SEMINAR

REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

THIAGARAJAR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

ALAGAPPANAGAR

2023-2024

Submitted by

C U ABHILASH

Reg No-2101033176
 SEMINAR
REPORT

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the diploma of

Diploma

In

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Submitted by

C U ABHILASH

Reg No-2101033176

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

THIAGARAJAR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

ALAGAPPANAGAR

2023-2024
 THIAGARAJAR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

2023-2024

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that seminar report titled Converter-based Power System

Protection against DC currents in Transmission and Distribution

Networks was done by C U ABHILASH Register No-2101033176 of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering Department, Thiagarajar Polytechnic College under the
directorate of Technical Education, Kerala, during the academic year 2023-2024

Sri. MANOJ P G Sri. SEBI N P

Seminar Guide Head of department

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

For this seminar I am indebted to the God almighty for giving me an opportunity to
excel in my efforts to complete this seminar on time.

And also expressing our sincere gratitude to Mr sabu N.J, Principle Thiagarajar
Polytechnic College, Alagappanagar. Mr. Sebi N P, Head of Department Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, Thiagarajar Polytechnic Collage, Alagappanagar, for kind
operation and encouragement and Mr Manoj P G, Seminar Guide, for supporting up.

Gracious gratitude to all the faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering and friends
of their invaluable advices and encouragement.
 ABSTRACT

The DC currents in a power system may be caused by Geomagnetic Disturbances

(GMDs) that are the result of solar storms and high-altitude nuclear detonations.
Increased inverter based generation is also contributing to small DC injection into the
power systems. The resultant DC currents could have serious consequences for the
power systems as they may drive power transformers into saturation, cause transformer
internal heating, cause large draw of reactive power and miss-operation of protective
relays. This paper proposes a novel power electronics based DC mitigation approach
that involves a transformer less series active filter integrated between the neutral point
and ground of power transformers serving multiple purposes. The first objective is to
surpass the effect of DC injection, the second goal is voltage regulation, the third is to
provide harmonic isolation or impedance balancing. The proposed device is currently
being developed on a 7.2kV/240V single-phase transformer, however, the solution is
also relevant for 24 to 500kV networks. The system circuitry, operation and control are
implemented and verified for this paper in a Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop (C-HIL)
test setup using a Typhoon HIL- 402 simulator. Results indicate that our approach is a
promising alternative to traditional neutral capacitor blocking strategies.
 CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SYSTEM DESIGN

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

5. WORKING

5.1 CURRENT MEASUREMENT

5.2 FAULT DETECTION

5.3 RELAY OPERATION

5.4 CONTROL ALGORITHMS

5.5 COMMUNICATION

6. ECONOMIC ASPECTS

7.ADVANTAGES

8. DISADVANTAGES

9. MONITORING AND CONTROLLING SYSTEM

9.1. DATA ACQUISITION

9.2. COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE

9.3. CENTRAL CONTROL CENTER

9.4. REAL-TIME MONITORING

9.6. CONTROL SYSTEMS

9.7. AUTOMATIC CONTROL

9.8. DATA ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSTICS

9.9. SECURITY AND REDUNDANCY

 9.10. GRID OPTIMIZATION

9.11. REMOTE OPERATION

9.12. DATA STORAGE AND HISTORICAL RECORDS

10. PROTECTION MEASURES

11. SCOPE OF TOPOLOGY

12. FLOWCHART FOR THE CONVERTER PROTECTION SCHEME

13. CONCLUSIONS

14. REFERENCES
 1. INTRODUCTION

The modernization of power systems has seen an increasing integration of converter-

based technologies, such as High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission
systems, into conventional Alternating Current (AC) networks. While these converters
enable efficient long-distance power transmission, they introduce the challenge of DC
currents into AC systems. This seminar report explores the critical need for protection
against DC currents in transmission and distribution networks. DC currents, if left
unmanaged, can lead to detrimental consequences, including equipment damage,
system instability, and operational disruptions. This report delves into the multifaceted
strategies and measures employed to safeguard power systems from the adverse effects
of DC currents. It discusses the utilization of current limiting reactors, DC blocking
capacitors, filters, and specialized protection relays, among other solutions. Real-world
case studies highlight the practical application of protection measures, showcasing their
efficacy in maintaining the reliability and safety of the power grid. The integration of
advanced monitoring and control systems, as well as the role of computer-based
modeling and simulation, is explored to provide a comprehensive view of modern
protection techniques. Furthermore, this report emphasizes the importance of
emergency shutdown procedures in isolating converter-based systems during fault
conditions, underscoring the significance of proactive protection strategies. In
conclusion, it underscores the necessity of a holistic approach to protecting
transmission and distribution networks against DC currents, ensuring the continued
robustness of power systems in the face of evolving technologies.

1
 2. SYSTEM DESIGN

Figure 1: current flowing in space magnetically coupled with transmission lines

Geomagnetic Disturbances (GMDs) are the result of Coronal Mass Ejection (CME).
The CME refers to the ejection of large mass of charged solar energetic particles
from the sun’s halo. The charged particles travel toward the earth and as they reach
near the surface, they distort the earth’s magnetic field leading to large amount of
electric currents, travelling around the Eregion of the ionosphere, known as
electrojets . These currents induce voltages in the transmission lines and further lead
to the flow of currents, through the ground as well as transmission lines, known as
Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) . The mutual coupling process leading
to the flow of GICs in a power system is shown in Fig. 1. GICs are quasi-DC
currents in the frequency range of 0.1 mHz to 0.1 Hz. Transformer neutral currents
of upto 200A with time duration of 100-1000s have been reported in the auroral
regions in the United States and Canada . The strength and duration of the GICs can
saturate the transformers core, cause internal heating, cause large draw of reactive
power and can cause miss-operation of protective relays, etc.

2
 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.2. Block diagram for Proposed controller for the series power filter

The controller proposed for the series active filter is demonstrated in Fig. 2. The
designated controller regulates the DC side of the inverter Vdc, regulates the load
voltage and eliminates the harmonics from the VPCC. For the first two regulation
purposes, the respective actual values are compared with references and further passed
through PI controllers. The resultant control amplitudes are multiplied by the sine of
the phase angle of VPCC to bring them in phase harmony with the VPCC. The
harmonics in the VPCC are obtained using a low pass filter, with a time delay of
1.08msec, to extract the fundamental and then subtracting it from the actual value. All
the three control signals are added, and the sum is compared with the actual filter
voltage VSAF. The error signal is further passed through a controller to get the final
control signal. A PWM mode to avoid its damage.

3
 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 3: Proposed circuitry for DC elimination and grid-support

In this work, a transformer less power electronics-based alternative solution is proposed

for the mitigation of the unwanted effects of DC on transformer saturation along with
certain grid-support functions. A single-phase version of the proposed scheme is
presented in Fig. 3, where, a series active filter with an H bridge is integrated between
the neutral and ground of a power transformer. The capacitor C1 and inductor L1 act
as a high-frequency filter for the converter. During the flow of DC, the amount of power
that is injected to the transmission line can be drawn from DC capacitor C2 and / or
DC-link connected across DC side of the H Bridge. In event of inrush current or ground
fault, the switch parallel to capacitor C1 is closed using a signal from an overvoltage
(OV) relay followed by the converter operation in the current-controlled software. The
next section presents the C-HIL simulation results and its associated discussion. After
presenting the proposed scheme for DC mitigation and grid support, the concept and
control approach are evaluated and verified with a Typhoon Hardware-in-the-Loop
(HIL) 402 real-time simulator. The HIL-402 unit consists of 4 cores, 16 analog input,
16 analog output, 32 digital input and 32 digital output channels. The HIL control center
is utilised to build the power stage that simulates in real time within the HIL unit. The
unit provides the interface board for the third party controllers to simulate the control
stage.

4
 5. WORKING

5.1. Current Measurement: Current sensors are used to measure the DC current flowing
through the system. These sensors can be based on technologies like Hall effect or
Rogowski coils.

5.2. Fault Detection: Specialized protection schemes, like DC current differential

protection, are implemented to detect DC faults. This involves comparing the measured
currents at different points in the system and identifying any discrepancies that indicate
a fault.

5.3. Relay Operation: Once a fault is detected, relays are responsible for taking
appropriate action to isolate the faulty section of the system. This can involve tripping
circuit breakers or activating other protective devices.

5.4. Control Algorithms: Control algorithms analyse the measured currents and make
decisions on fault detection and protection actions. These algorithms are designed to be
fast and accurate to ensure timely response to faults.

5.5. Communication: A reliable communication network is essential for exchanging

information between different protection devices and control systems. This allows for
coordinated operation and fault analysis across the network.

It's important to regularly test and maintain the protection system to ensure its proper
functioning and reliability.

5
 6. ECONOMIC ASPECTS

1. Cost-effectiveness: Implementing converter-based protection systems can be cost-

effective in the long run as they help prevent damage to the network infrastructure and
minimize downtime, which can result in significant financial losses.

2. Efficiency: Converter-based protection systems can improve the overall efficiency

of the network by reducing power losses associated with DC currents. This can lead to
cost savings in terms of energy consumption.

3. Reliability: By mitigating the impact of DC currents, converter-based protection

systems enhance the reliability of the transmission and distribution networks. This can
help minimize service interruptions and improve customer satisfaction.

4. Scalability: Converter-based protection systems can be easily scaled up or down

based on the specific needs of the network. This flexibility allows for efficient
allocation of resources and cost optimization.

5. Maintenance and operational costs: While converter-based protection systems may

require initial investment, they often have lower maintenance and operational costs
compared to alternative solutions. This can contribute to long-term cost savings.

6. Grid integration: Converter-based protection systems enable the integration of

renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, into the existing grid infrastructure.
This promotes the use of clean energy and reduces reliance on traditional power
generation methods.

7. Reduced equipment damage: DC currents can cause significant damage to network

equipment. By implementing converter-based protection systems, the risk of equipment
failure and subsequent replacement costs can be minimized.

8. Avoidance of power quality issues: DC currents can lead to power quality issues,
such as voltage fluctuations and harmonics. Converter-based protection systems help
mitigate these issues, ensuring stable and reliable power supply to consumers and
reducing the need for additional investments in power quality improvement measures.

9. Enhanced grid stability: Converter-based protection systems contribute to grid

stability by regulating and controlling the flow of power. This helps prevent voltage
instability and blackouts, which can have severe economic consequences.

6
 7. ADVANTAGES

1. Improved power flow control: Converter-based protection systems allow for precise
control of power flow, enabling efficient utilization of the network's capacity. This
helps optimize the use of resources and reduces transmission losses.

2. Enhanced fault ride-through capability: Converter-based protection systems have the

ability to ride through faults and disturbances in the network, minimizing downtime
and improving operational efficiency. This ensures a reliable power supply to
consumers.

3. Flexibility in grid design: Converter-based protection systems offer flexibility in grid

design, allowing for the integration of various energy sources and storage systems. This
promotes the development of smart grids and facilitates the transition to a more
sustainable and decentralized energy system.

4. Fast response time: Converter-based protection systems can detect and respond to
DC current issues quickly, preventing potential damage and reducing the time required
for fault identification and restoration. This improves the overall reliability of the
network.

5. Reduced environmental impact: By enabling the integration of renewable energy

sources, converter based protection systems contribute to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and promoting a cleaner and more sustainable energy mix. This aligns with
environmental goals and regulations.

6. Long-term cost savings: While there may be initial investment costs, converter-based
protection systems offer long-term cost savings through improved efficiency, reduced
maintenance requirements, and increased reliability. This enhances the overall
economic viability of the network.

7
 8. DISADVANTAGES

1. Higher initial costs: Implementing converter-based protection systems can involve

significant upfront expenses, including the installation of specialized equipment and
infrastructure. This initial investment may pose a financial challenge for some network
operators.

2. Complexity and technical expertise: Converter-based protection systems require

specialized knowledge and expertise to design, install, and maintain. It may be
necessary to train or hire skilled professionals to handle the complexities associated
with these systems.

3. Potential for increased harmonics: Converter-based protection systems can introduce

harmonics into the network, which are unwanted frequency components that can affect
the quality of power supply. Additional measures may be required to mitigate and
control these harmonics.

4. Reliance on external power supply: Converter-based protection systems typically

require an external power supply to operate. This dependency on external sources can
introduce vulnerabilities and potential points of failure in the system.

5. Limited interoperability: Different converter-based protection systems may have

varying standards and protocols, making it challenging to achieve seamless
interoperability between different components and devices. This can pose integration
challenges when upgrading or expanding the network.

6. Efficiency losses: Converter-based protection systems can introduce some energy

losses during the conversion process, leading to reduced overall efficiency in power
transmission and distribution.

7. Maintenance and repair complexity: Troubleshooting and repairing converter-based

protection systems can be more complex and time-consuming compared to traditional
protection methods. This can result in longer downtime and higher maintenance costs.

8. Limited fault detection capabilities: Some converter-based protection systems may

have limitations in detecting certain types of faults or abnormalities in the power

8
system. This can potentially impact the reliability and effectiveness of the protection
system.

9. Environmental impact: The manufacturing and disposal of converter-based

protection equipment can have environmental implications. Proper disposal and
recycling of components are essential to minimize any negative environmental effects.

10. Compatibility with existing infrastructure: Retrofitting converter-based protection

systems into existing power networks may require modifications to the infrastructure
and equipment. This can result in additional costs and potential disruptions to the
system.

9
 9. MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM

Monitoring and control systems play a critical role in managing power systems,
particularly when dealing with complex scenarios involving DC currents and converter-
based technologies. These systems provide real-time data, enable remote operation, and
facilitate decision-making for grid operators. Here are key aspects of monitoring and
control systems in power systems:

9.1. Data Acquisition: Monitoring systems collect data from various sensors and
measurement devices located throughout the power grid. This data includes voltage,
current, temperature, and other relevant parameters.

9.2. Communication Infrastructure: Robust communication networks are essential to

transmit data from remote substations, converter stations, and monitoring points to a
central control center.Fiber-optic, wireless, and satellite communication are commonly
used.

9.3. Central Control Center: The central control center serves as the nerve center of the
power grid. It receives and processes data, providing operators with a comprehensive
view of the entire system’s status.

9.4. Real-Time Monitoring: Operators have access to real-time information about

voltage levels, load conditions, equipment status, and the presence of DC currents.
Visualization tools, such as SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
systems, display this data in an understandable format.

9.5. Alarms and Alerts: Monitoring systems can trigger alarms and alerts when
abnormal conditions are detected. This includes overcurrent, overvoltage, DC current
injection, and other fault conditions.

9.6. Control Systems: Control systems allow operators to make adjustments to the
grid’s operation remotely. For example, they can modify the output of converter
stations or switch to backup power sources in response to contingencies.

9.7. Automatic Control: In many cases, control systems incorporate automatic control
algorithms to respond to certain events without operator intervention. This can include
reconfiguring the network to isolate faults or restore service.

10
9.8. Data Analysis and Diagnostics: Advanced analytics tools are used to analyze
historical data and identify trends or anomalies that may indicate impending issues.
Predictive maintenance strategies can also be implemented.

9.9. Security and Redundancy: Cybersecurity measures are crucial to protect

monitoring and control systems from cyberattacks. Redundancy in communication
links and control systems ensures system reliability.

9.10. Grid Optimization: These systems enable grid optimization through load
balancing, voltage control, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Grid
operators can make informed decisions to improve efficiency and reduce losses.

9.11. Remote Operation: Remote operation capabilities allow grid operators to control
equipment and respond to incidents without the need for physical presence at
substations or converter stations.

9.12. Data Storage and Historical Records: Data collected by monitoring systems is
often archived for historical analysis and regulatory compliance.

Monitoring and control systems are indispensable tools for ensuring the reliability,
efficiency,and safety of power systems, especially in the context of managing DC
currents introduced by converter-based technologies. They empower grid operators to
respond promptly to disturbances, optimize grid performance, and maintain the
integrity of the power supply.

11
 10. PROTECTION MEASURES

Protection measures against DC currents in power systems, especially in the context of

converter-based technologies like HVDC transmission, are crucial to ensure the safety
and reliability of the grid. Here are:

10.1 KEY PROTECTION MEASURES

1. Current Limiting Reactors (CLRs): Install CLRs in the AC system to restrict the flow
of DC currents.CLRs are designed to provide high impedance to DC while allowing
AC to pass.

2. DC Blocking Capacitors: Implement DC blocking capacitors at critical points in the

AC network.These capacitors allow AC power to flow while blocking DC components.

3. Filters and DC Blocking Techniques: Use active or passive filters to reduce the
harmonics and DC content in the AC system. These filters help maintain power quality
and protect equipment.

4. Specialized Protection Relays: Employ protection relays specifically designed to

detect and respond to DC faults. These relays can operate rapidly to isolate faulty
equipment and minimize damage.

5. Grounding and Bonding: Ensure proper grounding and bonding practices are in place
to limit the flow of unwanted DC currents. Ground electrodes and low-resistance
grounding connections are essential.

6. Advanced Monitoring Systems: Implement advanced monitoring systems that

continuously assess the presence of DC currents in the network. These systems can
provide early warnings and data for analysis.

7. Communication and Control: Establish reliable communication links between

converter stations and the central control center to enable coordinated control and
protection actions.

8. Modeling and Simulation: Utilize computer-based modeling and simulation tools to

analyze the behavior of DC currents in the network under various conditions. This helps
optimize protection strategies.

12
9. Emergency Shutdown Procedures: Develop and implement emergency shutdown
procedures to isolate the converter-based system in case of a fault or abnormal DC
current injection.

10. Transformer Protection: Enhance transformer protection schemes to detect and

respond to DC currents that can lead to transformer saturation and damage.

11. Cybersecurity Measures: Protect protection relays and communication systems

against cyberattacks to ensure the integrity of the protection infrastructure.

12. Fault Detection Algorithms: Implement advanced fault detection algorithms that
can identify DC faults quickly and accurately, enabling faster fault clearing.

13. Coordination with Converter Control: Coordinate protection measures with

converter control systems to ensure a seamless response to abnormal DC conditions.

14. Training and Maintenance: Ensure that personnel are adequately trained to operate
and maintain protection devices and that regular maintenance is conducted to keep the
equipment in optimal condition.

15. Standardization and Guidelines: Follow industry standards and guidelines for DC
current protection to ensure best practices are applied consistent

13
 11. SCOPE OF TOPOLOGY

1. Interconnection of components: Topology determines how the different components

of the converter-based power protection system are interconnected. It specifies the
arrangement of converters, sensors, switches, and other devices to ensure proper
communication and coordination.

2. Network structure design: Topology plays a crucial role in designing the network
structure for converter-based power protection. It determines how the components are
organized and connected, considering factors such as fault detection, fault location, and
fault isolation.

3. Communication pathways: Topology defines the communication pathways between

the various components of the protection system. It ensures that the necessary signals
and information flow correctly between the converters, sensors, and switches, enabling
efficient and reliable protection.

4. Scalability and expandability: The scope of topology includes considering the

scalability and expandability of the protection system. It involves designing a topology
that can accommodate future growth and additions of new components or devices
without significant disruptions or reconfiguration.

5. Fault tolerance and redundancy: Topology plays a crucial role in ensuring fault
tolerance and redundancy in converter-based power protection. It determines how
backup systems, redundant components, and alternative pathways are incorporated to
minimize the impact of failures or faults.

6. System performance optimization: Topology helps optimize the performance of the

converter-based power protection system. By carefully designing the interconnections
and communication pathways, topology ensures efficient energy transfer, minimal
power losses, and effective fault detection and response.

7. System reliability and robustness: Topology plays a vital role in ensuring the
reliability and robustness of the protection system. It helps in creating a resilient
network structure that can withstand external disturbances, faults, and failures, ensuring
uninterrupted power protection.

14
 12. FLOWCHART FOR THE CONVERTER PROTECTION
SCHEME

Figure 4: flowchart for the converter protection scheme

The converter needs to be protected from damaging voltages that might develop at its
output terminal during inrush or ground faults. A flow chart showing the sequence of
events involved in its associated protection scheme is shown in Fig. 4. The protection
scheme involves an OV relay that constantly monitors the voltage on the capacitor C1
and operates the switch parallel to C1 as per the algorithm in Fig. 4. The delay of 20
cycles between the last two steps in the flow chart ensures that the inrush currents have
already died out or the ground faults have been successfully cleared by the protection
devices prior to switching back of the converter.

15
 13. CONCLUSIONS

In this work, a novel transformerless converter-based DC elimination approach has

been proposed. The scheme involves a series power filter integrated between the neutral
point and earth ground of the utility transformer. The filter simultaneously addresses
the harmonic isolation, surpasses the effect of DC, and fulfills the voltage regulation
requirements. The system is implemented and verified in Typhoon HIL-402 real-time
simulator. The simulation results indicate the promising performance of the framework
as an alternative to traditional capacitor blocking strategies. The future work involves
the development of a scaled prototype of the proposed mitigation approach and its
application on a 7.2kV single-phase transformer. Also, a detailed economic analysis
will be performed that involves finding the optimal placement spots for the proposed
device in a transmission and distribution grid.

16
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