Lectures 1- 4_Reservoir Fluid Properties

L t
Lectures 3 - 4:
4
PProblems
bl RRelated
l d to Crude
C d Oil CComposition:
ii
H2S Problems,
Scale Problems,
Organic Deposition and Control, and
Summary and Appendix
March 2010
Lectures 3-4 Contents

1
1. Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Problems 3 Deposition within Porous Formation
3.
1.1. H2S – Safety 3.1. Organic Deposit
1.2. Toxicity of H2S 3.2. Asphaltenes
1.3. Toxicity of H2S in Details 3.2.1. Typical Asphaltene Precipitation
Window
3.2.2. Factors Governing Asphaltene
2. Mineral Scale D
Deposition
iti
2.1. Scale Types 3.3. Paraffin Deposition Mechanisms
2.2. Most Common Types of Scales 3.3.1. Wax Plugging
2.3. Scale
l Inhibitor
hibi 3.3.2. Factors Governing Paraffin
2.3.1. Inhibitor Types Deposition
2.3.2. Reason for Scale Control: 3.3.3. Paraffin Inhibitor and Control
Tubing Damage 3.3.4. Paraffin Removal and Scratcher
2.3.3. Reason for Scale Control: 4. Characteristics of Organic Deposits
Matrix Damage g 5. Organic
g Deposits
p Location and Related
Production Loss
6. Summary
7. Appendix and Case Studies : Lecture 4
February 22, 2010 Reservoir Fluids Properties ‐ PTE232, Dr. Adel Salem Lectures 1 ‐ 4: Page: 36
1. Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Problems
Hydrogen sulfide is a colourless,
colourless flammable,
flammable poisonous gas that
smells like rotten eggs.
Hydrogen Sulfide gas is very dangerous and in high

concentrations is lethal and in low concentration gives a rotten
egg smell.
smell
Hydrogen
y g sulfide ((or hydrogen
y g sulphide)
p ) is the chemical
compound with the formula H2S. This colorless, toxic,
flammable gas is partially responsible for the foul odor of rotten
eggs and flatulence. It often results from the bacterial break
down of sulfur‐containing organic matter in the absence
of oxygen, such as in swamps and sewers (anaerobic digestion).
It also occurs in volcanic gases,
gases natural gas and some well waters.
waters
The body produces small amounts of H2S and uses it as a
signaling molecule.
1.1. H2S - Safety

• Hydrogen
H d sulfide
lfid iis a hi
highly
hl toxic
i and
d fl
flammable
bl
gas. Being heavier than air, it tends to accumulate
at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces.
Although very pungent at first, it quickly deadens
the sense of smell, so potential victims may be
unaware of its presence until it is too late
late. For
safe handling procedures, a hydrogen
sulfide
lfid material
i l safety
f d data sheet
h (MSDS) should
h ld
be consulted.
1.2. Toxicity of H2S
¾ Hydrogen sulfide is considered a broad‐spectrum poison
poison, meaning that it can
poison several different systems in the body, although the nervous system is
most affected. The toxicity of H2S is comparable with that of hydrogen cyanide.
It forms a complex bond with iron in the mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes,
thereby blocking oxygen from binding and stopping cellular respiration. Since
hydrogen sulfide occurs naturally in the environment and the gut, enzymes
exist in the body capable of detoxifying it by oxidation to (harmless)
sulfate Hence,
sulfate. Hence low levels of sulfide may be tolerated indefinitely.
indefinitely
¾ At some threshold level, believed to average around 300–350 ppm, the

oxidative enzymes become overwhelmed.
overwhelmed Many personal safety gas detectors
detectors,
such as those used by utility, sewage and petrochemical workers, are set to
alarm at as low as 5 to 10 ppm and to go into high alarm at 15 ppm.
¾ Exposure to lower concentrations can result in eye irritation, a sore throat

and cough, nausea, shortness of breath, and fluid in the lungs. These symptoms
usually go away in a few weeks. Long‐term, low‐level exposure may result
i fatigue,
in f i l
loss off appetite,
i headaches,
h d h irritability,
i i bili poor memory, and d dizziness.
di i
Chronic exposures to low level H2S (around 2 ppm) has been implicated in
increased miscarriage and reproductive health issues amongst Russian and
Finnish wood pulp workers, but the reports have not (as of circa 1995) been
replicated.
1.3. Toxicity of H2S in Details

0
0.0047
0047 ppm is the recognition threshold
threshold, the concentration at which 50% of
humans can detect the characteristic odor of hydrogen sulfide, normally
described as resembling "aa rotten egg".
egg
Less than 10 pp
ppm has an exposure
p limit of 8 hours p
per day.y
10–20 ppm is the borderline concentration for eye irritation.
irritation
50–100 ppm leads to eye damage.
damage
At 150
150–250
250 ppm the olfactory nerve is paralyzed after a few inhalations
inhalations, and the
sense of smell disappears
disappears, often together with awareness of danger,
danger
320–530 ppm leads to pulmonary edema with the possibility of death. death
530
530–1000
1000 ppm causes strong stimulation of the central nervous system and rapid
breathing, leading to loss of breathing
breathing;
800 ppm is the lethal concentration for 50% of humans for 5 minutes
exposure(
exposure(LC50
p (LC50).)
Concentrations over 1000 ppm cause immediate collapse with loss of breathing,
breathing
even after inhalation of a single breath
breath.
Hydrogen
y g sulfide was used byy the British as a chemical agent g duringg World War
One. It was not considered to be an ideal war gas, but while other gases were in
short supply it was used on two occasions in 1916. The gas, produced by mixing
certain household ingredients, was used in a suicide wave in 2008, primarily in
Japan.
Japan
2. Mineral Scale
Mineral scales (subsequently referred to as scales) are inorganic solids
precipitated from water and subsequently deposited. Scales are a common form
of formation damage and blockages or restrictions to perforations
perforations, screens
screens, liners
or tubing
tubing.
Like most production chemistry problems, they pose a safety issue through loss
of operability of check valves, safety valves or, in severe cases, tree valves. To
predict the scaling potential of reservoir aquifer water
water, a representative water
sample is required.
This requires that an appraisal or exploration well deliberately produces water,
and that any contaminants such as completion or drilling fluids are also analyzed
so that interference is backed out.
The water chemistry of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs is highly variable, ranging
f
from very llow iion strength
t th tto high
hi h salinity
li it bbrines
i containing
t i i a wide
id range off
various ions.
Prevention and mitigation:
1. Mitigate or prevent scale in formation by using formation water instead of
seawater,
2. Scale Inhibitor
Scales
Hard inorganic crystals (~ 3 – 4 mhos)

Slightly less than steel (5 mhos)
Diamond, 9 mhos
Variable crystal size

Microns to centimeters
Produced form aqueous solutions

Soluble in specially formulated solutions
2.1. Scale Types
The equilibrium that existed for so long is then upset on a geologically
diminutive timescale during the production phase of the field
development.
Production creates pressure and temperature reduction or introduces new

fluids (muds, completion fluids or water injection).
The main types of scales are:

Carbonates – mainlyy calcium carbonate,, but also iron carbonate
Sulphates – barium, strontium and calcium
Sulphide – less frequently encountered scales, but include lead, zinc
and iron
Salts – mainly sodium chloride;
For further details go to : Well Completion Design 2009, Ch 7,
2.2. Most Common Types of Scales
¾ Calcite (CaCO3)
– Formed due to the presence of calcium ions
and bicarbonate ions in the produced water
– Pressure changes may cause precipitation
¾ Barite (BaSO4)
– Generally formed when there is co-
production of formation water (Ba2+) and
injection water (SO4-)
Barite
Anhydrite
Barium sulphate scale
deposition
2.3. Scale Inhibitor

A chemical treatment used to control or prevent scale deposition in
the production conduit or completion system.
SScale‐inhibitor
l i hibit chemicals
h i l may b be continuously
ti l iinjected
j t d th
through
haddownhole
h l
injection point in the completion, or periodic squeeze treatments may be
undertaken to place the inhibitor in the reservoir matrix for subsequent
commingling with produced fluids
fluids.
Some scale‐inhibitor systems integrate scale inhibitors and fracture
treatments into one step,
step which guarantees that the entire well is treated
with scale inhibitor. In this type of treatment, a high‐efficiency scale inhibitor
is pumped into the matrix surrounding the fracture face during leakoff.
It adsorbs to the matrix during pumping until the fracture begins to produce
water. As water passes through the inhibitor‐adsorbed zone, it dissolves
sufficient inhibitor to prevent scale deposition
deposition. The inhibitor is better placed
than in a conventional scale‐inhibitor squeeze, which reduces the
retreatment cost and improves production.
Downhole chemical injection examples
Downhole chemical
injection examples
Deep downhole chemical

injection,
cased hole example
Deep downhole chemical injection,

sand control concept
2.3.1. Inhibitor Types

Th
There are a number
b off scale
l iinhibitor
hibi types:
1. Inorganic phosphates.
2. Organophosphorous compounds.
3
3. Polyvinyl sulphonate co‐polymers.
co‐polymers
4. Organic polymers.
5. Blends of phosphonates and polymers.
Scale Inhibitors
SScale
l inhibitors
i hibit preventt undesirable
d i bl buildup
b ild on your equipment.
i t Appropriate
A i t
treatment by NCP Scale Inhibitors will extend the life of industrial equipment
and provide optimal process conditions.
Fields where NCP Scale Inhibitors can be used are:
Oil and Gas field

Water injection
j
Refineries
Water desalination
Power plants
Industrial waters
Biocides
Combination Scale & Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion Inhibitors
Emulsion Breakers
Encapsulated Scale & Corrosion Inhibitors

Foamers & Foam Controll
H2S Scavengers
Hydrate Inhibitors
Paraffin Control & Asphaltene Inhibitors
Paraffin Inhibitors
Scale Inhibitors
Scale Inhibitor Squeezes
Surfactants
Water Clarifiers
Calcium Naphthenate Inhibitors
Hydrotesting & Subsea Preservation
Drag Reducers
Example:
http://www.champ‐tech.com/onec_prod_scal.asp for scale inhibitor
2.3.2.Reason for Scale Control: Tubing Damage
• Tubing ID Restriction
¾ C
Constrained
t i d production
d ti Scale Deposition in Tubing
¾ Often layered with scale, wax, asphaltene, FeS - Layer
etc.
B S04 Layer
BaS0 L
• Completion components
blocked with scale Under-deposit Corrosion
¾ Gas
G Lift MMandrels
d l
¾ SSSV Asphaltene layer
¾ Nipples, ..etc
H2S Pitting
g Corrosion
• Corrosion under scale CaC03 layer

deposition
¾ Bacterial / H2S W Layer
Wax L
¾ Pitting
Note : Actual Scale may have all or just some of these layers
¾ Loss of steel integrity
2.3.3. Reason for Scale Control: Matrix Damage
Hydrocarbon flow through water‐saturated

matrix
ti
¾ Scale deposition restricts flow
Porre system – Flow paath
¾ Scale reduces matrix permeability
Complete scaling of pore throat not likely;

however,
however
¾ Small quantity of scale ⇒ large loss in
permeability
¾ Large loss in permeability ⇒ significant
reduction in productivity
Scale
S
3. Deposition within Porous Formation
Faruk Civan Model
3.1. Organic Deposit

¾ A type
t off d
damage in
i which
hi h heavy
h hydrocarbons
h d b precipitate
i it t when
h
temperature or pressure is reduced.
¾ These deposits are commonly located in the tubing

tubing,, gravel pack
and perforations
perforations,, or inside the formation . The injection of cold
treating fluids promotes the formation of organic deposits.
¾ Organic deposits such as paraffins or asphaltenes are resolubilized

usingg aromatic organic
g solvents such as toluene or xylene
y .
¾ Small amounts of alcohol help

p to further dissolve asphaltenes.
p
Organic Deposits
Organic deposits are heavy hydrocarbons (paraffins or asphaltenes) that
precipitate as the pressure or temperature is reduced.
Th are typically
They t i ll located
l t d in
i the
th tubing,
t bi perforations
f ti or formation.
f ti
1. Paraffins: ((dissolved in oil))

Paraffins are the simplest of hydrocarbons. They are composed of only
carbon and hydrogen atoms, and the carbons occur as an unbranched
chain.
2. Asphaltenes: (undissolved, but suspended as a colloid in oil)

A h lt
Asphaltenes are organic
i materials
t i l consisting
i ti off condensed
d d aromatic
ti and
d
naphthenic ring compounds with molecular weights of several hundred to
several thousand. In “solution,” they usually exist as a colloidal
suspension,
suspension
Organic Deposits ,…
3 Tar:
3.
Tar is simply an asphaltene or other heavy‐
heavy‐oil deposit. It cannot be
removed by acid or mutual solvents. Removal requires dispersion in an
aromatic solvent, and energy is typically necessary to achieve removal.
4 Resins :
4.
(Peptizing agent, dissolved in oil, help suspend asphaltene in oil)
5. Wax:
A combined deposit of paraffins, asphaltenes, resins, mixed with clays,
sand,
d and
dddebris
b i (di
(dissolved
l d iin oil)
il)
3.2. Asphaltenes
¾ Organic materials consisting of aromatic and naphthenic ring compounds
containing nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen molecules. The asphaltene fraction of
crude is defined as the organic part of the oil that is not soluble in straight‐chain
solvents such as pentane or heptane.
¾ Asphaltenes exist as a colloidal suspension stabilized by resin molecules

(aromatic ring systems) in the oil. The stability of asphaltic dispersions depends
on the
h ratio off resin to asphaltene
h l molecules.
l l
¾ The determination of the quantity of resin is important in estimating the potential

d
damage created
dbby asphaltenes.
h l
¾ Asphaltene precipitates as a result of pressure drop, shear (turbulent flow),

acids,
id solution
l i carbon
b di dioxide
id [[CO2],
] injected
i j d condensate,
d mixing
i i off incompatible
i ibl
crude oils or other conditions or materials that break the stability of the asphaltic
dispersion.
¾ For example, in matrix acidizing, iron ions in solution favor the precipitation of
asphaltene deposits.
Asphaltenes, …
Asphaltene: Facts
¾ Aromatic/Napthenic based hydrocarbons
¾ Polar ( Simply +ve
ve and –ve
ve end charged)
¾ Can contain elements (O, S, N) and metals(Fe, Cu, Ni)
¾ Amorphous (no structure)
¾ Insoluble in crude oil
¾ Not the same as paraffin
¾ Present throughout the oil and gas Industry
Asphaltene Precipitation
Generally totally UNRELATED to the amount of asphaltene that is
physically in the oil and is commonly motivated by:
¾ Reductions in temperature and pressure
¾ Contact with h lean
l or rich
h hydrocarbon
h d b gases andd CO2
¾ Contact with non‐equilibrium oils
¾ Contact with various acids (pH shift)
Example of an asphaltene molecule structure.
3.2.1. Typical Asphaltene Precipitation Window
Asphaltene Deposition Environment Example.
Asphalt Tars
Aggregate of condensed Polycycllic Aromatic ring
Molecular weight
6 to 20 aromatic rings
Specific gravity
gra it = 1.2
12
Black, sticky to hard solid
Colloidally dispersed in crude oils
Burns with black sootyy flame
3.2.2. Factors Governing Asphaltene Deposition
¾ SSolubility
l bilit and
dD Deposition
iti
¾ Low molecular‐weight solvents
¾ L surface
Low f ttension
i organic i liquids
li id
¾ Iron contamination
¾ pH effects
ff
¾ Pressure
¾ Addition of paraffinic crudes
¾ Injection of cold fluids or hot oiling
¾ Flow through porous media
Asphaltene Deposits
¾H d coal‐like
¾Hard l lik ddeposits
it
¾Sludges and rigid film emulsions

Asphaltene Deposits on Calcite
3.3. Paraffin Deposition Mechanisms
¾P
Precipitated
i it t d paraffins
ffi are attracted
tt t d tot crystal
t l growth
th sites
it ((and
d
other paraffins)
¾ Paraffin crystals can deposit onto surfaces

¾ Diffusion
Diff i
¾ Collisions
3.3.1. Wax Plugging

Paraffin:
¾ Simplest form of hydrocarbon
¾ C16 to C60
¾ Crystalline deposit structure
¾ Soluble in crude oil
¾ Distinctly different than asphaltenes
¾ Form as a result of temperature and pressure variations
¾ Present throughout the oil and gas industry
Paraffin Precipitation
p
Paraffin is most often precipitated by a temperature change. The temperature
point where the lattice of the paraffin begins to grow is called the cloud point.
Once a crude oil reaches the cloud point
point, paraffin crystals establish a nucleation
site to which more paraffin crystals will adhere.
3.3.2. Factors Governing Paraffin Deposition
1. Temperature
p ,
2. Ratio of solvent to solute,
3
3. Pressure exerted on the solution,
solution
4. Amount of gas in solution,
5. Presence of water, sand and other organic compounds,
6. p
Action of resins and asphaltenes, and
7. Surface roughness.
3.3.3. Paraffin Inhibitor and Control

A chemical injected into the wellbore to prevent or minimize paraffin
deposition.
The effectiveness of paraffin inhibitors is strongly dependent on

crude oil composition.
Paraffin inhibitors must be introduced into the oil before the oil cools
to its cloud point.
point In additional, asphaltene composition should be
determined before treatment because it can reduce the
effectiveness of the paraffin inhibitor.
In some cases, the use of a paraffin inhibitor can actually increase

the rate of paraffin deposition because the stability of colloidal
asphaltenes
h lt is
i di
disturbed.
t b d
Paraffin Control
A set of techniques used to prevent or considerably reduce paraffin
deposition.
P
Paraffin
ffi control
t l might
i ht iinvolve
l ththe ffollowing
ll i options:
ti
1. Use of p paraffin inhibitors,,

2. Maintaining pipe surfaces in a water‐wet condition because paraffin
will not adhere to water. However, the presence of natural surfactants
in some crude oils converts water‐wet surfaces to an oil‐wet condition,,
making this technique effective only temporarily.
3. Coating the pipe with plastic to provide a smooth surface and reduce
paraffin adhesion.
4. Reducing heat transfer to maintain the oil temperature above its cloud
point .
5
5. Filling the annulus of a well with a fluid that has poorer heat transfer
properties than the oil maintains the temperature of the
flowing crude oil above its cloud point.
3.3.4. Paraffin Removal and Scratcher

Mechanical removal of asphaltene in the tubing is hard work
work, but is often used
in land or platform wells.
A downhole tool, generally run on slikline, used to remove paraffin and soft
wax deposits from the internal wall of production tubulars and completion
equipment.
equipment
Hydroblasting or milling (both with coiled tubing) will be quicker.
Chemical dissolvers can also be effective. Aromatic solvents such as xylene and
toluene can be highly effective and will also remove wax deposits. Xylene and
toluene are toxic and have a low flash point (xylene 821 F, toluene 431 F).
Some of the dissolvers will adsorb onto the asphaltene deposits, effectively
increasing the deposit volume, but also considerably softening it for easier
removal.
4. Characteristics of Organic Deposits
Paraffins Asphaltenes
• Precipitate upon cooling and • Destabilized by drastic
pressure reduction
d i temperature changes, low pH or
high pH fluids and Ferric ions
ions.
• Waxy, may be tacky or brittle.
brittle
• Black sticky
sticky‐‐to
to‐‐hard solid or
• Burn with a clean flame slushy mass.
mass.
• Soluble in aromatic solvents • Burn with a black, sooty flame.

(Xylene
Xylene,, Toluene).
Toluene)
• Soluble in aromatic solvents
(Xylene,
Xylene, Toluene).
February 22, 2010 Reservoir

Reservoir Fluids
Fluids Properties
Properties ‐‐PTE232,
PTE232, Dr.
Dr. Adel
Adel Salem
Salem Lectures 1 ‐ 4: Page: 71
5. Organic Deposits Location and Related Production Loss
Sludge
6. Summary
7. Appendix and Case Studies : Lecture 4
1 Th
1. The contents
t t for
f the
th Course
C in
i the
th Curriculum
C i l off the
th
faculty, English and Arabic,
2. Example of Scale inhibitors material [Gyptron®] and
accepta Products.
3. Example of corrosion inhibitors material [Cortron® ]
p
from Champion Technologies
g Company.
p y
4. Smart Pigs ‐ application project on 9‐mile pipeline
systems
5. dbrSOLIDS software brochure: Predicting precipitation
points; Schlumberger.
Schlumberger
1. In The English Curriculum
2. In The Arabic Curriculum
Proposed References
1
1. Oskui Reza : “Petroleum
Oskui, Petroleum Fluid Properties
Properties,” Core Laboratories,
Laboratories Western Atlas International,
International
1993.
2. McCain, W. D. : “The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, 2nd Edition,” Penn well Publishing
Company Tulsa
Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Oklahoma, 1990
1990.
3. Burcik, E. J. : “Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids,” International Human Resources
Development Corporation (IHRDC), Boston, 1979.
4
4. Pedersen
Pedersen, K K. SS., and Christensen
Christensen, P
P. LL. : “Phase
Phase Behavior of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
Fluids,” CRC
Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, 2007.
5. Danesh, Ali, : “PVT and Phase Behaviour of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids,” Elsevier, 1998.
6
6. Ahmed Tarek : “Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior
Ahmed, Behavior,”” Gulf Publishing Company
Company, Houston
Houston, Texas
Texas,
1989.
7. Ahmed, Tarek : “Equations of State and PVT Analysis, Applications for Improved Reservoir
Modeling ” Gulf Publishing Company
Modeling, Company, Houston
Houston, Texas
Texas, 2007
2007.
8. rd
Ahmed, Tarek : “Reservoir Engineering, Handbook, 3 Edition,” Elsevier, 2006.
9. Ahmed, Tarek : “Reservoir Engineering, Handbook, 2nd Edition,” Butterworth‐Heinemann, a
member of the Reed Elsevier groupgroup, 2001
2001.
Thanks For Your
Attention

Lectures 1- 4_Reservoir Fluid Properties

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L t

Lectures 3-4 Contents

 Hydrogen Sulfide gas is very dangerous and in high

1.1. H2S - Safety

¾ At some threshold level, believed to average around 300–350 ppm, the

¾ Exposure to lower concentrations can result in eye irritation, a sore throat

1.3. Toxicity of H2S in Details

 Hard inorganic crystals (~ 3 – 4 mhos)

 Variable crystal size

 Produced form aqueous solutions

Production creates pressure and temperature reduction or introduces new

The main types of scales are:

For further details go to : Well Completion Design 2009, Ch 7,

2.2. Most Common Types of Scales

2.3. Scale Inhibitor

Deep downhole chemical

Deep downhole chemical injection,

2.3.1. Inhibitor Types

Fields where NCP Scale Inhibitors can be used are:

Oil and Gas field

• Corrosion under scale CaC03 layer

2.3.3. Reason for Scale Control: Matrix Damage

 Hydrocarbon flow through water‐saturated

¾ Scale reduces matrix permeability

 Complete scaling of pore throat not likely;

Faruk Civan Model

3.1. Organic Deposit

¾ These deposits are commonly located in the tubing

¾ Organic deposits such as paraffins or asphaltenes are resolubilized

¾ Small amounts of alcohol help

1. Paraffins: ((dissolved in oil))

2. Asphaltenes: (undissolved, but suspended as a colloid in oil)

¾ Asphaltenes exist as a colloidal suspension stabilized by resin molecules

¾ The determination of the quantity of resin is important in estimating the potential

¾ Asphaltene precipitates as a result of pressure drop, shear (turbulent flow),

3.2.1. Typical Asphaltene Precipitation Window

¾Sludges and rigid film emulsions

¾ Paraffin crystals can deposit onto surfaces

3.3.1. Wax Plugging

3.3.3. Paraffin Inhibitor and Control

 The effectiveness of paraffin inhibitors is strongly dependent on

 In some cases, the use of a paraffin inhibitor can actually increase

1. Use of p paraffin inhibitors,,

3.3.4. Paraffin Removal and Scratcher

 Hydroblasting or milling (both with coiled tubing) will be quicker.

• Soluble in aromatic solvents • Burn with a black, sooty flame.

February 22, 2010 Reservoir

5. Organic Deposits Location and Related Production Loss

1. In The English Curriculum

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Hydrogen Sulfide gas is very dangerous and in high

Hard inorganic crystals (~ 3 – 4 mhos)

Variable crystal size

Produced form aqueous solutions

Hydrocarbon flow through water‐saturated

Complete scaling of pore throat not likely;

The effectiveness of paraffin inhibitors is strongly dependent on

In some cases, the use of a paraffin inhibitor can actually increase

Hydroblasting or milling (both with coiled tubing) will be quicker.