 V iet

N am п й т tro n g tinh tran g nay. C an p h ai n h an m an h la m uc d p de d o a tuyet ch u n g d o i voi tat
ca cac L an H ai ciia V iet N am d uoc ch i га 6 day d a bi thay doi n h ieu tro n g thoi g ian g'an day
do sir suy g iam n h an h cac q u an the d a duoc biet. R at со the la da so cac L an H ai h o an g dai
cu a V iet N am se bi tu y et ch u n g h o a n to an tro n g m o t th o i g ian rat g'an.
Su th ay dbi m oi tru o n g song d o c o n n g u o i gay nen v a v iec thu m u a v o i so lu o n g Ion dp
b u o n ban h ie n nay la cac n h an to c h in h lam suy g iam n h an h c h o n g chung.
T at n h ien , viec p h a h u y n o i so n g tu n h ien cu a c h u n g со lien q u an d en toe d p p h at triPn
k in h te v a su g ia tan g d an so cu a V iet N am . V iec m o ra n g cac vim g n o n g th o n va p h a t tn p n
dat n o n g n g h iep , cac h o at d o n g c h a t cay p h a ru n g , x ay d u n g d u o n g xa, viec sir d u n g d at cho
p h at trie n n o n g co n g n g h iep , h ie n d ai h o a nen k in h te q u o c d an da lam g ia tan g to e d o suy
g iam noi sp n g tu n h ien cu a c h u n g tren to an b o d at n u o c (H in h 213). C ac lo ai P ap h io p e d ilu m ,
c u n g g io n g n h u cac lo ai L an k h ac , la th an h ph'an q u a n tro n g ciia ru n g n g u y en sinh n h iet doi
о V iet N am m a d a bi suy th o a i n h ieu tro n g n h u n g n am g'an day. C ac loai L an H ai, c u n g n h u
da so cac lo ai L an , rat n h ay cam voi su th ay dp i cu a m o i tru o n g . C h u n g la m o t n h o m thuc
vat bi de d o a tu y et c h u n g d ac b ie t v a se bi bien m at tru o c tie n sau kh i noi so n g tu n h ien cu a
c h u n g bi suy th o ai. C hi со m o t vai loai L an H ai, n h a t la P a p h io p e d ilu m c o n c o lo r v a P.
h irsu tissim u m со th e so n g sot sau m o t th o i g ian tro n g cac q u a n xa ru n g th u sinh. T u y n hien,
tu y et dai d a so cac lo ai bi tieu d iet h o a n to an cim g v o i su p h a h u y ru n g nguyen sinh. B oi vay,
su song so t ciia cac loai L an tu n h ien cu a V iet N am со lien q u a n true tiep voi dipn tich ru n g
ng u y en sinh co n lai, ch ie m k h o n g q u a 17% tP ng dipn tich lan h th p v ao n am 1982
(M acK in n o n & C ox, 1991). V oi n h ip d o p h a ru n g h an g n am to i 3 .1 1 0 km~, d ien tich ru n g
c o n lai h ie n nay co n n h o h o n n h ieu . H ien n ay , cac k h u ru n g n g u y en sinh cP x u a chi co n bao
phu ch u a d en 1 % d ien tich lan h tho.
C ac h o a t d o n g k hai thac gp th eo ke hoach , viec ch at p h a cay gp tren dipn ro n g k h o n g kidm
soat d uoc phuc vu nhu c'au xay dung, cu i dot, viec d o t n u o n g lam гйу cu a d o n g b ao d an toe it
nguoi cu n g voi h ien tu o n g chay ru n g th u o n g x u y en la cac n g u y en n h an chinh lam bien m at
nhanh cac k h u rim g n h ie t doi n g u y en sinh о V iet N am (H in h 213).
T ro n g q u a trin h k h ai thac ru n g , n h u n g cay to n h at bi c h at h a tru o c chti yeu de lay g o xay
dung. K e t q u a la d a tao ra cac k h o an g tro n g trong rim g lam ch o anh san g chieu x u o n g m at dat
nhieu h o n tu do lam k h o noi song. 6 g iai d o an nay, n h ieu loai L an ke ca L an H ai
P ap h io p ed ilu m n o h o a ro. Di'eu n ay tao ra an tu o n g b e n g o ai la cac loai L an sinh tru o n g to t
nh at trong nhung d ieu kicn n h u vay. T u y nhien, su suy yeu v a g ia cPi ro rang cu a cac q uan
the L an со the duoc thay ro q u a q u a trin h nay. T ro n g cac d ieu k ien nay can g n g ay cang gap
it cay con hon, d an to i su g iam siit k h a n an g sinh san b an g hat hoac sinh san sinh duong. N oi
song tu n h ien lu o n k h o d an se d an to i su bidn m at cu a cac loai L an H ai. Q u a trin h nay de n h an
thay n hat о cac suon, vach d a h u o n g nam , noi su tu y et c h u n g cu a h au het cac loai L an dep
nhay cam , b ao g o m cac loai L an H ai dipn ra n hanh chong. V iec ch at h o an toan hoac tu n g ph'an
cay gp о cac k h u rim g d a lam tan g n h an h su suy thoai k h o n g d ao nguoc d uoc th am thuc vat
n g u y en sinh, su k h o an g h o a lien tuc v a su rtra troi d at m au m o cim g v o i v iec noi song trd nen
kho h an (dac b iet la tren cac niti d a voi). S u p h a huy n h an h ch o n g tat ca cac th anh p h a n cua
rim g n g u y en sinh va su bidn m at cu a cac lo ai со u a am so n g tren d a va tren d at g ap rat p h p
b ien tro n g n h u n g dibu k ie n n h u vay.
C hay rim g la n g u y en nhan p h a h u y th am thuc v at n g u y en sinh n h an h h o n va tren dipn ro n g
hon. T ai n h u n g khu vuc d o n g dan, n h u n g d ien tich dat ru n g Ion c h n g b i co n nguoi d o t chay.
C ac khu ru n g tren n h un g d in h ntii d a v o i rien g biet cim g th u o n g bi d an d ia p h u o n g d o t de san
thu. T ro n g m u a kho, n an lira rim g doi khi xay ra tren d ien ro n g d o viec d o t nuong, lam гйу
lan ra k h o n g kiPm soat duoc (H in h 214). N an chay ru n g n h u vay th u o n g p h a h u y h o a n to an
cac q uan xa thuc v at о day (H inh 215).

266
г ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SU S U Y T HOA I VA T U Y g T C H U N G CAC LAN HAl T R ON G TU N HI E N

H inh 2 1 3 . (phia tren va trang tiep theo). S u pha huy rung n g u yen sinh tren dien rang la n gu yen nhan chu yeu gay
ra nan tuyet chun g cua ca c loai hoan g dai, bao g o m ca Lan H ai cua he thuc vat V ie t N am (Anh: L. Averyanov).
a — Khu vuc khai thac 6 rung nguyen sinh chan nui thuOc tinh Gia Lai. noi rat giau cac loai Lan; b — rung thong bi
phat quang de khai thac khoang san о duoi chan nui Bi Dtip, tinh Lam Dong, noi co nhieu loai Lan dac htru cua Viet Nam;
с — Khu vuc phat nuong lam ray cua dong bao dan toe Ba Na trong rung nguyen sinh giau thuoc tinh Gia Lai.

267
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

V iec tai sinh tung p han ciia m o t so yeu to trong q uan xa thuc v at nguyen sinh doi khi co the
xay ra khi viec khai thac g 6 ngirng lai kip thoi va noi song cua chung chua bi lira rim g p h a huy
nghiem trong. S u dien the ciia q u a trinh nay phu thuoc vao m uc do pha h u y cau tn ic rung va
thanh phan cac loai thuc vat. M 0 t vai loai L an song sot lau hon nhung loai khac khi noi song
cua chung tro nen kho. V i du, do la B ulbophyllum am brosia, B. retusiusculum , C oelogyne
fim briata, C oelogyne spp., C ym bidium aloifolium , C. lancifolium , D endrobium lindleyi,
E pigeneium am plum , E ria co m eri, F lick in g eria spp., L iparis m annii, L. viridiflora, L uisia spp.,
O beronia e n sifo rm is, P e lata n th e ria in sectifera, P h o lid o ta articu lata, P. lev eillean a, P. roseans

268
w

SU SUY THOAl VA TUYET CHUNG CAC LAN HAI TRONG TU NHIEN

va P. yunnanensis. C ac loai L an nay xuait h ien n h u la cac cay tien p h o n g trong q u a tn n h tai
sinh tham rung. T uy n hien, phan Ion cac loai L an n hay cam tro n g d o co cac loai
P ap h io p ed ilu m , b i b ien m at h o an to an rat sdm v a k h o n g b ao g ib tai sinh d uoc (H in h 215).
Su tai sinh cac q u a n the L an sau kh i xay ra chay ru n g co n rat m o ho. T h o n g th u o n g , m o t
q u an x a cao d in h chi b ao gom rat it loai co v a cac tran g cay b u i ch iu h an th u sinh m oc tren
d u b n g dinh niii d a voi bi chay v a to n tai qua n hieu thap ky. T u y n hien, cac loai L an p h u sinh
co the song sot tren nhirng cay thuoc tang cay gb, n o i m a lua ru n g it co tac dOng hon. MOt vai

269
Hinh 214. Nan chay rung khong the kiem soat duoc xay ra trong mua kho со thd pha huy hoan toan tham thuc
vat nguyen sinh tren nhung day nut da voi chi trong nua gicr.
Tinh Cao B ing, khu vuc giau cac loai Lan Hai Paphiopedilum nhat Viet Nam (Anh: L. Averyanov).

loai L an song tren d a doi khi phu sinh tren cay cung co thd song sot v a n h u n g loai nay bdt
dau tai sinh tao nen he L an song tren d a khi ra n g p huc hoi tro lai.
V iec tai sinh cac q u an xa L an song tren da th u o n g xay ra cue ky cham va co the m at nhieu
thap ky. C ac loai L an dau tien x uat h ien tren cac khoi d a lo san g nho cao trong khu vuc da
voi bde V iet N am sau khi xay ra chay rung la B u lb o p h y llu m reptans, B. retu siu scu lu m ,
C oelogyne fim briata, C y m b id tu m aloifolium , D endrobium fim b riatu m , E pigeneium am plum ,
E r ia c o ro n a r ia , E . rh o m b o d a lis, L ip a ris m a n n ii, L. stric k la n d ia n a , L. v irid iflo ra ,
P e la ta n th e ria in se c tife ra , P h o lid o ta le v eille a n a , P. ro sean s, P. y u nn an en sis va P o d o ch tlu s
m icrophy llu s (A v ery an o v et al., 2000a). M ot dieu can luu у la cac loai L an h iem nhat song
tren da bdt buOc, vt du n h u d a so cac loai P ap h io p ed ilu m th u o n g bi chet h et khi xay ra chay
va k h o n g bao g ib co kha nang tai sinh duoc.
T ro n g n h u n g nam g'an day, q u a cac d o t d ieu tra thuc d ja ch u n g toi d a phat h ien ra toe d 0
p h a huy nhanh, ra n g v a the th am cu a n h u n g khu rung co n sot lai 6 V iet N am , chu yeu la tren
cac dinh niii da voi (N guydn T ien H iep, A v ery an o v & P h an K e L oc, 1998; N guydn T ien H iep,
P han Ke Loc & A v ery an o v , 1999; P h an K e L oc, N g u y en T ien H iep & A v ery an o v , 1999a;
P han K e L oc e t.a h , 1999; A v ery an o v et ah, 2000a).

270
 SU SUY THOAI VA TUYET CHUNG CAC LAN HAI TRONG TU NHIEN

Hinh 215. Rung voi cay g6 cung bi chay da pha huy hoan toan tham thuc vat nguyen sinh ma su phuc hoi se
khong the xay ra trong nhieu thap ky.
Vach niii da voi, noi song cua nhieu loai Paphipedilum sau chay rung (Anh: L. Averyanov).

271
Hmh 216. Nhiing ngudi dan dia phuong thu thap Lan Hai de ban cho nhiing ngudi thu mua.
NhCrng n guoi tim Lan tre thuoc dan toe Ё D e voi nhung cay lan P. villosum da thu duoc. N ui Bi D up. tinh Lam DOng
(Anh: L. A veryan ov).

272
— --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SU SUY THOAI VA TUYET CHUNG CAC LAN HAI T R O N G TU NHI EN

Hinh 217. Nhung cho nho buon ban cay canh thu tu thien nhien rat pho bien 6 nhieu thi tran cua Viet Nam
(Anh: L. Averyanov).
a — Lan h oan g dai d u oc ban 6 m 0t ch o ngoai thanh Ha N 0i; b — T u e va Lan Hai hoang dai d uoc thu thap (rat nhieu
P. hirsutissim um , phia sau ngudi m ua T u e) la nhung cay d uoc ban pho bien nhat tai nhung ch o nhu vay.

N eu k h o n g co cac b ie n p h a p b a o ve co h ieu q u a v a k h a n cap thi n h u n g k h u ru n g n g u y en

sinh cue ky g iau co n ay se c h ac c h a n phai doi m at v o i n g u y co tu y e t c h u n g tro n g tu o n g lai
gan. D ieu n ay c h ac c h a n se k eo th eo su tu y e t ch u n g m o t so luong Ion cac loai h iem v a dac
hiru chi gap d u y n h a t о lo ai m o i tru o n g c h u y en h o a cao nay. C ung n h u n h ieu lo ai cay b an dia
khde, da so cdc lodi L an tu n h ien , b a o g o m cac loai P a p h io p ed ilu m , la th an h p h a n k h o n g tach
rbi duoc ciia q u a n x a th u c v a t n g u y e n sinh h ien d an g d u n g tren b o vuc ciia su tu y et chung.
Y eu to rat q u a n tro n g th u h a i d an d en su tu y et ch u n g ciia cac loai P a p h io p ed ilu m 6 V iet
N am trong nhim g n am g a n d ay la viec thu hai tren quy m o Ion cua n hung ng u o i d an d ia p h u o n g
dd b an ch o co n b u o n L an. V ie c th u hai tren d ien ro n g v a xu at k hau m o t lu o n g Ion cac loai
P ap h io p ed ilu m m p c tro n g tu n h ien xay ra khdp noi tro n g vai nam gan day. Т у le loi n h u an
trong viec n ay tu o n g p h a n vo i cac bien p hap bao ve m anh ciia cac nuoc lan can. D o k h o n g co
b ien p hap q u an ly co h ieu q u a v iec thu m du cac loai thuc v at h o an g dai cim g voi su g iau co n 6 i
bat cua cdc lo ai P a p h io p ed ilu m d ac hiru ciia V iet nam d a giai thich su co m at ciia rat n hieu
nguoi buon L an v a cac c o n g ty quoc te tro n g nhim g n am g an day 6 V iet N am . H o da k h u y en
khich viec thu th ap chc loai L an nay tu n goai th ien n hien voi so luong Ion tren to an b o lanh tho
va da thiet lap m o t m an g luoi ro n g Ion nhirng nguoi thu mini v a cac tay b u o n L an dia p h u o n g
(H inh 216, 2 1 7 ). M an g luoi n ay d a ch u n g to tinh hieu q u a n h at ciia no. V iec th u m au cac loai
P ap h io p ed ilu m nhhm m u c d ic h th u o n g m ai dibn ra voi quy m o Ion tren khdp d at nuoc. V a bat
cu m o t loai h iem hodc la nho deu ngay lap tuc bi x uat k hau b at h o p phap ra n uoc ngoai.

273
 H ien nay, nhu cau tren thi tru o n g q uoc te ve cac loai lan V iet N am m oc ngoai tu n h ien rat
cao. № dn n h ien la mOt so ngudi tro ng L an tai cac nuoc p h at trien s in san g tra g ia cao cho cac
loai d uoc thu tir th ien n h ien , dac b iet la cac loai m o i doi k h i d uoc p h at hien. D a so cac cay
d uoc xuat k h au tir V iet N am q u a H o n g C o n g va D ai L o an h o ac d u o c c h u y en tru e tiep toi cac
c h o L an d N h at B an, H o a K y v a C h au A u. V ice m u a b an tat ca cac loai L an tren d eu la bat
h o p p hap , k h o n g co b at cti su ch o p h ep ch in h thuc nao cu a c o q u an th am q u y en C IT E S ctia
V iet N am (G abel & L y k e, 2001).
R at nhieu co n g b o m o ta loai m o i g'an day deu d u a tren cac L an H ai x u at k h au b at h o p
p hap tir V iet N am da xac d in h d uoc D ue la noi chu y eu tiep n han cac cay nay. H o d a d u a ra
cac th o n g tin v a ban ve ch in h xac cac cay tro n g duoc n h ap b at h o p p h ap tir V iet N am . M ot
vai tap chi L an noi tien g d a c o n g b o cac bai b ao d u a tren cac cay d o n h ap b at h o p p h ap m a
co duoc. V a dieu nay d a k h u y e n k h ich n an buon lau L an v a lam g ia tan g nhu cau c h o d en ve
cac loai d u o c thu tir th ien n hien. M 0 t lu o n g Ion cac L an h iem cu a V iet N am da duoc nhieu
nude n hap k h au trong thdi g ian g an day. C ac loai m oi d u o c m o ta g'an day n h u P a p h io p ed ilu m
h an g ia n u m , P. h ilm a ri, P. m irab ile , P. tra n lie n ia n u m , P. v ietn am en se, P. coccin eu m v a cac loai
kh ac deu d u a tren cac cay n h u vay. N hiing ng u d i m u a cac cay n ay tai cac n ude p h at trien la
nhiing m a t x ich cuoi citng tro n g d u d n g day thu m u a v a b u o n b an b at h o p p h ap cac L an quy
h iem ngoai th ien n h ien tu n h u n g ca n h an va cac co n g ty. S u can h tran h cac loai m di giira cac
v udn L an v a nhiing ng u d i tro n g L an q u an tarn d en viec lai g io n g L an th em m u o n cac lo ai m di
la co n g u o n goc h o an g dai ch in h la d o n g luc thuc day b u o n L a n b at h o p p h a p v an d a n g tiep
didn. Di'du nay d a true tiep thuc day toe d d thu thap v a su tu y et c h u n g cu a n hieu q u a n th e L an
H ai d V iet N am tan g nhanh, th am ch i la ca d n h u n g k h u b ao ton. N g o ai cac loai
P ap h io p ed ilu m , nhu cau ld n n h at cu a thi tru o n g L an noi d ia v a q u o c te ve cac L an V ie t N am
la cac loai th u o c cac chi n h u A erid es, A rach n is, A sco c e n tru m , C alan th e, C h risten so n ia,
C o e lo g y n e , C y m b id iu m , D e n d ro b iu m , H o lc o g lo ssu m , H y g ro c h ilu s, P a p ilio n a n th e ,
P h alaen o p sis, R en an th era, R h y n ch o sty lis, V a n d a v a \h n d o p s is. T at ca nhiing loai n ay can
duoc bao ve tai nhiing noi song tu n h ien von co cu a c h u n g tren toan lanh tho.

T U O N G LAI ?

S u song co n cu a cac loai P ap h io p e d ilu m tai hau h et cac viing d V iet N am h ien van ch u a
cM c chdn. V iec bao to n cac q u a n the L an H ai V iet N am о n goai th ien n hien la rat p huc tap,
ddi hdi nhiing h ieu b iet c o b an ve he thuc vat, to chiic cac k h u b ao ton, q u an ly co h ieu q u a
cac q u an the d a d uoc b ie t tdi, b ao ve v a ngan cam co hieu q u a th eo lu at p h ap cac h o at dong
thu m u a bat h o p phap. N hiing dieu n ay ch i giii vi tri p h u tro n g m o t d at nude m a n en k in h te
d ang p hat tridn m anh, co toe do d o thi h o a cao, then tich d at d d an g m d ro n g cim g v d i d an so
d u k ie n se tan g tdi 168 trieu v ao n am 2125 so v d i 6 6 , 8 tn e u n g u d i n am 1989, vdi toe do tang
d an so nam la 2,4% (M acK in n o n & C ox, 1991).
T uy n hien , vide b ao to n th ien n h ien d ang la m d i q u an tarn Inen nay cua ch in h p h u V iet
N am . M o t m an g ludi ro n g k h a p cac k h u bao to n d a d uoc th an h lap d V iet N am tro n g n h u n g
n am g an d ay n h u la m o t p h a n ciia ch u o n g trin h q u o c g ia ro n g ld n ve bao vd th ien n hien (B ang
11, H inh 218). C h u o n g trinh tich cue nay tap tru n g v ao vide bao vd didn tich ru n g n g u y en sinh
q uan trong n hat va ld n n hat cu n g n h u cac q u an xa thuc v at nguyen sinh la noi song cu a nhieu
loai dong vat v a thuc vat d ac huu. C ho ddn n am 1997, 55 k h u b ao to n bao go m 10 v u d n quoc
gia va 45 kh u b ao to n th ien n h ien d a c h in h thuc d uoc th an h lap tai V iet N am . K h o an g 4 0 khu
vuc kh ac duoc d an h g ia la co tinh d a d an g thuc vat cao can co cac bidn p h ap bao vd k ip thdi

274
 TUONG LAI ?

nhung h ien van ch u a d uoc xtic tien th an h lap (B ang 11, H inh 218). R at tiec, c h u o n g trin h q uoc
g ia x uat s ic ve bao ve cac k h u ru n g n g u y en sinh cu a c h in h ph u ch u a the n g an ca n co h ieu qua
su tu y et chung cu a cac loai L an H ai v a cac loai thuc v at k h ac dang co nhu cau cao tren thi
truong va bi nhu n g nguoi d an d ia p h u o n g tim thu 6 k h ap noi. M o t v an de k h ac doi voi bao
ton th u c vat la m uc do h ieu b iet h ien nay ve h e thuc v at tai cac khu b ao to n v a n h u n g noi co
tinh d a d ang sinh hoc cao k h o n g cung cap d ay du th o n g tin ch o phep nhan b iet v a q u a n ly co
hieu qu a q u an the cac loai cay h iem nay. C o k h o an g 84% k h u b ao to n co m o t ch u t it thong
tin va k h o an g 41 % cac k h u nay ch u a tu n g duoc n g h ien cuu ve h e thuc vat. C ac d u lieu it nhieu
h oan chinh va d an g tin cay ve he thuc vat ch i co 6 5,3 % cac kh u bao to n (B an g 11, H inh
218). C an n han m an h ra n g V iet N am h ien la n uoc co toe do p h a rim g cao n h at th e gibi
(M acK in n o n & C ox, 1991; R u n d el, 1999). K et qu a la cac noi song h o an g so, noi v an co n rat
n hieu cac loai thuc v at d ac hiru hep tro n g n h u n g khu vuc k h o n g duoc b ao v e rat co th e se bi
p ha huy tro n g vai nam tbi. D ieu nay can dac biet q u a n tarn boi ph'an lbn cac loai d ac h u u dia
ph u o n g cu a P ap h io p ed ilu m lai m oc tren cac k h u vuc niii d a v o i b b ic V iet N am .

BANG 11.

CAC KHU VUC CUA VIET NAM CO TINH DA DANG THUC VAT CAO NHAT
VA MUC DO DIEU TRA THUC VAT 6 DAY

STT Ten cac viing va cac khu bao ton, thu0c tinh Muc do dieu tra thuc vat
va thu m iu thuc vat*

Cac Vucrn quoc gia:

1 Ba Вё (tinh Вас Kan) 2
2 Tam Dao (cac tinh Vinh Phuc, Tuyen Quang va Thai Nguyen) 3
3 Ba Vi (tinh Ha Tay) 4
4 Cat Ba (thanh pho Hai Phong) 2
5 Cue Phuong (cac tinh Ninh Binh, Hoa Binh va Thanh Hoa) 4
6 Ben En (tinh Thanh Hoa) 2
7 Bach Ma (tinh Thua Thien-Hue) 3
8 Yok Don (tinh Dac Lac) 3
9 Cat Tien (cac tinh Dong Nai va Lam Dong) 3
10 Con Dao (tinh Ba Ria - Vung Tau) 3

Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

11 Muong Nhe (tinh Lai Chau) 1
12 Hoang Lien Son (cac tinh Lao Cai va Lai Chau) 3
13 Sop Cop (tinh Son La) 1
14 Xuan Nha (tinh Son La) 1
15 Nam Don (tinh Son La) 1
16 Phong Quang (tinh Ha Giang) 1
17 Na Hang (tinh Tuyen Quang) 2
18 Trung Khanh (tinh Cao Bang) 2
19 Pia Oac (tinh Cao Bang) 2
20 Huu Lien (tinh Lang Son) 1
21 Ba Mim (tinh Quang Ninh) 2
22 Yen Tu (tinh Quang Ninh) 2
23 Xuan Son (tinh Phu Tho) 1
24 Thuong Tien (tinh Hoa Binh) 1

275
 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

25 Pa Co - Hang Kia (tinh Hoa Binh)

26 Tam Quy (tinh Thanh Hoa)
27 PU Huong (tinh Nghe An)
28 Pu Mat (tinh Nghe An)
29 Vu Quang (tinh Ha Tinh)
30 Phong Nha (tinh Quang Binh)
31 Ban Dao Son Tra (thanh pho Da Ndng)
32 Ba Na - Nui Chua (tinh Quang Nam)
33 D eo Ca - Hon Ron (tinh Phu Yen)
34 Krong Trai (tinh Phu Yen)
35 N goc Linh (tinh Kon Turn)
36 M om Ray (tinh Kon Turn)
37 Kon Cha Rang & Kon Ka Kinh (tinh Gia Lai)
38 Chu Yang Sinh (tinh Dac Lac)
39 Nam Nung (tinh D ie Lac)
40 Ea Sup (tinh Dac L ie)
41 Ho Lac (tinh Ddc Lac)
42 NUi Ba - Bi Diip (tinh Lam Dong)
43 Thuong Da Nhim (tinh Lam Dong)
44 D eo Ngoan Muc (tinh Lam Dong)
45 Nth Dai Binh (tinh Lam Dong)
46 Rimg Kho Phan Rang (tinh Ninh Thuan)
47 Та Kou (tinh Binh Thuan)
48 Bien Lac - Nui Ong (tinh Binh Thuan)
49 Bu Gia Map (tinh Binh Phuoc)
50 Lo Go - Xa Mat (tinh Tay Ninh)
51 Binh Chau - Phuoc Biru (tinh Ba Ria-Viing Tau)
52 Tam Nong (tinh Dong Thap)
53 Rung Tram U Minh (tinh Kien Giang)
54 Rung Duoc Nam Can (tinh Ca Mau)
55 Phu Quoc (tinh Kien Giang)

Cac khu chua duoc bao ton:

56 Phu Si Lung - 3076 m (tinh Lai Chau)
57 Phu Та Tong - 2109 m (tinh Lai Chau)
58 Phu Tra - 2504 m (tinh Lai Chau)
59 Phu Huoi Long - 2178 m (tinh Lai Chau)
60 Bach M oc-Luong Tu - 2098 m (tinh Lao Cai)
61 Pu Sam Sao - 1897 m (tinh Son La)
62 Phu Sung Mon - 2445 m (tinh Son La)
63 Pha Luong - 1880 m (tinh Son La)
64 Lang Cling - 2913 m (tinh Yen B4i)
65 Phu Luong - 2985 m (tinh Yen Bai)
66 Tay Con Linh - 2419 m (tinh Ha Giang)
67 Phu Tha Ca - 2274 m (tinh Ha Giang)
68 Pho Bang - 1500 m (tinh Ha Giang)
69 Tra Linh - 1000 m (tinh Cao Bang)
70 Pia La - 1980 m (tinh Cao Bang)
71 Mdu Scrn - 1541 m (tinh Lang Son)
72 Sam Cuoi Tien - 1508 m (tinh Quang Ninh)
73 Phu Pha Phong - 1587 m (tinh Thanh Hoa)
74 Bu Rinh - 1183 m (tinh Thanh Hoa)
75 Bu Cho - 1563 m (tinh Nghe An)

276
 TUONG LAI ?

76 Pit Hoat - 2452 m (tinh Nghe An) 1

77 Phu Xai La Leng - 2711 m (tinh Nghe An) 1
78 Tay B ic D eo Ngang (tinh Ha Tinh) 1
79 Ba Ren (tinh Quang Binh) 1
80 D ong V oi Мер - 1701 m (tinh Quang Tri) 2
81 Dong Ngai - 1774 m (tinh Thita Thien-Hue) 2
82 Ntii Mang - 1708 m (tinh ThUa Thien-Hue) 1
83 Song Thanh - Dac Pring (tinh Quang Nam) 1
84 N gok G o Le Rang - 1855 m (tinh Quang Nam) 1
85 Kon Plong (tinh Kon Turn) 2
86 Chu To Ryan - 1331 m (tinh Gia Lai) 1
87 Bit Co Rac - 867 m (tinh D ie Lac) 1
88 Dac Nong (tinh Dac Lac) 2
89 Вас Cong Troi - 2004 m (tinh Lam Dong) 2
90 So Ro Lung - 1545 m (tinh Lam Dong) 2
91 Chu H o Mu - 2051 m (tinh Khanh Hoa) 3
92 Hon Ba - 1348 m (tinh Khanh Hoa) 3
93 Khanh Vinh (tinh Khanh Hoa) 2
94 Ntii Chiia - 1040 m (tinh Ninh Thuan) 1
95 Ntii Be (tinh Binh Thuan) 1

* Muc do ditu tra va thu thap m iu thuc vat duoc xac dinh can cu vao cac miu vat duoc thu thap va luu trit va
vao cac thong ke thanh phan he thuc vat dang tin cay:
1. Khong hoac hau nhu khong co m iu vat nao duoc thu thap.
2. M iu vat cua chua den 1/3 so loai duoc thu thap.
3. M iu vat cua tir 1/3 den 2/3 so loai duoc thu thap.
4. M iu v it cua hon 2/3 so loai duoc thu thip.

BANG 12.

SU CO MAT CUA CAC TAX O N PAPHIOPEDILUM CUA VIET NAM TRONG CAC KHU
b Ao t 6 n v a c a c k h u в ё n g h i b Ao t 6 n .

T e n cac ta x o n P a p h io p e d ilu m S u c o m a t tro n g c a c k h u b a o to n h o a c c h u a

d u o c b a o to n

P. x affine Khong co

P. appletonianum Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

35. N goc Linh (tinh Kon Turn),
38. Chu Yang Sinh (tinh Dac L ie),
42. Nui Ba - Bi D ip (tinh L im Dong).
Cac khu chua duoc bao ton:
91. Chu H o Mu - 2051 m (tinh Khanh Hoa)?

P. x aspersum Khong co

P. barbigerum var. lockianum Khong co

P. callosum Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

36. M om Ray (tinh Kon Turn),
43. Thuorng D a Nhim (tinh L im Dong)?

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 LAN HAI VI$T NAM

P. concolor Cac vudn quoc gia:

1. Ba Be (tinh Вас Kan),
4. Cat Ba (thanh pho Hai Phong).
Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:
20. Huu Lien (tinh Lang Son),
25. Pa Co - Hang Kia (tinh Hoa Binh)?

P. x dalatensis Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

43. Thuong Da Nhim (tinh Lam Dong)?

P. delenatii Cac khu chua duoc bao ton:

91. Chu H o Mu - 2051 m (tinh Khanh Hoa)?,
92. Hon Ba - 1348 m (tinh Khanh Hoa)?

P. dianthum Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

12. Hoang Lien Son (cac tinh Lao Cai va Lai Chau)?,
16. Phong Quang (tinh Ha Giang)?,
25. Pa Co - Hang Kia (tinh Hoa Binh).
Cac khu chua duoc bao ton:
63. Pha Luong - 1880 m (tinh Son La),
68. Pho Bang - 1500 m (tinh Ha Giang)?

P. emersonii Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

17. Na Hang (tinh Tuyen Quang)?

P. gratrixianum Cac vuon quoc gia:

2. Tam Dao (cac tinh Vinh Phiic, Tuyen Quang va Thai Nguyen).
Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:
12. Hoang Lien Son (cac tinh Lao Cai va Lai Chau)?

P. hangianum Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

17. Na Hang (tinh Tuyen Quang).

P. helenae Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

18. Trimg Khanh (tinh Cao Bang)?
Cac khu chua duoc bao ton:
69. Tra Linh - 1000 m (tinh Cao Bang).

P. henryanum Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

16. Phong Quang (tinh Ha Giang)?.
Cac khu chua duoc bao ton:
68. Pho Bang - 1500 m (tinh Ha Giang)?

P. x herrmannii Cac khu chua duoc bao ton:

69. Tra Linh - 1000 m (tinh Cao Bang).

P. hirsutissimum var. chiwuanum Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

14. Xuan Nha (tinh Son La)?,
25. Pa Co - Hang Kia (tinh Hoa Binh).
Cac khu chua duoc bao ton:
63. Pha Luong - 1880 m (tinh Son La)?

Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum Cac vubn quoc gia:

var. esquirolei 5. Cue Phuong (cac tinh Ninh Binh, Hoa Binh va Thanh Hoa).
Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:
14. Xuan Nha (tinh Son La)?,

278
 TUONG LAI ?

18. Triing Khanh (tinh Cao Bang)?,

25. Pa Co - Hang Kia (tinh Hoa Binh).
Cac khu chua duoc bao ton:
63. Pha Luong - 1880 m (tinh Son La)?,
68. Pho Bang - 1500 m (tinh Ha Giang),
69. Tra Linh - 1000 m (tinh Cao Bang),
73. Phu Pha Phong - 1587 m (tinh Hoa Binh)?

P. malipoense var. jackii Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

17. Na Hang (tinh Tuyen Quang).

P. malipoense var. hiepii Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

17. Na Hang (tinh Tuyen Quang)?

P. m alipoense var. malipoense Cac vudn quoc gia:

1. Ba Be (tinh Вас Кап)?
Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:
17. Na Hang (tinh Tuyen Quang),
20. Hiiu Lien (tinh Lang Son),
25. Pa Co - Hang Kia (tinh Hoa Binh),
30. Phong Nha (tinh Quang Binh)?
Cac khu chua duoc bao ton:
63. Pha Luong - 1880 m (tinh Son La),
67. Phu Tha Ca - 2274 m (tinh Ha Giang)?,
68. Pho Bang - 1500 m (tinh Ha Giang)?,
70. Pia La - 1980 m (tinh Cao Bang)?,
73. Phu Pha Phong - 1587 m (tinh Hoa Binh).

P. micranthum Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

16. Phong Quang (tinh Ha Giang),
17. Na Hang (tinh Tuyen Quang).
Cac khu chua duoc bao ton:
67. Phu Tha Ca - 2274 m (tinh Ha Giang)?,
68. Pho Bang - 1500 m (tinh Ha Giang),
69. Tra Linh - 1000 m (tinh Cao Bang),
70. Pia La - 1980 m (tinh Cao Bang)?

P. purpuratum Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

12. Hoang Lien Son (cac tinh Lao Cai va Lai Chau)?

P. tranlienianum Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

17. Na Hang (tinh Tuyen Quang)?

P. vietnamense Khong co

P. villosum var. annamense Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

36. Mom Ray (tinh Kon Turn),
38. Chu Yang Sinh (tinh Dac Lac),
42. Ntii Ba - Bi Dup (tinh Lam Dong).
Cac khu chua dupe bao ton:
91. Chu H o Mu - 2051 m (tinh Khanh Hoa)?

P. villosum var. boxallii Cac khu bao ton thien nhien:

12. Hoang Lien Son (cac tinh Lao Cai va Lai Chau)?

? = Cac khu d do taxon Paphipedilum tuong ung chua gap nhung co nhieu kha nang se gap.

279
 LAN HAI VIET NAM

C ac m uc do dieu tra thuc vat:

67 — Khong hay khong co mau vat duoc thu thap

48 — C hua den */3 s6 loai dupe thu thap

J 2 — Tii */з den 2/з s<5 loai dupe thu thap

5 2 —Н рп 2/ 3 so loai da dupe thu thap

C am p uchia

280
 TUONG LAI ?

MOt vai P ap h io p ed ilu m 6 V iet N am d a d uoc p h a t h ie n tai cac khu b ao to n v a cac khu vuc
duoc de nghi th an h lap k h u b ao to n (B ang 12). T uy n h ien d a so cac q u a n th e d a d u o c b ie t den
cu a chiing d eu lai g ap d n h u n g noi ch u a th u o c h e th o n g cac k h u bao to n c h in h thuc. T at ca
nhung noi nay can cac b ie n p h ap bao ve cap th ie t va co h ieu q u a de bao ve n o i song cac L an
H ai. N eu khong co cac h o a t d o n g n h u vay thi c o h o i song sot c u a cac L an H ai d ac turn V iet
N am la khong co.
C ac b ien p h ap sau day co the gitip bao to n chiing n g o ai tu nhien:
• D ieu tra p h a n loai khain cap m o t each chinh xac 6 ta t ca cac k h u bao to n de p h a t h ie n xem
co cac q uan the ciia P a p h io p ed ilu m to n tai 6 d o h ay k h o n g , tir do d u a ra cac b ie n p hap
quan ly v a b a o ve co h ieu qua.
• P hat h ien cac q u a n the P a p h io p ed ilu m co n sot lai tai cac k h u vuc c h u a th u o c he th o n g cac
khu bao to n ciia V iet N am n h am d u a ra cac b ie n p h ap b ao ve co hieu q u a v a n g an ngua
thu chiing d cac k h u vuc nay.
• P he chu an cac lu at ciia C h in h phii v e b ao ve tat ca cac L an H ai tu n h ien c u a V ie t N am .
T a t ca cac P a p h io p ed ilu m can p h ai duoc d u a v ao S ach d d V iet N am tro n g lan x u a t ban
tdi nhu la cac cay can d uoc ch in h thuc b ao ve.
• M d rong viec g iao due co n g d o n g v e m uc d ic h cu a b ao to n va n h u cau b ao v e cac loai
hiem va dac him n h u la m o t p h an cu a di san q uoc gia. T u y en tru y en ro n g ra i v e b ao ve
chinh thiic v a cam b u o n b an tu d o ciing n hu x u at k h a u trai p h ep cac L an H ai h o an g dai
cu a V iet N am . C ac th o n g tin n h u v ay c u n g se la m g iam bdt m ile d o tim k ie m v a th u thap
ciia ngu di d an d ia p h u o n g doi v d i cac L a n H ai nay.
• N gan cam co h ieu q u a viec k hai thac th u o n g m ai k h o n g duoc p h ep cac L an H ai tu n hien
cu a cac ca n h a n v a cac co n g ty tu nhan, d ieu d an tru e tiep d en su b ie n m a t n hanh ch o n g
nguon tai n g u y en th ien n h ien nay.
• N ang cao su h ieu b iet x a h o i v e у n g h ia cu a v iec b ao ve co h ieu q u a n g u o n tai n g u y en
thien n h ien doi v d i v iec p h at trien du lich sinh th ai, g iao due, lam v u d n , lai tao, chon
giong, d a d an g sinh hoc v a cac loi ich k h ac cu a q uoc gia.
• D ieu tra c o b an v a to an dien ve noi p h an bo, sinh h o c, sinh thai v a cac nhu cau tu n hien
ciia cac L an H ai m o c tu n h ien d e lam c o c d k h o a h o c can th iet ch o viec b ao to n chiing
m o t each со h ieu qua.
• T hu th ap d u n g lu at m 0 t luomg gidi h an cac cay L an H ai tu n hien de lam n g u o n tao giong
b an th eo d u n g p h ap luat, d u a trd lai va phuc hdi cac q u an th e ciia c h u n g tro n g tu nhien.
• K idm tra v a n g an ch an n hap khau b at h o p p h a p cac n g u o n L an H ai tu n h ien tu V ie t N am
do c o q u an th am q u y e n C IT E S ciia cac n ude n h ap k h au th u c h ien . T ra lai cac cay d a tich
thu duoc v'e n o i x u at p h a t ciia chiing.
• V an pho ng IU C N v a C IT E S phai giai th ich ch in h thuc cho b a n b ien ta p cac tap ch i L an
duoc m oi n g u d i ua th ich ve h au q u a tieu cue d d i vd i v iec b ao ve th ien n h ien ciia b at ky
cong bd hoac q u an g cao nao ve cac L an duoc n h ap к hau bait h o p phap.

Hinh 218 (doi dien). Nhiing khu bao ton ciia Viet Nam va cac khu co muc d0 bao ton uu tien cao nhung chua
duoc cong nhan la khu bao ton. Ten ciia chung duoc gidi thieu d Bang 11.
M uc do dieu tra thuc vat duoc the hien theo cac mau khac nhau (den- khong hoac hau nhu khong co m 4u vat nao ducrc
thu thap va luu trir; xanh nude bien - chua den 1/3 so loai duoc thu thap; xanh la cay - tir 1/3 den 2 /3 so loai duoc thu thap,
d o - hon 2/3 so loai da duoc thu thap.

281
 L O I C A M ON

R at nhieu th o n g tin d u o c trin h b a y tro n g c u o n sach n ay b a t n g u o n tit m o t lo at cac cu o c

d ieu tra d uoc tai tr a b o i cac to chiic sau:

• H o i D ia L y Q u o c G ia H o a K y (cac tai tro ch o n g h ien ciiu “K h u h e th u c v a t niii c a o n am

V iet N am ", 5 0 9 4 -9 3 , 5 8 0 3 -9 6 , 63 8 3 -9 8 ; “K h u he th u c v at nUi d a vo i tin h C ao B an g , bdc
V iet N a m ”, 630 0 -9 8 ; “D ieu tra thuc v at tai n h u n g k h u v u c ch u a d u o c k h a m p h a tai m ien
b ac V iet N am ", (6733 - 00);
• Q u y K h o a H qc Q u o c G ia H o a K y (tai tro ch o h o p tac “ D ieu tra n h ieu ta x o n tai cac k h u
b ao to n bi de d o a 6 V ie t N am " D E B -9 8 7 0 2 3 1 );
• H o i L a n H o a K y (cac tai tro ch o “D ie u tra cac lo ai P a p h io p e d ilu m c u a V ie t N a m b i tu y et
chiing"; “D ieu tra k h u h e L an m pc tren c h a t n en can x i bi tu y e t c h u n g ta i nhiing k h u vuc
da voi hiCm tro k h o tori c u a b ac V ie t N am ".
• T o chiic B ao to n D o n g th u c v a t H o a n g d a Q u o c te (F F I) (tai tro ch o n g h ie n ciiu “ S u
p h an bo cu a P a p h io p e d ilu m v ietn am en se v a h ie n tran g n g o ai th ien n h ien c u a no");
• U y b a n B a o to n h o i L a n S a n D ie g o (S an D ieg o C o u n ty O rch id S o ciety C o n serv atio n
C o m m ittee) (tai tr a c h o “D ie u tra cac lo ai P ap h io p e d ilu m m oc tren c h a t n e n can x i bi
tu y et ch u n g tai M e V ie t N am ").
• P h o n g L u u tr u L a n T O B U , T o k y o (T O B U D e p a r tm e n t S to re , T o k y o ) (tai tr a cho
“D ieu tra cac lo ai P ap h io p ed ilu m bi tu y e t c h u n g 6 bac V ie t N am " n am 1999 d ieu tra tai
tin h H a G iang).

C hiing toi x in ch an th an h cam o n V ien tru d n g v a cac p h o n g b a n ch u c n a n g c u a V ien S in h

th a i v a T ai n g u y en S in h v at th u o c T ru n g ta m K h o a ho c T u n h ien v a C o n g n g h e Q u o c g ia V iet
N am d a giiip d o to chiic v a x in g iay p h ep ch o c ac ch u y en d ie u tra thuc v at ciing n h u d a cho
p h ep chiing toi n g h ie n cu u cac m iu v at k h o tu y e t v o i d u o c lu u g iu tro n g P h o n g tieu b a n T h u c
v at cu a V ien.
L. A very an o v m u o n b ay to lo n g cam cm d ac b ict to i b a n lan h dao v a cac p h o n g b a n chiic
n ang cung n h u to an th e n h an v ie n c u a P h an V ie n S in h h o c D a L a t ve lo n g h ie u k h ach , tin h
dong n ghiep v a n h u n g su giiip d o tro n g viec n g h ien ciiu b o suu tap cac lo ai L a n d a n g d u o c
tro n g 6 P h an V ien q u a cac lan o n g to i lam v iec 6 day. C hiing to i d ac b iet b ie t o n o n g
N .V .D u y , c an bo va la n g u o i q u a n ly vucm L an c u a P h a n V ien vi cac m 4u h o a n g am c o n cu a
cac loai chiing toi q u a n tam .
C hiing toi dac b ie t cam o n b a C aro l W o o d in ve cac biic v e tu y et v o i 6 b ia c u o n sach v a
cun g cam on с о q u a n th am q u y en C IT E S H o a K y d a c h o p h e p b a ve ch o c u o n sach n ay n h u n g
cay da tich thu duoc. C hiing to i m u o n bay to lo n g b ie t o n to i cac o n g E .G rell, F .F u c h s, M r.
E. M o khov, H .O k u y am a v a S on H a d a ch o p h ep sit d u n g cac biic an h tu y e t v o i c u a h o d e m in h
h o a cho cuon sach; v a M ark C h ase d a c h o p h ep su d u n g h in h 29.
V iec h o an th an h c u d n sach n ay ch i co th e co d u o c n h o su giiip d o c u a rat n h ieu d o n g
n ghiep, ch in h q u y en cac d ia p h u o n g , cac c a n b o c u a C u e K iem lam , B o N o n g n g h ie p v a P h a t
trien n o n g th o n V iet N am , n h u n g n g u o i n g h ien ciiu ru n g 6 d ia p h u o n g , cac n g u o i th u h ai rM u,
nhung nguoi dan du o n g v a k h u a n v ac d ia p h u o n g cu n g ra t n h ieu n g u o i k h ac d a giiip d o chiing

283
 LAN HAl VI$T NAM

toi tro n g n h u n g c h u y en d ieu tra tai n h u n g d ia didm x a xoi. C hiing to i x in th an h th at cam on

nhiing su giiip d o quy b au do.
C h u n g to i ra t b ie t o n cac b an be d o n g nghiep g an g u i n h u D .H ard er, N .X .T am , N .Q .H ieu ,
D .T .D o an , P .H .H o an g , N .Q .B in h , N .T .V in h , N .T .B a n v a D .D .H u y en , n h u n g n g u d i d a th am
g ia vao rat n h ieu cuoc d ieu tra th u c v at k h o k h a n tren to a n d a t nude.
C hiing tdi cu n g m u o n b ay to lo n g cam o n td i E ric C h risten so n , H ele n C o n g leto n , L ois
D uffin, O la f G ru ss, N o rito H ase g aw a , H aro ld K o o p o w itz, H o lg e r P em er, P au l P h illip s,
N o rris P o w ell, C h u ck S p ain v a P at W o rth in g to n , n h u n g n g u d i d a d u a ra n h ieu у k ie n giiip
chiing tdi tro n g v iec d ieu tra n g h ie n ciiu v e P ap h io p ed ilu m ; td i A . F a rjo n v a P. B o y ce, nhiing
ngudi d a doc v a g o p у c h o b a n th ao c u o n sach nay; v a td i S u zy D ick erso n , Jo h n H arris v a
C h ris B eard , nhiing n g u d i d a ch u a n b i de ch o c u o n sach d uoc x u at ban.
C hiing td i ciing c am o n nh iin g n g u d i co th a m q u y e n c u a V ie n T h u c v at K o m aro v th u o c
V ien H an lam K h o a h o c L ie n B an g N g a v a V u d n T h u c vat H o a n g g ia A n h , K ew d a ch o p h ep
chiing td i su d u n g nhiing p h u o n g tien dd h o a n th an h c h u y e n k h a o nay tro n g g id la m v iec
c h in h thuc.

284
 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

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 b A n g c h i d A n c A c t e n k h o a HO C
Abelia 125,250 Alstonia 28
Abies delavayi 37 A. spathulata 45
Acacia 103,179 Altingia 203
Acampe 18 Amentotaxus 70,212
A. ochracea 32 A. argotaenia 25,110,124,164,197,242,249
A.papillosa 43 A. hatuyenensis 26
A. rigida 25,102,151,179,188 A.poilanei 38
Acanthaceae 16,25,30,102 Amitostigma bidupense 41
Acanthephippium odoratum 30 A. guizhouensis 173
A. simplex 34,204 A. keiskeoides 41
A. striatum 34,204 Amomum 102,179,204
Acer 25,28,34,110,124,167,174,187,196,203, Amoora 28,41
212,242 Amorphophallus 102,136,164,204
Aceraceae 28,34 A. paeonifolius 23,102,179
Acriopsis indica 32,43 Anacardiaceae 16,19,28,30,33,41,151
A. liliifolia 32,43 Ancistrocladaceae 30
Acronychia laurifolia 45 Ancistrocladus cochinchinensis 30
Actinodaphne 34,203,212 Anemone 125
Adenoncos vesiculosa 43 Angiopteris 34,213
Adiantum 164,253 Anisophyllea 28
A. caudatum 102,179 Anneslea 37,213
A. gravesii 102,136,138,179 Annonaceae 16,25,41,151
Adina 30,41 Anoectochilus 18
Adinandra 37,213 A. acalcaratus 34,214
Aerides 18,83,274 A. calcareus 28,125,167,197,198,242,253
A. crassifolia 43 A. chapaensis 34
A.falcata 32,43 A.daoensis 204
A. houlletiana 32,43 A. elwesii 34,204
A. multiflora 43 A. lanceolatus 34,204
A. odorata 21,32,164,187 A .lylei 34,214
A. rosea 25,187,242 A.roxburghii 28,30,34,204,214
Aeschynanthus 213 A. setaceus 242
A. moningeriae 40 A. siamensis 30,34
Afzelia 41 A. sikkimensis 34,204
Agapetes 37,125,212,250 A. tridentatus 34,204
Aglaia 19,28,41 Anogeissus 19,41
Aglaonema 102,136,164,179 Anthocephalus chinensis 44
Agrostophyllum brevipes 32 Anthogonium gracile 43
A. callosum 32,35,198,213 Antrophyum 102,179
A.planicaule 32 Aphyllorchis annamensis 30,34,51
Ainsleya 25,111,125,242,253 A. evrardii 30,34
Alangium 25,110,242 A. montana 30,34
Albizia 37,41 Apocynaceae 16,28,151
Allospondias lakonensis 102,178 Apodytes 30
Alloteropsis 41 Apostasia 59
Alnus 212 A. nuda 34
A. nepalensis 124 A. odorata 34
Alocasia 102,179 A. wallichii 34,204,214
Alpinia 25,102, 111, 179,204,242 Apostasioideae 58,59
A. blepharocalyx 31 Appendicula cornuta 35,214

295
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

A. gracilis 35,213 Belvisia 213

A .hexandra 3 2 ,3 5 ,9 5 ,2 1 4 Berberis 125,250
A. reflexa 2 7 ,3 5 ,2 1 4 Betula 212
Aquifoliaceae 30 Betulaceae 34
Araceae 16,25 Biermannia calcarata 2 1 ,3 2 ,5 0
Arachnis 274 Bignoniaceae 41
A. annamensis 3 3 ,4 3 ,5 2 Biophytum 136
A. cannaeformis 43 Bischofia 28
A. hookeriana 43 Blastus 204, 213
A. labrosa 43 Bletilla ochracea 28
A. maingayi 43 Bombacaceae 41
Araliaceae 34 Bombax 41
Archidendron 37 Brachycorythis galeandra 43
Ardisia 34, 125, 136, 179, 197, 204, 213, 250 B. laotica 3 2 ,4 3 , 53
Arecaceae 16 Brachypetalum 61, 63, 65
Arenga pinnata 10 2 ,1 3 6 ,1 5 1 ,1 7 9 Brachypeza laotica 43
Argostemma 213 Brassaiopsis 212
Arisaema 25, 102, 111, 125, 136, 164, 179, 204, В . glomerulata 102,178
242.253 Breynia 37
A.franchetianum 26 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 45
Artocarpus 28,41 B. sexangula 45
Arundina chinensis 32 Buchanania 41
A . graminifolia 28,45 Bulbophyllum 18, 163, 173
Arundinella 41 B. affine 32
Asarum 125, 136, 179 B.am brosia 27, 111, 125, 163, 170, 187, 197,204
Asclepiadaceae 16 242 ,2 5 3 ,2 6 8
Ascocentrum 274 B. andersonii 27, 50
A . christensonianum 43 В . arcuatilabium 188
A. curvifolium 43 B. astelidum 32
A. garayi 43, 53 В . averyanovii 3 2 ,4 3 ,5 1
Ascolabium pusillum 43, 53 B. bariense 43
Aspidistra 23, 25, 102, 111, 125, 136, 164, 179, B. blepharistes 32, 43, 53
197.20 4 .2 4 2 .2 5 3 B. bryoides 32
Asplenium 102, 125, 164, 197,213,253 B. careyanum 32
A. antrophyoides 102,179 B. catenarium 32
A .belangeri 1 36,138,179 B. crassiusculifolium 32, 35, 213
A. griffithianum 1 36,139,179 B. dayanum 43
A. nidus 102, 179 В . delitescens 35 ,5 0
A. tenuifolium 136, 139, 179 B. devangiriense 32
A. unilaterale 136, 139, 179 B. elassonotum 32, 35, 43
Asteraceae 16, 25,5 9 B .frostii 3 2 ,3 5 ,5 2
Avicennia alba 45 B. hiepii 32
A. marina 47 B .hirtum 2 7 ,3 2 ,1 9 8
A. officinalis 45 В . hymenanthum 35,213
Baccaurea 30 B. lemniscatoides 43
Baeckia frutescens 45 B.longiflorum 35,213
Balanophora 23, 34 B .luanii 35,213
B. taxiflora 40 B .m acraei 27, 111, 125, 187, 197,242,253
Balsamiaceae 34 B.m aculosum 125,197,253
Barringtonia 95 B. monanthum 35
B. asiatica 46 В . ngoclinhensis 3 9 ,5 1 ,2 1 3
Bauhinia 103, 179 В . odoratissimum 3 2 ,3 5 ,2 1 3
Beaumontia grandiflora 103,179 B.orientale 35,43
Begonia 2 5 ,3 4 , 102, 111, 125, 136, 138, 164, 174, B. pecten-veneris 32, 35
179, 1 9 7 ,2 0 4 ,2 1 3 ,2 4 2 ,2 5 3 B.picturatum 35
Begoniaceae 34 B .pinicolum 39

296
 BANG CHI DAN CAC TfiN KHOA HOC

B .pum ilio 39 Cattleya 61

B.purpureifolium 2 7 ,4 9 , 111, 125, 138, 163, 179, Celastraceae 16, 151
187, 188, 197,19 8 ,2 4 2 ,2 5 3 Celastrus 2 5,110, 124,242, 249
B .putidum 35 Celtis 28,41
B. refractum 43 Cephalantheropsis longipes 28, 30, 34
B. reptans 27, 39, 127, 170, 198,213, 253,270 C. obcordata 30, 34, 204
B. retusiusculum 27, 32, 35, 213, 268, 270 Cephalotaxus 70
B. semiteretifolium 39 C. mannii 25, 35, 110, 124, 164, 212, 249
B. sessile 32 Ceratostylis himalaica 21, 27, 32, 35, 39, 127,
B. sigaldiae 32, 35, 52 170, 187, 198, 205,213, 243,253
B. thaiorum 39 C .radiata 3 2 ,3 5 ,2 0 5 ,2 1 3
B .tixieri 35,214 C. siamensis 32, 35
B. tripudians 43 C .subulata 3 2 ,3 5 ,2 1 3
B. umbellatum 27, 32 Ceriops tagal 45
B. xylophyllum 27 Chaetocarpus 30
Burretiodendron 19 Chamaegastrodia poilanei 34
B .hsienm u 21, 102, 110, 135, 143, 151, 164, 178, Cheirostylis 18
187,242 C. bipunctata 27, 125, 170, 197, 198, 253
Burseraceae 28, 30,41 C .chinensis 27,151
Caesalpinia godefroyana 45 C. cochinchinensis 27
Calamus 103, 179 C. eglandulosa 164
C. bousigonii 30 C. marmorifolia 27, 28, 188
C. pseudoscutellaris 30 C. sinensis 108
C. rudentum 31 C. spathulata 27
C. tetradactylus 30 C. takeoi 27
Calanthe 18,274 С . yunnanensis 27, 102, 103, 125, 151, 179,253
C. aleizettii 48, 242, 253 Chiloschista exuperei 43
C. alismaefolia 19, 28, 138, 151, 179, 197 C .parishii 43
C. angusta 19 C. trudelii 27
C. argenteostriata 28, 111, 151, 163, 170, 197, Chirita 23, 136, 164, 179
242 C. drakei 151
C .clavata 214 C .hiepii 151
C. densiflora 34, 214 Chisochelon 19, 28, 30
C .herbacea 1 9 ,3 4 ,2 0 4 Chloranthaceae 34
C. lyroglossa 30, 34, 95 Chloranthus 34, 212
C. sylvatica 34 Choerospondias 19, 151
C. triplicata 19,28, 138, 151, 164, 179 C. axillaris 102,178
C. velutina 34, 52 Christensonia 18, 274
Callostylis rigida 21, 27, 33, 35, 103, 111, 179, C. vietnamica 43
2 0 4,213,243 Chukrasia tabularis 102, 135, 143, 151, 164, 178
Calocedrus macrolepis 25, 110, 124, 164, 167, Cibotium 3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 3
249 Cinnamomum 19, 28, 30, 34, 102, 135, 143, 151,
Calophyllum 25, 28, 30, 136, 151, 178 164, 178, 1 9 6 ,2 0 3 ,2 0 4 ,2 1 2
Campylotropis bonii 187 Cleidion 102, 136, 178
Canarium 1 9 ,2 8 ,4 1 ,2 3 5 Cleisocentron klossii 51
Canthium 25 Cleisomeria lanatum 43
C. didymum 45 Cleisostoma 18, 164
Carex 25, 125, 164, 197,242,253 C. aspersum 21
C .indica 136,179 C.birm anicum 2 7 ,3 2 ,3 5 ,2 0 5 ,2 1 3
C .phankei 174 C. crochelii 27
Carpinus 2 5 ,3 4 , 110, 124, 164, 167, 196,212, C. discolor 35
242,249 С . duplicilobum 3 2 ,3 5 ,2 1 3
Caryodaphnopsis 19 C. equestre 43
Caryota sympetala 34 С . fuerstenbergianum 21, 27, 32, 103, 179
Cassia 41 C. inflatum 43
Castanopsis 28, 30, 34, 203, 212, 235 С . paniculatum 25, 125, 188, 197,242,253

297
 LAN HAI VI$T NAM

C.rostratum 2 1 ,2 7 ,1 0 2 , 103, 138, 151, 179,187, Cryptochilus luteus 2 7 ,4 8 , 125,253

242 Cryptostylis arachnites 2 8 ,3 2 , 34
C. striatum 2 5 ,3 5 , 103, 127, 164,179, 198,205, Ctenitopsis 34, 213
213,2 4 2 ,2 5 3 Cunninghamia konishii 37
C. williamsonii 21 ,2 7 , 3 2 ,3 5 ,2 1 3 Cupressus 70
Cleisostomopsis 18 C. torulosa 25
Clematis sp. 26 Curculigo 34, 102, 179,204,213
Clerodendron inerme 45 Cyathea 34,203, 213
Clusiaceae 1 9 ,2 5 ,2 8 ,3 0 ,3 4 Cycas 151
Coelogyne 18, 164, 173, 188, 268, 274 C. balansae 23, 25
C. assamica 35, 205 C. brachycantha 151
C. brachyptera 35 C. hainanensis 25
C. calcicola 39,213 C. inermis 45
C. cycnoches 35,213 C. miquelii 25
С. eberhardtii 35,213 C. multifrondis 25
C.filipeda 39 C.pectinata 44
C.fim briata 2 1 ,2 7 ,3 5 , 102, 103, 111, 125, 164, C. rumphii 45
170,179, 187, 1 8 8 ,1 9 7 ,2 0 5 ,2 1 3 , 242, 253, C. taiwaniana 25
268,270 Cyclosorus 34, 136, 164, 179
C. lawrenceana 35 Cylindrokelupha 34
С. lentiginosa 32,43 Cymbidium 1 8 ,7 1 ,274
C .lockii 2 7 ,1 2 5 ,1 9 7 ,1 9 8 ,2 5 3 C. aloifolium 21, 27, 3 2 ,4 3 ,9 3 , 102, 151, 179,
C. malipoensis 2 7 ,4 9 , 111, 125, 197, 198, 253 188,268,270
C.m ooreana 39,213 C. atropurpureum 32, 43
C. ridleyi 39 C. bicolor 2 1 ,2 7 ,3 2 ,4 3 ,9 3
C . rigida 39 C. cyperifolium 32
C .sanderae 3 5 ,5 1 ,2 1 3 C. dayanum 32
C. schultesii 27, 39, 197, 198 C. devonianum 39
C. stricta 35 C. eburneum 39, 213
C. viscosa 32, 35 C. ensifolium 19, 28, 34,125, 164,214, 242,253
Colania 136,179 С .floribundum 2 7 ,49, 111, 125, 170,242, 253
Collabiopsis formosanum 34 C.forrestii 142
Collabium 95 C. insigne 39
C . assamicum 34, 204 C .kanran 142
C. chinense 34, 204 C. lancifolium 19, 28, 30, 34, 102, 111, 125, 138,
C. chloranthum 34 1 6 4 ,1 7 9 ,2 1 4 ,2 4 2 ,2 5 3 ,2 6 8
Colocasia 102, 179 C. lowianum 39
Colysis 102,179,253 C .schroederi 35,213
Combretaceae 19, 30,41 C .sinense 1 9 ,2 8 ,3 0 ,3 4
Combretum 103, 179 C. suavissimum 27, 164, 170, 242
Coniogramme 213 C. wilsonii 34
Cordula appletoniana 219 Cyperaceae 16
C. callosa 230 Cypripedioideae 58,5 9
C. esquirolei 159 Cypripedium 55, 5 9 ,6 1 ,6 8 ,7 9
C. gratrixiana 199 C. appletonianum 218,222
C. hirsutissima 156 C. barbatum var. warnerianum 233
C.purpurata 236 C. bullenianum 222
C. villosa 208 C. bullenianum var. appletonianum 218
Cornus 124,249 C. calceolus 57
Corymborkis veratrifolia 19, 30, 138, 151, 179 C. callosum Rchb.f. 230,233
Costus speciosus 102, 179 C. concolor 145
Craibiodendron 37, 212 C. concolor var. tonkinense 83
Cratoxylon 30 C. crossii 230,233
Crinum asiaticum 47 C. delenatii 89
Crypsinus 213,253 C. form osanum 57
Cryptocarya 30, 3 4 ,1 0 2 ,1 7 8 , 203,212 C. gratrixianum 199, 202

298
 BANG CHI DAN CAC TfiN KHOA HOC

C. hirsutissimum Lindl. ex Hook. 156 D . khanhoaense 35,213

C. insigne 85 D. langbianense 35,213
C. irapeanum 61 D .lindleyi 2 1 ,2 7 ,3 2 ,4 3 ,1 0 3 , 138, 151, 179, 187,
C. macranthos 57 243,268
C. poyntzianum O ’Brien 218,233 D. linguella 21, 35, 205
C. purpuratum Lindl. 236, 239 D. loddigesii 27, 188, 242
C. schmidtianum 230, 233 D. longicornu 27, 3 5 ,48, 127, 170, 205, 243,253
C. sect. Barbata 218 D. lomatochilum 35, 43
C. sect. Concoloria 145 D. nobile 2 1 ,2 7 ,3 2 , 35,127, 1 9 7 ,2 0 5 ,2 1 3 ,2 4 3 ,
C. sect. Insignia 155 253
C. sinicum 236, 239 D. nobile var. alboluteum 2 1 ,5 0
C. subtropicum 61 D. ochraceum 32, 53
C. villosum 208 D. ochreatum 27
С . wolterianum 218 D. oligophyllum 32, 35
С. X ventricosum 57 D . pachyglossum 35
Cyrtomium 125, 197, 253 D .parishii 2 1 ,3 2 ,3 5 ,1 5 1
C. hemionitis 174 D .podagraria 43
C . pachyphyllum 174 D . porphyrophyllum 32,43
Cyrtosia javanica 2 1,2 8 D. pseudotenellum 43
Dacrycarpus imbricatus 25, 30, 35, 37, 212 D. salaccense 32
Dacrydium elatum 25, 30, 35, 37, 135, 178, 212 D. secundum 43, 53
Dacryodes 28 D .sociale 35,214
Dalhergia 41 D. stuartii 32
Datiscaceae 19,41 D. terminate 32
Davallia 253 D. thyrsiflorum 27 ,3 2 , 127, 170, 197, 253
Deceptor 18 D. truncatum 27, 32,43
Dendrobium 1 8,164,274 D. unicum 3 2 ,4 3 ,53
D. acinaciforme 21, 27, 32, 127, 138, 151, 179, D. uniflorum 32, 35
187.243.253 D. virgineum 39, 213
D. aduncum 21, 35, 164,205,243 D .w a ttii 39,213
D . alleizettii 35,214 D. wardianum 21
D. amabile 32, 35 Desmos 204
D .anosm um 2 1,3 2 Dichroa 213
D. aphyllum 32, 35 Dicliptera 213
D .bellatulum 35,213 Didimoplexiopsis khiriwongensis 21, 28, 30, 50
D . cariniferum 2 7 ,3 5 ,2 1 3 D. violacea 138
D. chittimae 198 Didymoplexis pallens 21, 28
D. christyanum 39 Diglyphosa evrardii 34
D. chrysanthum 27, 102, 103, 127, 170, 179, 188, Dillenia 41
197.242.253 D. hookeri 44
D. crystallim m 3 2 ,3 5 ,4 3 ,2 1 3 Dilleniaceae 41
D. crumenatum 43 Dimocarpus 25
D. dalatense 35 D. longan 102, 136, 179
D. ellipsophyllum 32, 35 Dioscorea 187
D. exile 43 Diospyros 19, 2 5 ,4 1 , 102, 151, 178
D .farm eri 3 2 ,3 5 ,4 3 Diplazium 125,213,253
D . faulhaberianum 21, 35, 205 Dipterocarpaceae 1 9 ,2 8 ,3 0 ,3 3 ,4 1
D .fim briatum 2 7 ,3 2 ,3 5 , 111, 170, 188,214,242, Dipterocarpus 2 8 ,4 1 ,1 3 5 ,2 3 5
270 D. alatus 44
D. gratiosissimum 32, 3 5 ,4 3 , 213 Dischidia 41, 103, 179
D. guangxiense 49 D. acuminata 103
D. henryi 204 Disporum 25, 111, 125, 1 6 4 ,2 1 3 ,2 4 2 ,2 5 3
D. hercoglossum 21, 35, 205 Doritis pulcherrima 33
D. heterocarpum 32, 35 Dracaena cambodiana 102, 179
D. indivisum 43 Dracontomelum 19,41,151

299
 LAN HAl VlfiT NAM

D. duperreanum 102, 178 E. pubescens 27, 32, 138, 179

Drynaria 41 E. pusilla 27, 32, 127, 164, 204, 243, 253
Dysoxylon 28 E. rhombodalis 27, 1 2 5 ,1 8 7 ,1 8 8 ,2 4 3 ,2 5 3 , 270
D. rubrocostatum 31 E. siamensis 27, 39, 125, 188, 197,213,253
Ebenaceae 19,25,41 E. spirodela 33
Elaeocarpaceae 2 8 ,3 0 ,3 4 E. sutepensis 2 7 ,5 0 ,1 0 3 , 127, 164,179,188, 197,
Elaeocarpus 2 8 ,3 0 , 3 4 ,1 0 2 ,1 2 4 , 178, 197, 203, 243,253
204, 212, 249 E .th a o 3 2 ,3 9 ,5 1 ,1 6 4 ,2 0 5 ,2 1 3 ,2 5 3
Elatostema 25, 102, 111, 125, 136, 164, 179, 197, E. tomentosa 35, 95
253 E. truncata 35
Embelia 103, 179 Ericaceae 16,37
Endospermum 28 Eriobotrya 25, 124, 197,212,249
Engelhardia 30, 34, 203, 212 Erioglossum 41
Entada phaseoloides 103, 179 Erythrina fusca 44
Eparmatostigma dives 3 2,43 Erythrodes blumei 19
Epidendroideae 58,5 9 Erythrophleum 19
Epigeneium amplum 2 7 ,3 3 ,3 5 , 111, 125, 127, 187, E .fordii 31, 151
1 8 8 .1 9 7 .1 9 8 .2 0 5 .2 1 3 .2 4 3 .2 5 3 .2 6 8 .2 7 0 Erythrorchis ochobiensis 21
E. cacuminis 3 5 ,3 9 ,2 1 3 Eugenia 34 ,4 1 , 204
E. chapaense 27, 3 9 ,4 8 ,1 2 7 ,1 7 0 ,1 8 7 , 198,205, E .angkae 211
2 13.2 4 3 .2 5 3 Eulophia andamanensis 32,43
Epipactis atromarginata 32 E .fla va 32,43
Epipogium roseum 2 1 ,2 8 ,3 0 E. graminea 32, 43
Eria 18, 173 E. macrobulbon 32, 43
E. acervata 32, 35,43 E. macrostachya 32
E. albidotomentosa 32 E .pauciflora 43
E. arnica 32, 39 E .pulchra 43
E. apertiflora 2 7 ,3 2 ,2 1 3 E. spectabilis 32, 34, 43
E .bidupensis 35,213 Euonymus 2 5 ,1 1 0 ,1 2 4 ,1 8 7 ,2 0 4 , 242,249
E. biflora 35 Euphorbiaceae 1 6 ,2 5 ,2 8 , 30, 33, 37, 151
E. bipunctata 39 Eurya 3 4 ,3 7 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2 ,2 1 3
E. boniana 27, 253 Fabaceae 16, 19, 30, 3 4 ,3 7 ,4 1
E. carinata 27 Fagaceae 1 6 ,2 8 ,3 0 ,3 3 ,3 4 ,3 7 ,4 1
E. carunculosa 35 Fernandoa 102,178
E. clausa 27, 32, 35 Ficus 1 9 ,2 5 ,2 8 ,3 4 ,4 1 ,1 0 2 ,1 3 5 ,1 3 6 ,1 4 3 , 151,
E. cochinchinensis 43 164, 178, 1 7 9 ,2 0 4 ,2 1 2 ,2 4 9
E. corneri 27, 32,268 Flacourtiaceae 151
E.coronaria 2 7 ,5 0 , 111, 125, 164, 170, 188, 197, Flagellaria indica 47
2 4 3 .2 5 3 .2 7 0 Flickingeria 138, 164, 179, 197,205,268
E . crassifolia 188 F. angustifolia 32, 35, 213
E. diversicolor 253 F.fim briata 2 5 ,2 7 ,3 2 ,3 3 ,3 5 ,2 1 4
E. eriopsidobulbon 32 F.forcipata 32
E .floribunda 35 F. ritaeana 35, 213
E .foetida 35, 205, 253 Fokienia hodginsii 25, 37, 38, 70, 71, 124, 212,
E . gagnepainii 3 4 ,4 8 ,2 0 4 ,2 1 4 242,249
E. globifera 39,213 Fraxinus 34,213
E. globulifera 35, 127, 164, 187, 197, 253 Freycinetia 30, 34, 95
E. lactiflora 35, 213 Galeola 83
E. lanigera 35 G. nudifolia 34, 48
E. lasiopetala 35 Garcinia 19, 30, 34, 124, 164, 203,2 4 2 ,2 4 9
E. muscicola 32, 95 Gardenia 37
E. obscura 32, 43 Gastrochilus calceolaris 32, 35, 213
E. paniculata 27, 32, 35, 39, 213 G. hainanensis 35
E .pannea 2 1 ,2 7 ,3 2 ,3 5 ,3 9 ,4 3 ,9 5 , 127, 164, G. intermedius 32,35
1 9 8 .2 0 5 .2 1 3 .2 4 3 .2 5 3 G . minutiflorus 27 ,1 6 4 ,1 8 8
E .perpusilla 32 G. pseudodistichus 27, 35, 213, 243

300
 BANG CHI DAN CAC TfiN KHOA HOC

G. simplicilabius 35, 213 H .pauciflora 30

Gastrodia taiensis 41 H. rubens 19
Gaultheria 212 Heteropogon 41
Geodorum 45 Heynea 28
G. attenuatum 19, 30,43 Histiopteris 213
G. densiflorum 3 0,43 Holcoglossum 274
G .pulchellum 3 0,4 3 H. amesianum 35
G. recurvum 30, 43 H. lingulatum 35
G. siamense 30,43 H. subulifolium 35,213
Gesneriaceae 25, 102 H. wangii 2 7 ,49, 127, 170,198, 243,253
Gironniera 3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2 Holoptelea 41
G. subaequalis 235 Hopea 28,41
Gleditsia 2 1 ,1 1 0 ,2 4 2 Horsfieldia 30
Gleichenia 95 Hoya 41, 103, 179
Gloriosa superba 31 Humata 213
Glyptopetalum tonkinensis 23 H. repens 95
Gnetum gnemon 95 Hygrochilus 274
Goodyera foliosa 19, 34, 41, 214 H .parishii 2 5 ,3 5 ,1 8 8 , 213, 243
G .fum ata 1 9 ,3 4 ,2 1 4 Hymenophyllum 204,213
G. hispida 19, 28, 127, 198, 242, 253 Hypoxidaceae 34
G. schlechtendaliana 28, 3 9 ,4 1 ,48, 127, 170, Hypoxis 61
214, 242, 253 Icacinaceae 30
G. viridiflora 28, 127,242,253 Ilex 30, 102, 125, 179,250
Gordonia 3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2 Illiciaceae 34
Grammitis 253 Illicium 3 4 ,1 8 7 ,2 1 2
Guihaia 25, 125, 197, 250 I. difengpi 25, 110, 124,242,249
Habenaria 1 8 ,4 5 ,1 5 1 ,1 7 3 Impatiens 25, 34, 102, 111, 125,204,'213,253
H. apetala 43 Imperata 41
H. ciliolaris 19,28 Ipomoea stolonifera 46
H. commelinifolia 43 Irvingia 41
H. dentata 28, 43 Ixonanthaceae 28
H. erostrata 43 Ixonanthes 28, 249
H. lindleyana 43 Ixora 204,213
H. lucida 43 Jasminum 25, 103, 179, 187
H. mandersii 43 Juglandaceae 30, 34
H. medioflexa 43 Justicia 213
H. myriotricha 43 Kadsura coccinea 38
H. pantlingiana 30, 34 Kaempferia rotunda 44
H .poilanei 43 Kandelia candel 45
H. rhodocheila 33, 204 Keteleeria calcarea 124
H. rostellifera 43 K. evelyniana 25, 37, 71, 212
H. rostrata 43 Lagerstroemia 41
H. rumphii 43 L. angustifolia 41
H. tonkinensis 32 Laportea 25, 102, 111
H. viridiflora 43 Lasianthus 3 4 ,2 0 4 ,2 1 3
Hamamelidaceae 34 Lauraceae 16, 19, 28, 30, 34
Hancockia uniflora 41 Lecanorchis javanica 30, 34
Hedychium 25, 111, 242 Leea indica 102, 179
Hedyotis 125, 197 L. rubra 31
Helicia 37, 203 Leptochilus 213
Helixanthera parasitica 31 Lespedeza 25,110, 125,242, 250
Helwingia 125, 250 Licuala 136, 151, 179
Hemipilia calophylla 2 7 ,4 9 , 102, 103, 138, 179, Lilium 125, 253
243 Lindera 3 0 ,3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2
Heritiera 25 Lindsaea 213
Hetaeria oblongifolia 30 Liparis 18, 138, 179

301
 LAN HAI VI$T NAM

L. averyanoviana 27, 111, 127, 188, 197, 198, 253 M. octodentata 30, 53
L. balansae 2 7 ,48, 111, 187,243 M. ophridis 43
L. bootanensis 27, 3 9 ,2 0 5 ,2 4 3 Malleola 18
L. caespitosa 3 2 ,3 9 ,2 1 3 M. insectifera 27, 32
L. chapaensis 39, 205 M. seidenfadenii 2 1 ,3 5 ,5 0
L. compressa 39,213 Manglietia 30, 102
L. conopea 164,188 Marattia 34,213
L. cordifolia 27 Mecodium 213
L. delicatula 27 Melaleuca leucadendron 45
L.distans 27, 111, 125, 164, 188, 197,243,253 Melastomataceae 25, 30
L. elliptica 3 2 ,3 3 ,3 5 ,2 1 3 Meliaceae 1 9 ,2 8 ,3 0 ,3 3 ,4 1
L. emarginata 49 Meliosma 30,212
L. latilabris 27, 35,205 Melodinus 103, 179
L. luteola 3 5 ,2 1 3 ,2 1 4 Mexipedium 5 5,5 9
L .m annii 27, 102, 103, 111, 125, 138,164, 179, Michelia 3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2 ,2 3 5
188, 1 9 7 ,2 4 3 ,2 5 3 ,2 6 8 ,2 7 0 Microlepia 213
L. nervosa 19, 28, 30, 138, 164, 179 Micromelum 102, 136, 179
L. nigra 30, 52 Micropera poilanei 32, 50
L. paradoxa 28, 138, 179 Microsorum 213
L. petelotii 27 Miliusa 41
L. stricklandiana 27, 35, 125, 197,205,253, 270 Mischobulbon cordifolium 34, 48
L. viridiflora 2 1 ,2 7 , 151, 164, 188,268, 270 M. macranthum 34, 204
Litchi longana 45 Mischocarpus 30
Lithocarpus 2 5 ,2 8 ,3 0 , 34, 3 7 ,4 1 , 102, 110, 124, Mitrephora 25
135, 143, 164, 167, 174, 178, 196, 203,212, Monomeria barbata 27, 35, 111, 125, 127, 188,
2 3 5 ,2 4 2 ,2 4 9 1 9 7 ,2 1 4 ,2 4 3 ,2 5 3
Litsea 28, 30, 34,102, 136, 178, 203, 212 M. dichroma 3 9 ,5 1 ,2 1 3 ,2 5 3
Livistona 25, 151 Monotropastrum pumilum 40
L.chinensis 102,179 Moraceae 1 9 ,2 5 ,2 8 ,3 0 ,3 4 ,4 1
L.halongensis 151 Morus 242
Lonicera 125, 250 Murraya 25, 102, 136, 179
Luculia 25 Musa 34, 102
Ludisia discolor 30, 33 Musaceae 34
Luisia 103,179,268 Myrica 37
L. appressifolia 27, 127, 188, 198, 253 Myricaceae 37
L. brachystachys 43 Myristicaceae 30
L.fdiform is 43 Myrsinaceae 16, 34
L. morsei 27, 151, 164, 188 Myrsine kwangsiense 124, 187, 197, 249
L. psyche 3 2,43 Myrtaceae 30, 34, 37,41
Lumnitzera racemosa 45 Nageia 70, 135, 167, 178
L. littorea 45 N .fleuryi 25, 110, 124, 1 6 4 ,2 1 2 ,2 4 2 ,2 4 9 , 187
Lyonia 3 7 ,2 1 2 ,4 0 N. wallichiana 26, 35, 37, 110, 124, 196, 212, 249
Lysimachia 25, 111, 125, 242,253 Nelsonia 213
L. insignis 102, 179 Neocheiropteris 253
Lythraceae 41 Neolitsea 3 0 ,3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2
Macaranga 28 Nepenthes thorelii 44
M achilus 2 8 ,3 0 ,3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2 Nephelaphyllum tenuiflorum 34, 170, 198, 204
Macroglena 213 Nephelium 235
Macropanax 34,212 Nephrolepis cordifolia 102, 179
Madhuca 19,25, 34, 110, 124, 151, 164,242 Nervilia 151
Magnolia 2 0 3 ,2 1 2 ,38 N .fordii 19
Magnoliaceae 30, 33, 34 N .plicata 28,4 3
Mahonia 125,187,250 N. punctata 28
Malaxis acuminata 19, 102, 111, 127, 151, 164, Neuwiedia 59, 138, 179
242,253 N .griffithii 21
M. latifolia 32 N. inae 21

302
 BANG CHi DAN CAC TEN KHOA HOC

Notaphoebe 2 8 ,3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2 P. appletonianum 3 3 ,4 1 , 63, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74,

Nypa fruticans 4 5 , 47 7 9, 84, 8 8 ,9 5 ,2 0 7 ,2 1 4 ,2 1 8 ,2 1 9 , 220,221,
Nyssa 34 2 2 2 . 225.226.227.228.229. 2 3 5.254.265
N .javanica 211 var. album 225
Nyssaceae 34 var. immaculatum 225
Oberonia 18, 138, 164, 179 var. poyntzianum (O'Brien) 218
O .acaulis 3 5 ,4 3 ,2 1 3 x P. callosum 263
О . anthropophora 35,213 P. armeniacum 91,123
P. barbatum 222,233, 237
O .caulescens 3 5 ,4 3 ,2 1 3
P. barbigerum 1 8 ,2 7 ,6 6 , 6 7 ,6 9 ,7 0 , 88, 170, 172,
O. cavaleriei 27, 111, 127, 188, 243,253
182, 184,186, 195,259,262
O. dalatensis 35, 213
var. aureum 175
О . dolichocaulis 35,213
var. lockianum 1 7 0 ,1 7 1 , 173,174, 254, 255,
O. emarginata 43
265
O. ensiformis 2 7 ,3 5 , 138, 151, 164, 179, 188,268 X P. hirsutissimum 263
O. evrardii 35 P. bellatulum 69
O. gammiei 43 P. bullenianum 74, 222
О . langbianensis 35,213 P. callosum 3 3 ,4 1 ,5 7 ,6 6 , 6 9 ,7 0 ,7 1 ,7 4 , 79, 84,
О . longibracteata 43 8 8 ,2 1 4 ,2 3 0 , 231,232, 2 3 3 , 234, 2 3 5 , 236,
O. lycopodioides 43 239,257, 265
О . quadridentata 35,205 var. angustipetalum 230
O. rasmussenii 43 var. giganteum 233
O. rufdabris 43 var. grandiflorum 233
О . tixieri 43 var. potentianum 233
О . trochopetala 43 var. rossianum 233
Odontoglossum 61 var. sanderae 233
Oleaceae 25, 34 var. schmidtianum 230
Oncidium 61 var. sublaeve 233
Ophiopogon 25, 102, 111, 125, 136, 164, 179, var. superbum 233
1 9 7 .2 0 4 .2 1 3 .2 4 2 .2 5 3 var. viridiflorum 233
P. caobangense 175
Ophiorrhiza 102,125, 136, 164, 179, 197,204,
P. cerveranum 219, 224
213.253
f. viride 219
Orchidaceae 16
P. chaoi Hua 191
Orchidoideae 58, 59
P. chiwuanum 160, 167
Ornithochilus difformis 2 1 ,2 7 , 32, 127,151,198,
P. coccineum 170, 173, 274
253 “P. conco-bellatulum ” 69
Otochilus albus 39,213 P. concolor 2 7 ,6 3 ,6 6 ,6 7 ,6 8 ,6 9 ,7 0 ,7 1 , 83, 84,
O .fuscus 39, 213 86, 1 0 3 ,1 0 8 ,1 4 5 , 146,147,148, 1 4 9 , 150,
О . pseudoporrectus 27 153, 180,265,266
Oxyspora 31 var. album 155
Pachystoma pubescens 32, 43 var. chlorophyllum 152
Palaquium obovatum 41 var. hennisianum (album) 152
Pandanaceae 30, 34 var. longipetalum 152
Pandanus 3 4 ,9 5 ,1 0 2 , 136, 151, 179,204 var. striatum 152
P. tectorius 46 P. crossii 230
Panisea albiflora 3 9 ,5 2 ,2 1 3 P. dayanum 233
P. tricallosa 35 P. delenatii 18, 3 3 ,4 1 , 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71,
P. yunnanensis 27 74, 83, 8 4 ,8 6 , 8 9 , 90 , 91 ,92,93,94, 123,
Paphiopedilum 18, 33, 55, 59, 61, 62, 65 130.214.265
P. aestivum 236, 239 P. delicatum 182
P. affine 6 9 ,8 4 ,2 0 7 P. dianthum 1 8 ,2 7 ,6 1 ,6 3 ,6 5 , 6 6 ,6 7 , 6 8 ,7 0 , 71,
P. amabile sensu Guillaum. 230 73, 87, 111, 127, 128,163, 174, 199, 265,
P. amabile 84 2 4 3 ,2 4 4 , 245,246, 247,248,250, 251
P.angustatum 118 P .dollii 191
P. Aphanoneura Brachypetalum 145 P. Emerantha Tessellata 145

303
 LAN HAl VIET NAM

P. emersonii 18, 27, 66, 67, 70, 71, 84, 87, 131, var.albo-flavum 131
134, 1 4 0 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 3 ,1 4 4 ,2 6 5 var. glanzeanum 131
var. angustipetalum 144 var.oblatum 120
var. guangxiense 144 X fanaticum 69
var. kwangnanense 144 P.mirabile 9 6 ,9 8 ,2 7 4
P. esquirolei 159 P. parishii 84, 249
P .exul 2 0 2 ,2 0 5 ,2 0 6 P. parishii var. dianthum 244
P. fairrieanum 233 P. philippinense 74
P. globulosum 120 P. puberulum 219, 224
P. godefroyae 84, 147 P. purpuratum 1 8 ,2 7 ,6 6 , 6 7 ,7 0 , 71, 83, 84, 88,
P. gratrixianum 18,41, 65, 6 6 ,6 7 ,6 8 ,7 0 , 71, 83, 237,238, 2 3 9 , 240, 241, 257, 265
84, 88, 172, 192, 1 99, 201, 2 0 2 , 205,206, P. purpuratum 236
207. 254.265 var. hainanense 236
P. hainanense 219, 223 P. purpuratum sensu Averyanov 255
P. hangianum 18, 27, 66, 67, 70, 71, 79, 84, 87, P. robinsonii 223
1 3 1 , 132,133, 134, 135, 1 3 6 , 138,139, 140, f. viride 219
1 4 2 ,1 4 3 ,1 8 0 ,2 6 5 ,2 7 4 P. saccopetalum 159,166
P. helenae 18, 27, 61, 63, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74, P. sect. Barbata 7 4 ,7 7 ,7 9 ,8 7 ,2 1 8
87, 163, 172,175, 176, 182, 183, 1 8 4 , 185,
P. sect. Blepharopetalum 218
1 8 6 , 189,190, 195. 1 9 9 ,2 5 9 , 260, 262, 265
P. sect. Brachypetalum 145
i.aureum 182,186
P. sect. Ceratopetalum Hallier 155
P. henryanum 18, 27, 63, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 79,
P. sect. Cochlopetalum 74, 76, 79
88, 127, 128, 138, 163, 172, 175, 180, 191,
P. sect. Coryopetalum 74, 75, 79
192.193.195.196. 2 5 3 .2 5 4 .2 6 2 .2 6 5
P. sect. Concoloria 145
f. christae 199
P. sect. Cymatopetalum 155
var. christae 199
P. sect. Emersoniae 75
X P. hirsutissimum 263
P. sect. Emersonianum 86, 131
P. herrmannii 176
P. sect. Mystropetalum 243
P. hilmari 96, 98, 274
P. sect. Neuropetalum 155
P. hirsutissimum 27, 61, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 74, 79,
P. sect. Paphiopedilum 74, 76, 79, 87, 155
87, 102, 111, 127, 156,180, 198, 2 5 3 , 260,
P. sect. Pardalopetalum 74, 76, 79, 243
262,266
var. alba 164 P. sect. Parvisepalum 75, 86, 89
var. chiwuanum 128,166, 168,169,198,243,265 P. sect. Phacopetalum 218
var. esquirolei 69, 70, 103, 1 5 6 , 157,158, 159, P. sect. Planipetalum 218
160,163, 1 72,18 8 ,2 5 9 ,2 6 5 P. sect. Polyantha 243
var. esquirolei f. viride 164 P. sect. Punctatum 218
X P. tranlienianum 263 P. sect. Sigmatopetalum 218
P. hookerae subsp. appletonianum 219 P. sect. Spathopetalum 218
P. hookerae 84 P. sect. Stictopetalum 155
P. huonglanae 142 P. sect. Thiopetalum 155
P. insigne 84, 85, 172, 173, 175, 192, 195, 202, P. singchii 131,135
205,206 P. sinicum 236
P .javanicum 74 P. spicerianum 57
P. malipoense 27, 6 1 ,6 3 ,6 5 , 67, 68, 6 9 ,7 1 , 84, P. subgen. Brachypetalum 61, 75, 79, 86, 145, 149
86, 1 0 4 , 105, 1 0 7 , 108, 109, 110, 111, 123, P. subgen. Paphiopedilum 75 ,7 6 ,7 7 , 79, 85, 86,
127, 128, 163,198,253 155
var. hiepii 18, 21, 104, 1 1 5 , 119, 120, 265 P. subgen. Parvisepalum 6 1 ,6 3 , 75, 79, 86, 89
var.jackii 18, 104, 1 1 3 , 114,117,118, 265 P. subgen. Polyantha 155
var. malipoense 18,21, 1 0 4 , 106,112,118, P. tranlienianum 18, 27, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 79,
164.265 102, 103. 138, 163, 1 7 5 , 176,177, 1 7 8 . 180,
X P. micranthum 263 181, 182, 186, 1 9 5 ,2 6 2 ,2 6 5 ,2 7 4
P. micranthum 18, 27, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, P. tridentatum 219, 224
7 0 ,7 1 ,8 6 ,9 1 ,1 0 8 , 111, 1 2 0 ,1 2 1 ,1 2 2 ,1 2 3 , P. vietnamense 18, 27, 66, 67, 70, 71, 79, 83, 86,
1 2 4 ,1 2 7 ,1 2 8 ,1 2 9 ,1 3 0 , 131, 188, 198, 243, 91, 9 6 , 9 7 , 9 8 , 99, 1 0 0 , 101,102,103, 104,
253.265 123, 180,265,274

304
 BANG CHi DAN CAC TEN KHOA HOC

P. villosum (Lindl.) Stein 3 3 ,4 1 , 63, 65, 66, 67, P. mishmensis 30

6 9 ,7 1 ,73, 7 4 ,79, 84, 8 8 ,9 5 ,2 0 6 , 208, 239, P. tankervilleae 28, 30, 34, 45
2 5 4 ,2 5 7 ,2 7 2 Phalaenopsis 61,274
var. affine 253 P. gibbosa 21
var. annamense 18, 83, 209, 210, 214, 215, P .lobbii 2 1,27
2 1 6 .265 P .m annii 103,13 8 ,1 7 9 ,1 8 8
var.aureum 217 P. wilsonii 108
var. boxallii 18, 192, 214,217, 265,266 Phlogacanthus 213
var. gratrixianum 199 Phoebe 1 9 ,2 8 ,3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2
P. wolterianum 219, 222 Phoenix humilis 46
P. x affine 1 8 ,6 6 ,2 5 3 ,2 6 5 P.paludosa 45
P. x aspersum 18, 27, 70,254, 255, 265, 175 Pholidota 18
P. X dalatense Aver. 18, 66, 6 9 ,2 3 9 ,2 5 5 ,2 5 6 , 257, P. articulata 27, 32, 35, 3 9,213, 243,269
258.265 P. chinensis 32, 33, 35, 173, 205, 213
P. X herrmannii 18, 27, 66, 67, 69, 70, 175, 182, P. convallariae 3 2 ,3 5 ,3 9
188, 1 9 5 ,2 5 9 ,260, 261,262,2 63, 265 P. gracilis 197,198
P. X siamense 69 P. guibertiae 32, 50
Papilionanthe 274 P. imbricata 32, 33
P. hookeriana 43 P. leveilleana 27, 32, 35, 3 9 ,4 3 , 111, 188, 213,
P. pedunculata 4 3 , 52 243.2 6 9 .2 7 0
Paraboea 136,179 P. missionariorum 27, 127,170, 198, 243, 253
Paragramma 213 P. pachyglossa 35
Paralbizia 19 P. pallida 32,33
Parashorea 19 P. recurva 2 7 ,3 2 ,3 5 ,3 9 ,2 1 3 ,2 4 3
Paris polyphylla 26 P. roseans 27, 111, 188,197,125,243,253,269,270
Parkia sumatrana 235 P. rubra 2 1 ,2 7 ,3 2 ,3 5 ,4 3 . 102, 103, 138, 180,
Pavetta 204,213 18 8 ,2 0 4 ,2 1 4 ,2 5 3
Pecteilis cochinchinensis 43 P. yunnanensis 27, 111, 125, 127, 170, 188, 197,
P. henryi 43 1 9 8 .2 4 3 .2 5 3 .2 6 9 .2 7 0
P. susannae 43 Photinia 25, 110, 1 2 4 ,2 1 2 ,2 4 2 ,2 4 9
Pelatantheria ctenoglossum 43 Phragmipedium 55, 59
P. eakroensis 43 P. besseae 57
P. insectifera 21, 27, 188, 243, 269, 270 P. longifolium 57
Peliosanthes 25, 111, 125, 197, 213, 242, 253 Phrynium 102, 179
Peliosanthes teta 102 Phyllagathis 204, 213
Pellionia 25, 102, 111, 125, 136, 164, 179, 197, P. megalocentra 40
213,253 Phyllanthus 37, 174
Pennilabium angraecum 32, 35 Phyllogathis 125
Pentaphragma 213 Pilea 2 5 ,1 1 1 ,1 2 5 ,1 9 7 ,2 1 3 ,2 5 3
Peperomia 213 Pinanga banaensis 34
Peristrophe 213 Pinus dalatensis 36, 37,38, 39, 71, 212
Peristylus 45 P inusfenzeliana 2 5 ,2 6 ,70, 1 10,121, 124, 167,
P. calcaratus 34 183, 187,242,249
P. Candidas 34 P ke siy a 3 7 ,7 1 ,2 1 2
P. chapaensis 34 P.krempfii 3 6 ,3 7 ,3 8 ,7 1 ,2 1 2
P. constrictus 34 P. merkusii 37
P. densus 3 4,43 P. wangii 37,212
P .prainii 34 Piper 213
P. tentaculatus 34 Pistacia weinmannifolia 25, 110, 124, 164, 167,
Persea 102, 135, 143, 164, 178 174, 1 8 7 ,1 9 6 ,2 4 2 ,2 4 9
Phaius 83, 142 Pittosporum 25, 110, 124, 125,187, 197,242,249
P. flavus 2 8 ,3 0 , 34, 198, 242 Platanthera angustata 41 ,2 0 4
P. indigoferus 30 Platycarya strobilacea 25, 110, 124, 164, 167,
P. longicornu 32 187, 196,242,249
P. longicruris 28, 102, 188, 198, 242 Platycerium 41

305
 LAN H AI VIET NAM

Pleio ne grandiflora 41 Pyracantha 125,250

P. m aculata 4 1 Pyrenaria 3 0 ,3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2
P .p raecox 41 Pyrrosia 102,125, 136, 151, 164, 179, 197, 253
P. vietnam ensis 41, 51 Pyrus 3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2
Pleiosperm um littorale 45 Quercus 2 5 ,2 8 ,3 4 ,3 7 ,4 1 , 102, 110, 124, 135,
Poaceae 16,30 143, 164, 167, 174, 178, 187,196, 203,212,
Podocarpus 70 242,249
P. brevifolius 110, 124, 249 Q . rex 211
P. neriifo liu s 2 5 ,3 0 , 3 7 ,3 8 , 7 0 ,9 5 ,1 1 0 , 124, 164, Reevesia 34, 203
167, 187, 196, 2 1 1 ,2 1 2 ,2 4 2 ,2 4 9 Rehderodendron 19
P .p ilg e ri 25, 110, 124, 164, 167, 249 Renanthera 83, 274
Podochilus 173 R . annam ensis 33
P. cultratus 253 R .c itrin a 2 7 ,4 9 ,1 8 8
P. m icrophyllus 2 7 ,3 3 , 3 5 ,9 5 ,1 0 2 , 103,127, 138, R . coccinea 25, 198
170, 180, 188, 1 9 7 ,2 0 4 ,2 0 5 ,2 1 4 , 243,253, R . im schootiana 33
270 Rhamnaceae 37
Podophyllum tonkinense 125 Rham nus 37
Poikilosperm um suaveolens 23 Rhaphidophora 103, 179
Poilannam m ia 213 Rhapis 2 5 ,1 2 5 ,1 5 1 ,1 8 7 ,2 5 0
Polyalth ia 174 Rhizophora apiculata 45
P o ly g ala 125, 197,250 R.m ucronata 4 5 ,4 7
Polygonatum 25, 111, 125,136, 164, 179, 242,253 R . stylosa 45
Polyosm a 213 Rhizophoraceae 28
Polypodium 1 0 2 ,1 2 5 ,1 7 9 ,1 9 7 ,2 5 3 Rhododendron 25, 37, 6 7 ,6 8 , 110, 124, 125, 128,
Polystachya concreta 3 2 ,3 5 ,4 3 ,2 1 4 130, 1 9 7 ,2 0 4 ,2 1 2 ,2 4 2 ,2 5 0
Polystichum 34, 125, 174, 197, 213, 253 R . irroratum 40
Pom atocalpa spicata 32, 35 R . moulmainense 40
Pom etia 19,41 Rhodoleia 34,212
Porpax elw esii 32 R . cham pionii 38, 203, 235
P. la n ii 27 Rhomboda petelotii 28, 127, 170, 198, 242, 253
P. reticulata 32 Rhopalocnem is 34
Pothos 103,179 R .p h a llo id es 40
P. repens 103,179 Rhynchostylis 274
Prim ula 125 R . coelestis 43
Primulaceae 25 R . gigantea 43
Pristiglo ttis umbrosa 3 4 ,5 1 , 214 R . retusa 43
P ro cris 1 0 2 ,1 2 5 ,1 3 6 ,1 6 4 ,1 7 9 ,2 5 3 Robiquetia spathulata 32, 35
Prosaptia 213 R .su cc isa 2 1 ,3 2 ,3 5
Proteaceae 37 Rosa 125,250
Prunus 124, 249 Rosaceae 25, 30,3 4
Pseudodissochaeta 213 Rubiaceae 16, 25, 30, 34, 3 7 ,4 1 , 102, 151
Pseudodrynaria 41 Rubus 125,250
Pseudopogonantherum 41 Rum ohra 34
Pseudostachyum polymorphum 30 . Rutaceae 25, 151
Pseudotsuga brevifolia 26, 7 0 ,1 2 1 , 167, 183,184, Sabiaceae 30
187, 191, 196,242,249 Salicaceae 34
P. sinensis var. brevifolia 25,110, 124 Sa lix 34
Pteris deltodon 174 Sandoricum 28,41
Pterocarpus 41 Sapindaceae 16, 19, 25, 28, 30, 41
Pteroceras leopardinum 32, 35 Sapindus 28,41
P. sem iteretifolium 32, 53 Sapium 28
P. simondianum 2 1 ,4 9 Sapotaceae 1 6 ,1 9 ,2 5 ,3 4 ,4 1 ,1 5 1
Pterolobium m icrophyllum 103,179 Sapria 34
Pterospermum 19,25,41 Saraca 19
P. truncatolobatum 102, 135, 143, 151, 178 S. indica 23
Pygeum 3 0 ,3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2 Sarcoglyphis m irab ilis 32

306
 BANG CHi d A n CAC T£N KHOA HOC

S. sm ithianus 48 Sw intonia 28
Sauropus 136, 178 Sym ingtonia 34,212
Scaevola koenigii 45 S. populnea 2 1 ,3 8 ,2 0 3 , 242
S. taccada 47 S. tonkinensis 203
Scaphium 28 Symplocaceae 16, 30
Schefflera 34, 1 0 2 ,136,178, 197,204,212 Sym plocos 30, 124, 213, 250
S .p e sav is 25, 110,124, 174, 187, 197,242, 250 Syzygium 34, 102, 178,203, 212,235
Schim a 2 8 ,3 4 ,2 0 3 ,2 1 2 Tacca plantaginea 23, 102
S. w a llich ii 38, 235 Taeniophyllum 18
Schisandra coccinea 213 T.fasciculatum 32
Schizaea digitata 95 T. glandulosum 35
Schoenorchis eberhardtii 35, 51, 214 T. minimum 35
S.gem m ata 2 7 ,3 9 ,2 0 5 ,2 1 4 ,2 5 3 T. obtusum 35
Sciap h ila clem ensiae 40 T. pahangense 35
Scleria 25, 125, 136, 164, 179, 197, 242, 253 Tainia angustifolia 30
S. sect. Barbata 61 T. hongkongensis 30
Selagin ella 25, 102, 111, 125, 136, 179, 197,242, T.hookeriana 3 0 ,3 4 ,9 5 ,2 1 4
253 T. latifo lia 30
Selenipedium 5 5 ,5 9 ,6 1 T. pau ciflo ra 30
Shorea 41,235 T. ruybarrettoi 30
Siraaroubaceae 19,33,41 T. virid ifusca 30
Sindora siam ensis 46 Talaum a 34, 203, 212
Sinosideroxylon 25 Taxus chinensis 25, 37, 110, 124, 196, 249
Sloanea 34 T. w allich ian a 212
Sonerila 125,204,213 Tectaria 138,213,253
Sonneratia caseo laris 45 T. decurrens 102, 179
Sophora 25, 125 T. deflexa 102, 179
S .g la u ca 1 1 0 ,1 8 7 ,2 4 2 ,2 5 0 T. subpedata 102, 179
Sorbus 25, 34, 110, 124, 197, 2 0 3 ,2 1 2 ,2 4 2 ,2 4 9 Teonongia 25
Spathoglottis affinis 43 Term inalia 19,41,151
S. aurea 43 T. catappa 31
S. eburnea 43 Ternstroemia 37,213
S .p lica ta 43 Tetracera scandens 44
S. pubescens 32,43 Tetrameles 19,41
Spiraea 125,197,250 T. nudiflora 41
Spiranthes sinensis 28, 45 Tetrastigma 103, 179, 187
Staurochilus fasciatu s 33, 43 Theaceae 1 6 ,2 8 ,3 0 ,3 3 ,3 4 ,3 7
Staurogyne 213 Thecopus m aingayi 32,43
Stegnogramma 213 Thecostele alata 32,43
Sterculia 1 9 ,4 1 ,1 0 2 ,1 7 9 T helasis khasiana 103, 127, 151, 179, 198,253
S. hyposticta 31 T. pygm aea 27, 32, 243
Sterculiaceae 19,25, 28, 30,41 T. khasiana 27
Stereosandra ja va n ica 30 Thelypteris 213
Stereospermum 41 Themeda 41
Stixis balansae 23 Thrixsperm um 83, 164
Stranvaesia 125, 250 T. calceo lus 25, 33, 188, 198,243
Streblus 19, 25 T. centipeda 2 1 ,3 3 ,4 3 , 188
S. ilicifo liu s 102, 136, 151, 178 T.form osanum 32
S. tonkinensis 102, 136, 151, 178 T. pauciflorum 32
Strobilanthes 213 Thunia alb a 27
Strophanthus caudatus 44 Tiliaceae 19
Styracaceae 19 Tirp itzia sinensis 25, 110, 124, 187, 197, 242, 250
Sunipia andersonii 35 Toona 41
S.annam ensis 39,214 Trevesia 34, 212
S. p a llid a 3 5 ,5 2 ,2 1 4 T.palm ata 204
S. scario sa 35, 127, 198, 214, 253 T. sphaerocarpa 26

307
 LAN HA l У1ЁТ NAM

T rias d isciflo ra 32 V.pum ila 35,4 3

T. nasuta 32 Vandenboschia 213
Trichoglottis retusa 43 Vandopsis 274
T. seidenfadenii 4 3 ,5 3 V.gigantea 25, 102, 103, 180
Trichom anes 125, 204, 213, 253 V anilla 61,103
Trichotosia dalatensis 32, 35,5 2 V. alb id a 28, 34
T. dasyphylla 2 1 ,2 7 ,3 2 , 35, 3 9 ,4 3 , 188,214 V. annam ensis
T. m icrophylla 3 2 ,3 5 ,3 9 ,2 1 4 V. annam ica 21, 34, 108
T. pulvinata 3 2 ,3 5 , 214 V. aph ylla 34
T. velutina 27, 35,243 V. p ierrei 34
Trigonostemon 25 Vanilloideae 58, 59
Tristania 37 Vatica 19
Tropidia angulosa 19, 28, 30,102, 138, 151,180 Verbenaceae 41
T. curculigoides 19, 28, 3 0,102, 138, 151,180 Viola 125,204,253
Tsuga chinensis 2 5 ,2 6 , 70, 110,121, 124, 167, Vitex 41
196, 242, 249 V. trifo lia 45
T. dumosa 37 Vittaria 213
Tupidanthus 34,212 Vrydagzynea alb id a 19
Tupistra 25, 111, 1 2 5 ,1 9 7 ,2 4 2 ,2 5 3 W ikstroemia 2 5 ,1 1 0 ,1 2 4 ,2 4 2 , 250
Turpinia 102, 179 Woodwardia 213
Ulmaceae 2 8 ,3 4 ,4 1 Xanthocyparis 70
Ulm us 25, 110,124, 167, 1 8 7 ,1 9 6 ,2 4 2 ,2 4 9 X . vietnam ensis 2 5 ,2 6 , 110,124,196
Urticaceae 25, 102,174 Xanthophyllaceae 30
U varia purpurea 44 Xanthophyllum 30
Vaccinium 25, 3 7 ,4 0 , 110, 124, 125,197,20 4, Xerosperm um 25,2 8
2 1 2 ,2 1 3 ,2 4 2 ,2 5 0 Yoania p ra in ii 34
Vanda 61,274 Zeuxine nervosa 19, 34
V. bidupensis 35,5 2 Z .p a rv ifo lia 34
V. concolor 3 5 ,1 0 8 ,1 5 1 ,1 8 8 ,2 4 3 ,2 5 3 Z. strateum atica 45
V. denisoniana 35 Z. vietnam ica 21
V .fu sco virid is 2 5 ,4 9 ,2 4 3 Zingiberaceae 16,25

308
Giao su Leonid Averyanov (V ien thuc vat hoc
K om arov, St Petersburg) sinh nam 1955 tai St
Petersburg, Lien bang Nga. Ong da tot nghiep truong
Dai hoc tong hop quoc gia St Petersburg nam 1977 va
nhan hoc vj Tien si nam 1983 ve he thuc vat va dja ly
thuc vat cua Au - A. Ong la ngudi nghien cuu co uy tin
ve khu he Lan va la tac gia cua nhung tdng ket dang tin
cay ve ho nay 6 Viet Nam. Cong tac vdi cac dong tac
gia ong da thuc hien nhieu dot khao sat thuc dja 6 Viet
Nam va kham pha ra nhieu Lan mdi о dd.

Tien si Phillip C ribb (Cac Vudn thuc vat Hoang gia,

K ew) sinh n am 1946 tai Sussex, nude Anh. Ong da tot
nghiep truong Dai hoc Cambridge nam 1968 va nhan I
hoc vi Tien si nam 1972. Ong chuyen nghien cuu ve he (
thong hoc cua Lan nhiet ddi va la tac gia cua nhieu
cong trinh nghien ctiu va sach khoa hoc ve Lan. Ong la
ngudi nghien cuu co uy tin hang dau ve Lan hai va la
tac gia cua cac chuyen khao ve cac chi Lan hai
Cypripedium va Paphiopedilum.

Giao su Phan Ke Loc (G iao su thuc vat hoc, Dai hoc

quoc gia Ha N oi, H NU) sinh nam 1935 tai Vinh Phtic,
V iet Nam. Ong da nhan hoc vi Tien si nam 1969 tai
Vien han lam ky thuat lam nghiep Leningrad, nay la St
Petersburg. Ong duoc cong nhan la ngudi nghien cuu
co uy tin ve he thuc vat V iet Nam va dong vai tro hang
dau trong viec ki6m ke tinh da dang dac biet ciia no. Tu
nhieu nam nay ong da tham gia nghien cuu khu he thuc
vat tren ntii da vdi о Ьйс Viet Nam. Trong vai nam gan
day ong la chu nhiem cua mot so de tai nghien citu
duoc Nha nude tai tro tai vitng nay. Ong la tac gia cua
nhieu bai bao khoa hoc ve thuc vat Viet Nam.

Tien si Nguyen Tien Hiep (Vien Sinh thai va Tai

nguyen sinh vat (IEBR), Trung tarn khoa hoc tu nhien
va cong nghe quoc gia Viet Nam (NCST) sinh nam j
1947 tai Hai Duong, Viet Nam. Ong da tot nghiep
truong Dai hoc tong hop Ha N oi nam 1968 va nhan
hoc vi Tien si nam 1982 tai V ien thuc vat hoc
Komarov, Leningrad, nay la St Petersburg. Ong la
Nghien cuu vien khoa hoc chinh d Viet Nam va la
ngudi nghien citu co uy tin hang dau ve he thuc vat
Viet Nam. Tit nhung nam 1980 ong da lanh dao nhieu
doan nghien chu thuc vat tai hau khap cac vimg cua
Viet Nam. Ong da cong tac nghien cuu rat chat с he vdi
cac G iao su Loc va Averyanov.
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