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CHAPTER 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is

a. state-dependent learning.
b. encoding.
c. memory consolidation.
d. transfer-appropriate processing.
ANS: B REF: page 173
TYPE: FACTUAL DIF: EASY
2. Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

a. repeating it over and over.
b. linking the new word to a previously learned concept.
c. using it in a sentence.
d. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.
ANS: A REF: page 173 KEY: WWW
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL DIF: EASY
3. How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance re-
hearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
b. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative.
c. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances.
d. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.
ANS: A REF: page 173
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL DIF: MODERATE
4. Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word
“HOMES” as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in “HOMES”
provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This
memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over, which provides
an example of
a. a self-reference effect.
b. repetition priming.
c. implicit memory.
d. elaborative rehearsal.
ANS: D REF: page 173
TYPE: APPLIED DIF: EASY
315
5. According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information
is
a. encoded.
b. stored.
c. retrieved.
d. all of the above
6. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance re-
hearsal is in transferring information into LTM?
a. Lilia recalls her grandmother’s house where she grew up, even though she hasn’t been there
for 22 years.
b. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up “short stories” and mental images to de-
scribe each movement.
c. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped
write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual
lines of dialogue anymore.
d. Serena’s keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her key-
chain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
ANS: D REF: pages 173-174
TYPE: APPLIED DIF: DIFFICULT
7. According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the
best long-term memory for a set of words?
a. Making a connection between each word and something you’ve previously learned
b. Deciding how many vowels each word has
c. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered
d. Repeating the words over and over in your mind
ANS: A REF: pages 173-174
TYPE: APPLIED DIF: MODERATE
8. Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?
a. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory
memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory.
b. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the
original events.
c. Deep processing takes longer than shallow processing and results in better processing.
d. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.
ANS: C REF: pages 174-175
316
9. Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on
a. the number of vowels in a word.
b. the meaning of a word.
c. the pleasantness of a word.
d. the category of a word.
10. Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the
information?
a. Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of
data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semes-
ter in developmental psychology.
b. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month.
Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to
herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day.
c. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every
morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
d. For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a
silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be
remembered.
ANS: C REF: page 175
11. The elaborative rehearsal task of learning a word by using it in a sentence is generally most
effective if the generated sentence is
a. simple.
b. complex.
c. neutral.
d. vague.
ANS: B REF: page 176 KEY: WWW
12. Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like “the
bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat”) rather than a simple sentence (like “he
rode the bicycle”). This probably occurs because the complex sentence
a. causes more rehearsal.
b. takes longer to process.
c. creates more connections.
d. is more interesting.
317
13. According to your text, imagery enhances memory because
a. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional re-
sponse.
b. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.
c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
d. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading
words.
14. Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa danc-
ing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has
found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experi-
ences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on
a. the self-reference effect.
b. a mass practice effect.
c. the integrative experience effect.
d. semantic memory.
15. In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other partici-
pants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first
word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
a. spacing effect.
b. generation effect.
c. cued recall effect.
d. multiple trace hypothesis.
16. _______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
a. Retrograde
b. Encoding
c. Retrieval
d. Processing
318
17. Free recall of the stimulus list “apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants”
will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
a. “apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants”
b. “apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants”
c. “apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants”
d. “apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa”
ANS: C REF: page 178 KEY: WWW
18. Jenkins and Russell presented a list of words like “chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa” to
participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which
they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
b. effect of proactive interference.
c. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually.
d. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal.
19. Bransford and Johnson’s study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a
man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it
difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this
study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.
a. implicit memory during learning
b. an organizational context during learning
c. deep processing during retrieval
d. imagery
ANS: B REF: pages 179-180
20. The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was
used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory.
a. rehearsal
b. organization
c. depth of processing
d. forming connections with other information
ANS: B REF: pages 179-180 KEY: WWW
319
21. Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a
long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of
____ in LTM.
a. long-term potentiation
b. retrieval cues
c. elaborative rehearsal
d. mass practice
22. Mantyla’s “banana / yellow, bunches, edible” experiment demonstrates that, for best memory
performance, retrieval cues should be created
a. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective.
b. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective.
c. using visual images.
d. by the person whose memory will be tested.
23. People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house
to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their
destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in
the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
a. the self-reference effect.
b. maintenance rehearsal.
c. levels of processing theory.
d. encoding specificity.
24. The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as
a. memory consolidation.
b. repetition priming.
c. encoding specificity.
d. a self-reference effect.
320
25. Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
a. Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with
three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
b. Even though Walt hasn’t been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he
still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family.
c. Although Emily doesn’t very often think about her first love, Steve, she can’t help getting
caught up in happy memories when “their song” (the first song they danced to) plays on the ra-
dio.
d. Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she
studies. She thinks it’s best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music
playing.
26. You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of
becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each
night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research
suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.
a. excited
b. calm
c. nervous
d. neutral
TYPE: APPLIED DIF: EASY
27. Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at
retrieval. This is called
a. transfer-appropriate processing.
b. episodic-based processing.
c. elaborative rehearsal.
d. personal semantic memory.
28. Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

a. the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues.
b. the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.
c. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material.
d. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.
321
29. According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. Howev-
er, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual
encodes _____ and is tested _____.
a. semantically; auditorially
b. auditorially; auditorially
c. auditorially; semantically
d. semantically; visually
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL DIF: DIFFICULT
30. According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
a. short but all on a single day.
b. long and all on a single day.
c. short and across several days.
d. long and across several days.
31. Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four
days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but
because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days,
while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their
performances?
a. Katie and Inez should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall
(supporting the equal-time hypothesis).
b. Inez will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect.
c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.
d. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes
place during a one-hour class period.
32. Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension be-
cause it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.
a. organization
b. highlighting
c. making up questions about the material
d. feedback
322
33. The author of your text makes a suggestion that students should study in a variety of places.
This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they
learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in
one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by
a. the encoding specificity principle.
b. the spacing effect.
c. levels of processing.
d. the distributed practice effect.
34. The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with

a. changes at the synapse.
b. long-term potentiation.
c. changes in specialized areas of the brain.
d. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.
ANS: D REF: pages 190-191
35. Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of
the following EXCEPT the
a. presynaptic neuron.
b. postsynaptic neuron.
c. neurotransmitters.
d. synapse.
ANS: C REF: pages 190-191 KEY: WWW
36. Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the
long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of
a. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons.
b. enhanced firing in the neurons.
c. larger electrical impulses in the synapse.
d. the growth of new dendrites in neurons.
323
37. The medial temporal lobe (MTL), involved in memory consolidation, includes all of the fol-
lowing structures EXCEPT the
a. perirhinal cortex.
b. amygdala.
c. parahippocampal cortex.
d. entorhinal cortex.
TYPE: FACTUAL DIF: DIFFICULT
38. Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption
of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can’t recall the last
play before the hit) reflect
a. a failure of memory consolidation.
b. disrupted long-term potentiation.
c. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder.
d. Korsakoff’s syndrome.
39. Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for memories.

a. remote
b. recent
c. anterograde
d. emotional
40. Graded amnesia occurs because

a. remote memories are more fragile than recent memories.
b. recent memories are more fragile than remote memories.
c. emotional memories are more fragile than nonemotional memories.
d. nonemotional memories are more fragile than emotional memories.
41. From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we
can conclude that the hippocampus is important in
a. procedural memory.
b. long-term memory storage.
c. working memory.
d. long-term memory acquisition.
324
42. ____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more
permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
a. Amnesia
b. Encoding specificity
c. Cued-recall
d. Consolidation
43. ____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and
takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.
a. Remote
b. Standard
c. Systems
d. Synaptic
TYPE: FACTUAL DIF: MODERATE
44. The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

a. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for
events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated.
b. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active
when memories are first formed and being consolidated.
c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less ac-
tive when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
d. uninvolved in memory consolidation.
45. Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are
tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go
to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
a. Lourdes performs better because of reactivation.
b. Kim performs better because of reactivation.
c. Lourdes performs better because of encoding specificity.
d. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity.
TYPE: APPLIED DIF: DIFFICULT
325
46. Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be re-
vised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.
a. recent and remote episodic
b. recent and remote semantic
c. recent episodic
d. remote semantic
47. According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of
a. remote, episodic memories.
b. remote, semantic memories.
c. remote procedural memories.
d. state-dependent memories.
48. When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips
through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions
of her wedding day most likely activated her
a. thalamus.
b. prefrontal cortex.
c. amygdala.
d. medial temporal lobe.
49. Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
a. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.
b. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was
formed.
d. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.
50. Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

a. levels of processing.
b. depth of processing.
c. transfer-appropriate processing.
d. reconsolidation.
ANS: D REF: page 197 KEY: WWW
326
ESSAY
1. Describe and compare maintenance and elaborative rehearsal, including a discussion of the
“procedures” associated with each type. Indicate separate examples for which each type of re-
hearsal is best suited. Also, describe experimental results that illustrate how effective each type
of rehearsal is at establishing durable long-term memories.
ANS:
REF: pages 173-176
2. Compare and contrast levels-of-processing theory with transfer-appropriate processing. De-

scribe experimental results for both and highlight their significance to our understanding of
memory.
ANS:
REF: pages 173-176, 185
KEY: WWW
3. Mantyla’s “banana / yellow, bunches, edible” experiment employed three conditions (or
groups of participants) where the conditions yielded quite different results. Describe the three
conditions as well as the results of each. What do these results predict about students studying
from their own notebooks vs. studying from notes borrowed from a classmate?
ANS:
REF: page 183
KEY: WWW
4. Define state-dependent learning and encoding specificity. Then, explain three ways a student
might apply these principles to enhance her learning in college courses. Using the results of ex-
perimental research, state why these suggestions for learning are likely to be successful.
ANS:
REF: pages 184-185
KEY: WWW
5. Your text explains what memory research tells us about studying. Name and describe the five
techniques for improving learning and memory given in the text's discussion, and what experi-
mental result supports each technique.
ANS:
REF: pages 187-189
327
6. Your text makes the statement that “memories are stored at the synapses.” Develop a discus-
sion to explain the evidence that learning and memory are represented in the brain by physiolog-
ical changes at the neuronal level.
ANS:
REF: pages 190-191
7. Your text describes the process of consolidation regarding forming memories in the brain.
Early research on consolidation led to the proposal of the standard model of consolidation. Begin
your essay by explaining what the standard model claims about the role of the hippocampus in
consolidation and the experimental results to support it. Then, describe the more recent research
and experimental results that pose a challenge to the standard model.
ANS:
REF: pages 193-195
328

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Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind

Research And Everyday Experience 3rd

Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind Research and

Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind Research And

Cognitive Psychology Mind and Brain 1st Edition Smith

Cognitive Psychology Applying The Science of the Mind

Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology 3rd Edition

Cognitive Science An Introduction to the Study of Mind

Research Experience Planning Conducting and Reporting

Discovering Psychology The Science of Mind 3rd Edition

1. Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is

2. Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

28. Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

34. The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with

39. Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for memories.

40. Graded amnesia occurs because

44. The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

50. Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

2. Compare and contrast levels-of-processing theory with transfer-appropriate processing. De-

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