MOLE CONCEPT DALAL

Lussac's Law

Question 1

Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to give ammonia. Calculate the volume of the ammonia gas
formed when nitrogen reacts with 6 litres of hydrogen. All volumes measured at s.t.p.

Answer

[By Lussac's law]

N2+3H2⟶2NH31 vol.:3 vol.⟶2 vol.N21 vol.+:3H23 vol.⟶⟶2NH32 vol.

To calculate the volume of ammonia gas formed.

H2:NH33:26:𝑥H236:::NH32x

Therefore,

23×6=𝑥⇒𝑥=4 lts32×6=x⇒x=4 lts

Hence, volume of ammonia gas formed is 4 lts

Question 2

2500 cc of oxygen was burnt with 600 cc of ethane [C2H6]. Calculate the volume of unused
oxygen and the volume of carbon dioxide formed.

Answer

[By Lussac's law]

2C2H6+7O2⟶4CO2+6H2O2 vol.:7 vol.⟶4 vol.:6 vol.2C2H62 vol.+:7O27 vol.⟶⟶4CO24

vol.+:6H2O6 vol.

To calculate the volume of unused oxygen.

C2H6:O22:7600:𝑥C2H62600:::O27x

Therefore,

72×600=𝑥⇒𝑥=2100cc27×600=x⇒x=2100cc

Therefore, volume of unused oxygen = 2500 - 2100 = 400 cc

To calculate the volume of carbon dioxide formed

C2H6:CO22:4600:𝑥C2H62600:::CO24x

Therefore,

42×600=𝑥⇒𝑥=1200cc24×600=x⇒x=1200cc

Therefore, volume of carbon dioxide formed is 1200 cc

Question 3

20 ml. each of oxygen and hydrogen and 10 ml. of carbon monoxide are exploded in an
enclosure. What will be the volume and composition of the mixture of the gases when they
are cooled to room temperature.

Answer

Given,

20 ml. each of oxygen and hydrogen and 10 ml. of carbon monoxide

[By Lussac's law]

2CO+O2⟶2CO22 vol.:1 vol.⟶2 vol.2CO2 vol.+:O21 vol.⟶⟶2CO22 vol.

To calculate the amount of CO2 produced,

CO:CO22 vol.:2 vol.10 ml:𝑥 mlCO2 vol.10 ml:::CO22 vol.x ml

Therefore, CO2 produced is 10 ml

To calculate the amount of O2 used,

CO:O22 vol.:1 vol.10 ml:𝑥 mlCO2 vol.10 ml:::O21 vol.x ml

12×10=𝑥⇒𝑥=5 ml21×10=x⇒x=5 ml

From relation,

2H2+O2⟶2H2O2 vol.:1 vol.⟶2 vol.2H22 vol.+:O21 vol.⟶⟶2H2O2 vol.

H2:O22 vol.:1 vol.20 ml:𝑥 mlH22 vol.20 ml:::O21 vol.x ml

12×20=𝑥⇒𝑥=10 ml21×20=x⇒x=10 ml

Therefore, total vol. of oxygen used = 10 + 5 = 15 ml

Hence, oxygen left = 20 - 15 = 5 ml

Therefore, oxygen left is 5 ml and CO2 produced is 10 ml.

Question 4

224 cm3 of ammonia undergoes catalytic oxidation in presence of Pt to given nitric oxide
and water vapour. Calculate the volume of oxygen required for the reaction. All volumes
measured at room temperature and pressure.

Answer

[By Lussac's law]

4NH3+5O2⟶4NO+6H2O4 vol.:5 vol.⟶4 vol.:6 vol.4NH34 vol.+:5O25 vol.⟶⟶4NO4 vol.+:

6H2O6 vol.

To calculate the volume of oxygen required.

NH3:O24:5224:𝑥NH34224:::O25x

Therefore,

54×224=𝑥⇒𝑥=280 cm345×224=x⇒x=280 cm3

Therefore, volume of oxygen required is 280 cm3.

Question 5

Acetylene [C2H2] burns in air forming carbon dioxide and water vapour. Calculate the
volume of air required to completely burn 50 cm3 of acetylene. [Assume air contains 20%
oxygen].

Answer

[By Lussac's law]

2C2H2+5O2⟶4CO2+2H2O2 vol.:5 vol.⟶4 vol.:2 vol.2C2H22 vol.+:5O25 vol.⟶⟶4CO24

vol.+:2H2O2 vol.

To calculate the volume of air required,

C2H2:O22:550:𝑥C2H2250:::O25x

Therefore, volume of oxygen (x),

52×50=𝑥⇒𝑥=125 cm325×50=x⇒x=125 cm3

When oxygen is 20% then air is 100%

Therefore when, oxygen is 125 cm3 then air is

10020×125=𝑥⇒𝑥=625 cm320100×125=x⇒x=625 cm3

Therefore, volume of air required is 625 cm3.

Question 6

On igniting a mixture of acetylene [C2H2] and oxygen, 200 cm3 of CO2 is collected at s.t.p.
Calculate the volume of acetylene & O2 at s.t.p. in the original mixture.

Answer

[By Lussac's law]

2C2H2+5O2⟶4CO2+2H2O2 vol.:5 vol.⟶4 vol.:2 vol.2C2H22 vol.+:5O25 vol.⟶⟶4CO24

vol.+:2H2O2 vol.

To calculate the volume of acetylene :

CO2:C2H24:2200:𝑥CO24200:::C2H22x

Therefore,

24×200=𝑥⇒𝑥=100 cm342×200=x⇒x=100 cm3

Hence, volume of acetylene in the original mixture is 100 cm3.

To calculate the volume of oxygen :

CO2:O24:5200:𝑥CO24200:::O25x

Therefore,

54×200=𝑥⇒𝑥=250 cm345×200=x⇒x=250 cm3

Hence, volume of oxygen in the original mixture is 250 cm3.

Question 7

Ammonia is formed from the reactants nitrogen and hydrogen in presence of a catalyst
under suitable conditions. Assuming all volumes are measured in litres at s.t.p. Calculate
the volume of ammonia formed if only 10% conversion has taken place.

Answer

[By Lussac's law]

N2+3H2⟶2NH31 vol.:3 vol.⟶2 vol.1 lit.:3 lit.⟶2 lit.N21 vol.1 lit.+::3H23 vol.3 lit.⟶⟶⟶
2NH32 vol.2 lit.

To calculate the volume of ammonia formed when only 10% conversion takes place,

∴10% of 2 lit=10100×2=0.2 lit∴10% of 2 lit=10010×2=0.2 lit

Hence, volume of ammonia formed is 0.2 lit or 20% or 1/5th of vol of N 2 and H2

Question 8

100 cc. each of water gas and oxygen are ignited and the resultant mixture of gases cooled
to room temp. Calculate the composition of the resultant mixture. [Water gas contains CO
and H2 in equal ratio]

Answer

Given,

Vol of CO = 50 cc and H2 = 50 cc [As Water gas contains CO and H2 in equal ratio] and
O2 = 100 cc

[By Lussac's law]

CO1 vol.+:𝐻21 vol.+:𝑂21 vol.⟶CO21 vol +: H2𝑂1 vol1 vol.CO:+1 vol.H2:+1 vol.O2⟶1 vol
CO2: +1 vol H2O

To calculate the amount of O2 used,

CO:O21 vol.:1 vol.50 cc:𝑥 ccCO1 vol.50 cc:::O21 vol.x cc

As ratio between CO and O2 is same so, O2 used is 50 cc.

Hence, remaining O2 = 100 - 50 = 50 cc.

To calculate the amount of CO2 produced,

CO:CO21 vol.:1 vol.50 cc:𝑦 ccCO1 vol.50 cc:::CO21 vol.y cc

1 vol of CO produces 1 vol. of CO2

Hence, CO2 produced = 50 cc.

Therefore, the resultant mixture has 50 cc of O2 + 50 cc of CO2

Mole Concept — Avogadro's Law and No.

Question 1

Calculate the mass of 2.8 litres of CO2. [C = 12, O = 16]

Answer

[1 mole = 1 gm mol. wt. and occupies 22.4 lit at s.t.p.]

gm mol. wt. of CO2 = 12 + (16 x 2) = 44 g

1 mole of CO2 = 1 gm mol. wt.

22.4 lit of CO2 has mass 44 g [s.t.p.]

Therefore, 2.8 lit of CO2 has mass

=4422.4×2.8=5.5 g=22.444×2.8=5.5 g

Therefore, mass of 2.8 litres of CO2 is 5.5 g

Question 2

Calculate the volume occupied by 53.5 g of Cl2. [Cl = 35.5]

Answer

[1 mole = 1 gm mol. wt. and occupies 22.4 lit at s.t.p.]

gm mol. wt. of Cl2 = (35.5 x 2) = 71 g

1 mole of Cl2 = 1 gm mol. wt. and occupies 22.4 lit.

71 g of Cl2 occupies 22.4 lit [s.t.p.]

∴ Vol. occupied by 53.5 g of Cl2

=22.471×53.5=16.87 lit=7122.4×53.5=16.87 lit

Therefore, volume occupied by 53.5 g of Cl2 is 16.87 lit

Question 3

Calculate the number of molecules in 109.5 g of HCl. [H = 1, Cl = 35.5]

Answer
gm mol. wt. of HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g

At s.t.p.,

36.5 g of HCl = 6.023 x 1023 number of molecules [Avogadro's law]

Therefore, 109.5 g of HCl

=6.023×102336.5×109.5=109.536.5×6.023×1023=3×6.023×1023=36.56.023×1023
×109.5=36.5109.5×6.023×1023=3×6.023×1023

Hence, number of molecules in 109.5 g of HCl is 3 x 6.023 x 10 23

Question 4

Calculate the number of :

(i) molecules [S = 32]

(ii) atoms in 192 g. of sulphur. [S8]

Answer

(i) 1 mole of any substance contains 6.023 x 1023 number of molecules.

S8 = 8 atoms = 8 x 32 = 256.

256 g = 6.023 x 1023 number of molecules

So, 192 g will have

=6.023×1023256×192=192256×6.023×1023=0.75×6.023×1023 molecules=2566.023×1023
×192=256192×6.023×1023=0.75×6.023×1023 molecules

(ii) Gram atomic mass of S = 32 g

32 g of S has 6.023 x 1023 number of atoms

Therefore, 192 g will have

=6.023×102332×192=19232×6.023×1023=6×6.023×1023 atoms=326.023×1023
×192=32192×6.023×1023=6×6.023×1023 atoms

Question 5

Calculate the mass of Na which will contain 6.023 × 1023 atoms. [Na = 23]

Answer

As, a mole of atoms contain 6.023 × 1023 atoms [Avogadro number] and has weight [mass]
equal to gram atomic mass of the element.

Therefore, a mole of Na will contain 6.023 × 1023 atoms and will have mass equal to gram
atomic mass of Na = 23 g

Question 6
Calculate the no. of atoms of potassium present in 117 g. of K. [K = 39]

Answer

Gram atomic mass of K = 39

At s.t.p.,

39 g of K = 6.023 x 1023 atoms of K [Avogadro's law]

Therefore, 117 g of K

=6.023×102339×117=11739×6.023×1023=3×6.023×1023=396.023×1023×117=39117
×6.023×1023=3×6.023×1023

Hence, number of atoms in 117 g of K = 3 x 6.023 x 1023

Question 7

Calculate the number of moles and molecules in 19.86 g. of Pb(NO3)2. [Pb = 207, N = 14, O
= 16]

Answer

Gram molecular mass of Pb(NO3)2

= Pb + 2 [N x 3(O)]
= Pb + 2N + 6O
= 207 + (2 x 14) + (6 x 16)
= 207 + 28 + 96 = 331

As,

331 g of Pb(NO3)2 = 1 mole

Therefore, 19.86 g

=1331×19.86=0.06 moles=3311×19.86=0.06 moles

Hence, number of moles in 19.86 g. of Pb(NO3)2 = 0.06 moles

As,

1 mole of Pb(NO3)2 weighs 331 g and has 6.023 x 1023 molecules

Therefore, 19.86 g of Pb(NO3)2 will have

=6.023×1023331×19.86=19.86331×6.023×1023=0.06×6.023×1023molecules=3316.023×1
023×19.86=33119.86×6.023×1023=0.06×6.023×1023molecules

Hence, number of molecules in 19.86 g. of Pb(NO3)2 = 0.06 x 6.023 x 1023 moles

Question 8

Calculate the mass of an atom of lead [Pb = 202].

Answer

As,
1 mole of Pb weighs 202 g and has 6.023 x 1023 atoms.

So, 6.023 x 1023 atoms of Pb has mass = 202 g

Therefore, 1 atom of Pb will have mass

=2026.023×1023=33.53×10−23g=6.023×1023202=33.53×10−23g

Hence, mass of an atom of lead is 33.53 x 10-23 g

Question 9

Calculate the number of molecules in 1½ litres of water. [density of water 1.0 g./cc. ∴ mass
of water = volume × density]

Answer

Given,

Vol of water = 1.5 lit = 1500 mL =1500 cc

Density of water 1.0 g./cc..

∴ Mass of water = volume × density

Hence, mass of water = 1500 x 1 = 1500 g

Gram molecular mass of water

= 2H + O

= (2 x 1) + 16 = 18 g

So, 18 g of water = 6.023 x 1023 molecules

Therefore, 1500 g of water will have

6.023×102318×1500=150018×6.023×1023=83.33×6.023×1023186.023×1023
×1500=181500×6.023×1023=83.33×6.023×1023

Hence, the number of molecules in 1½ litres of water is 83.33 x 6.023 x

1023 molecules.

Question 10

Calculate the gram-atoms in 88.75 g of chlorine [Cl = 35.5]

Answer

Gram atoms is the relative atomic mass of an element expressed in grams.

Gram atoms=Mass in gramsRelative At. mass [At. wt.]=88.7535.5=2.5 gram atomsGram at

oms=Relative At. mass [At. wt.]Mass in grams=35.588.75=2.5 gram atoms

Hence, gram-atoms in 88.75 g of chlorine is 2.5 g. atoms

Question 11

Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms in 0.25 mole of H2SO4.

Answer

1 mole of hydrogen atom has 2 x 6.023 x 1023 atoms.

∴ 0.25 mole will have

=2×6.023×10231×0.25=0.5×6.023×1023 atoms=12×6.023×1023×0.25=0.5×6.023×1023 at
oms

Hence, number of hydrogen atoms in 0.25 mole of H2SO4 = 0.5 x 6.023 x 1023 particles

Question 12

Calculate the gram molecules in 21 g of nitrogen [N = 14]

Answer

Gram molecules is the relative molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams.

Relative molecular mass of N2 = 2 x 14 = 28 g

Gram molecules=Mass in grams [of nitrogen]Rel. molecular mass [Mol. wt.]=2128=0.75 gra
m moleculesGram molecules=Rel. molecular mass [Mol. wt.]Mass in grams [of nitrogen]
=2821=0.75 gram molecules

Hence, gram molecules in 21 g of nitrogen = 0.75 gram molecules

Question 13

Calculate the number of atoms in 10 litres of ammonia [N = 14, H = 1]

Answer

1 mole of NH3 = N + 3 H = 4 atoms = 4 x 6.023 x 1023 atoms and occupies 22.4 lit at s.t.p.

If 22.4 lit of NH3 has 4 x 6.023 x 1023 atoms,

then, 10 lit will have

=4×6.023×102322.4×10=4022.4×6.023×1023=1.786×6.023×1023 atoms=22.44×6.023×10
23×10=22.440×6.023×1023=1.786×6.023×1023 atoms

Hence, number of atoms in 10 litres of ammonia = 1.786 x 6.023 x 10 23 atoms

Question 14

Calculate the number of atoms in 60 g of neon [Ne = 20]

Answer

Gram atomic mass of Ne = 20 g

As, 1 mole of Ne weighs 20 g and has 6.023 x 1023 atoms

So, 60 g of Ne will have

6.023×102320×60=6020×6.023×1023=3×6.023×1023 atoms206.023×1023×60=2060
×6.023×1023=3×6.023×1023 atoms

Hence, number of atoms in 60 g of Ne = 3 x 6.023 x 1023 atoms

Question 15

Calculate the number of moles of 'X' atoms in 93 g of 'X' [X is phosphorus = 31]

Answer

Gram atomic mass of X (phosphorus) = 31 g

As, 31 g of phosphorus = 1 mole

So, 93 g of phosphorus = 131×93=3 moles311×93=3 moles

Hence, number of moles in 93 g of X is 3 moles

Question 16

Calculate the volume occupied by 3.5 g of O2 gas at 27 °C and 740 mm pressure. [O = 16]

Answer

Gram molecular mass of O2 = 2 x 16 = 32 g

1 mole of O2 weighs 32 g and occupies 22.4 lit. vol.

∴ 3.5 g of O2 occupies = 22.432×3.5=2.45 lit.3222.4×3.5=2.45 lit.

Volume occupied by 3.5 g of O2 gas at 27°C and 740 mm pressure:

s.t.p. given values

P1 = 760 mm of Hg P2 = 740 mm of Hg

V1 = 2.45 lit V2 = x lit

T1 = 273 K T2 = 27 + 273 K

Using the gas equation,

𝑃1𝑉1𝑇1=𝑃2𝑉2𝑇2T1P1V1=T2P2V2

Substituting the values we get,

760×2.45273=740×𝑥300𝑥=760×2.45×300740×273𝑥=5,58,6002,02,020𝑥=2.76 lit273760×2.
45=300740×xx=740×273760×2.45×300x=2,02,0205,58,600x=2.76 lit
Hence, the volume occupied by 3.5 g of O2 gas at 27°C and 740 mm pressure is 2.76
lit.

Question 17

Calculate the moles of sodium hydroxide contained in 160 g of it. [Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1]

Answer

Gram molecular mass of sodium hydroxide

= Na + O + H
= 23 + 16 + 1
= 40 g

As, 40 g of sodium hydroxide = 1 mole

∴ 160 g of sodium hydroxide = 140×160=4 moles401×160=4 moles

Hence, number of moles in 160 g of sodium hydroxide is 4

Question 18

Calculate the weight in g. of 2.5 moles of ethane [C2H6]. [C = 12, H = 1]

Answer

Gram molecular mass of C2H6 = (2 x 12) + (6 x 1)

= 24 + 6
= 30 g

1 mole of C2H6 weighs 30 g

∴ 2.5 moles weighs = 301×2.5=75 g130×2.5=75 g

Hence, weight of 2.5 moles of ethane [C2H6] is 75 g.

Question 19

Calculate the molecular weight of 2.6 g of a gas which occupies 2.24 lits. at 0°C and 760
mm press.

Answer

Given,

2.24 lit volume of gas weighs 2.6 g

∴ 22.4 lit volume of gas weighs = 2.62.24×22.4=26 g2.242.6×22.4=26 g

As 22.4 lit of gas at s.t.p. weighs 26 g

∴ Molecular weight = 26 g

Question 20

Calculate the gram atoms in 46 g of sodium [Na = 23]

Answer

Gram atoms is the relative atomic mass of an element expressed in grams.

Gram atoms=Mass in grams [of sodium]Rel. atomic mass [At. wt.]=4623=2 gram atomsGra
m atoms=Rel. atomic mass [At. wt.]Mass in grams [of sodium]=2346=2 gram atoms

Hence, gram-atoms in 46 g of sodium is 2 g. atoms

Question 21

Calculate the number of moles of KClO3 that will be required to give 6 moles of oxygen.

Answer

2KClO3 ⟶ 2KCl + 3O2

O2:KClO33:26:𝑥O236:::KClO32x

23×6=𝑥⇒𝑥=4 moles32×6=x⇒x=4 moles

Hence, 4 moles of KClO3 are required to give 6 moles of oxygen.

Question 22

Calculate the weight of the substance if it's molecular weight is 70 and in the gaseous form
occupies 10 lits. at 27°C and 700 mm pressure.

Answer

Initial Conditions Final Conditions (s.t.p.)

P1 = 700 mm of Hg P2 = 760 mm of Hg

V1 = 10 lit V2 = x lit

T1 = 27 + 273 K T2 = 273 K

Using the gas equation,

𝑃1𝑉1𝑇1=𝑃2𝑉2𝑇2T1P1V1=T2P2V2

Substituting the values we get,

700×10300=760×𝑥273𝑥=700×10×273300×760𝑥=1911228𝑥=8.38 lit300700×10=273760×x
x=300×760700×10×273x=2281911x=8.38 lit

1 gram molecular weight of the gas occupies 22.4 lit. at s.t.p.

∴ 70 g of the gas occupies 22.4 lit. at s.t.p.

If 𝑦y g of the gas occupies 8.38 lits, then

𝑦=7022.4×8.38=26.18 gy=22.470×8.38=26.18 g
Hence, weight of substance is 26.18 g

Question 23

State which has higher number of moles : 5 g. of N2O or 5 g. of NO [N = 14, O = 16]

Answer

Gram molecular mass of N2O

= (2 x 14) + 16
= 44 g

44 g of N2O = 1 mole

∴ 5 g of N2O = 144×5=0.11441×5=0.11 moles

Gram molecular mass of NO

= 14 + 16
= 30 g

30 g of NO = 1 mole

∴ 5 g of NO = 130×5=0.16301×5=0.16 moles

Hence, 5 g. of NO has higher moles than 5 g. of N2O

Question 24

State which has higher mass : 1 mole of CO2 or 1 mole of CO [C = 12, O = 16]

Answer

Gram molecular mass of CO2

= 12 + (2 x 16)
= 12 + 32
= 44 g

1 mole of CO2 = 44 g

Gram molecular mass of CO

= 12 + 16
= 28 g

1 mole of CO = 28 g

Therefore, 1 mole of CO2 has higher mass.

Question 25

State which has higher no. of atoms : 1 g of O2 or 1 g of Cl2 [O = 16, Cl = 35.5]

Answer

Molecular mass of O2 = 2 x 16 = 32 g
32 g of O2 = 2 x 6.023 x 1023 atoms

∴ 1 g of O2

=2×6.023×102332=0.0625×6.023×1023 atoms=322×6.023×1023=0.0625×6.023×1023 ato

ms

Molecular mass of Cl2 = 2 x 35.5 = 71 g

71 g of Cl2 = 2 x 6.023 x 1023 atoms

∴ 1 g of Cl2

=2×6.023×102371=0.0281×6.023×1023 atoms=712×6.023×1023=0.0281×6.023×1023 ato

ms

Hence, 1 g of O2 has more number of atoms.

Vapour Density And Molecular Weight

Question 1

500 ml. of a gas 'X' at s.t.p. weighs 0.50 g. Calculate the vapour density and molecular
weight of the gas. [1 lit. of H2 at s.t.p. weighs 0.09 g].

Answer

Given, 500 ml. of gas 'X' at s.t.p. weighs 0.50 g

Therefore, 1000 ml of gas 'X' at s.t.p. will weigh (0.50 x 2) g

Vapour density of gas X =

Wt. of 1000 ml of gas at s.t.p.Wt. of 1000 ml of H2 at s.t.p.=0.50×20.09=11.1Wt. of 1000 ml

of H2 at s.t.p.Wt. of 1000 ml of gas at s.t.p.=0.090.50×2=11.1

Hence, vapour density of gas is 11.11

Molecular weight = 2 x Vapour density

= 2 x 11.1
= 22.2 g

Hence, molecular weight of gas is 22.2 g

Question 2

A gas cylinder holds 85 g of a gas 'X'. The same cylinder when filled with hydrogen holds
8.5 g of hydrogen under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. Calculate the
molecular weight of 'X'.

Answer

Vapour density of gas X =

Wt. of certain volume of gas Wt. of same volume of H2=858.5=10Wt. of same volume of H2
Wt. of certain volume of gas =8.585=10
 Molecular weight = 2 x Vapour density
= 2 x 10 = 20 g

Hence, molecular weight of gas X is 20 g

Question 3

Calculate the relative molecular mass [molecular weight] of 290 ml. of a gas 'A' at 17 °C
and 1520 mm pressure which weighs 2.73 g at s.t.p. [1 litre of hydrogen at s.t.p. weighs
0.09 g.]

Answer

Convert the volume to s.t.p. using gas equation

Initial Conditions Final Conditions (s.t.p.)

P1 = 1520 mm of Hg P2 = 760 mm of Hg

V1 = 290 ml V2 = x lit

T1 = 17 + 273 K T2 = 273 K

Using the gas equation,

𝑃1𝑉1𝑇1=𝑃2𝑉2𝑇2T1P1V1=T2P2V2

Substituting the values we get,

1520×290290=760×𝑥273𝑥=1520×273760𝑥=546 ml2901520×290=273760×x
x=7601520×273x=546 ml

546 ml of gas at s.t.p. weighs 2.73 g

∴ Wt. of 1000 ml of gas = 2.73546×1000=5 g5462.73×1000=5 g

Vapour density of gas X =

Wt. of 1 lit of gas XWt. of 1 lit of H2=50.09=55.55Wt. of 1 lit of H2Wt. of 1 lit of gas X=0.095
=55.55

Hence, vapour density of gas is 55.55

Molecular weight = 2 x Vapour Density

= 2 x 55.555
= 111.11 g

Hence, molecular weight of gas is 111.11 g

Question 4

State the volume occupied by 40 g of a hydrocarbon – CH4 at s.t.p. if it's V.D. is 8.

 Answer

Vapour density of hydrocarbon = 8

∴ Molecular weight = 2 x Vapour density

= 2 x 8 = 16 g

16 g of hydrocarbon at s.t.p. occupy 22.4 lit

∴ 40 g of hydrocarbon will occupy = 22.416×40=56 lit.1622.4×40=56 lit.

Hence, volume occupied by 40 g of a hydrocarbon (CH4) at s.t.p. is 56 lit.

Question 5

Calculate the atomicity of a gas X [at. no. 35.5] whose vapour density is equal to it's relative
atomic mass.

Answer

Given,

Vapour density = relative atomic mass = 35.5

Molecular weight = 2 x Vapour Density = 2 x 35.5 = 71 g

Atomicity is the number of atoms present in one molecule of that element.

Number of atoms

1. Electrolysis Complete and balance the electrode reactions

a. Electrolysis of fused lead bromide

PbBr2 ⇌ ............... + ............... [ions present Pb 2+,

1. Dissociation of lead bromide
Br1-] ]

2. Reaction at cathode [inert-graphite] Pb2+ + ............... ⟶ ............... [product Lead metal]

Br1- - ............... ⟶ ...............

3. Reaction at anode [inert-graphite]
Br + Br ⟶ ............... [product Bromine vapours]

b. Electrolysis of acidified water

4. Dissociation of acidified water H2SO4 ⇌ ............... + ...............

H2O ⇌ ............... + ............... [ions H 1+, SO42-, OH1-]

5. Reaction at cathode [inert-platinum] H1+ + ............... ⟶ ...............

 1. Electrolysis Complete and balance the electrode reactions

H + H ⟶ ............... [product Hydrogen gas]

6. Reaction at anode [inert-platinum] OH1- - ............... ⟶ ...............

4OH ⟶ ............... + ............... [product oxygen gas]

c. Electrolysis of aq. copper sulphate

[Active-copper electrode]

CuSO4 ⇌ ............... + ............... [ions present —

7. Dissociation of aq. copper sulphate Cu2+, H1+, SO42-, OH1-]
H2O ⇌ ............... + ...............

8. Reaction at cathode [copper (or Pt. or Cu2+ + ............... ⟶ ............... [product copper
C)] metal]

9. Reaction at anode [active copper] Cu - ............... ⟶ ............... [product nil - Cu2+ ions]

CuSO4 ⇌ ............... + ............... [ions present —

[Inert-platinum electrode]
Cu2+, H1+, SO42-, OH1-]
Dissociation of aq. copper sulphate
H2O ⇌ ............... + ...............

Cu2+ + ............... ⟶ ............... [product copper

Reaction at cathode [Pt. or Carbon or Cu]
metal]

OH1- - ............... ⟶ ...............

Reaction at anode [inert-Pt. or C]
4OH ⟶ ............... + ............... [product oxygen gas]

=Molecular weightAtomic weight=7135.5=2=Atomic weightMolecular weight=35.571=2

Hence, atomicity of a gas X is 2

Question 6

Calculate the relative molecular mass and vapour density of methyl alcohol [CH3OH] if 160
g. of the alcohol on vaporization has a volume of 112 litres at s.t.p.

Answer

Given,

Weight of 112 lit of CH3OH = 160 g [at s.t.p.]

∴ Weight of 1 lit of CH3OH = 160112112160 = 1.4286 g

Weight of 1 lit of H2 = 0.09 g [at s.t.p.]

Under similar temperature and pressure,

Vapour density of gas methyl alcohol =

Wt. of certain vol. of gasWt. of same vol. of H2=1.42860.09=15.87≈16Wt. of same vol. of H

2Wt. of certain vol. of gas=0.091.4286=15.87≈16

Molecular weight = 2 x Vapour density

= 2 x 15.87 = 31.74 g ≈ 32 g

Hence, molecular weight of methyl alcohol is 32 g and vapour density of methyl

alcohol is 16

ELECTROLYSIS

Question 1

Answer

Complete and balance the electrode

1. Electrolysis
reactions

a. Electrolysis of fused lead bromide

1. Dissociation of lead bromide PbBr2 ⇌ Pb2+ + 2Br1- [ions present Pb2+, Br1-] ]

2. Reaction at cathode [inert-graphite] Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ Pb [product lead metal]

Br1- - 1e- ⟶ Br
3. Reaction at anode [inert-graphite]
Br + Br ⟶ Br2 [product Bromine vapours]

b. Electrolysis of acidified water

4. Dissociation of acidified water H2SO4 ⇌ 2H1+ + SO42-

H2O ⇌ H1+ + OH1- [ions H1+, SO42-, OH1-]

5. Reaction at cathode [inert-platinum] H1+ + 1e- ⟶ H x 4

2H + 2H ⟶ 2H2 [product Hydrogen gas]

6. Reaction at anode [inert-platinum] OH1- - 1e- ⟶ OH x 4

 Complete and balance the electrode
1. Electrolysis
reactions

4OH ⟶ 2H2O + O2 [product oxygen gas]

c. Electrolysis of aq. copper sulphate

[Active-copper electrode]

CuSO4 ⇌ Cu2+ + SO42- [ions present — Cu2+, H

7. Dissociation of aq. copper sulphate SO42-, OH1-]
H2O ⇌ H1+ + OH1-

8. Reaction at cathode [copper (or Pt. or C)] Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu [product copper metal]

9. Reaction at anode [active copper] Cu - 2e- ⟶ Cu2+ [product nil - Cu2+ ions]

CuSO4 ⇌ Cu2+ + SO42- [ions present — Cu2+, H

[Inert-platinum electrode]
SO42-, OH1-]
Dissociation of aq. copper sulphate
H2O ⇌ H1+ + OH1-

Reaction at cathode [Pt. or C or Cu)] Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu [product copper metal]

OH1- - 1e- ⟶ OH x 4
Reaction at anode [inert-pt. or C]
4OH ⟶ 2H2O + O2 [product oxygen gas]

Question 2A

2. A : Electroplating Complete and balance the electrode reactions

Electroplating of an article with nickle

10. Dissociation of aq. nickle sulphate NiSO4 ⇌ ............... + ...............

H2O ⇌ ............... + ...............

11. Reaction at cathode [article to be Ni2+ + ............... ⟶ ............... [Ni deposited on

plated] article]
 2. A : Electroplating Complete and balance the electrode reactions

12. Reaction at anode [block of active-

Ni - ............... ⟶ ............... [product nil - Ni2+ ions]
nickle]

Electroplating of an article with silver

13. Dissociation of sodium silver cyanide Na[Ag(CN)2] ⇌ ............... + ............... + ...............

H2O ⇌ ............... + ...............

14. Reaction at cathode [article to be Ag1+ + ............... ⟶ ............... [Ag deposited on

plated] article]

15. Reaction at anode [block of active-

Ag - ............... ⟶ ............... [product nil - Ag1+ ions
silver]

Answer

2.A : Electroplating Complete and balance the electrode reaction

Electroplating of an article with nickle

10. Dissociation of aq. nickle sulphate NiSO4 ⇌ Ni2+ + SO42-

H2O ⇌ H1+ + OH1-

11. Reaction at cathode [article to be plated] Ni2+ + 2e- ⟶ Ni [Ni deposited on article]

12. Reaction at anode [block of active-nickle] Ni - 2e- ⟶ Ni2+ [product nil - Ni2+ ions]

Electroplating of an article with silver

13. Dissociation of sodium silver cyanide Na[Ag(CN)2] ⇌ Na1+ + Ag1+ + 2CN1-

H2O ⇌ H1+ + OH1-

14. Reaction at cathode [article to be plated] Ag1+ + 1e1- ⟶ Ag [Ag deposited on article]

15. Reaction at anode [block of active-silver] Ag - 1e1- ⟶ Ag1+ [product nil - Ag1+ ions]
Question 2B

2. B Electrorefining of copper Complete and balance the electrode reaction

16. Dissociation of aq. copper sulphate CuSO4 ⇌ ............... + ...............

H2O ⇌ ............... + ...............

17. Reaction at cathode [pure thin sheet of Cu2+ + ............... ⟶ ............... [Cu deposited on
Cu] thin sheet]

18. Reaction at anode [impure block of Cu - ............... ⟶ ............... [product nil -

active Cu] Cu2+ ions]

Electrometallurgy of sodium

19. Dissociation of sodium chloride fused NaCl ⇌ ............... + ...............

20. Reaction at cathode [inert - electrode] Na1+ + ............... ⟶ ............... [product Na metal]

21. Reaction at anode [inert - electrode] Cl1- - ............... ⟶ ...............

Cl + Cl ⟶ ............... [product Cl2 gas]

Electrometallurgy of aluminium

22. Dissociation of pure alumina Al2O3 ⇌ ............... + ...............

23. Reaction at cathode [inert - electrode] Al3+ + ............... ⟶ ............... [product Al metal]

O2- - ............... ⟶ ............... ⟶ 3O2 [product

24. Reaction at anode [inert - electrode]
O2 gas]

Answer

Complete and balance the electrode

2. B Electrorefining of copper
reactions

16. Dissociation of aq. copper sulphate CuSO4 ⇌ Cu2+ + SO42-

H2O ⇌ H1+ + OH1-

 Complete and balance the electrode
2. B Electrorefining of copper
reactions

17. Reaction at cathode [pure thin sheet of Cu] Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu [Cu deposited on thin sheet]

18. Reaction at anode [impure block of active

Cu - 2e- ⟶ Cu2+ [product nil - Cu2+ ions]
Cu]

Electrometallurgy of sodium

19. Dissociation of sodium chloride fused NaCl ⇌ Na1+ + Cl1-

20. Reaction at cathode [inert - electrode] Na1+ + 1e- ⟶ Na [product Na metal]

21. Reaction at anode [inert - electrode] Cl1- - 1e- ⟶ Cl

Cl + Cl ⟶ Cl2 [product Cl2 gas]

Electrometallurgy of aluminium

22. Dissociation of pure alumina Al2O3 ⇌ 2Al3+ + 3O2-

23. Reaction at cathode [inert - electrode] 2Al3+ + 6e- ⟶ 2Al [product AL metal]

24. Reaction at anode [inert - electrode] 3O2- - 6e- ⟶ 3[O] ⟶ 3O2 [product O2 gas]

Questions

Question 1(2008)

During the electrolysis of molten lead bromide, which of the following takes place ?

1. Bromine is released at the cathode

2. Lead is deposited at the anode
3. Bromine ions gain electrons
4. Lead is deposited at the cathode

Answer

Lead is deposited at the cathode

Reaction at cathode : Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ Pb

Question 2.1(2008)
Here is an electrode reaction:

Cu ⟶ Cu2+ + 2e-. [i.e. Cu – 2e- ⟶ Cu2+]

At which electrode (anode or cathode) would such a reaction take place ? Is this an
example of oxidation or reduction ?

Answer

Cu ⟶ Cu2+ + 2e-

This reaction takes place at anode.

This is an example of oxidation.

Question 2.2(2008)

A soln. contains Mg2+ ions, Fe2+ ions and Cu2+ ions. On passing an electric current through
this soln. which ions will be the first to be discharged at the cathode? Write the equation for
the cathode reaction.

Answer

Cu2+ (Copper ions will get discharged at cathode)

Reaction at Cathode:
Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu

Question 1(2009)

(A) Sulphur

(B) Silver chloride

(C) Hydrogen chloride

(D) Copper [II] sulphate

(E) Graphite

State which from A to E fits the description — 'A pink metal is deposited at the cathode
during the electrolysis of the soln. of this salt.

Answer

(D) Copper [II] sulphate

At cathode : Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu

Question 2(2009)

Select the correct answer — The aqueous solution of the compound which contains both
ions and molecules is:

1. Sulphuric acid
2. Hydrochloric acid
 3. Nitric acid
4. Acetic acid

Answer

Acetic acid
Reason — Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte and particles in a weak electrolyte are ions and
unionized molecules.

Question 3(2009)

Correct the following statements — Lead bromide conducts electricity.

Answer

Molten lead bromide conducts electricity.

Reason — Solid lead bromide is a non-conductor of electricity since it's ions are not free
but held together by an electrostatic force of attraction. In molten state the ions become free
and hence conduct electricity.

Question 4(2009)

A metal article is to be electroplated with silver. The electrolyte selected is sodium

argentocyanide.

(i) What kind of salt is sodium argentocyanide.

(ii) Why is it preferred to silver nitrate as an electrolyte?

(iii) State one condition to ensure that the deposit is smooth, firm and long lasting.

(iv) Write the reaction taking place at the cathode.

(v) Write the reaction taking place at the anode.

Answer

(i) It is a Complex Salt.

(ii) Migration of Ag1+ ions from above complex salt soln. is slow compared to that from silver
nitrate. Hence, an even deposition of metal silver is obtained on the article. Therefore, the
electrolyte sodium argentocyanide soln. is preferred over silver nitrate solution.

(iii) A low current for a longer time should be used to ensure that the deposit is smooth, firm
and long lasting.

(iv) Ag1+ + 1e- ⟶ Ag [deposited]

(v) Ag - 1e- ⟶ Ag1+ [Anode diminishes in mass]

Question 5(2009)

Aqueous solution of nickel sulphate contains Ni2+ and SO42- ions

(i) Which ion moves towards the cathode?

(ii) What is the product at the anode?

Answer

(i) Nickel ion moves towards the cathode.

(ii) Product at anode - Nil [Ni2+ are formed]

Question 1(2010)

Select the correct answer — A compound which during electrolysis in it's molten state
liberates a reddish brown gas at the anode :

1. Sodium chloride
2. Copper (II) oxide
3. Copper (II) sulphate
4. Lead (II) bromide

Answer

Lead (II) bromide

Reason — During electrolysis of Lead [II] bromide, Br-1 ions are discharged at the anode.
Reddish brown fumes are due to bromine vapours.

Question 2(2010)

During electroplating of an article with nickel —

(i) Name — (a) The electrolyte (b) The cathode (c) The anode

(ii) Give the reaction of the electrolysis at (a) The cathode (b) The anode

Answer

(i) (a) The electrolyte — Aq. soln. of nickel sulphate (b) The cathode — Cleaned article to
be electroplated (c) The anode — Plate or block of nickel metal

(ii) the reaction of the electrolysis at:

(a) At Cathode: Ni2+ + 2e– ⟶ Ni
(b) At Anode : Ni – 2e– ⟶ Ni2+

Question 3(2010)

A, B and C are three electrolytic cells, connected in different circuits. Cell 'A' contains NaCl
soln., and the bulb in the circuit glows brightly, when the circuit is completed. Cell 'B'
contains acetic acid and the bulb glows dimly. Cell 'C' contains sugar soln., and the bulb
does not glow. Give reasons for each observation.

Answer

When the switch is 'On' the electrolyte starts dissociating. Current remaining the same, the
glow of the bulb indicates whether the electrolyte is a strong, weak or a non-electrolyte.

As NaCl is a strong electrolyte (i.e., cell A), therefore it allows large amount of electricity to
flow through it. Hence, the bulb glows brightly.
Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte (i.e., cell B) and it allows a small amount of electricity to
flow through them hence, the bulb glows dimly.

Sugar soln. is a non-electrolyte (i.e., cell C), therefore it does not conduct electricity and do
not undergo chemical decomposition due to the flow of current through it. Hence, the bulb
does not glow.

Question 1(2011)

Give reasons – The electrolysis of acidulated water is considered to be an example of

catalysis.

Answer

Pure water is almost a non-electrolyte and will not normally conduct electricity. It consists
almost entirely of molecules. It can be electrolytically decomposed by addition of traces of
dil. H2SO4 which dissociates as: H+1 and SO42- and help in dissociating water into H+1 and
OH- ions, water being a polar solvent. Hence, electrolysis of acidulated water is considered
to be an example of catalysis.

Question 2(2011)

During electrolysis of CuSO4 solution using platinum [cathode] and carbon [anode]:

(i) State what you observe at the cathode and anode.

(ii) State the change noticed in the electrolyte

(iii) Write the reactions at the cathode and anode.

Answer

(i) At cathode : Cu2+ ions and H1+ ions migrate to the cathode. Cu2+ ions are discharged in
preference to H1+.

At anode : SO42- and OH1- ions migrate to the anode but OH1- ions are discharged since
they are lower in the electrochemical series.

(ii) The blue colour of CuSO4 solution fades since the blue Cu2+ ions which are discharged
at the cathode are not replaced at the anode.

(iii) Cathode : Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu

Anode: OH1- - 1e- ⟶ OH x 2

[2OH ⟶ H2O + [O]]

4OH ⟶ 2H2O + O2

Question 3(2011)

Differentiate between electrical conductivity of – copper sulphate solution and of copper

metal.

Answer
 Electrical conductivity of Electrical conductivity of
copper sulphate solution copper metal

The flow of electricity takes place by flow of ions The flow of electricity takes place by flow of
which are denser compared to electrons. electrons which have negligible mass.

There is decomposition of the copper sulphate There is no decomposition of copper metal

solution and thus the chemical properties of and thus the chemical properties of copper
electrolyte are altered. are intact.

Good conductors of electricity in aq. soln. or Good conductor of electricity in solid and in
molten state but not in solid state. molten state.

During conduction through copper sulphate During conduction through copper metal,
solution, there is transfer of ions. there is no transfer of matter.

The flow of electricity decomposes the electrolyte The flow of electricity only produces heat
and new products are formed. energy and no new products are formed.

Question 1(2012)

Rewrite the correct statement with the missing word/s: Cations migrate during electrolysis.

Answer

Cation migrates to the cathode during electrolysis.

Question 2(2012)

Identify the weak electrolyte from the following:

1. Sodium Chloride solution

2. Dilute Hydrochloric acid
3. Dilute Sulphuric acid
4. Aqueous acetic acid.

Answer

Aqueous acetic acid

Question 3(2012)

Match the following in column A with the correct answer from the choices given in column
B.
 Column A Column B

1. Ammonium hydroxide soln. Contains only ions.

2. Dilute hydrochloric acid Contains only molecules

3. Carbon tetrachloride Contains ions and molecules

Answer

Column A Column B

1. Ammonium hydroxide soln. Contains ions and molecules

2. Dilute hydrochloric acid Contains only ions

3. Carbon tetrachloride Contains only molecules

Question 4(2012)

Give reasons: An aqueous solution of sodium chloride conducts electricity.

Answer

The ions of sodium chloride are not free but held together by strong electrostatic force of
attraction. However in aqueous solution of sodium chloride the ions break lose and move
freely. Hence, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride conducts electricity.

Question 5(2012)

Select the correct answer from the list in brackets:

(i) An aqueous electrolyte consists of the ions mentioned in the list. The ion which could be
discharged most readily during electrolysis. [Fe2+, Cu2+, H+].

(ii) The metallic electrode which does not take part in an electrolytic reaction. [Cu, Ag, Pt,
Ni].

(iii) The ion which is discharged at the anode during the electrolysis of copper sulphate
solution using copper electrodes as anode and cathode. [Cu2+, OH1-, SO42-, H+].

(iv) When dilute sodium chloride is electrolysed using graphite electrodes, the cation which
is discharged at the cathode most readily. [Na1+, OH1-, H1+, Cl1-].

(v) During silver plating of an article using potassium argentocyanide as an electrolyte, the
anode material should be [Cu, Ag, Pt, Fe].

Answer
(i) An aqueous electrolyte consists of the ions mentioned in the list. The ion which could be
discharged most readily during electrolysis. — Cu2+.

(ii) The metallic electrode which does not take part in an electrolytic reaction. — Pt.

(iii) The ion which is discharged at the anode during the electrolysis of copper sulphate
solution using copper electrodes as anode and cathode. — Cu2+.

(iv) When dilute sodium chloride is electrolysed using graphite electrodes, the cation which
is discharged at the cathode most readily. — H1+

(v) During silver plating of an article using potassium argentocyanide as an electrolyte, the
anode material should be — Ag.

Question 1(2013)

State one appropriate observation for : Electricity is passed through molten lead bromide.

Answer

Solid lead bromide is a non conductor of electric current since it's ions are not free and held
together by strong electrostatic force of attraction. The ions become free in molten state.
Hence, electricity is passed through molten lead bromide.

Question 2(2013)

State which of these will act as a non-electrolyte ?

1. Liquid carbon tetrachloride

2. Acetic acid
3. Sodium hydroxide aqueous solution acid.
4. Potassium chloride aqueous solution.

Answer

Liquid carbon tetrachloride is a non-electrolyte

Question 3(2013)

Copper sulphate soln. is electrolysed using copper electrodes as seen in diagram.

(i) Which electrode to your left or right is known as the oxidising electrode and why?

(ii) Write the equation representing the reaction that occurs.

(iii) State two appropriate observations for the above electrolysis reaction.

Answer

(i) The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the battery (i.e., electrode on the left)
is the oxidizing electrode as anions donate excess electrons to the anode and are oxidized
to neutral atoms.

(ii) Cu – 2e– ⟶ Cu2+

(iii) Copper anode shows a loss in mass. The blue colour of aq. copper sulphate soln.
remains unchanged.

Question 4(2013)

Name: A gas which in the liquid state does not conduct electricity but conducts when
dissolved in water.

Answer

Hydrogen chloride gas

Question 1(2014)

The observation seen when fused lead bromide is electrolysed is:

1. a silver grey deposit at anode and a reddish brown deposit at cathode.

2. a silver grey deposit at cathode and a reddish brown deposit at anode.
3. a silver grey deposit at cathode and reddish brown fumes at anode.
4. silver grey fumes at anode and reddish brown fumes at cathode.

Answer
a silver grey deposit at cathode and reddish brown fumes at anode.
Reason — silver grey colour is due to lead metal deposited at cathode and reddish brown
fumes at anode is due to bromine vapours.

Question 2(2014)

During electroplating an article with silver, the electrolyte used is:

1. silver nitrate solution

2. silver cyanide solution
3. sodium argentocyanide solution
4. nickel sulphate solution

Answer

sodium argentocyanide solution

Question 3(2014)

Give one word or phrase for: Electrolytic deposition of a superior metal on a base metal.

Answer

Electroplating

Question 4(2014)

State your observation: At the cathode when acidified aq. CuSO4 soln. is electrolysed with
copper electrodes.

Answer

Copper, a brownish pink metal is deposited at the cathode when acidified aq. CuSO4 soln.
is electrolysed with copper electrodes

Question 5(2014)

State which electrode: anode or cathode is the oxidizing electrode. Give a reason for the
same.

Answer

Anode is the oxidizing electrode.

Reason — The anions donate the excess electrons to the anode and are oxidized to
neutral atoms. Hence, the anode is the oxidizing electrode by which the electrons leave the
electrolyte.

Question 6(2014)

Name the kind of particles present in:

(i) Sodium hydroxide soln.

(ii) Carbonic acid.

(iii) Sugar soln.

Answer

(i) Strong electrolyte — Sodium (Na+) ions and hydroxide (OH-) ions.

(ii) Weak electrolyte — Ions (H+, HCO3, CO32- ) and molecules (H2CO3)

(iii) Non-electrolyte — Molecules of sugar soln.

Question 7(2014)

M2O is the oxide of a metal 'M' which is the above hydrogen in the activity series. M 2O when
dissolved in water forms the corresponding hydroxide which is a good conductor of
electricity.

(i) State the reaction taking place at the cathode.

(ii) Name the product at the anode.

Answer

Reaction at cathode : M+ + e- ⟶ M

Product at anode : Oxygen

Question 1(2015)

State one observation for. 'At the anode when aqueous copper sulphate solution is
electrolysed using copper electrodes'.

Answer

Copper anode shows a loss in mass.

Question 2(2015)

Give scientific reasons :

(i) During electrolysis of molten lead bromide, graphite anode is preferred to other
electrodes.

(ii) Electrical conductivity of acetic acid is less in comparison to that of dil. H 2SO4 – at a
given concentration.

(iii) Electrolysis of molten lead bromide is considered to be a redox reaction.

Answer

(i) As graphite is unaffected by the reactive bromine vapours released at the anode hence,
a graphite anode is preferred during the electrolysis of molten lead bromide.

(ii) Dil. H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte and acetic acid is a weak electrolyte. Therefore, dil.
H2SO4 allows large amount of electricity to flow through them and are good conductors of
electricity whereas acetic acid allows small amount of electricity to flow through them and
 are poor conductors of electricity. Hence, electrical conductivity of acetic acid is less in
comparison to that of dil. H2SO4 – at a given concentration.

(iii) Electrolysis of molten lead bromide involves oxidation and reduction reactions and
hence is a redox reaction.

Reduction reaction at cathode:

Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ Pb

Oxidation reaction at the anode:

Br1- - 1e- ⟶ Br
Br + Br ⟶ Br2

Question 3(2015)

Differentiate between the terms strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte. (stating any two
differences)

Answer

Strong electrolytes Weak electrolytes

They are electrolytes which allow a large They are electrolytes which allow small amount
amount of electricity to flow through them and of electricity to flow through them and hence
hence are good conductors of electricity. are poor conductors of electricity.

They are almost completely dissociated in They are partially dissociated in fused or
fused or aqueous solution state. aqueous soln. state.

Question 4(2015)

During purification of copper – State:

(i) The anode used

(ii) The electrolyte used.

Write the equation taking place at the anode in the above.

Answer

(i) Impure block of copper

(ii) Aq. copper sulphate solution [acidified]

Equation at the anode: Cu – 2e- ⟶ Cu2+

Question 1(2016)

The particles present in strong electrolytes are:

Select the correct answer from A, B, C and D:

A: only molecules
B: mainly ions
C: ions and molecules
D: only atoms

Answer

mainly ions

Question 2(2016)

Write equations for the reactions taking place at the two electrodes during the electrolysis
of:

(i) Acidified CuSO4 solution with copper electrodes.

(ii) Molten PbBr2 with inert electrodes. (mention clearly the name of the electrode in each
case)

Answer

(i) Electrode — Cathode : Copper, Anode : Copper

Dissociation of aq. CuSO4 :

CuSO4 ⇌ Cu2+ + SO42-

H2O ⇌ H1+ + OH1-

H2SO4 ⇌ 2H1+ + SO42-

Reaction at cathode [pure thin sheet of Cu]:

Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu [Cu deposited on thin sheet]

Reaction at anode [impure block of active Cu]:

Cu - 2e- ⟶ Cu2+ [product nil - Cu2+ ions]

(ii) Electrode — Cathode : Iron or Graphite, Anode : Graphite

Dissociation of molten PbBr2 : PbBr2 ⇌ Pb2+ (cathode) + 2Br1- (anode)

Reaction at cathode:
Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ Pb [product lead metal]

Reaction at anode:
Br1- - 1e-⟶ Br
Br + Br ⟶ Br2

Question 3(2016)

Name:

(i) the product formed at the anode – during electrolysis of acidified water using platinum
electrodes.
(ii) the metallic ions that should be present – in the electrolyte when an article made of
copper is to be electroplated with silver.

Answer

(i) Oxygen

(ii) Silver ions

Question 4(2016)

Give reasons why:

(i) Sodium Chloride will conduct electricity only in fused or aq. soln. state.

(ii) In the electroplating of an article with silver, the electrolyte sodium argentocyanide soln.
is preferred over silver nitrate solution.

(iii) Although copper is a good conductor of electricity, it is a non-electrolyte.

Answer

(i) The ions Na+ and Cl– are not free but held together by strong electrostatic force of
attraction. In fused or molten state the ions break free and move. Hence, NaCl will conduct
electricity only in fused state or aq. soln. state.

(ii) Migration of Ag1+ ions from sodium argentocyanide solution is slow compared to that
from silver nitrate. Hence, an even deposition of metal silver is obtained on the article.
Therefore, the electrolyte sodium argentocyanide soln. is preferred over silver nitrate
solution.

(iii) Copper does not undergo chemical decomposition due to flow of electric current
through it. Hence, copper is a good conductor of electricity but it is a non-electrolyte.

Question 1(2017)

Identify the substance underlined, in each of the following —

(i) The electrolyte used for electroplating an article with silver.

(ii) The particles present in a liquid such as kerosene, that is a non-electrolyte.

Answer

(i) Sodium argentocyanide

(ii) Molecules only

Question 2(2017)

State the observations at the anode & at the cathode during the electrolysis of –

(i) Fused lead bromide using graphite electrodes.

(ii) Copper sulphate solution using copper electrodes.

Answer

(i) The observations at the anode & at the cathode are:

At cathode — silvery grey deposit of lead metal.
At anode — reddish brown fumes of bromine vapours.

(ii) The observations at the anode & at the cathode are:

At cathode — Brownish pink copper metal is deposited at cathode during electrolysis of
copper sulphate.
At anode — Copper ions are formed. Copper anode diminishes in mass.

Blue colour of CuSO4 remains unchanged.

Question 3(2017)

Select the ion in each case, that would get selectively discharged from the aqueous mixture
of the ions listed below:

(i) SO42-, NO3- and OH- ;

(ii) Pb2+, Ag+ and Cu2+.

Answer

(i) OH- ion will get discharged in preference to SO42- or NO3- ions.

(ii) Ag+ ions will get discharged in preference to Pb2+ or Cu2+ ions.

Question 1(2018)

Choose the correct answer from the options given : The electrolysis of acidified water is an
example of :

1. Reduction
2. Oxidation
3. Redox reaction
4. Synthesis

Answer

Redox reaction
Reason — Reaction at cathode: Hydrogen ions, H+ being the only positively charged ions
migrate to the cathode. Since, the cathode is a reservoir of electrons , H + ions gain an
electron and become a neutral hydrogen atom. Therefore reduction takes place at cathode.

H+ + e- ⟶ H

H + H ⟶ H2

Reaction at anode : SO42- and OH- ions both migrate to the anode. OH-being lower in
electrochemical series is discharged preferentially.

OH- ions loses an electron to the anode and becomes neutral OH. The combination of OH
forms water with the liberation of oxygen, given off at anode.
OH- ⟶ OH + e-

OH + OH ⟶ H2O + O

O + O ⟶ O2

Therefore, oxidation takes place at anode. Hence, electrolysis of acidified water is an

example of redox reaction

Question 2(2018)

State one relevant observation : At the anode when molten lead bromide is electrolysed
using graphite electrodes

Answer

At the anode, brown fumes of bromine vapours are observed.

Question 3(2018)

Give a reason for : Conductivity of dilute hydrochloric acid is greater than that of acetic acid.

Answer

Dil. H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte and acetic acid is a weak electrolyte. Therefore, dil.
H2SO4 allows large amount of electricity to flow through it and is a good conductor of
electricity whereas acetic acid allows small amount of electricity to flow through it and is a
poor conductor of electricity. Hence, electrical conductivity of dilute hydrochloric acid is
greater than that of acetic acid.

Question 4(2018)

Name the gas that is produced at the anode during the electrolysis of acidified water.

Answer

Oxygen gas

Question 5(2018)

Fill in the blank with the correct choice given in the bracket - Electrolysis of aqueous sodium
chloride solution will form ............... at the cathode. [hydrogen gas / sodium metal]

Answer

Electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution will form hydrogen gas at the cathode.

Question 6(2018)

Copy and complete the following table which refers to the conversion of ions to neutral
particles.
 Conversion Ionic equation Oxidation/Reduction

Chloride ion to chlorine molecule

Lead [II] ion to lead

Answer

Conversion Ionic equation Oxidation/Reduction

Cl1- - 1e- ⟶ Cl [Cl2]

Chloride ion to chlorine molecule Oxidation
Cl + Cl ⟶ Cl2

Lead [II] ion to lead Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ Pb Reduction

Question 7(2018)

For the electro-refining of copper —

(i) State what the cathode is made up of.

(ii) Write the reaction that takes place at the anode.

Answer

(i) Pure thin sheet of copper.

(ii) Cu - 2e- ⟶ Cu2+

Question 1(2019)

Choose the correct answer from the options A, B, C, D given. An electrolyte which
completely dissociates into ions is

1. Alcohol
2. Carbonic acid
3. Sucrose
4. Sodium hydroxide

Answer

Sodium hydroxide
Reason — Sodium hydroxide is a strong electrolyte hence, it completely dissociates into
ions.

Question 2(2019)

State one observation for the following : Copper sulphate solution is electrolysed using
copper electrodes.
Answer

A brownish pink deposit of copper metal is seen at the cathode when copper solution is
electrolyzed using copper electrodes. The blue colour of Copper Sulphate solution does not
face and Copper anode diminishes in mass.

Question 3(2019)

Arrange the following according to the instruction given in the bracket : Mg2+, Cu2+, Na1+,
H1+ [In the order of preferential discharge at the cathode. ]

Answer

Cu2+, H1+, Mg2+, Na1+

Lower the position of the ion, greater the tendency to be liberated at the cathode (or
respective electrode).

Question 4(2019)

Name the particles present in :

(i) Strong electrolyte

(ii) Non-electrolyte

(iii) Weak electrolyte

Answer

(i) Ions only

(ii) Molecules only

(iii) Ions and Molecules

Question 1(2020)

Choose the correct answer from the options given : The inert electrode used in the
electrolysis of acidified water is :

1. Nickle
2. Platinum
3. Copper
4. Silver

Answer

Platinum

Question 2(2020)

State one relevant reason for : Graphite anode is preferred to platinum in the electrolysis of
molten lead bromide.
Answer

As graphite is unaffected by the reactive bromine vapours released at the anode hence, a
graphite anode is preferred to platinum in the electrolysis of molten lead bromide.

Question 3(2020)

Give one word or a phrase for the statement : Electrode used as cathode in electrorefining
of impure copper.

Answer

Pure thin sheet of copper is used as cathode.

Question 4(2020)

Fill in the blanks from the choices give in bracket : An alkali which completely dissociates
into ions is ............... [ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide]

Answer

An alkali which completely dissociates into ions is lithium hydroxide

Question 5(2020)

Choose the correct word which refers to the process of electrolysis from A to E, to match
the description (i) to (iv): A: Oxidation, B: Cathode, C: Anode , D: An electrolyte , E :
Reduction

(i) Conducts electricity in aq. or in molten state.

(ii) Loss of electrons takes place at anode.

(iii) A reducing electrode

(iv) Electrode connected to the positive end or terminal of the battery.

Answer

(i) Conducts electricity in aqueous or in molten state — D: An electrolyte

(ii) Loss of electrons takes place at anode — A: oxidation

(iii) A reducing electrode — B: Cathode

(iv) Electrode connected to positive end or terminal of the battery. — C: Anode

Question 6(2020)

Differentiate between the following pairs based on the information given in the bracket.
Conductor and electrolyte [conducting particles]

Answer
 Conductor Electrolyte

The flow of electricity takes place by flow of The flow of electricity takes place by flow of ions
electrons which have negligible mass. which are denser compared to electrons.

Question 7(2020)

Identify the underlined substance: The electrode that increases in mass during the electro-
refining of silver.

Answer

Cathode
Reason — Pure copper is deposited on the thin sheet of pure copper placed at the
cathode.

Question 8(2020)

An aqueous solution of nickle [II] sulphate was electrolyzed using nickle electrodes.
Observe the diagram and answer the questions that follow:

(i) What do you observe at the cathode and anode respectively.

(ii) Name the cation that remains as a spectator ion in the solution.

(iii) Which equation for the reaction at the anode is correct.

1. Ni ⟶ Ni2+ + 2e-
2. Ni + 2e- ⟶ Ni2+
3. Ni2+ ⟶ Ni + 2e-
4. Ni2+ + 2e- ⟶ Ni

Answer

(i) The observations at cathode and anode are:

At cathode: Ni2+ ions move towards cathode and are discharged as neutral Ni atoms by
gain of electrons. Thus, Ni is deposited at cathode.
At anode: Diminishes in mass. Ni2+ ions are formed.

(ii) H+ ions.

(iii) Ni ⟶ Ni2+ + 2e-

Additional Questions

Question 1

Define :

(i) Electrolysis

(ii) Electrodes

(iii) Ions

(iv) Electrolytic dissociation.

Answer

(i) Electrolysis — It is the decomposition of a chemical compound [electrolyte] in the

aqueous or fused [molten] state by the passage of direct electric current resulting in
discharge of ions as neutral atoms at the respective electrodes.

(ii) Electrodes — They allow the electric current to enter or leave the electrolytic solution.
The electrodes are two in number and are made of metal or carbon.

(iii) Ions — They are atoms which carry a positive or negative charge and become free and
mobile when an electric current is passed through an aqueous solution of a chemical
compound.

(iv) Electrolytic dissociation — The process due to which an ionic compound in the fused
[molten] or in aqueous solution state dissociates into ions by passage of electric current
through it is called electrolytic dissociation.

Question 2

Differentiate between

(i) Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes

(ii) Strong and Weak electrolytes

(iii) Anode and Cathode

(iv) Electrolytic dissociation and ionization with suitable examples.

Answer

(i) Differences between Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes are:

Electrolytes Non-electrolytes

Chemical compound which conduct electricity Chemical compound which do not conduct
in the fused or in aqueous solution state and electricity in the fused or aqueous solution stat
undergo chemical decomposition due to the and do not undergo chemical decomposition du
flow of current through it. to the flow of current through it.
 Electrolytes Non-electrolytes

Electrolytes are ionic compounds Non-electrolytes are covalent compounds

Particles in Electrolytes – ions only or Ions and

Particles in non-electrolytes – Molecules only
molecules only

Examples : Examples :
Acids — dil. HCl, HNO3 H2SO4. Pure or distilled water, Alcohol, Kerosene,
Alkalis — KOH, NaOH solutions. Carbon disulphide, liquid carbon tetrachloride,
Ionic salts — PbBr2 [molten], CuSO4 [aq.] sucrose, glucose, sugar solution.

Strong electrolytes Weak electrolytes

They are electrolytes which allow a large They are electrolytes which allow small amount
amount of electricity to flow through them and of electricity to flow through them and hence
hence are good conductors of electricity. are poor conductors of electricity.

They are almost completely dissociated in They are partially dissociated in fused or
fused or aqueous solution state. aqueous soln. state.

Particles in strong electrolytes are mainly ions Particles in weak electrolytes are ions and
only unionized molecules.

Examples :
Examples :
Generally all weak acids and bases and most
Generally all strong acids and bases and most
salts of weak acids.
salts of strong acids.
Acids: Carbonic, Acetic, Oxalic, Formic.
Acids: dil. HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, HBr, HI.
Bases: NH4OH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2.
Bases : NaOH, KOH, LiOH soln.
Salts: Sodium carbonate, bicarbonate, oxalate
Salts: NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, CuCl2
and formate aq. soln.

(ii) Differences between Strong and Weak electrolytes are:

Anode Cathode

It is the electrode connected to the positive It is the electrode connected to the negative
terminal of the battery terminal of the battery.

Anions migrate to anode Cations migrate to cathode.

 Anode Cathode

The anions donate excess electrons to the The cations gain excess electrons from the
anode and they are oxidised to neutral atoms. cathode and they are reduced to neutral atoms.
Hence, Anode is the Oxidising Electrode. Hence, Cathode is the Reducing Electrode.

(iii) Differences between Anode and Cathode are:

(iv) Differences between Electrolytic dissociation and ionization are:

Electrolytic Dissociation Ionization

It is a process which takes place in It is a process which takes place in covalent

electrovalent compounds compounds.

It involves separation of ions which are It involves formation of charged ions from
already present in an ionic compounds. molecules which are not in the ionic state.

HCl [aq.] (covalent) ⇌ H1+ + Cl1-.

PbBr2 (ionic) ⇌ Pb2+ + 2Br1- Ionization may also involve atoms changing into
ions [e.g. Mg ⟶ Mg2+ + 2e-]

Question 3

Compare the flow of electricity through a nickel wire and nickel sulphate solution.

Answer

Electricity flow through Nickel Sulphate

Electricity flow through Nickel wire (metal)
Solution (electrolyte)

It is due to the flow of electrons which have It is due to the flow of ions which are denser
negligible mass compared to electrons.

There is no decomposition of parent metal There is decomposition of the electrolytic solution

and thus the chemical properties of the metal and thus the chemical properties of electrolyte
are intact. are altered.

Good conductor of electricity in solid and in Good conductors of electricity in aqueous

molten state. solution or molten state but not in solid state.

During conduction, there is no transfer of

During conduction there is transfer of ions.
matter.

The flow of electricity only produces heat The flow of electricity decomposes nickel
 Electricity flow through Nickel Sulphate
Electricity flow through Nickel wire (metal)
Solution (electrolyte)

sulphate solution and new product — Nickel is

energy and no new products are formed.
formed.

Question 4

Name three organic compounds and one neutral liquid which are non-electrolytes.

Answer

Organic compounds which are non-electrolyte — sucrose, glucose, sugar solution

Neutral liquid which are non-electrolytes — liquid carbon tetrachloride

Question 5

State which of the following solutions are weak electrolytes — dil. HCI; carbonic acid;
NH4OH; dil. H2SO4; AgNO3; Na2CO3; PbBr2; KOH; HI; oxalic acid, NaHCO3; sodium acetate;
Na2SO4; NaOH.

Answer

Weak Electrolytes — Carbonic acid, NH4OH, Na2CO3 oxalic acid.

Question 6

State which of the following solutions contain:

(i) molecules only

(ii) ions only

(iii) both molecules and ions — CS2; CH3COOH ; NH4OH ; NaOH ; dil. HNO3 ; Na2CO3 ;
CuCl2 ; oxalic acid ; pure H2O, kerosene ; HI.

Answer

(i) molecules only — pure H2O, kerosene, CS2

(ii) ions only — dil. HNO3, NaOH, CuCl2, HI

(iii) both molecules and ions — CH3COOH; NH4OH; Na2CO3; oxalic acid

Question 7

State giving reasons, in which state or medium does (i) NaCl (ii) HCl gas (iii) NH3 gas
conduct electricity.

Answer
(i) NaCl will conduct electricity only in fused state or aq. soln. state. This is because the ions
Na+ and Cl– are not free but held together by strong electrostatic force of attraction. Hence,
it is a bad conductor of electricity in solid state.

(ii) HCl conducts electricity only when it is dissolved in water. When HCl (polar solvent) is
added to water, the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of water exerts an electrostatic
pull on positively charged hydrogen ion of HCl. Thus, H+ ions combine with the water,
forming hydronium ion and the residual chloride ions remain in water and these ions help in
conduction of electricity.

(iii) NH3 gas conducts electricity only when it is dissolved in water. When NH3 gas is
dissolved in water it forms NH4OH. As NH4OH is a weak electrolyte, so it ionizes to a small
extent to give (NH4+ and OH-) ions and these ions help in conduction of electricity.

Question 8

State on what basis are acids, bases and salts classified as strong or weak electrolytes.

Answer

Acids, bases and salts that almost completely dissociate in fused or in aqueous solution
state and contain mainly ions only are classified as strong electrolytes.

Acids, bases and salts that partially dissociate in fused or in aqueous solution state and
ions as well as unionised molecules are classified as weak electrolytes.

Question 9

Explain the terms :

(i) metal activity or electro chemical series

(ii) selective discharge of ions.

Answer

(i) Depending on the ease with which the metals lose their electrons and form ions, they are
arranged in a series known as metal activity series or electro chemical series.
The arrangement is so done that the elements that ionize most readily [discharged with
great difficulty] are placed at the top of the series and other elements in the descending
order.

(ii) The preferential discharge of ions present in an electrolyte at the respective electrodes
is known as selective discharge of ions.

Question 10

From the ions –

(i) SO42– and OH1–

(ii) Cu2+ and H1+

(iii) Ag1+ and H1+

state giving reasons which ion is discharged at the respective electrode in each case.
Answer

(i) OH1- ions are discharged since they are lower in electrochemical series.

(ii) Cu2+ ions are discharged in preference to H1+, as Cu is lower in the electro chemical
series than H

(iii) Ag1+ will be discharged because Ag is lower in the electro chemical series than H.

Question 11

With reference to nature of electrodes — name three inert and three active electrodes.

Answer

Three Inert electrodes:

1. Iron
2. Graphite
3. Platinum

Three Active electrodes:

1. Copper
2. Nickel
3. Silver

Question 12

State the reason for difference in product formed at the anode during electrolysis of aq.
CuSO4 using :

(i) active electrode — copper anode

(ii) inert electrode — platinum anode.

Answer

(i) Electrolysis of aq. CuSO4 using copper anode — Product at anode is nil. [Copper ions
are formed]

Reaction at anode: Cu - 2e- ⟶ Cu2+

SO42- and OH- ions migrate to anode but neither of them are discharged due to the nature of
anode, (copper loses electrons more easily than SO42- and OH-) because copper anode
itself ionises to give Cu2+ ions.

(ii) Electrolysis of aq. CuSO4 using inert platinum anode — Product at anode is oxygen
gas.

SO42- and OH- ions migrate to anode but OH- ions are discharged since they are lower in
the electrochemical series.

Oxidation of the OH- ions gives unstable hydroxyl radical which forms water with the
liberation of oxygen.
Question 13

Give the electrode reactions for formation of

(i) Lead metal and bromine vapours from molten PbBr2 using inert electrodes

(ii) H2 and O2 gas [2:1] from acidified water using inert Pt electrodes.

Answer

(i) Formation of Lead metal and bromine vapours from molten PbBr2 using inert electrodes

At cathode:
Pb2+ + 2e– ⟶ Pb

At anode:
2Br– – 2e– ⟶ Br
Br + Br ⟶ Br2

(ii) Formation of H2 and O2 gas [2:1] from acidified water using inert Pt electrodes.

At cathode:
4H+ + 4e– ⟶ 4H
2H + 2H ⟶ 2H2

At anode:
4OH+ – 4e– ⟶ 4OH
4OH ⟶ 2H2O + O2

Question 14

Starting from aq. copper (II) sulphate solution, give equations for the reactions at the
cathode and anode during electrolysis of aq. CuSO4 using active copper electrodes.

Answer

Dissociation of aq. CuSO4 :

CuSO4 ⇌ Cu2+ + SO42-

H2O ⇌ H1+ + OH1-

Electrode reaction:

Reaction at Cathode:
Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu [Product : Copper metal]

Reaction at anode:
Cu – 2e- ⟶ Cu2+ [Product : Nil , Cu2+ ions ]

Question 15

Give reasons for the following changes —

(i) pure water a non-electrolyte — becomes an electrolyte on addition of dil. H 2SO4

(ii) Blue colour of aq. CuSO4 — turns almost colourless on it's electrolysis using Pt
electrodes.

Answer

(i) Pure water is almost a non-electrolyte and will not normally conduct electricity. It consists
almost entirely of molecules. It can be electrolytically decomposed by addition of traces of
dil. H2SO4 which dissociates as: H+1 and SO42- and help in dissociating water into H+1 and
OH- ions, water being a polar solvent. Hence, pure water a non-electrolyte, becomes an
electrolyte on addition of dil. H2SO4

(ii) The blue colour of CuSO4 solution is due to the Cu2+ ions. During it's electrolysis using Pt
electrodes, at the cathode Cu2+ ions are discharged as neutral copper atoms by accepting
electrons. These are not replaced by Cu2+ ions from the Anode because at the Anode,
OH- ions are discharged. Hence, the blue colour of CuSO4 solution fades and it becomes
almost colourless on it's electrolysis using Pt electrodes.

Question 16

'Iron is electroplated with silver' —

(i) define the term in italics

(ii) state two reasons for electroplating

(ii) state why the iron is not placed at the anode and silver at the cathode during
electroplating.

Answer

(i) Electroplating — It is the electrolytic process of deposition of a superior metal [i.e.,

nickle, silver, chromium, gold] on the surface of a baser metal or article [e.g., iron, copper,
brass]

(ii) Reasons for electroplating:

1. Prevents corrosion or rusting — of the base metal.

2. Makes the article attractive and gives it an expensive appearance.

(iii) The article to be electroplated (i.e., iron) is always placed at the cathode because during
electrolytic reaction the metal is always deposited at the cathode by gain of electrons.
The metal to be plated on the article (i.e., silver) is always made the anode because the
metal anode continuously dissolves as ions in solution and is hence replaced periodically.

Question 17

Draw a diagram for —

(i) electroplating an article with silver;

(ii) electrorefining or purification of copper.

Answer

(i) Below diagram shows electroplating an article with silver:

(ii) Below diagram shows electrorefining or purification of copper:

Question 18

State the (i) electrolyte (ii) cathode used (iii) anode used (iv) electrode reaction at cathode
(v) electrode reaction at anode (vi) product at cathode and anode

during

(a) electroplating an article with nickel (b) electroplating a spoon with silver (c) purification of
impure copper.

Answer

(a) Electroplating an article with nickel :

1. Electrolyte — Aqueous solution of Nickle Sulphate

2. Cathode used — Cleaned article to be electroplated
3. Anode used — Active electrode. Plate or block of nickle metal
4. Electrode reaction at cathode — Ni2+ + 2e- ⟶ Ni [deposited]
5. Electrode reaction at anode — Ni - 2e- ⟶ Ni2+
6. Product at cathode — Nickel. (It is deposited on the article.)
Product at anode — Nil (Ni2+ ions formed)

(b) Electroplating a spoon with silver :

1. Electrolyte — Sodium argentocyanide Na[Ag(CN)2]

2. Cathode used — Cleaned article to be electroplated
3. Anode used — Active electrode. Plate or block of Silver metal
4. Electrode reaction at cathode — Ag1+ + 1e- ⟶ Ag [deposited]
 5. Electrode reaction at anode — Ag - 1e- ⟶ Ag1+
6. Product at cathode — Silver. (It is deposited on the article.)
Product at anode — Nil (Ag1+ ions formed)

(c) Purification of impure copper :

1. Electrolyte — Aqueous copper sulphate solution [acidified]

2. Cathode used — Pure thin sheet of copper
3. Anode used — Impure block of copper
4. Electrode reaction at cathode — Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu [deposited]
5. Electrode reaction at anode — Cu - 2e- ⟶ Cu2+ [cation]
6. Product at cathode — Pure Copper. (It is deposited over thin sheet of pure Copper.)
Product at anode — Nil (Cu2+ ions formed)

Question 19

Give a reason why the metals – copper, silver and lead are electrorefined but K, Na and Ca
are not.

Answer

Method of extraction of metals depends on position of the metal in the activity series.
Extraction of K, Na and Ca are done by electrolysis (Electrometallurgy). They are higher in
electrochemical series and are extracted by electrolysis of their fused salts. On electrolysis
metal is deposited at the cathode. Thus, they are already deposited at the cathode in pure
state and hence need not be refined further.
On the other hand, lead and copper are extracted by using reducing agents and silver
through thermal decomposition. Hence, they contain impurities and need to be generally
electro-refined by electrolysis.

Question 20

Explain the term 'electrometallurgy'. At which electrode is the extracted metal always
deposited ?

Answer

The process of extraction of metals by electrolysis is called electrometallurgy. Metals higher

in the electrochemical series are extracted by electrolysis. During this process, the
extracted metal is always deposited at the cathode.

Question 21

State how activity series of metals plays a role in extraction of metals from oxides.

Answer

Depending on the ease with which the metals lose their electrons and form ions they are
arranged in metal activity series or electrochemical series.

The arrangement is so done that the elements that ionize most readily [discharged with
great difficulty] are placed at the top of the series and other elements in the descending
order.
 Metals at the top of the series (eg. K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al) ionize most readily. Being highly
reactive, they cannot be reduced by common reducing agent like C, CO, H2.

Metals at the middle of the activity series (eg. Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu), being less reactive, can be
extracted from their ores by reduction with common reducing agents like C, CO, H2.

Metals near the bottom of the activity series (eg. Hg, Ag), due to their very low reactivity,
can be extracted from their ores, by heating only.

Metal at the bottom of the activity series (Au, Pt) exist in native state .

Question 22

State the electrode reaction at the respective electrodes during extraction of Al from Al 2O3.

Answer

Reaction:
Al2O3 ⇌ 2Al3+ + 3O2-

Reaction at cathode:
2Al3+ + 6e- ⟶ 2Al

Reaction at anode:
3O2- – 6e- ⟶ 3[O]
3[O] + 3[O] ⟶ 3O2

Unit Test Paper 5 — Electrolysis

Question 1

Match the statements 1 to 5 with their answers selected from A to J.

A: Cathode, B: Sucrose soln., C: Cl1-, D : Formic acid, E: Electrometallurgy, F: Ammonia, G:

Mg2+, H: Electrorefining, I: Sulphur dioxide, J: Anode.

1. A compound containing molecules only.

2. A compound which ionizes in soln. state but not in gaseous state.
3. The ion which accepts electrons from the cathode and gets reduced to neutral
atoms.
4. The electrode to which the cyanide ions of aq. Na[Ag(CN)2] migrate during
electrolysis.
5. An application of electrolysis in which the anode does not generally diminish in size.

Answer

The matched statements are given below:

Sl.
Statement Answer
No.

1 A compound containing molecules only. B: Sucrose soln.

 Sl.
Statement Answer
No.

2 A compound which ionizes in soln. state but not in gaseous state. F: Ammonia

The ion which accepts electrons from the cathode and gets
3 G: Mg2+
reduced to neutral atoms.

The electrode to which the cyanide ions of aq. Na[Ag(CN)2 ]

4 J: Anode.
migrate during electrolysis.

An application of electrolysis in which the anode does not E:

5
generally diminish in size. Electrometallurgy

Question 2

Complete the table given below:

Nature of Nature of Ions present in Ion/s discharged at

Anode Cathode electrolyte Cathode / Anode

1. Electroplating an
iron rod with silver

2. Electroplating a
copper sheet with
nickel

3. Electrorefining of
silver

4. Extraction of
potassium from KCl

5. Extraction of
aluminium from Al2O3

Answer

The completed table is given below:

 Nature of Nature of Ions present in Ion/s discharged at
Anode Cathode electrolyte Cathode / Anode

1. Electroplating an Cathode : Ag+

Silver Iron rod Na+, CN-, Ag+
iron rod with silver Anode : Nil

2. Electroplating a
Copper Cathode : Ni2+
copper sheet with Nickle Ni2+, SO42-
sheet Anode : Nil
nickel

3. Electrorefining of Impure Cathode : Ag+

Pure silver Ag+, NO3-
silver silver Anode : Nil

4. Extraction of Cathode : K+
Graphite Iron K+, Cl-
potassium from KCl Anode : Cl-

5. Extraction of 3+ 2- Cathode : Al3+

Graphite Graphite Al , O
aluminium from Al2O3 Anode : O2-

Question 3

Select the correct word from the words in bracket to complete the sentence:

1. The electrode at which anions donate excess electrons and are oxidized to neutral
atoms is the ............... [anode/cathode]
2. On electrolysis, Ag1+ and H1+ ions migrate to the ............... [cathode/anode]
and ............... [Ag1+/H1+] are discharged.
3. Electrolysis is a / an ............... [oxidation/reduction/redox] reaction in which reduction
reaction takes place at the ............... [cathode/anode].
4. According to Arrhenius's theory the amount of electricity conducted by the electrolyte
depends on the ............... [nature/concentration] of the ions in solution.
5. Salts ionize in aq. soln. on passage of electric current to give ...............
[negative/positive] ions other than H+ ions.

Answer

1. The electrode at which anions donate excess electrons and are oxidized to neutral
atoms is the anode
2. On electrolysis, Ag1+ and H1+ ions migrate to the cathode and Ag1+ are discharged.
3. Electrolysis is a redox reaction in which reduction reaction takes place at
the cathode .
4. According to Arrhenius's theory the amount of electricity conducted by the electrolyte
depends on the concentration of the ions in solution.
5. Salts ionize in aq. soln. on passage of electric current to give positive ions other
than H+ ions.

Question 4
Give balanced equations for the electrode reactions involved in the following conversions at
the respective electrodes:

1. Aluminium oxide → Oxygen gas ← Copper [II] Sulphate

2. Copper metal → Copper ions → Copper metal
3. Lead [II] chloride → Chlorine gas ← Hydrochloric acid
4. Hydroxyl ions ← Acidified water → Oxygen gas
5. Potassium bromide → Bromine gas ← Lead bromide

Answer

1. Aluminium oxide → Oxygen gas ← Copper [II] Sulphate

Electrolysis of molten Al2O3:

Al2O3 ⇌ 2Al3+ + 3O2-
Reaction at anode:
3O2- - 6e-⟶ 3[O]
3[O] + 3[O] ⟶ 3O2 [product O2 gas]

Electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate:

CuSO4 ⇌ Cu2+ + SO42- [ions present]
H2O ⇌ H1+ + OH1-
Reaction at anode:
OH1- - 1e-⟶ OH x 4
4OH ⟶ 2H2O + O2 [product oxygen gas]
2. Copper metal → Copper ions → Copper metal

Reaction at anode:
Cu – 2e- ⟶ Cu2+
Reaction at cathode:
Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu
3. Lead [II] chloride → Chlorine gas ← Hydrochloric acid

Electrolysis of molten PbCl2:

PbCl2 ⇌ Pb2+ + 2Cl-
Reaction at anode:
2Cl- – 2e- ⟶ 2[Cl]
Cl + Cl ⟶ Cl2

Electrolysis of hydrochloric acid:

HCl ⇌ H+ + Cl-
Reaction at anode:
2Cl- – 2e- ⟶ 2[Cl]
Cl + Cl ⟶ Cl2
4. Hydroxyl ions ← Acidified water → Oxygen gas

Electrolysis of acidified water

H2SO4 ⇌ 2H1+ + SO42-
H2O ⇌ H1+ + OH1-
Reaction at anode:
OH1- - 1e- ⟶ OH x 4
4OH ⟶ 2H2O + O2 [product oxygen gas]
 5. Potassium bromide → Bromine gas ← Lead bromide

Electrolysis of molten KBr:

KBr ⇌ K1+ + Br1-
Reaction at anode:
Br- – 1e- ⟶ Br
Br + Br ⟶ Br2

Electrolysis of molten PbBr2:

PbBr2 ⇌ Pb2+ + 2Br-
Reaction at anode:
Br- – 1e- ⟶ Br
Br + Br ⟶ Br2

Question 5

Select the correct answer from the list in bracket:

1. The cation discharged at the cathode most readily.

[Fe2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, H1+]
2. The anion discharged at the anode with most difficulty.
[SO42-, Br1-, NO31-,OH1-]
3. The metallic electrode which does not take part in an electrolytic reaction.
[Cu, Ag, Fe, Ni]
4. The ion/s which is/are discharged during electrolysis of aq. CuSO4 using Cu
electrode.
[Cu2+, SO42-, H1+, OH1-]
5. A covalent compound which in aqueous state conducts electricity.
[CCl4, CS2, NH3, C2H4]

Answer

1. The cation discharged at the cathode most readily — Cu2+

2. The anion discharged at the anode with most difficulty — SO42-
3. The metallic electrode which does not take part in an electrolytic reaction —Fe
4. The ion which is discharged during electrolysis of aq. CuSO4 using Cu electrode
— Cu2+
5. A covalent compound which in aqueous state conducts electricity — NH3

Question 6.1

Give reason for the following :

Electrolysis of molten lead bromide is considered a redox reaction.

Answer

Electrolysis of molten lead bromide involves oxidation and reduction reaction and hence is
a redox reaction. The reactions are as follows :

Reaction at the cathode:

Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ Pb [Reduction reaction]
Reaction at anode:
Br1- - 1e- ⟶ Br
Br + Br ⟶ Br2 [Oxidation reaction]

Question 6.2

Give reason for the following :

Lead bromide undergoes electrolytic dissociation in the molten state but is a non-electrolyte
in the solid state.

Answer

Solid lead bromide is a non-electrolyte since it's ions are not free but held together by an
electrostatic force of attraction. These ions become free when lead bromide is in fused or
molten state, hence it undergoes electrolytic dissociation in the fused or molten state.

Question 6.3

Give reason for the following :

The blue colour of aq. copper sulphate does not change when it is electrolysed using
copper electrodes.

Answer

For every copper ion (Cu2+) discharged at the cathode as neutral copper atom (Cu), a
copper ion (Cu2+) is added to the solution at the anode. Hence, total number of
Cu2+ remains same. Therefore, the blue colour of CuSO4 which is due to the presence of
Cu2+ ions does not fade [SO42- and OH1- ions are spectator ions].

Question 6.4

Give reason for the following :

During electrolytic dissociation of sodium chloride, the sodium ions are discharged at the
cathode.

Answer

Cathode is an electrode connected to the negative terminal of the battery, the electrode
hence acquires a negative charge and positively charged sodium ions (Na+) migrate to
negative electrode, i.e., cathode.

Question 6.5

Give reason for the following :

In the electrolysis of acidified water, dilute sulphuric acid is preferred to dilute nitric acid.

Answer

As nitric acid is a volatile acid, it may decompose and nitrate radical (NO31-) may tend to
interfere with the electrolytic reaction. Hence, in the electrolysis of acidified water, dilute
sulphuric acid is preferred to dilute nitric acid.