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MuhaMMad Russel al aRefin

Lecturer in Mathematics
(English Version)

Matrices and Determinants

Topics for discussion

1. Definition
2. Entry
3. Order
4. Position of entries
5. Invention
6. Determinant Value of matrices
7. Classification of matrices
8. Transpose of Matrices
9. Properties of Transpose Matrices
10. More Types of Matrices.
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Definition:
A matrix is a rectangular or square array formed by arranging some numbers or
Some variables in rows and column enclosed by ( ), or [ ] or ‖ ‖.
1 3 5 1 3 5
1 2 3
2 6 7 , 2 6 7 ,
3 4 6
1 9 8 1 9 8
English capital letters (A, B, C, D…… , Z) are used to denote matrix and small letter (a, b,
c, d………,z) are used to denote entry.

Entry:
The numbers or variables or expressions that form a matrix are called entries of
the matrix.
Order:
If the number of the rows of a matrix is m and the number of the column of a matrix is
n, then 𝑚 × 𝑛 is the order or dimension of the matrix. Generally, it is
read in m by n.

𝑎 𝑏
𝐴= 𝑐 𝑑 is a matrix whose number of rows =3 and number of column=2
𝑒 𝑓
So, order of matrix A is 3 × 2
Position of the entry:
𝐵= 𝑎 is a matrix whose entry be 𝑎 .Here i represent the position of row

and j represent the position of column.

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐵= 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 , 𝐶= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 is a matrix.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑔 ℎ 𝑗
Position of a = 1 × 1 or (1,1) position.
Position of b = × or ( , ) position.
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Position of c = position.
Position of d = position.
Position of e = position.
Position of f = position.
Position of g = position.
Position of h = position.
Position of i = position.

James Joseph Sylvester Arthur Caley

(1850 – 1897, England) (1821-1895, England)

First introducer the concept of Matrices Born: 16, August 1821

Died: 26, January 1895

Father of Matrices.

Though the history of using matrix in solving simultaneous linear equations is old, earlier it
was called array. In 1850 James Joseph Sylvester introduced the concept of modern matrix.
His colleague Arthur Cayley presented the concept of inverse matrix and importance of
matrix which published in 1853. He published analysis of matrix for the first time in his
journal ‘Memoir on the Theory of matrices’ in 1858. For this reason, he is called Father of
Matrices.
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In 1683, Seki Takakazu, the first Japanese

mathematician,
expressed the primary concept of Determinant. he
found
the determinants of square matrices and expressed his
idea about the use of determinant in solution of
equations. Determinant was mainly discovered for the
unique solution of a system of linear equations. In the
same year the German mathematician Leibnitz had
agreed
Born: March,1642, Edo
with Seki’s idea and expressed the importance of
determinant. Died: December 1708, Edo

In 1750, the swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer

(1704-1752) had determined the solution of the system
of the linear equations with the help of determinants.

Determinant is a rule that assigns a unique numeric number or value for each square
matrix. Thus, we can say, determinant is a function whose elements of its domain are a
square matrix and each elements of its range is a real or complex number.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 is square matrix whose determinant form be
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
|𝐴| = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
Determinant of any order can be expanded.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
|𝐴| = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
𝑒 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒
=𝑎 −𝑏 +𝑐
ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ
= 𝑎(𝑒𝑖 − ℎ𝑓 ) − 𝑏(𝑑𝑖 − 𝑔𝑓) + 𝑐(𝑑ℎ − 𝑔𝑒)
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1 2 3
𝐴= 4 5 6
7 0 9

1 2 3
|𝐴| = 4 5 6
7 0 9
= 1(5 × 9 − 0 × 6) − 2(4 × 9 − 7 × 6) + 3(4 × 0 − 7 × 5)
= 1(45 − 0) − 2(49 − 42) + 3(0 − 35)
= 45 − 14 − 105 = −74

Another way to expand the determinant (Sarras Diagram):

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
|𝐴| = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑎 =0
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
=𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 𝑖
= (𝑎𝑒𝑖 + 𝑏𝑓𝑔 + 𝑐𝑑𝑖 ) − (𝑔𝑒𝑐 + ℎ𝑓𝑎 + 𝑖𝑑𝑏)

Rectangular Matrices:
3
Row Matrix: [1 2 3] Column Matrix: 2
5

Horizontal Matrices: Vertical Matrix:

2 4
1 4 6
6 8
2 5 7
3 9
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Square Matrices:
The Matrices in, which number of rows =number of columns.
3 6 9
𝐴 = 2 4 6 is a square matrix of order 3 × 3
1 7 5
The entries 3, 4, 5 form the Principal Diagonal.
Trace:
Sum of the entries of principal diagonal is called the trace of
the matrix.
Here trace of the matrix A= 3 + 4 + 5 = 12

Diagonal Matrix: Scalar Matrix:

𝑎 0 0 5 0 0
0 𝑎 0 𝑎 =0 ; 0 5 0
0 0 𝑎 0 0 5

Unit Matrix (Identity Matrix): Null or Zero Matrix:

1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0

Upper Triangular Matrix Lower Triangular Matrix

1 2 3 1 0 0
0 4 5 4 2 0
0 0 6 5 6 3
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Transpose of Matrix
The transpose of a matrix is a new matrix in which rows are converted to columns or columns are
converted to rows of the given matrix.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴= 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 is a square matrix whose transpose matrix be 𝐴
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑑 𝑔
𝐴 = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑏 𝑒 ℎ
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑐 𝑓 𝑖

Properties of transpose matrix

If A and B are two matrices and 𝜆 is a scalar then –

□ (𝐴 ) = 𝐴
□ (𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝐴 ± 𝐵
□ (𝐴𝐵) = 𝐵 𝐴
□ (𝜆𝐴) = 𝜆𝐴

Symmetric Matrix
If the transpose of a square matrix be equal to the given matrix, then the given matrix is called
symmetric matrix.
A is a square matrix if 𝐴 = 𝐴 then A is called symmetric matrix.

Skew Symmetric Matrix

If the transpose of a square matrix be equal to the given matrix numerically but opposite signed ,
then the given matrix is called
Skew-symmetric matrix.
A is a square matrix if 𝐴 = −𝐴 then A is called symmetric matrix.
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Complex Number:
𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅, √−1 = 𝑖 . Here 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is called complex number.

Complex Matrix Conjugate Matrix

3 7−𝑖 7 3 7+𝑖 7
𝐴 = 7+𝑖 4 3 + 2𝑖 𝐴̅ = 7 − 𝑖 4 3 − 2𝑖
7 3 − 2𝑖 5 7 3 + 2𝑖 5

Hermitian Matrix
A is a square complex matrix if (𝐴̅) = 𝐴 then A is called Hermitian Matrix.

3 7−𝑖 7 3 7+𝑖 7
𝐴 = 7+𝑖 4 3 + 2𝑖 𝐴̅ = 7 − 𝑖 4 3 − 2𝑖
7 3 − 2𝑖 5 7 3 + 2𝑖 5

3 7−𝚤 7 3 7+𝑖 7
(𝐴̅) = 7 + 𝚤 4 3 + 2𝚤 = 7−𝑖 4 3 − 2𝑖
7 3 − 2𝚤 5 7 3 + 2𝑖 5
3 7−𝑖 7
= 7+𝑖 4 3 + 2𝑖 = 𝐴
7 3 − 2𝑖 5

Skew Hermitian Matrix:

B is a square complex matrix if (𝐵) = −𝐵 then B is called skew Hermitian matrix.

Polynomial of matrix:
𝑓(𝐴) = 𝜆 𝐼 + 𝜆 𝐴 + 𝜆 𝐴 + 𝜆 𝐴 + 𝜆 𝐴 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝜆 𝐴 is a polynomial of matrix, where A
is a matrix and I is an identity matrix.
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Singular Matrix:
If the determinant value of a square matrix be 0 then such square matrix is called
singular matrix.
3 −2 3 −2
𝐴= is a square matrix, now |𝐴| = = 0, So the matrix A is called
−3 2 −3 2
singular matrix.

Non-Singular Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be non-singular matrix if and only if determinant value of it is
not equal to zero.
3 2 3 2
𝐵= is a square matrix, now |𝐵| = = 12 ≠ 0, So the matrix B is called
−3 2 −3 2
non-singular matrix or invertible matrix.

Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of matrices.

Addition:
Two matrices can be added if they have the same dimension or they are of same order.
Sum of two matrices create a new matrix where all entries are sum of the
corresponding entries of given matrices.
1 4 7 2 1+7 4+2 8 6
0 −5 + 8 3 = 0+8 −5 + 3 = 8 −2
7 3 −7 3 7−7 3+3 0 6
Subtraction:
Two matrices can be subtracted if they have the same dimension or they are of same
order. Sum of two matrices create a new matrix where all entries are subtraction of the
corresponding entries of given matrices.

1 4 7 2 1−7 4−2 −6 2
0 −5 − 8 3 = 0 − 8 −5 − 3 = −8 −8
7 3 −7 3 7+7 3−3 14 0
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Multiplication:
If the number of columns of first matrix is equal to the number of rows of second
matrix then such two matrices are multipliable.
Let A and B are two matrices, if the order of A is 𝑚 × 𝑛 and the order of B
is 𝑛 × 𝑝 then order of AB be 𝑚 × 𝑝.
𝑎 𝑏
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
𝐴= 𝑐 𝑑 and 𝐵 = are two matrices where (𝐴) × and (𝐵 ) ×
𝑗 𝑘 𝑙
𝑒 𝑓

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑔 + 𝑏𝑗 𝑎ℎ + 𝑏𝑘 𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑙
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
A.B = (𝐴𝐵) × = 𝑐 𝑑 . = 𝑐𝑔 + 𝑑𝑗 𝑐ℎ + 𝑑𝑘 𝑐𝑖 + 𝑑𝑙
𝑗 𝑘 𝑙
𝑒 𝑓 𝑒𝑔 + 𝑓𝑗 𝑒ℎ + 𝑓𝑘 𝑒𝑖 + 𝑓𝑙
0 2
1 2 3
𝐴= 1 2 and 𝐵 = are two matrices where (𝐴) × and (𝐵) ×
4 5 6
0 −1
0 2
1 2 3
A.B = (𝐴𝐵) × = 1 2 .
4 5 6
0 −1
𝑜×1+2×4 0×2+2×5 𝑜×3+2×6
= 1×1+2×4 1×2+2×5 1×3+2×6
0 × 1 + (−1) × 4 0 × 2 + (−1) × 5 0 × 3 + (−1) × 6
8 10 12
= 9 12 15
−2 −5 −6

Scalar Multiplication of Matrix:

𝑎 𝑏
Let 𝜆 is a scalar value and 𝐴 = is a matrix.
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝜆𝑎 𝜆𝑏
𝜆𝐴 = 𝜆 =
𝑐 𝑑 𝜆𝑐 𝜆𝑑
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On the basis of multiplication, square matrices be classified more three type

matrices.
Idempotent Matrix:
A is a square matrix if 𝐴 = 𝐴. 𝐴 = 𝐴 then A is called an Idempotent Matrix.
2 1
𝐴=
−2 −1

2 1 2 1
Here, 𝐴 = 𝐴. 𝐴 = .
−2 −1 −2 −1
4−2 2−1 2 1
= = =𝐴
−4 + 2 −2 + 1 −2 −1
Nilpotent Matrix:
B is a square matrix if 𝐵 = 𝑜, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 then B is called nilpotent matrix.
2 −2 2 −2 2 −2
𝐵= is a square matrix if 𝐵 = 𝐵. 𝐵 =
2 −2 2 −2 2 −2
0 0
= .
0 0

Involuntary Matrix:
1 0
C is a square matrix if 𝐶 = 𝐼 = then C is called involuntary matrix.
0 1
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Exercise – 1.1

3 −4 2 1 2 −2
8(i). যিদ 𝐴 = −2 1 0 এবং 𝐵 = 2 5 −4 তাহেল দখাও য, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼
−1 −1 1 3 7 −5
Solution:
3 −4 2 1 2 −2
AB= −2 1 0 . 2 5 −4
−1 −1 1 3 7 −5

3.1 + (−4). 2 + 2.3 3.2 + (−4). 5 + 2.7 3. (−2) + (−4)(−4) + 2. (−5)

= −2.1 + 1.2 + 0.3 −2.2 + 1.5 + 0.7 −2. (−2) + 1. (−4) + 0. (−5)
−1.1 + −1 . 2 + 1.3 −1.2 + −1 . 5 + 1.7 −1. (−2) + (−1)(−4) + 1. (−5)
( ) ( )

3−8+6 6 − 20 + 14 −6 + 16 − 10 1 0 0
= −2 + 2 + 0 −4 + 5 + 0 4−4+0 = 0 1 0 =𝐼
−1 − 2 + 3 −2 − 5 + 7 2+4−5 0 0 1
Now,
1 2 −2 3 −4 2
BA = 2 5 −4 . −2 1 0
3 7 −5 −1 −1 1
1.3 + 2(−2) + (−2)(−1) 1(−4) + 2.1 + (−2)(−1) 1.2 + 2.0 + (−2). 1
= 2.3 + 5(−2) + (−4)(−1) 2(−4) + 5.1 + (−4)(−1) 2.2 + 5.0 + (−4). 1
3.3 + 7(−2) + (−5)(−1) 3(−4) + 7.1 + (−5)(−1) 3.2 + 7.0 + (−5). 1

3−4+2 −4 + 2 + 2 2 + 0 − 2 1 0 0
= 6 − 10 + 4 −8 + 5 + 4 4 + 0 − 4 = 0 1 0 =𝐼
9 − 14 + 5 −12 + 7 + 5 6 + 0 − 5 0 0 1

∴ AB = BA =𝐼
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1 2
9(i). 𝐴= 𝐴 𝐴 and show that 𝐴 + 2𝐴 − 11𝐼 =
4 −3
0 0
0 0
where I be identity matrix.

Solution:
1 2 1 2 1+8 2−6 9 −4
𝐴 = 𝐴. 𝐴 = . = =
4 −3 4 −3 4 − 12 8+9 −8 17

9 −4 1 2 9.1 + (−4). 4 9.2 + (−4)(−3)

𝐴 = 𝐴 .𝐴 = . =
−8 17 4 −3 −8.1 + 17.4 −8.2 + 17. (−3)
9 − 16 18 + 12 −7 30
= =
−8 + 68 −16 − 51 60 −67

9 −4 1 2 1 0
∴ 𝐴 + 2𝐴 − 11𝐼 = +2 − 11
−8 17 4 −3 0 1
9 −4 2 4 11 0
= + −
−8 17 8 −6 0 11
9 + 2 − 11 −4 + 4 − 0
=
−8 + 8 − 0 17 − 6 − 11
0 0
=
0 0
0 0
∴ 𝐴 + 2𝐴 − 11𝐼 =
0 0
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2 1 5
10(i). If 𝐴 = −1 4 3 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5x then find 𝑓(𝐴).
4 −7 5
Solution:
Given that, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5x

𝑓 (𝐴) = 3𝐴 + 5A
2 1 5 2 1 5
𝐴 = 𝐴. 𝐴 = −1 4 3 . −1 4 3
4 −7 5 4 −7 5
2.2 + 1(−1) + 5.4 2.1 + 1.4 + 5(−7) 2.5 + 1.3 + 5.5
= −1.2 + 4(−1) + 3.4 −1.1 + 4.4 + 3(−7) −1.5 + 4.3 + 3.5
4.2 + (−7)(−1) + 5.4 4.1 + −7.4 + 5(−7) 4.5 + (−7). 3 + 5.5
4 − 1 + 20 2 + 4 − 35 10 + 3 + 25
= −2 − 4 + 12 −1 + 16 − 21 −5 + 12 + 15
8 + 7 + 20 4 − 28 − 35 20 − 21 + 25
23 −29 38
= 6 −6 22
35 −59 24

𝑓(𝐴) = 3𝐴 + 5A
23 −29 38 2 1 5
=3 6 −6 22 + 5 −1 4 3
35 −59 24 4 −7 5

69 −87 114 10 5 25
= 18 −18 66 + −5 20 15
105 −177 72 20 −35 25

79 −82 139
= 13 2 81
125 −212 97
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Matrices and Determinants Second Part

Contents:
Determinant
Expanding of determinant
Singular Matrix and Non-Singular Matrix
Sarra’s Diagram in Expanding of determinant
Difference between Matrix and Determinant
Minor and Cofactor of Determinant
Co-factor Matrix of Square Matrix
Adjoint Matrix
Inverse Matrix
Properties of determinants
Cramer’s rule to solve the linear equations

Difference between Matrix and Determinant

Matrix Determinant

The shape of matrix be square or Determinant is always square shape.

Rectangular or any shape.

Generally [ ] or ( ) or ‖ ‖ symbols are used Determinant is denoted by two vertical bars

to denote a matrix.

A matrix has no value, it is just an A determinant has particular value

arrangement.
If a matrix is multiplied by a value 𝜆 then If a determinant is multiplied by a
every entry is multiplied by that value 𝜆
value 𝜆 then any specific row or column are
multiplied

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Minor and Co-factor of Determinant

From a determinant, a sub determinant be formed except the entry of an entry and the entries of
corresponding row and column of it, is called Minor of that entry.
Minor:
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝐷= 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 is a determinant.
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Minor of 𝑎 = Minor of 𝑎 = Minor of 𝑎 =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Minor of 𝑏 = 𝑐 𝑐 Minor of 𝑏 = 𝑐 𝑐 Minor of 𝑏 = 𝑐 𝑐

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Minor of 𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑏 Minor of 𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑏 Minor of 𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑏

Co-factor: Position sign

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 + − +
𝐷= 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 is a determinant. − + −
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 + − +

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Co-factor of 𝑎 = , Co-factor of 𝑎 = − , Co-factor of 𝑎 =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Co-factor of 𝑏 = − 𝑐 𝑐 , Co-factor of 𝑏 = 𝑐 𝑐 , Co-factor of 𝑏 = − 𝑐 𝑐

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Co-factor of 𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑏 , Co-factor of 𝑐 = − 𝑏 𝑏 , Co-factor of 𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑏

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The co-factor of an element is denoted by the corresponding block letter.

Co-factor of a square matrix

A non-singular (invertible) matrix A be expressed as Determinant form|𝐴| .From this determinant form,
taking all cofactors a square matrix be formed which is called cofactor matrix.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝐴= 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 is invertible square matrix.
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
|𝐴| = 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 is a determinant form.
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
Cofactor of 𝑎 , 𝑎 , 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑏 , 𝑏 , 𝑐 , 𝑐 and 𝑐 are 𝐴 , 𝐴 , 𝐴 , 𝐵 , 𝐵 , 𝐵 , 𝐶 , 𝐶 and
𝐶 respectively.
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
Cofactor matrix of A, be 𝐴 = 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
Adjoint Matrix or Adjugate Matrix:
Transpose of cofactor matrix is called adjoint matrix.
A is a non-singular square matrix whose cofactor matrix = 𝐴
Adjoint matrix of A = (𝐴 )

Inverse Matrix:
If two matrices are multiplied and product will be a unit or identity matrix then one of that Matrix is
called the inverse of another matrix.
Let A and B are two non-singular square matrices.
If𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼, then B is called the inverse matrix of A which denoted
as 𝐵 = 𝐴
Inverse of matrix A is denoted by 𝐴
𝐴𝐴 =𝐴 𝐴=𝐼

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Process of finding the inverse matrix:

A is a non-singular square matrix then there exist inverse matrix.
A = Square matrix
↓
|𝐴| ≠ 0
↓
Cofactor matrix of A= 𝐴
↓
Adjoint matrix of A = (𝐴 ) = 𝐴𝑑𝑗 (𝐴)
↓

Inverse matrix of A= 𝐴 = | | 𝐴𝑑𝑗 (𝐴)

Properties of inverse matrix:

∎ The Inverse of an inverse matrix is equal to the original matrix.

i.e. If A is an invertible matrix then (𝐴 ) =𝐴
∎ If A and B are two non-singular matrices, AB is also a non-singular matrix

and (𝐴𝐵) =𝐵 𝐴
(𝐴 ) = (𝐴 )
∎ 𝐴 = 𝐵, 𝐴 =𝐶⇒𝐵=𝐶
∎ Inverse of a non-singular symmetric matrix is symmetric.
i.e. if 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝐴 ) = 𝐴
∎ 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐼 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐴

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Exercise – 1.2 - 16(v)

1 −3 2
Question: Find the inverse matrix of the matrix 4 1 −1
−3 2 5
Solution:
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐
Let 𝑨 = 𝟒 𝟏 −𝟏
−𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐
∴ Determinant value of the matrix A = |𝑨| = 𝟒 𝟏 −𝟏
−𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
=𝟏 − (−𝟑) +𝟐
𝟐 𝟓 −𝟑 𝟓 −𝟑 𝟐
= 𝟏(𝟓 + 𝟐) − (−𝟑)(𝟐𝟎 − 𝟑) + 𝟐(𝟖 + 𝟑)
= 𝟕 + 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟕 + 𝟐𝟐
= 𝟕 + 𝟓𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟖𝟎 ≠ 𝟎
𝟏 −𝟏 (−) 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
⎡ 𝟐 𝟓 −𝟑 𝟓 −𝟑 𝟐 ⎤
⎢ −𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 ⎥
𝒄
𝑨 = ⎢ (−) (−) 𝟏 −𝟑 ⎥
⎢ 𝟐 𝟓 −𝟑 𝟓 −𝟑 𝟐 ⎥
⎢ −𝟑 𝟐 ( −) 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑 ⎥
⎣ 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 ⎦
1 × 5 − 2(−1) −(4 × 5 − 3 × 1) 4×2+3×1
= −(−3 × 5 − 2 × 2) 1 × 5 − (−3) × 2 − 1 × 2 − (−3) × (−3)
(−3)(−1) − 1 × 2 −(1(−1) − 4 × 2) 1 × 1 − 4(−3)
 5+2 −(20 − 3) 8+3
= −(−15 − 4) 5+6 −(2 − 9)
3−2 −(−1 − 8) 1 + 12
7 −17 11
= 19 11 7
1 9 13
7 −17 11 7 19 1
∴ 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = (𝐴 ) = 19 11 7 = −17 11 9
1 9 13 11 7 13

Page -20

Inverse Matrix of A = 𝐴 =| |
. 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)

7 19 1
= −17 11 9
11 7 13

Exercise – 1.2 – 16(ii)

7 −3
Question: Find the inverse matrix of the matrix
−11 5
Solution:
7 −3
Let the matrix A= Position sign
−11 5
7 −3 + −
Determinant value of matrix A= |𝐴| =
−11 5 − +
= 35 − 33 = 2 ≠ 0
5 11
Co-factor matrix of A = 𝐴 =
3 7
5 3
Adjoint Matrix of A = 𝐴𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = (𝐴 ) =
11 7
5 3
Inverse Matrix of A = 𝐴 = | | 𝐴𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) =
11 7

Exercise – 1.2 – 22(ii)

Solve the following equations by using inverse matrix
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 3
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 7𝑧 = 5
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
Solution: Given the system of equations are
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 3
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 7𝑧 = 5
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
Page -21
Expressing the above equations in terms of matrix be as follows
1 2 5 𝑥 3
2 −3 −7 𝑦 = 5
4 −2 1 𝑧 0
1 2 5 𝑥 3
Let 𝐴 = 2 −3 −7 𝑋= 𝑦 and 𝐵 = 5
4 −2 1 𝑧 0
Then we get,
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⋯ ⋯ (𝑖 )
Now,
1 2 5
𝐴 = 2 −3 −7
4 −2 1
1 2 5
∴ |𝐴| = 2 −3 −7
4 −2 1
= 1(−3 − 14) − 2(2 + 28) + 5(−4 + 12)
= −17 − 60 + 40
= −37 ≠ 0
∴ there exists inverse i.e. 𝐴 exist
 −3 −7 (−) 2 −7 2 −3
⎡ −2 1 4 1 4 −1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
Co-factor matrix of A= 𝐴 = ⎢(−)
2 5 1 5 (−) 1 2 ⎥
⎢ −2 1 4 1 4 −2 ⎥
⎢ 2 5 (−) 1 5 1 2 ⎥
⎣ −3 −7 2 −7 2 −3 ⎦
−17 −30 8
= −12 −19 10
1 17 −7
−17 −12 1
Adjoint matrix of A = 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴
( ) ( ) = −30 −19 17
8 10 −7
∴ Inverse matrix of A = 𝐴 =| |
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)

−17 −12 1
= −30 −19 17
8 10 −7
Page -22
Now from (i), we have,
𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ⋯ ⋯ (𝑖 )
𝑥 −17 −12 1 3
𝑦 = −30 −19 17 5
𝑧 8 10 −7 0

𝑥 −51 − 60 + 0
⇒ 𝑦 = −90 − 95 + 0
𝑧 24 + 50 + 0

𝑥 −111
⇒ 𝑦 = −185
𝑧 74
𝑥 3
⇒ 𝑦 = 5
𝑧 −2
So, the required solutions: 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = −2

Properties of determinants
If all elements in a row or a column of a determinant, then the
 value of the determinant be zero.
𝑎 𝑏 0
𝐷= 𝑎 𝑏 0 =0
𝑎 𝑏 0
If rows of a determinant are converted into columns, then the value of the determinant be not altered.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝐷= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

If the position of two bookend rows or columns are interchanged then the sign of determinant be
changed but the numerical value remains unaltered.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐷= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 ∴ 𝐷 =− 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = −𝐷
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Page -23
If any two rows or any two columns are identical i.e. any two rows or any two columns consist of same
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
elements, then the determinant value be zero. 𝐷 = 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐 = 0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
If each entry of any row or any column of a determinant consists of two or more terms with algebraic
operator ‘+’ or ‘ –` sign, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more
determinants with algebraic operator.

𝑎 +𝑏 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑏 𝑥 𝑦
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑏 𝑥 𝑦
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 𝑏 𝑥 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑧 +𝑎 𝑧 +𝑏 𝑧 +𝑐 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

If the entries of any row or column of a determinant are multiplied by the co-factors of the
corresponding entries of its, sum of their product be value of the determinant.
 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐷= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 is a determinant. If 𝐴 , 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 are 𝑎 , 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Then 𝑎 𝐴 + 𝑏 𝐵 + 𝑐 𝐶 = 𝐷
But 𝑎 𝐴 + 𝑏 𝐵 + 𝑐 𝐶 = 0

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝜆𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝜆𝑎 𝜆𝑏 𝜆𝑐
𝜆 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝜆𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝜆𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Page -24

Matrices and Determinants (M.C.Q)

4 0 0
1. The matrix 0 4 0 is –
0 0 4
i) Diagonal Matrix

ii) Scalar Matrix

iii) Identity Matrix

Which one of following is correct?

a. i and ii b. i and iii c. ii and iii d.i, ii and iii

1 0
2. The matrix be –
0 2

a. Involuntary b. Symmetric c. Scalar d. Idempotent.

𝑥 3 2 0
3. If = then the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 be –
−2 𝑦 5 0
 a. 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = b. 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = c . 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = d. 𝑥 = ,𝑦 =

4. If the order of matrix A be 3 × 2 and the order of B be 2 × 4 then the order of AB be –

a. 3×2 b. 3 × 4 c. 2 × 2 d. 4 × 3

𝑎−5 3
5. If the value of = 0 then the value of 𝑎 be –
−3 𝑎+5

a. 4, −4 b. √34, −√34 c. 5,3 d. 0, 4

1 0 0
6. The matrix 𝐴 = 0 1 0 is a –
0 0 1
i) Scalar matrix.

ii) Idempotent matrix.

Which one of following is correct?

a. i and ii b. i and iii c. ii and iii d. i, ii and iii

Page -25

1 2
7. If 𝐴 = then the adjoin matrix of A be –
3 4
4 −2 −4 2 −1 −2 −4 −2
a. b. c. d.
−3 4 3 −1 −3 −4 −3 −1
4
8. If = −1 , 𝐵 = [1 2 3] then 𝐴𝐵 =?
3
4 8 12 3 6 9 4
a. [4 −2 9] b. −1 −2 −3 c. −1 −2 −3 d. −2
3 6 9 4 8 12 9
2 −3
9. If 𝐴 = then 𝐴 =?
3 2
−5 −12 5 0 6 0 8 11
a. b. c. d.
12 5 0 5 2 6 12 5
1 0 −2
10. The value of minor of 𝐴 of 𝐴 = 2 1 3 be –
−1 5 6
a. −10 b. −3 c. 3 d. 10
 𝑎 −ℎ −𝑔
11. If 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 0 then ℎ 𝑏 −𝑓 matrix be –
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐

a. Diagonal matrix b. Symmetric matrix

c. Skew- Symmetric matrix d. Zero matrix

12. Which one of following is non-singular matrix?

2 3 3 9 6 9 5 3
a. b. c. d.
4 6 2 6 4 6 8 5
13. Which one of following is unit matrix?

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
a. b. c. d.
2 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

14. Who expressed the concept of inverse matrix at first?

a. Aurther Calley b. Heisen Burgh

c. Isac Newton d. Jems Joseph Sylvestor

Page -26

15. Who expressed the concept of matrix at first?

a. Aurther Calley b. Heisenberg

c. Isac Newton d. Jems Joseph Sylvestor

1 1
16. If 𝐴 = then 𝐴 =?
0 1
𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛 0 0 𝑛 1
a. b. c. d.
0 𝑛 0 1 0 0 0 1
2 8
17. Trace of the matrix be –
7 3

a. 5 b. 9 c. 11 d. 15

18. If A is a matrix, 𝐴 = 𝐼 then A be –

a. Nilpotent matrix b. Involuntary matrix c. Idempotent matrix d. Unit matrix

0, 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
19. Entry of a square matrix defined as 𝑎 then the matrix be –
1, 𝑖 = 𝑗

a. Diagonal matrix b. Null matrix c. Scalar matrix d. Unit matrix

 3 −1
20. Principal value of 𝐴 = be –
2 −5
a. −15 b. −2 c. 2 d. 15

Answer the question no. 21 and 22 on the basis of following information:

𝑝 0 2
𝐷= 3 1 1 is a determinant.
7 −2 0
21. The value of the cofactor of (2 1) 𝑡ℎ position entry is -

a. −13 b. −4 c. 4 d. 13

22. If 𝐷 = 0 then the value of P be –

a. −13 b. 0 c. 2 d. 13

Page - 27

23. Which of following is identity matrix?

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
a. b. c. d.
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
1 −1
24. If 𝐴 = then 𝐴 =?
−1 1

1 1 0 1
a. b. c. d.
−1 1 1 0

25. A matrix consisting of a single row is said to be –

a. row matrix b. column matrix c. unit matrix d. Nilpotent matrix.

1 3 4
26. Transpose matrix of be –
2 0 6
6 4 1 2
2 0 6 6 0 2
a. b. 0 3 c. 3 0 d.
1 3 4 4 3 1
2 1 4 6
Answer the question no. 27 and 28 on the basis of following information.
 4 3 1 −3
𝐴= and 𝐵 =
1 1 −1 4
27. 𝐴 + 𝐵 =?

5 0 3 0 1 −3 −3 0
a. b. c. d.
0 5 2 −3 −1 4 2 3
28. 𝐴𝐵 =?

1 0 2 0 1 −3 −3 2
a. b. c. d.
0 1 0 2 4 2 0 1
29. Who expressed the primary concept of determinant?

a. Aurther Calley b. Isac Newton c. Seki Takakazu d. Heisenberg.

1 2
30. If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼 and 𝐴 = then 𝐵 will be –
3 4
4 −2 4 −2 4 2 4 −2
a. b. c. d.
−3 1 −3 1 3 1 −3 1

Page - 28

31. Trace of the scalar matrix of order3 × 3 is 6 then entry of (2,2) th position be-

(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

32. 𝐴 is a upper triangular matrix then -

(i) 𝐴 is square matrix.

(ii) 𝑎 = 0 where , 𝑖 > 𝑗

(iii) 𝑎 = 0 where , 𝑖<𝑗

Which one of following is true?

(a) i, ii (b) i, iii (c) ii, iii (d) i, ii, iii

On the basis of following information answer the question no. 33 and 34.

2 4 3 6
𝐴= ,𝐵 = and 3𝐴 + 4𝐵 = 2𝑋
10 6 5 9
33. Which one of following be matrix 𝑋?
 9 27 18 27 9 18 9 25
(a) (b) (c ) (d)
18 25 25 9 25 27 18 27
27 −18
34. (i) Inverse of matrix 𝑋 = −
−25 9

(ii) 𝑋 + 𝑋 is symmetric matrix.

𝑎−𝑏 18
(iii) 𝑋 = then, (𝑎, 𝑏) = (18, 9)
25 𝑎+𝑏

Which one of following is true?

(a) i, ii (b) i, iii (c) ii, iii (d) i, ii, iii

35. 𝐴 is a matrix of order 3 × 3 and |𝐴| = −7 then, |(2𝐴) | = ?

(a) − (b) − (c) − (d) −

Page - 29

1 3 4
36. If = 𝑦 6 𝑥 , and value of minor of (32) is 1 then which one of following is correct?
9 2 −1
a. 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0 c. 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 1 = 0

b. 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 d. 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 2 = 0

4 0 0
37. 𝐴 = 0 5 0 is a square matrix then 𝐴 =?
0 0 6

⎡ 0 0⎤
6 0 0 6 0 0
⎢ ⎥
a. b. 0 5 0 c. ⎢0 0⎥ d. 0 5 0
0 0 4 ⎢ ⎥ 0 0 4
⎣0 0 ⎦

38. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two square matrices whose inverse matrix are respectively 𝐴 and 𝐵 then which
one

of following is true?
 a. (𝐴𝐵) =𝐴 𝐵 b. (𝐴𝐵) =( )

c. (𝐴𝐵) =𝐵 𝐴 d. (𝐴𝐵) =𝐴 𝐵

1 𝜔 𝜔
39. What is the value of 𝜔 𝜔 1 ?
𝜔 1 𝜔
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3

𝑎 1 𝑏+𝑐
40. What is the value of 𝑏 1 𝑐+𝑎 ?
𝑐 1 𝑎+𝑏

a.𝑎𝑏𝑐 b. 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑏 + 𝑐 )(𝑐 + 𝑎)

c. 0 d. (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑏 + 𝑐 )(𝑐 + 𝑎)

1 0 0 1
41. If 𝐴 = ,𝐵 = then (𝐴𝐵) is equal to what?
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
a. b. c. d.
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Page - 30

42. If 𝐴 = 𝑎 is a matrix of order of 2 × 2, where 𝑎 = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 then 𝐴 =?

4 −3 5 −4 6 −5 5 −4
a. b. c. d.
−2 1 −3 2 −4 3 −6 3
43. Which one of following is true for skew symmetric matrix?

a. 𝑎 = −𝑎 b. 𝑎 = 𝑎 c. 𝑎 = −𝑎 d. 𝑎 ≠ −𝑎

−5
44. If 𝐴 = [1 2 −3] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 0 then 𝐴𝐵 =?
1
a. [−8] b. [−7] c. [0] d. [8]

2 2 2
45. For which value of 𝜆, the value of 3 3 𝜆 be 0?
−1 2 0
a. 0 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
 Page - 31

Creative Questions (C.Q)

1. Number of total students of Humanity, Business Study and Science group of eleven class in a college be
1500. On of them, some students are residence in M hall and F hall except some non-residential students.
Out of 460 students of F hall, there are 20% of Humanity, 40% of Business Study and 30% of Science group
students. On other hand, out of 540 students of M hall in the college, there are 40% students of Humanity,
20% students of Business Study and 50% students of Science group. Number of students of Humanity,
Business and Science group are expressed by x, y and z respectively.

a) Forming three equations, express as 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵?

b) Considering the matrix as A, identify it be Involutory matrix or not?

c) Find 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) ?

d) If 𝐴 + 3𝐴 = 2𝐼 + 11𝑌 then find 𝑌?

e) Solve the equations and find the number of students of Humanity, Business Study

and Science group?

2. Ayon, Nayon and Chayon bought three types of products from the market respectively by taka 9, 16
and 20 for which unit price is x, y and z taka. Ayon bought 1 from each product. Nayon bought 2,3 and 1
from the three products respectively. Chayon bought 2, 4 and 5 from the three products respectively.
Here number of Products, unit price of each product and total price of products form the matrix A, X
and B respectively.

2 −𝑥 2 3+𝑦
a. If = then, (𝑥, 𝑦) =? 2
𝑦−1 2 4 2

b. Find 𝐴 . 4

c. Taking the information from the above stem, form equation group and solve it by Cremer’s rule.

Page - 32

3. The following table represents number of employees working in different branches of a factory

Branch Number of Employee

Grade-1 Grade-2 Grade-3

Production 4 8 4

Marketing 0 4 4

Distribution 8 o 8

Branch corresponding all digits in the above chart represent the matrix A of order 3 × 3.All employees
involved in production, marketing and Distribution will get their monthly same salary according to
same grade employee.

a) Identify symmetric or not of matrix A? 2

b) Find X if 𝐴 − 7𝐴 + 6𝐼 = 2𝑋 4
c) Monthly salary of the employees of production, marketing and distribution branches are Tk.196000,
Tk.88000 and Tk.200000 then find the monthly salary of an employee of each grade. 4

1+𝑝 −𝑞 2𝑝𝑞 −2𝑞 2

4. 𝐴 = 2𝑝𝑞 1−𝑝 +𝑞 2𝑝 and 𝐵 = 3
2𝑞 −2𝑝 1−𝑝 −𝑞 5

a. If 𝑝 = 𝑞 = 0 then find 𝐴𝐵? 2

b. Prove that |𝐴| = (1 + 𝑝 + 𝑞 ) 4

c. Find (𝐴 ) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝 = 𝑞 = 1 4