TRADE PROJECT

TITLE: SOUND SENSOR SWITCH USING TIMER LM 358

COLLEGE: SIAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT CODE: 2603/306

INDEX NUMBER: 7051010478

PRESENTED BY: ANYANGO MILKA

PRESENTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL FOR PARTIAL

FULLFILLMENT FOR AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING.

CENTRE CODE: 7051010

CENTRE NAME: SIAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SUPERVISOR: MR GEORGE OGEGA

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 Table of Contents
DECLARATION.................................................................................................................................... 3

DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................................... 5

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 7

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 7

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................................ 8

CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... 9

COMPONENTS AND THEIR DISCRIPTION..................................................................................... 9

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................... 13

WORKING MECHANISM ................................................................................................................. 13

COST ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................... 14

ADVANTAGES ................................................................................................................................... 15

DISADVATAGES ............................................................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................ 16

1. Conclusions and Future Work ....................................................................................... 16

References ............................................................................................................................................ 17

RECOMMENDATION........................................................................................................................ 18

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 DECLARATION

I, Anyango Milka , declare that this project I my original work and has never been presented
before by anyone therefore I would wish to declare that any manipulation and presentation of this
work by someone else should be treated as a forgery and should not be accepted.

Sign.................................................. Date.............................................

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to the Almighty God for giving me knowledge, strength and wisdom to
work with fewer struggles.

I also dedicate it my Friends and Lectures for the support

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge to thank the Almighty God for His Love, knowledge, wisdom to
this far.

I acknowledge my parents for the support especially both moral and financial.

I acknowledge Siaya Institute Electrical and Electronics department at large for the
knowledge to come up with such a project

I also thank my friends for the encouragement they gave me to do this project.

SUPERVISORS APPROVAL

This research report has been submitted to the Kenya National Examination Council with my
approval as the candidate’s institute supervisor.

Signed…………………………………………………………………

Name: Mr. George Ogega

Date…………………………………………………………………

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 ABSTRACT

Sound activated switch is designed to provide a mechanism by which one can turn on/off an electrical

appliance remotely by sound (preferably a clap). Clapping twice wouldtoggle between on and off. Audio signal

received via microphone is amplified and compared with a specified threshold voltage to detect occurrence of

sound event. The designed circuit presently compares the voltage level received from microphone; hence any

spurious sound which exceeds the threshold will be able to turn on/off the switch. Future work will include

time domain characteristics i.e., time duration of audio signal due to clap received as well.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction

Clapping generates sound waves. A transducer which converts these sound waves into
electrical signal is desired to detect the occurrence of sound event. Hence a microphone is
used to sense audio signal whose output voltage level typically is ofthe order of few
millivolts depending upon the loudness of sound and distance of source from the
microphone. The block diagram of the circuit designed for theproject is shown in
Figure 1.

Figure 1. Block diagram

AIM

The aim of the project is to design a clap switch that will act as a normal switch at home

OBJECTIVES

1 To design a clap activated switch that will serve well in different phono-controlled
applications

SPECIFICATIONS

o DC MIC condenser microphone

o IC CD4017
o RELAY 5V 1CHANNEL
o DIODE IN4007
o TRANSISTER BC547
o SUPPLY VOLTAGE-12V

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

MIC AMPLIFIER TIMER TRANSISTOR RELAY

ALARM
POWER SUPPLY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 3. Schematic diagram

DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:

AUDIO AMPLIFIER:

When we clap our hands, the sound is received by by AUDIO AMPLIFIER.

Here the given sound signal is converted into electrical signal and then amplified by using
transistors.

CIRCUIT AMPLIFIER:

The signal after this process the outcome electric signal becomes very weak. So, it is
amplified using another transistor and given to relay, it acts as a mechanical switch.

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 CHAPTER TWO

COMPONENTS AND THEIR DISCRIPTION

1) RESISTORS

Resistors are the most common passive electronic component (one that does not require
power to operate). They are used to control voltages and currents. While a resistor is a very
basic component, there are many ways to manufacture them. Each style has its own
characteristics that make it desirable in certain types of applications. Choosing the right type
of resistor is important to making high-performance or precision circuits work well. This
bonus chapter covers the resistor types and helps with picking the right one for your project.

All resistors are basically just a piece of conducting material with a specific value of
resistance. For that piece of conducting material to be made into a practical resistor, a pair of
electrodes and leads are attached so current can flow. The resistor is then coated with an
insulating material to protect the conducting material from the surrounding environment and
vice versa. There are several different resistor construction methods and body styles (or
packages) that are designed for a certain range of applied voltage, power dissipation, or other
considerations. The construction of the resistor can affect its performance at high frequencies
where it may act like a small inductor or capacitor has been added, called parasitic inductance
or capacitance.

2) CAPACITORS

Capacitor has ability to store charge and release them at a later time. Capacitance is the
measure of the amount of charge that a capacitor can store for a given applied voltage. The
unit of capacitance is the farad (F) or microfarad. The capacitors used in the circuit are

electrolytic-capacitor.

In the circuit the electrolytic capacitor is used as a bypass capacitor. Any noise variation in the
circuit is removed by the capacitor.

3) BATTERY

In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert
stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or
"voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniel
cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and
industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery 6industry
generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth.

4) TRANSISTOR
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A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can
amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found
embedded in integrated circuits.

5) RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are
used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits
must be controlled by one signal. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and
early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power
required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor . Solid-state
relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to
perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric
power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective
relays".

6) Diode

A diode is made from two semiconductors materials for example silicon and germanium

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 7) IC

It is an integrated circuit containing the different pins. every pin has different functions. It is
where the clap signal is triggered hence going higher and low.

The pin diagram is as shown below;

8) LED

This is a Light emitting diode

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 9) MICROPHONE

Sound energy received by microphone is converted to electrical signals. Microphones are

types of transducers, they convert acoustic energy i.e. sound signal. Basically, a microphone is
made up of a diaphragm, which is a thin piece of material that vibrates when it is struck by
sound wave. This causes other components in the microphone to vibrate leading to variations
in some electrical quantities thereby causing electrical current to be generated. The current
generated in the microphone is the electrical pulse. The current generated by a microphone is
very small and this current is referred to as mic level and typically measured in milli-volts.
Before it is usable, the signal must be amplified, usually to line level, with typical value
within (0.5 – 2) volts, which is stronger .So the signal produced by microphone is amplified
by transistor Q1.

The basic action of this transistor Q1 is to receive an input signal from the input

transducer (microphone), control the amount of power that the amplifier takes from power
source (Vs) and converts it into power needed to energize the load

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 CHAPTER THREE

WORKING MECHANISM

o Condenser microphone

Transducer converts the sound waves to electrical signal.

o Transistor Amplifier

Amplifies the electrical signal obtained from microphone. Transistor is configured as common
emitter amplifier.

o Monostable A

Monostable multivibrator once triggered will switch its output logic level. Output of amplifier
stage is fed to monostable held at a threshold voltage. Due to first clap, when the negative swing
of output of amplifier stage goes below the threshold voltage of monostable, acts like a trigger,
will switch its output logic level to high. A pulse of pre-determined duration time is generated
across the output of monostable which acts as supply voltage for monostable B.

o Monostable B

Difference here being is the output of monostable A acts as supply voltage. Hence due to second
clap, when the negative swing of output of amplifier stage goes below the threshold voltage of
monostable, acts like a trigger, will switch its output logic level. A pulse of pre-determined
duration time is generated across its output.

o Flip-Flop

A flip-flop or a bi-stable multivibrator is a circuit whose output logic level changes when a pulse
is applied to the input. The pulse generated by monostable B is fed as input to the flip-flop. For
each pulse input its output state changes high or low. This output of flip-flop is connected to a
transistor configured as switch.

o Switch

A transistor is configured as switch here. When the input is high turns on and wheninput low
turns off.

Clap waveform, the time duration of various claps observed is found to be about

0.1 seconds to 0.2 seconds as shown in Figure 2. A microphone was connected tosoundcard
of computer and waveform was recorded.
 COST ANALYSIS
NO ITEMS TYPE QUANTITY PRICE AMOUNT

1 MIC 1piece @ 100/= 100/=

2 Resistor 10kΩ 2pieces @ 5/= 10/=

3 Capacitor 100nF 2pieces @ 5/= 10/=

4 Resistor 1MΩ 1piece @ 5/= 5/=

5 Resistor 270kΩ 1piece @ 5/= 5/=

6 Resistor 220Ω 2pieces @ 5/= 10/=

7 Transistor BC547 2pieces @ 5/= 10/=

8 Diode IN4007 1piece @ 5/= 5/=

9 LED 1piece @ 10/= 10/=

10 Integrated circuit CD4017 1piece @ 100/= 100/=

11 Relay 1channel 1piece @ 100/= 100/=

12 Ac lamp 1 @

13 breadboard 1 @180 180/=

14 Jumper wires 1 metre @50 50/=

Total Ksh 605

Further the report is organized as follows: section 2 describes bias conditions,amplifier gain and operation
of circuit, distance range and sound level is discussed in section 3, conclusions and future work are
mentioned in section 4. Monostable multivibrator configuration is illustrated in Appendix A.
o Performance

Amplifier design using transistor is subjective to biasing conditions. As mentioned earlier in section
2, the biasing conditions have changed. Mainly performance of circuit can be classified into level of
sound, and distance from which clap has to be made.

o Sound

Any sound after amplification has a voltage level of approximately 1.5 V can cause the trigger for the

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case of amplifier A & B (both 1-stage amplifiers), 4.4 V for amplifier C (2-stage amplifier) and 6V
for cascaded B (2-stage amplifier). One can increase the reference voltage at which the pin 2 of IC1,
IC2 are held, but still itsany sound not specific sound clap. Hence to make effective time domain
characteristics are now considered in further work. Time duration of clap is approximately 0.1 seconds
to 0.2 seconds. Microcontroller has on-chip comparator, timers & counters, thus IC1, IC2 and IC3 can
be replaced with microcontroller.
o Sensitivity

The voltage divider resistors R6 and R7 values can be adjusted to increase ordecrease the voltage level
at which pin2 of monostable is held initially. For the cascaded two-stage using amplifier B, a 10 k
resistor was used instead of R6 & R7 tokeep pin2 of monostable at almost VCC.
o Distance

Circuit was tested in approximately 5m x 7m room. The environmental sound level for each
microphone used in circuits is shown Table D. Environment sound level isthe voltage level observed
when no clap was made.

Table D: Environment sound level and distance.

Microphone Amplifier Gain Environment Distance from

sound level microphone
(mV) approx.
Minimum Maximum
New A 6 5-8 < 1m < 1m
New B 17 5-8 < 1m < 1m

ADVANTAGES
1. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person. 2. We can turn
something (e.g. a lamp) on and off from any location in the room (e.g. while lying in the bed)
simply by clapping our hands.

3. Low cost and reliable circuit. 4. Complete elimination of man power. 5. Energy efficient.

DISADVATAGES
1. It is generally cumbersome to have to clap one’s hands to turn something on or off and it is
gerally seen as simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light switch.

2. Unless we use a filter in the circuit, it is not that advantageous. So that circuit activates only
for clap of particular frequencies and then it becomes accurate.

APPLICATIONS

1. Clap activated switch device will serve well in different phono-controlled applications.

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2. Clap switch is generally used for a light, television, radio or similar electronic device that the
person will want to turn on/off from bed.

CHAPTER FOUR

Conclusions and Future Work

In designing the circuit, the gain has been improved from Amplifier A (gain 6 times) to
Amplifier B (gain 17 times). Amplifier C (gain of 1100) and a two-stage cascaded amplifier
using amplifier B (gain of 120) were designed to be used with microcontroller. Atmel
89C2051 microcontroller will be used to apply the time domain characteristics of waveform.

FUTURE SCOPE

1. We can increase the range of this equipment by using better Mic.

2. We can use this as Remote Controller.

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 References
[1] Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 5th Edition, Oxford

University Press, New York, 2004.

[2] Philips semiconductors: BC549, BC550 NPN general purpose transistors, 2004Oct

11.

[3] Philips semiconductors: HEF4017B MSI 5-stage Johnson counter, January 1995.

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RECOMMENDATION
After carrying out this project and testing I would like to recommend that it should be applied
our current situation especially in this COVID-19 protocols.

Since it is more reliable this kind of switch should be applied in homes to ease the work load

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APPENDIX

 MIC-condenser microphone
 IC- integrated circuit
 LED- light emitting diode

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