 Mitosis is used for almost all of your

body’s cell division needs. It adds new

SCIENCE REVIEWER
cells
MALE REPRODUCTICE SYS:
 Meiosis is used for just one purpose in
the human body: the production of
gametes –sex cells, or sperm and eggs

EPIDIDYMIS - forms a mass over the back and

upper part of each testes. ; Sperm are stored
there for as long as six weeks

Vas Deferens/ductus deferens - described as

the excretory duct of the testes ; two long, thin
tubes that serve as a passageway for sperm and
a place for sperm storage.

EJACULATION - passage of sperm from the

penis, a result of a series of muscular
contractions ; 3.5 milliliters of semen is expelled
during ejaculation ; 300 to 400 million sperm &
5 to 10 million in just one drop.

Urethra - A dual purpose tube that both semen

and urine pass through to leave the body

SEMEN - combination of fluid that is produced

in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and
bulbourethral gland ; Thickened milky fluid that
Testicles or Testes – The two testes are small
is expelled from the penis during sexual activity.
organs that lie in the scrotum and produce
sperm and the male hormone testosterone. Hypospermia – less than 1.5 ml semen
- The testicles are the male sex gland. Hyperspermia - more than 5.5ml : abnormal
- Each lobe of testis contains 1 to 3 coiled
Average volume of semen produced at
tubes - SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
ejaculation is 2 to 5 ml
- Four to five billion sperm cells are
produced each month. Seminal Vesicles - Secrete 60% of the total
volume of the semen, which includes fructose,
SCROTUM – A sac-like pouch located behind
the energy source of the sperm ; two small
the penis that holds each testes and helps
glands that secrete a fluid that nourishes and
regulate temperature for sperm production.
enables the sperm to move
SPERM - They are tiny, living cells 100 times
Prostate Gland - released by seminal vesicle
smaller than a pencil dot. ; can survive in a
and prostrate gland into the mix that induce
women’s body for 5-8 days.
contractions ; help sperm reach the egg.
 Head – contains nucleus that stores the
Bulbourethral/Cowper’s Gland - two small pea-
male chromosomes and has a
sized glands located beneath the prostate
protective cap called the acrosome
gland ; They secrete a clear, sticky (mucus-rich)
 Midpiece – contains mitochondria,
fluid that helps to neutralize the acidity of the
which supply energy to the tail.
urethra.
 Tail – helps propel if forward with
snake-like motion. PENIS - male organ for sexual intercourse,
reproduction, and urination ; loosely fitting skin
 Semen contains about 100 million
called the prepuce or foreskin.
sperm per millilite
 An erection occurs when the sponge-
SPERM CELLS - produced in the linings of the
like chambers in the penis fill with
seminiferous tubules through MEIOSIS.
blood.

 Positive feedback - brings more

hormone output
  Negative feedback – inhibits/stops the
production of more hormones.
TIMELINE:
Infancy - Erections begin
Ages 11-14- Secondary sex characteristics
appear
Ages 13-16- Sperm produced in adult amounts
(puberty)
Late teens- Peak sexual urges for boys
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYS:
OVARY - Two solid egg-shaped structures ; They
are attached to the uterus by ligaments.
two main functions:
1-store and release the ova or female egg cell.
2-produce female sex hormones called
ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE
1-2 million egg cell at birth
- There is a continuous decline in the
number of eggs each month, by the
time a girl enters puberty, only about 25
% of her lifetime total egg pool
remains, around 300,000.
OVUM OR OVA - main function is to carry the
set of chromosomes contributed by the female
and create the right environment to enable
fertilization by the sperm.
- The formation of an egg cell or ovum is
called oogenesis.
- 2 million immature egg cells are called
primary oocytes.
 nucleus or germinal spot it is the heart
of the egg cell
 Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that
holds all the organelles.
 Zona Pellucida (egg wall) is an outer
membrane that helps the sperm to
enter the egg through its hard outer
layer
- 1 egg being released per month, only
400-500 eggs in total will be released.
- 1 % of women will experience
premature menopause, they will run
out of eggs well before the normal age
of menopause
ATRESIA – process when no. of eggs will
steadily decline over her lifetime and be
absorbed back into the body
Progesterone builds up the lining of the uterus
called the endometrium
Estrogen - Assists in endometrial
regrowth/thickens endometrium
FALLOPIAN TUBES - Two tubes attached on
either side of the uterus.
 They are about 4-5 inches long and 0.2-
0.6 inches in diameter (the size of a
cooked spaghetti noodle).
 carry egg cells toward the uterus and
sperm cells toward the egg cell.
NOTE:
 Only 1 sperm can fertilize an egg
 Fertilized egg = zygote
UTERUS - small pear-shaped muscular organ
situated between urinary bladder and rectum ;
Site of Embryonic Development.
- protect and nourish a fetus
- size of a small watermelon
- After childbirth the uterus shrinks back
to the original shape in 6-8 weeks
Cervix - The neck or the narrow opening of
the uterus.
 Accommodates the penis during
intercourse.
 Channels the blood discharged during
menstruation
 Dilate from 6 cm to 10 cm
VAGINA
- birth canal during child birth
- 3-4 inches long, but will lengthen during
arousal.
- has a high acidity level to fight against
bacteria

Ovulation
• Release of an egg from your ovary, into
your fallopian tube
Menstruation
• When blood and tissue from uterus
comes out from vagina
Menstrual cramps happen because of
contractions in the uterus or womb
Labor
-Uterine contractions begin
-Cervix dilates to 10 cm.
Cesarean Section (c-section) is a surgery that
cuts through the uterus to deliver the baby if it
cannot be born vaginally
Sexually transmitted disease (STD’s)
 Syphilis
 Gonorrhea
 Genital Herpes
 Chlamydia
 AIDS
Syphilis
- It is a bacterial infection usually spread by
sexual contact, this disease starts as a painless
sore (CHANCRE) - typically on your genitals,
rectum or mouth.
-caused by a bacterium Treponema pallidum
Congenital Syphilis – a baby born with infected
mother (deafness, tooth deformities, and
collapse of the nose bridge.
Gonorrhea
- caused by a bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
which invades the epithelial lining of the vagina
and the male urethra that causes discharge
called PUS ; often seen in young adults.
Genital Herpes
- common sexually transmitted infection caused
by the herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV)-2
(Incurable) ; Blisters appear a few days or
weeks after infection
- Occur 10 days after exposure to an infected
sexual partner.
Chlamydia
- is caused by a bacteria called Chlamydia
trachomatis
AIDS - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
 - Cause by virus known as the HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV),
which attacks the immune system
 NO CURE is available
Menstrual Abnormalities:
• Amenorrhea = absence of menstruation
; no menstrual flow for at least 3
months
• Dysmenorrhea = pain associated with
menstruation
• Abnormal uterine bleeding = excessive
amount or duration of menstrual
bleeding
Prostaglandins control processes such as blood
flow, contraction and relaxation of muscles and
others
2 types of abnormal uterine bleeding:
Menorrhagia and Metrorrhagia
Menorrhagia- Excessive bleeding during the
regular menstrual flow
Metrorrhagia- Uterine bleeding between
regular menstrual periods or after menopause
Infertility- Inability to conceive after 1 year of
sexual intercourse without birth control
Cervical cancer - type of cancer that occurs in
the cells of cervix- the lower part of the uterus
Erectile Dysfunction - Inability of an adult man
to achieve penile erection
Ovarian cysts - fluid-filled sacs or pockets in an
ovary or on its surface