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Science’s Fight for Life _ Davidson Institute of Science Education
Science’s Fight for Life _ Davidson Institute of Science Education
h Noam Leviatan
c January 3, 2019
2018 began in Israel with a measles outbreak. Since its onset, thousands have
contracted the dangerous disease, despite the existence of a safe, available, and
an especially effective vaccine against it. The return of the disease and its
spreading throughout to Israel is due, in part, to the activity of a populist science-
denial movement, which disseminates misinformation – prompting some parents
to stop vaccinating their children. Similar misinformation movements have led to
a measles outbreak in Europe, where tens of thousands of people have already
contracted the disease, and dozens died.
Some of those who are spreading the lies are attempting to frighten parents into
replacing vaccines with miracle drugs – magic water, sugar pills, supplements, or a
message from angels. But the blame for the outbreak is not only on them – also
responsible are certain popular media figures and politicians, who have
accustomed the public to accept false claims, alternative "facts," and fake news as
truths, while disregarding scientific information or twisting it when it fails to fit
their own beliefs or opinions. The educational system is also responsible – instead
of eradicating ignorance, it leaves students without the ability to recognize
unreliable information, identify statistical lies, and discern evidence-based
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facts from that which is fictitious, composed of lies, and, at times, contradicts the
laws of nature. Also to blame are the researchers and science organizations
themselves, for not disseminating the information among the public or making it
more communicative, though organizations such as the Davidson Institute of
Science Education, the non-profit organization Mida'at, the non-profit Little Big
Science, and the Israel Society of Ecology and Environmental Sciences are
leading the change in this approach.
In a series of articles, journalist Brian Deer revealed how Wakefield falsified his
tiny study after he was bribed with over £400,000 from lawyers looking for a way
to show that vaccines are dangerous in order to win a court case against vaccine
manufacturing companies. They did not win. In addition, it turned out that prior
to the publication, Wakefield submitted a patent application for a split vaccine
against the same diseases.
Spreading epidemic
The growing anti-vaccination movement, which could also be referred to as a
movement for bringing back dangerous diseases, was not confined to the UK. It
spread like an epidemic to other countries in Europe and the rest of the world,
and of course did not spare the U.S. and its greatest imitator in terms of science
and medicine resistance – Israel.
The false ideas about vaccines are easily spread by mass media, social media, and
the internet in general, and this is how they reach new countries and take new
victims. For instance, the current measles outbreak began in 2016 in Romania as
a result of the activity of Olivia Steer, an ex-television host with tens of thousands
of Facebook followers, who appeared on TV and other form of mass media to
incite fear of vaccines. Her intimidation campaign is supported by extremely
conservative religious groups, and according to her, her claims are based on
the books and talks by Prof. Yehuda Shoenfeld, a world-renowned Israeli
immunologist who invented a controversial syndrome.
Until December 21, 2018, over 15,000 people in Romania contracted measles, 59
of whom died. Except for one person, none of the casualties were vaccinated.
Most of them were children, including babies under immunization age, whose
death would have been prevented if enough people around them would have
been vaccinated. The measles vaccine is especially effective – 97% of those who
receive two vaccine doses will acquire life-long protection against the disease.
According to the World Health Organization, before the measles vaccine was
first approved in 1963, 2.6 million people died from the disease each year
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Intimidation campaign, fake news and controversial information led to a measles outbreak. Olivia
Steer and Beppe Grillo | Source: Facebook, Wikipedia
severity of the diseases. In Italy, the group spreading fake news about vaccines
and one of the leading causes for the measles outbreak is a political party called
the Five Star Movement. One of its founders and leaders is Beppe Grillo, a
comedian and blogger who circulated anti-vaccine statements through his blog,
which served as the party's official "newspaper" until 2018. The Five Star
Movement had even submitted an anti-immunization bill in 2015, which included
numerous lies and scare tactics.
These lies and scare tactics led to a drop in immunization rates in Italy, from 85%
to well below the threshold required for preventing disease outbreak. The data
shows that vaccine refusal is correlated to measles outbreaks; indeed, in 2017,
there was a measles outbreak in Italy with numerous patients, second in number
only to Romania. In the same year, four people died in Italy from the disease, all
of whom were unvaccinated.
In an attempt to slow down the outbreak, the Italian Minster of Health, Beatrice
Lorenzin, passed a law in May 2017 that would prevent unvaccinated children
from entering schools, while defending vaccines. However, after the 2018
elections, she was replaced by Giulia Grillo from the Five Star Movement, who
cancelled the law. But as the outbreak has not subsided, Grillo said she will look
for other ways to encourage people to get vaccinated against measles.
Nevertheless, perhaps a minister of health from a party that opposes medicine
should not be trusted – in December 2018, she fired all 30 members of the board
of health experts which advises the government on health policy, to replace them
by "other suitable people". This is despite the fact that board members were
appointed according to their expertise, and still had two years to complete their
term. The Minister of Health has not met with the board members or consulted
with them since her appointment six months ago.
Even countries with a generally high immunization rate to protect them from a
measles outbreak, such as Portugal, Germany, and Israel, may have small
population pockets with low immunization coverage. For instance, in regions
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Israel in a rash
About 96% of the population in Israel has received two doses of the measles
vaccine. While anti-vaxxers are very vocal, at least on social media, when it comes
to the measles vaccine, their impact is limited. It is important to keep it that way
so that Israel does not end up like Italy and Romania.
Despite the high vaccination rates in the general population, in March 2018, the
measles outbreak caught up with Israel, after people who contracted the disease
in Europe returned and passed the virus on to concentrations of unvaccinated
populations. Since then, thousands of people have contracted the disease,
resulting in two deaths to date. A substantial part of the measles cases in Israel
occurred in regions where the immunization rates are extremely low. Nearly half
of the cases were in Jerusalem, where there are certain Haredi groups that
oppose vaccines for religious-ideological reasons, as well as large families that
have difficulty arriving to early childhood clinics on time to immunize their
children according to schedule. In addition, there are regions where anti-vaxxers
and people who refuse and postpone vaccines after being convinced by anti-
vaxxer propaganda are concentrated.
As soon as the measles outbreak in Europe went out of control, it was clear that
sooner or later the dangerous disease will make landfall in Israel. The lack of
informed publicity, disregard of unvaccinated population pockets, adults receiving
a single dose, general erosion of the vaccination system, and a slow response rate
set the stage for the outbreak in Israel. Even when the Ministry of Health
attempted to prevent the import of the disease to Israel, and recommended that
travelers to Europe complete their vaccination doses, some mass media channels
chose to put the public at risk and, for the sake of the fake balance, presented
alongside the official recommendations, an opposing view driven by an
unfounded belief in conspiracies.
The “Reshet” media network took this even further, when in June 2018, amidst the
measles outbreak in Israel, showcased an unreserved video of an anti-vaxxer who
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has no relevant education, presenting lies and scare tactics regarding childhood
immunizations. The dangerous video invoked angry responses. Mida'at posted
on its Facebook page: "We are shocked and disappointed that Reshet is playing
with people's lives, just to score likes on Facebook, and refused to remove the
video even after we filed an official appeal." Despite the responses from experts
who explained to Reshet officials that what was being presented in the video is
false and life-threatening, the network opted to create a video presenting the
opposing view.
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just to debunk them immediately – without creating the illusion that they are valid
and equal or that there is any evidence to support them,
The measles outbreak is not the only instance in 2018 where attacking and
distorting science threatened public health. There are numerous examples for
other damages caused by irresponsible journalism, quacks, religious faith,
politicians who do not take care of their voters, or a combination of all of these.
Imported from Europe via concentrations of anti-vaxxers. Measles incidence in Israel (data from 2018
until December 22) | Data: The Israeli Ministry of Health
Alternative deaths
A substantial portion of the people who opposed vaccines and attempted to
spread fear of them among parents are alternative “therapists” and food
supplements or strange diets salespeople, who, in many cases, have a financial
interest in propagating false medical information. The media is often happy to
cover such “therapists,” who lack established medical knowledge. Unencumbered
by facts and research, the “therapists” can say anything they want, which makes it
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In 2017, that same news show aired Yinnon Miles's very positive and unreserved
coverage of Kambo – an alternative “treatment” that claims to cure almost
anything, including cancer. A year later, despite criticism on that story, Kan, the
Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation, chose to post a video they made that
promotes Kambo treatment. The treatment includes inserting a toxin (not
venom!) into the body through a burn. The toxin is produced from the skin of a
frog from the Amazon (Phyllomedusa bicolor), by tying it in an unpleasant way. The
toxin causes nausea and there are some reports of serious intoxication events,
leading to severe damage in patients, even death. Besides the danger to
humans, the illegal trade of the frog and its products may lead to the invasion of a
deadly fungus that kills amphibian populations worldwide to Israel, thus putting
the lives of frogs and other amphibians in Israel at risk.
There is no evidence that Kambo can treat sick people, and, of course, that it can
cure cancer. News pieces of this sort risk the health of viewers who are cancer
patients, since they might be persuaded into attempting to treat their disease
with useless alternative means. A study from August 2017 showed that the
mortality rates of cancer patients who chose alternative “treatments” as their
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main treatment option was 2.5 higher than patients who opted for conventional
treatment. They also died at a faster rate than those who received real
treatments.
The toxin is dangerous to humans and does not cure diseases, so the patients (and the frog) suffer for
nothing. Kambo | Screenshot from the story on Channel 10
Life-shortening treatments
In August 2018, a 31-year-old Israeli woman, who believed she had recovered
from aggressive breast cancer by positive thinking and lifestyle changes, had
passed away. Just before her death, the media claimed that her story had “a
really happy ending” and “she was told she was terminally ill – and today she is
completely healthy.”
The subtype of breast cancer that she had tends to return after it supposedly
disappearing, and has a higher mortality rate than other subtypes. The woman
was diagnosed three years ago, when she was 28, and soon after, she underwent
chemotherapy that almost eradicated the tumor completely. However, the tumor
became resistant and returned, which led to surgical resection and radiation
therapy. At this point, the cancer had already become metastatic, and the woman
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fought, and succeeded, to receive an innovative treatment that was not covered
by the national health insurance.
Despite all of the treatments, the patient’s doctors told her that her cancer is
incurable, that the only things to be discussed are extending her life and her
quality of life, and that she should look for a hospice, After searching online, she
was deceived into thinking that cancer was not a disease, but “merely” a
symptom, and should not be battled against. She became vegan and decided to
change her way of thinking and stop fighting. In the beginning of the process, she
still said that “even if it is all nonsense, at least I would die optimistic,” but after
she felt better, she was convinced that she had recovered from the disease,
claiming that tests show that the tumors disappeared from her body.
Following her supposed improvement, she began inspiring others and dedicated
her time to passing on the message “stop fighting, start healing.” She claimed that
she “was not the first to recover from metastatic cancer using natural means and
simple principles,” but in interviews, she made sure to emphasize that she is only
sharing her experience with others. She said that she did not explicitly tell them
“do what I did,” or that she invented a cure for cancer, and that she does not
encourage people to stop treatments – according to her, that is what a quack
would do.
Nevertheless, despite her warnings and though she turned to these (ineffective)
“treatment” methods only after she was told she will not recover, she still inspired
others to fight cancer without drugs, and maybe refuse real treatment. Of course,
we should also remember her positive influence – inspiration to courageously and
optimistically deal with the disease without losing hope.
This case is, not surprisingly, definitely not the first time the media has presented
miraculous stories about “treatments” that helped cancer patients. In 2012, Rina
Matzliach reported on the Israeli Channel 2's Friday night news what was
described by Yaki Menschenfreund on the site Ha'ayin Hashvi'it as “…one of the
most disgraceful examples for irresponsible journalism, and it is hard to
comprehend how an editor on Channel 2's news company approved it.” In the
piece, Matzliach presents, without reservation, a “therapist” by the name of
Hanan Elraz, whose herbal remedy supposedly alleviated the condition of two
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famous cancer patients – playwright Anat Gov and Ron Nachman, who was mayor
of Ariel. In the piece, they even claimed that the remedy may eventually cure the
aggressive cancer, but sadly, this of course was not the case – Gov died at the end
of that year, and Nachman passed away a few of weeks later.
A healthy lifestyle, balanced diet, and avoidance of carcinogens may reduce the
risk of developing certain types of tumors, but no scientific evidence to date has
shown that a diet can cure cancer. No magical remedy, Shamanic ceremony,
acupuncture, or any other alternative “treatments” have been shown to cure
cancer, and those who promise to do so – without research or strong evidence –
or promise to cure all types of cancer and other diseases is either a con or blind
to reality. We advise you to avoid “alternative treatments,” and especially, not to
replace factual, evidence-based treatment by them. As Dr. Ma'ayan Barnea Zohar
concludes, “When your car breaks down, we assume that you do not take it to a
doctor, but to the auto shop. When you are sick, go to a doctor, not to charismatic
people with no medical training or knowledge in the field.”
Ignorance is power
Ignorance in science and medicine is promoted not only by anti-vaxxers, some
alternative “therapists” and media figures, but also by politicians and
governments whose agenda is not always best served by the facts. For instance,
in 2018 there were politicians did so in the service of the tobacco industry, which
has been spreading deadly lies for decades. The tobacco and smoking industry
was once again in the headlines in 2018, when it returned to pressure lobbyists
and members of the Knesset out in the open to deceive the public, in a
desperate attempt to stop a bill aimed at saving many people's lives by limiting
advertisement and sales of smoking products. Despite the industry's ample
funds, its allies in the Knesset and its sabotage attempts, the bill was passed on
December 31, 2018. The bill was submitted by MKs Eitan Cabel, Yehuda Glick,
and Eyal Ben Reuven, who were forced to exclude newspapers in print, so that
they will be permitted to advertise smoking products, following a request from
the office of the Deputy Minister of Health, Yaakov Litzman, who is tied to the
newspaper Ha’Modia.
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Another example dates back to 2014, when then-Minister of Health, Yael German,
chose to ignore facts and findings about water fluoridation and its contribution
to dental health and protection from tooth decay. German prohibited fluoridation
in Israel – in contradiction to recommendations from numerous health
organizations and the opinion of experts in her own ministry, and despite the
contribution of fluoride, at controlled concentrations that are safe and effective,
to maintaining public dental health. In May 2015, Deputy Minister of Health,
Yaakov Litzman, undid German's decision, who admitted on her Facebook
page that “pediatricians, dentists and even public health doctors united in the
appeal to court in favor of water fluoridation.” Though she was aware of the
experts’ opinions, German tried to prevent the return of the fluoridation and
appealed to the Supreme Court, together with MK Yael Cohen Paran and the non-
profit organization Izun Hozer, which opposes water fluoridation in Israel. The
appeal was rejected in November 2018, and now Israel’s water can be once again
fluoridated, though it still has not been executed.
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Mexico and Canada, the administration attempted to limit the measures these
countries can take to warn consumers about foods containing high amounts of
sugar and fat.
Trump and his administration's main battle on science focuses on climate change
and environmental preservation. Trump has been claiming for years that global
warming is a hoax, and a few months after he was elected, he canceled the
United States' participation in the Paris Agreement, in which nearly 200 countries
committed to address climate change. Nevertheless, recently, even Trump was
forced to admit that climate change is real, and so he resorted to another type
of denial – that mankind is not to blame for it and there is no reason to invest
money in attempting to prevent global warming. He second-guessed scientific
findings stating that climate change is related to certain damages, and asserted
that scientists claiming that climate change is worse than ever, have a “political
agenda.” This is despite reports filed by his administration warning of present
and future damages due to climate change.
To ensure that the findings of federal science agencies interfere less with
industry, especially the oil and coal industries, the Trump administration has
limited the ability of agency personnel to present their findings in public and
speak to the media (which led to a temporary resistance movement on
Twitter). The administration even posted a list of scientific reporting censorship
guidelines; encouraged people of the Department of Agriculture to refrain from
speaking about climate change and refer only to “weather extremes”; and
shortened, and later removed, the section on the Department of the
Interior's website about climate change. The U.S. Department of Interior has
also chosen, for no good reason, to halt a number of studies that are unfriendly
to the coal and oil industries, such as one examining the health problems
incurred by residents of regions in which coal is mined by explosions on
mountain tops.
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Just getting hotter. Protesters against Trump's stands on climate change at his inauguration |
Photograph: Science Photo Library
Trump and his followers did not stop at undoing the EPA regulations, but also
ensured that science and scientific findings had a diminished effect on the
agency's policy, while increasing the power of the industry within it. In October
2017, Pruitt prohibited scientists who received EPA research grants to be
members of its advisory board or to peer-review its publications. The non-
convincing excuse was that scientists who receive grants from the agency are at a
conflict of interests, to be replaced by those who know something about control
regulations – people from the industry whom the EPA is supposed to supervise.
To diminish the ability of facts and scientific findings to affect agency policy
even further, Pruitt suggested, in April 2018, a regulation that really sounds like
Newspeak from the George Orwell’s 1984: “The science transparency rule.” The
regulation attempts to subordinate the scientific method to the will of the
agency’s head, but the result is less amusing than the Indiana Pi Bill – a failed
attempt to change mathematical truth with legislation.
According to the Pruitt’s suggestion, the EPA would not be able to use studies
whose data is not completely public. This means that if the regulation is
enacted, the agency would not be able to rely on public health studies, which
usually keep some of the personal medical information confidential to protect
participants’ privacy. Namely, the agency will not have the appropriate data to
determine whether the emission of a certain substance is dangerous, or what are
the effects of living near a coal-fired power plant. The clear purpose of the
regulation is to interfere with the EPA's ability to protect the environment and
pass regulations; and applying it retroactively would require erasing previous
findings by the agency and regulations formulated accordingly.
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Even if legislation determines that air pollution is healthy, it will not change the fact that it causes
illnesses. Industrial pollution | Photograph: Shutterstock
No.
Effective vaccines against diseases, such as polio and measles, have eradicated
them from our collective memory, opening the road for various quacks to take
advantage of this and mislead innocent parents. But the outbreak of diseases due
to anti-vaxxers, especially those that should have disappeared years ago, made
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them an issue once again in people's minds and incited a counter-response. Many
parents who hesitated and did not vaccinate their children due to scare tactics
and lies they were exposed to, rushed to get their children the immunizations
they missed. And almost of equal importance – the media realized the severity of
the situation and stopped, for the most part, to give anti-vaxxers the means to
spread their lies. Even politicians understood the severity of the situation.
Recently, a bill for a national vaccination policy passed the first round in the
Knesset, widely supported by MKs belonging from the entire political spectrum.
The bill, submitted by MKs Yoel Hasson and Shuli Mualem, in collaboration with
Mida'at, aims to promote immunization, improve communication of information
about vaccines, and make them more accessible.
However, it is not advisable to wait for outbreaks of deadly diseases to deal with
the anti-vaxxer issue. In addition, the immediate dangers of climate change, for
instance, are not as tangible as diseases, and if we hold out on treating them to
when the damage becomes obvious, it would already be too late.
Scientists need to address the public and present science in a fun and
comprehensible, or even useful, manner; scientific studies in school need to be
improved; cooperation with the media should be initiated and encouraged, but
not in instances where a fake balance is being presented; and when the
government or other organizations try to censure and twist science, scientists
should not stay silent. In addition, the educational system and the media should
provide the public with tools to identify high-quality science, bad science, and
misleading promotional content. Indeed, when it comes to vaccines, it is easy to
know who not to listen to: Any person who supports Wakefield, or claims that
vaccines cause autism, is wrong (or lying) and misleading, so they certainly do not
know anything about the subject. But the distinction between made-up
explanations and real knowledge is not so simple in all fields. And as we saw –
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sometimes this distinction is a matter of life or death. For us, or for the
generations to come.
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