juk;

10

Mr.S.Jesinthan (B.A, PGDE)

 G+Nfhs mikg;G

 ,aw;ifahd ghJfhg;G muz;fs; epiwe;j gpuNjrk;;:-

ePu; muz;
td muz;
kiy muz;
 ,jkhd fhyepiyiaf; nfhz;l gpuNjrk;
 kj;jpa kiyehL
 tlfPo;, njd;Nky; gUtg;ngau;r;rpf; fhw;Wf;fshy;
kioiag; ngWk; gpuNjrk;
 NtW ngau;fs;
gQ;r kiyehL
nrq;flfy
kfhEtu
=tu;j;jdGu
cLEtu
kiyehL
`up];gj;Jt
khj;jis
gQ;r kiyehL gpuNjrq;fs;
N`thn`l;l

Jk;giw
 Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
 ,yq;ifapd; ,Wjp Rje;jpu muR
 mEuhjGu ,uhrjhdpf;F mLj;jjhf ePz;l fhyk;
epiyj;jpUe;j ,uhrjhdp (1469-1815)
 mr;RWj;jyhf tpsq;fpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs;:-
Nfhl;il, rPjhthf;if
 jiyefuk;:- nrq;flfy
 Ml;rpGupe;j mur tk;rk;:-
rpq;fs mur tk;rk;, njd;dpe;jpa ehaf;f tk;rk;
 Ml;rpGupe;j Kjy; kd;dd; :- Nrdhrk;kjtpf;fpukghF
,Wjp kd;dd; :- = tpf;fpukuh[rpq;fd;
 Njhw;wk; ngw;w Mz;L :- 1469
 tPo;r;rpaile;j Mz;L :- 1815
 Ml;rpGupe;j muru;fs;
 Nrdhrk;kj tpf;fpukghF (1469-1511)
 [atPu tpf;fpukghF (1511-1552)
 fuypaj;j gz;lhu (1552-1582)
 Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; (1582-1591)
 Kjyhk; tpkyju;kR+upad; (1591-1604) rpq;fs mur
tk;rk;
 nrduj; (1604-1635)
 ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; (1635-1687)
 ,uz;lhk; tpkyju;kR+upad; (1687-1707)
 = tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;fd; (1707-1739)
 = tp[auh[rpq;fd; (1739-1747)
 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; (1747-1782)
ehaf;f tk;rk;
 ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd; (1782-1798)
 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; (1798-1815)
Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;fd;(1582-1591)
 khahJd;idapd; kfd;
 bfpup gz;lhu/rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpq;fd;
 rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vOr;rpf;Fk;
tPo;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhd kd;dd;
 1582y; tPuRe;ju gz;lhutpd; cjtpAld;
fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;
 tPuRe;ju gz;lhuitf; nfhiy nra;J
epf;fg;gpl;ba gz;lhuit gpujpepjpahf
epakpj;jhd;.
 irtrkaj;ijj; jOtpdhd;. ngsj;j
tpfhiufs;, E}y;fis mopj;jhd;.
 Ky;Nyupag; Nghupy;(1562) Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiug;
gLNjhy;tpailar; nra;jhd;.
 nguz;b Nfhapiy mikj;jhd;.
 fNdjd;dg; Nghupy;(1592) Kjyhk;
tpkyju;kR+upadhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhd;.
1k; ,uh[rpq;fd; nguz;b Nfhapy;

Ky;Nyupahg; Nghu; ngjd;nfhl %q;fpy; Gju;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; mtu;fSf;Fupa
jQ;rkile;Njhu; fj;Njhypf;fg; ngau;fs;
fuypaj;j gz;lhu njhd; N[ht;
FRkhrdNjtp njhd fjuPdh
akrpq;f gz;lhu njhd; gpypg;
nfhzg;G gz;lhu njhd; Athd;
ju;kghyd; njhd; Athd;
Kjyhk; tpkyju;kR+upad;
 Ml;rpf; fhyk;(1591-1604)
 je;ij :- tPuRe;ju gz;lhu
 ,sikg; ngau; :- nfhzg;G
gz;lhu
 fpwp];jtg; ngau; :- njhd;
Athd;
 ntw;wp nfhz;l Nghu;fs; :-
fNdjd;d, je;JNu, gyd
 ngsj;j kjg;gzp :- fz;b
jyjhkhspif mikj;jik
 re;jpj;j xy;yhe;j J}Jf;
FOf;fs; :- ];gpy;Ngfd;-1602,
rP Nghy;l; j thl;
 1k; tpkyju;kR+upadpd;
murpay; gzpfs;
 kiyaf ,uhrjhdpf;F Gjpa mur guk;giuia
cUthf;fpaik
 njy;fKt tpfhiuapypUe;j Gdpj je;jjhJitg;
ngw;W Ml;rpAupikia cWjpg;gLj;jpaik
 FRkhrdNjtpia jpUkzk; nra;J rl;luPjpahd
Ml;rpiag; ngw;wik
 gy Nghu;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;wik-
fNdjd;d, je;JNu, gyd
 rPjhthf;if ,uhrjhdpf;Fupa gy gpuNjrq;fis
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; ,izj;jik
 1k; tpkyju;kR+upadpd;
rkag;gzpfs;

 fz;bapy; jyjhkhspifia mikj;J Gdpj

je;jjhJit gpujp];il nra;jik
 jyjh ngu`uh Cu;ty Kiwia
Muk;gpj;jik
 gu;khtpypUe;J gpf;Ffis tutioj;J
cgrk;gjh rlq;if epfo;j;jpaik
 gy tpfhiufis Gzuikj;jik-
yq;fhjpyf, flyhnjdpa, njfy;njhUt, upjp
tpfhiu
 1k; tpkyju;kR+upadpd;
nghUshjhug; gzpfs;

tptrha mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs;-

nfhj;kiy, tyg;gd, `up];gj;Jt
Gilit cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd gUj;jp
nra;ifahsu;fisAk;,
new;nra;ifahsu;fisAk; Cf;fg;gLj;jpaik
Cth gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Uk;Gj; njhopiy
tpUj;jp nra;jik:- tptrha cgfuzq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;lik, ,Uk;ig R+lhf;Fk; nfhy;yu;
gl;liw 175 mikf;fg;gl;lik
,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd;

 Ml;rpf;fhyk; (1635-1687)
 ,sikg; ngau;:- kfh m];jhd
 je;ij :- nrduj;
 jha; :- FRkhrdNjtp
 rpwg;Gf; $w;W :- ‘,Q;rp
nfhLj;J kpsfha; thq;fpaJ
Nghy’
 Kf;fpa cld;gbf;if:- 1638
nt];uu;Nthy;l; cld;gbf;if
 ntw;wp ngw;;w Nghu;fs;:-
ue;njdpnty, fz;nzhUt
 2k; ,uh[rpq;fdpd;
murpaw; nraw;ghLfs;

xy;yhe;jUld; cld;gbf;if Nkw;nfhz;lik

1638- nt];uu;Nthy;l; cld;gbf;if
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ehl;bypUe;J tpul;baik
gy Nghu;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;wik:-
1630- ue;njdpnty, 1638- fz;nzhUt
kl;lf;fsg;G, jpUNfhzkiyj;
JiwKfq;fis ifg;gw;wpaik
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; trkpUe;j gy gFjpfis
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; ,izj;jik
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; - rpq;fs muru;fs;
njhlu;ghd Nghu;fs;
jiyik jhq;fpa vjpu;nfhz;l rpq;fs
Mz;L Nghu;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; muru;
1562 Ky;Nyupah mNghd;R ngnua;uh 1k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
j yru;jh (bfpup gz;lhu)
1594 je;JNu NgNuh NyhNg]; b 1k; tpkyju;kR+upad;
R+rh (nfhzg;G gz;lhu)
1602 gyd njhd; n[udpNkh b 1k; tpkyju;kR+upad;
mrptpNlh
1630 ue;njdpnty nfhd;]j; he;jpd; b 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
rh
1638 fz;nzhUt jpNaF j nkNyh 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;
f];Nuh
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w
Kbahkw; Nghdikf;Fupa fhuzq;fs;

fz;b kf;fs; murDf;F tpRthrkhf

,Ue;jik
fz;bg; gilapd; nfupy;yh jhf;Fjy;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Gtpapay; mikg;Gg; gw;wp
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; mwpe;jpuhik
y];fupd; gilapdu; rpq;fsg; gilAld;
,ize;jik
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ,aw;ifahd ghJfhg;G
fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;

 Ml;rpf;fhyk; :- (1747-1782)
 mur tk;rk; :- ehaf;f tk;rk;
 Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;wJ :- 1750
 je;ij :- eudg;gh
 vjpu;nfhz;l rthy;fs; :-
rpq;fsg; gpujhdpfspd; vjpu;g;G
xy;yhe;jupd; gilnaLg;G- thd;vf;
 njhlu;Gila cld;gbf;if :-
1766 tpy;ypak;gy;f; cld;gbf;if
 re;jpj;j Mq;fpNyaj; J}Jtd; :-
N[hd; igg];-1762
 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd;
ngsj;j kjg; gzpfs;

 cgrk;gjh rlq;if kPsTk; elj;jpaik

 rPak; ehl;bypUe;J cghyp kfh Njuu; jiyikapy;
gpf;Ffis tutioj;jik
 rPak; kjg;gpupit ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpaik
 ntyptpl;l ruzq;fuNjuupd; rka, fy;tpg;gzpfSf;F MjuT
toq;fpaik
 jyjh, Njthya ngu`uhit ,izj;J vry ngu`uhit
Kd;Ndw;wpdhd;
 rpijTw;w tpfhiufis jpUj;jpdhd;
 tpfhiufis nfhz;L elhj;Jtjw;F epy Gyd;fis
mspj;jhd;
= tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd;
 Ml;rpf;fhyk; :- 1798-1815
 ,sikg; ngau; :- fz;Zrhkp
 Ml;rpapy; mku;j;jpatu; :-
gpypkj;jyht
 vjpu;nfhz;l gpupj;jhdpag;
gilnaLg;Gf;fs; :-
1803-gpul;wpf; Nehu;j; gilnaLg;G
1815-nwhNgl; gpwTd;wpf; gilnaLg;G
 ifJ nra;ag;gl;l ,lk; :-
nkjk`Etu
 ifJ nra;jtu;:- nwhNgl; gpwTd;wpf;
 ‘nfhd;Nthyp];’ fg;gy; %yk;
NtY}u; rpiwf;F nfhz;L nrd;wik
 ,yq;ifapd; ,Wjp kd;dd;
 gpupj;jhdpau; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;w
cjtpa fhuzpfs;

nwhNgl; gpwTd;wpf;fpd; jpl;lkpl;l gilnaLg;G

N[hd; nlhapypapd; csT nraw;ghL
gpupj;jhdpau; gpujhdpfspd; Mjuitg; ngw;wik :-
vfyg;nghy, nkhy;ypf;nfhl
= tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fid fz;b r%fj;jpdu;
ntWj;jik :-
gpujhdpfs;, kf;fs;, ngsj;j gpf;Ffs;
 kd;dd;

mur khspif mur rig

murkhspifr; nraw;ghLfSf;F
nghWg;ghd nrayhsu;fs;
mur gz;lfrhiy kfh mjpfhuk; ,Utu;
murpdJk;, khspifapdJk;
jdpg;gl;l nrayhsu;fs;
ghJfhg;G
gpuNjr epu;thfk; tup tR+y; tpfhiur; nrhj;Jf;fs;
tupj;Jiwr; jpatlNd epyNk
jp]hitfs; -12 nrayhsu;fs; g];ehaf;f epyNk
ul;ilfs; -09 ahid tup
tidjy; tup
tz;b tup
Nfhwis

gw;W

fpuhkk;
 murdpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

ehl;bd; cau; mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltd;

ehl;bd; mikjp, ghJfhg;igg; Ngzy;
ehl;bd; rk;gpujhaq;fs;, kuGfSf;fika nraw;gly;
cau; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;
c+ k;; : kuzjz;lid toq;fy;
ehl;bd; murpay;, nghUshjhu, epu;thfg;
gzpfSf;F jiyik tfpj;jy;
 gpujhdpfs;

gy;Nyfk;gh gpujhdp clfk;gh gpujhdp

 ehd;F Nfhwis
 VO Nfhwis
 %d;W Nfhwis
 Cth
 rg;ufKt
 khj;jis
 Cth gpuNjrk;
 tyg;gd
 cLEtu, al;bEtu
 gpe;njd;d
 Jk;gNd, nfhj;kiy
 nty;y];]
 Gyj;fk
 Etufyhtpa

 gpujhdpfspd; fl;lisfisAk;, nra;jpfisAk; gpuhe;jpa

mjpfhupfSf;F nfhz;L nrd;wtu;fs; fLGs;Ns vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;ldu;.
 nts;sp G+z; ,lg;gl;l Kid tise;j gpuk;G mtu;fsJ
gjtpapd; milahskhf tpsq;fpaJ.
 mur khspif mjpfhupfs; nghWg;Gf;fs;
f[ehaf;f epyNk ahidfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;
kfhNyf;fk; gpujk nrayhsu;
jpatlNd epyNk Gdpj je;jjhJtpw;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;
rYtlNd epyNk MilazpfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;
gj;tlNd epyNk czT toq;fYf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;
Fjpiuyha Kfhe;jpuk; FjpiufSf;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;
kfh nkh`l;lhy mur khspifr; nrayhsu;
mjgj;JNt Nyf;fk; murdpd; ghJfhg;Gj; jiyik mjpfhup
ntbf;fhu Nyf;fk; Jg;ghf;fpg; gil mjpfhup
ehzaf;fhu Nyf;fk; jpiwNrupg; nghWg;gjpfhup
kjpNyf;fk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; nghWg;gjpfhup
 kbNf gj;j (Nghf;Ftuj;J tup)

FUNt gj;j (ahid gpbj;jYf;fhd tup)

mwtplg;gl;l
gln`y gj;j (tidjYf;fhd tup)
tupfs;

uP gj;j (ryitf;fhd tup)

n`e;j gj;j (nerTf;fhd tup)

 kd;ddhy; kl;Lk; tprhupf;fg;gLk; tof;Ffs;

 Kf;fpa jiytu;fs; njhlu;ghdit

 tpfhiufs;, gpf;Ffs; njhlu;ghdit
 ,uh[JNuhf tof;Ffs;
 fpsu;r;rpfs;, Fog;gq;fs; njhlu;ghdit
 R+o;r;rp njhlu;ghdit
 toq;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs;

 fd;dj;jpy; miwjy;
 tpyq;fpLjy;
 Koe;jhoplr; nra;jy;
 Kbiaf; fj;jupj;jy;
 njd;id kl;ilahy; mbj;jy;
 Ju;ehw;wj;jpd; kj;jpapy; itj;jy;
 firahy; mbj;jy;
 fPo; Fyj;jtuhf;Fjy;
 ehL flj;jy;
 ePupy; %o;fbj;Jf; nfhy;yy;
 ahidahy; kpjpj;Jf; nfhy;yy;
 nghUshjhu mikg;G

 Efu;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;

 RaNjitg;G+u;j;jpg; nghUshjhuk;
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l new;nra;if
 ngUthupahd epyk; Nridg; gapu;r;nra;iff;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;if ,lk;ngw;wJ
 gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd
 kpUf tsu;g;G ,lk;ngw;wJ
 epyk; gpupf;fg;gl;l Kiw

 fghlfk; :- murkhspiff;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit
 epe;jfk; :- gpujhdpfspd; Nritf;fhf
toq;fg;gl;lit
 Njthyak;, tpfhufk; :- Njthyaq;fs; kw;Wk;
tpfhiufSf;F jhdkspf;fg;gl;lit
 guNtdp :- fpuhkj;jtu;fs; guk;giuahf
mDgtpj;jit
 r%f mikg;G
 fpuhkpa r%f mikg;G
 ,uh[fhupaKiw fhzg;gl;lJ
 mj;jk;Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ
 Fyj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;l r%f mikg;G
 gy;NtW jpUkz Kiwfs; (jPf, gpd;d, gy GUru;)
 FLk;gk; gpujhd r%f myF
 ew;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l r%fk;
 fpuhkpa tho;f;ifapd; gpupf;f Kbahj mk;rkhf tpfhiufs;
fhzg;gl;ld