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CHAPTER 7
Linear Programming
Models: Graphical and Computer Methods
TEACHING SUGGESTIONS
Teaching Suggestion 7.1: Draw Constraints for a Graphical LP Solution.
Explain constraints of the three types (, = , ) carefully the first time you present an example.
Show how to find the X1, X2 intercepts so a straight line can be drawn. Then provide some
practice in determining which side of the line is feasible. This can be done by picking a few
points on the graph and determining whether or not they satisfy the constraint.
Teaching Suggestion 7.2: Feasible Region Is a Convex Polygon.
Explain Dantzig’s discovery that all feasible regions are convex (bulge outward) polygons
(many-sided figures) and that the optimal solution must lie at one of the corner points. Draw both
convex and concave figures to show the difference.
Teaching Suggestion 7.3: Using the IsoProfit Line Method.
This method can be much more confusing than the corner point approach, but it is faster once
students feel comfortable drawing the profit line. Start your first line at a profit figure you know
is lower than optimal. Then draw a series of parallel lines, or run a ruler parallel, until the
farthest corner point is reached. See Figures 7.6 and 7.7.
Teaching Suggestion 7.4: QA in Action Boxes in the LP Chapters.
There are a wealth of motivating tales of real-world LP applications in Chapters 7–9. The airline
industry in particular is a major LP user.
Teaching Suggestion 7.5: Feasible Region for the Minimization Problem.
Students often question the open area to the right of the constraints in a minimization problem
such as that in Figure 7.10. You need to explain that the solution is not unbounded in a
minimization problem as it is in a maximization problem.
Teaching Suggestion 7.6: Infeasibility.
This problem is especially common in large LP formulations since many people will be
providing input constraints to the problem. This is a real-world problem that should be expected.
Teaching Suggestion 7.7: Alternative Optimal Solutions.
This issue is an important one that can be explained in a positive way. Managers appreciate
having choices of decisions that can be made with no penalty. Students can be made aware that
alternative optimal solutions are often seen in particular types of linear programs such as the
transportation and assignment models that will be presented in later chapters.
7-1
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Teaching Suggestion 7.8: Importance of Sensitivity Analysis.
Sensitivity analysis should be stressed as one of the most important LP issues. (Actually, the
issue should arise for discussion with every model). Here, the issue is the source of data. When
accountants tell you a profit contribution is $8.50 per unit, is that figure accurate within 10% or
within 10¢? The solution to an LP problem can change dramatically if the input parameters are
not exact. Mention that sensitivity analysis also has other names, such as right-hand-side ranging,
postoptimality analysis, and parametric programming.
ALTERNATIVE EXAMPLES
Alternative Example 7.1: Hal has enough clay to make 24 small vases or 6 large vases. In
other words, the large vases require 4 times the amount of clay as the small ones. He only has
enough of a special glazing compound to glaze 16 of the small vases or 8 of the large vases. Let
X1 = the number of small vases and X2 = the number of large vases. The smaller vases sell for $3
each, while the larger vases would bring $9 each.
(a) Formulate the problem.
(b) Solve graphically.
SOLUTION:
(a) Formulation
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION:
Maximize $3X1 + $9X2
Subject to :
Clay constraint: 1X1 + 4X2  24
Glaze constraint: 1X1 + 2X2  16
7-2
(b) Graphical solution
Point X1 X2 Income
A 0 0 $0
B 0 6 54
C 8 4 60*
D 16 0 48
*Optimum income of $60 will occur by making and selling 8 small vases and 4 large
vases.
Draw an isoprofit line on the graph from (20, 0) to (0, 62/3) as the $60 isoprofit line.
Alternative Example 7.2: A fabric firm has received an order for cloth specified to contain at
least 45 pounds of cotton and 25 pounds of silk. The cloth can be woven out on any suitable mix
of two yarns, A and B. Material A costs $3 per pound, and B costs $2 per pound. They contain the
following percentages of cotton and silk (by weight):
Yarn Cotton (%) Silk (%)
A 30 50
B 60 10
7-3
What quantities (pounds) of A and B yarns should be used to minimize the cost of this order?
Objective function: min. C = 3A + 2B
Constraints: 0.30A + 0.60B  45 lb (cotton)
0.50A + 0.10B  25 lb (silk)
Simultaneous solution of the two constraint equations reveals that A = 39 lb, B = 55 lb.
The minimum cost is C = $3A + $2B = 3(39) + 2(55) = $227.
SOLUTIONS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

7-1. In a LP problem, the constraints are the set of limits to which the objective (the
maximization or minimization of a quantity) is subject to. They need to be taken into account
simultaneously to solve the problem and generally represent the limited resources available for it.
7-2. The linear mathematical relationships required in LP means that all terms used in
expressing the objective function and the set of constraints are of the first degree. It also implies
the important properties of proportionality and additivity, essential to solve the problems.
7-3. These are the seven required assumptions for the formulation of a LP problem: One
objective function; One or more constraints; Alternative courses of action; Linearity of objective
function and constraints; Certainty ; Divisibility; Nonnegative variables.
7-4. If a maximization problem has many constraints, then it can be very time consuming to use
the corner point method to solve it. Such an approach would involve using simultaneous
equations to solve for each of the feasible region’s intersection points. The isoprofit line is much
more effective if the problem has numerous constraints.
7-5. Rates of consumption exist and are constant. For example, if the production of 1 unit
requires 4 units of a resource, then if 10 units are produced, 40 units of the resource are required.
A change in the variable value results in a proportional change in the objective function value.
7-4
7-6. (a) Removing a constraint may, if the constraint is not redundant, increase the size of the
feasible region. It can never make the feasible region any smaller. If the constraint was active in
the solution, removing it will also result in a new optimal solution. However, removing an
essential constraint could cause the problem to become unbounded.
(b) Removal of a constraint can only increase or leave the same the size of the feasible region;
therefore, the value of the objective function will either increase or remain the same, assuming
the problem has not become unbounded.
7-7. The manager’s statement indeed had merit if the manager understood the deterministic
nature of linear programming input data. LP assumes that data pertaining to demand, supply,
materials, costs, and resources are known with certainty and are constant during the time period
being analyzed. If this production manager operates in a very unstable environment (for
example, prices and availability of raw materials change daily, or even hourly), the model’s
results may be too sensitive and volatile to be trusted. The application of sensitivity analysis
might be trusted. The application of sensitivity analysis might be useful to determine whether LP
would still be a good approximating tool in decision making.
7-8. Constraint 5
7-9. For a discussion of the role and importance of sensitivity analysis in linear programming,
refer to Section 7.8. It is needed especially when values of the technological coefficients and
contribution rates are estimated—a common situation. When all model values are deterministic,
that is, known with certainty, sensitivity analysis from the perspective of evaluating parameter
accuracy may not be needed. This may be the case in a portfolio selection model in which we
select from among a series of bonds whose returns and cash-in values are set for long periods.
7-10. Let X1 = number of units of Product A
X2 = number of units of Product B
Maximize 30 X 1 + 40 X 2
Subject to: 8 X 1 + 6 X 2  2000
2 X 1 + 6 X 2  1000
X1, X 2  0
7-5
7-11. If the right-hand side of the constraint is increased from 80 to 81, the maximum total profit
will increase by $3, the amount of the dual price. If the right-hand side is increased by 10 units
(to 90), the maximum possible profit will increase by 10(3) = $30 and will be $600 + $30 =
$630. This $3 increase in profit will result for each unit we increase the righthand side of the
constraint until we reach 100, the upper bound. The dual price is not relevant beyond 100.
Similarly, the maximum possible total profit will decrease by $3 per unit that the right-hand side
is decreased until this value goes below 75.
7-12. The student is to create his or her own data and LP formulation. (a) The meaning of the
right-hand-side numbers (resources) is to be explained. (b) The meaning of the constraint
coefficient (in terms of how many units of each resource that each product requires) is also to be
explained. (c) The problem is to be solved graphically. (d) A simple sensitivity analysis is to be
conducted by changing the contribution rate (Cj value) of the X1 variable. For example, if C1 was
$10 as the problem was originally formulated, the student should resolve with a $15 value and
compare solutions.
7-13. The dual price for a constraint is the improvement in the objective function value that
results from a one-unit increase in the right-hand side of the constraint. For maximization
problems, the shadow and dual prices are equal, but for minimization problems, the shadow price
will be the negative of the dual price.
7-14.
Let: X1 = number of air conditioners to be produced

X2 = number of fans to be produced
Maximize profit = 25X1 + 15X2
subject to 3X1 + 2X2  240 (wiring)
2X1 + 1X2  140 (drilling)
X1, X2  0
Profit at point a (X1 = 0, X2 = 0) = $0
7-6
Profit at point b (X1 = 0, X2 = 120)
= 25(0) + (15)(120) = $1,800
Profit at point c (X1 = 40, X2 = 60)
= 25(40) + (15)(60) = $1,900
Profit at point d (X1 = 70, X2 = 0)
= 25(70) + (15)(0) = $1,750
The optimal solution is to produce 40 air conditioners and 60 fans during each production period.
Profit will be $1,900.
7-15. a.

subject to 3X1 + 2X2  240
2X1 + 1X2  140
X1  20
X2  80
X1, X2  0
The feasible region for this problem is the combination of all of the shaded areas in Figure
7.15 above,
Profit at point a (X1 = 20, X2 = 0)
= 25(20) + (15)(0) = $500
Profit at point b (X1 = 20, X2 = 80)
= 25(20) + (15)(80) = $1,700
Profit at point c (X1 = 40, X2 = 60)
= 25(40) + (15)(60) = $1,900 – Optimal solution.
7-7
= 25(70) + (15)(0) = $1,750
Profit at point e (X1 = 26.67, X2 = 80)
= 25(26.67) + (15)(80) = $1,867
Hence, even though the shape of the feasible region changed from Problem 7-14, the optimal
solution remains the same.
The calculations for the slack available at each of the four constraints at the optimal
solution (40, 60) are shown below. The first two have zero slack and hence are binding
constraints. The third constraint of X1 ≥ 20 has a surplus (this is called a surplus instead of slack
because the constraint is “>“) of 20 while the fourth constraint of X2 ≤ 80 has a slack of 20.
3X1 + 2X2 + S1 = 240
so S1 = 240 - 3X1 - 2X2 = 240 – 3(40) - 2(60) = 0
2X1 + 1X2 + S2 = 140
so S2 = 140 - 2X1 - 1X2 = 140 - 2(40) – 1(60) = 0
X1 – S3 = 20
so S3 = -20 + X1 = -20 + 40 = 20
X2 + S4 = 80
so S4 = 80 - X2 =  −  = 
b. Maximize profit = 25X1 + 15X2
subject to 3X1 + 2X2  240
2X1 + 1X2  140
X1  30
X2  50
X1, X2  0
The feasible region for this problem is only the darker shaded area in Figure 7.15 above, It
is significantly smaller and only has four corners denoted by a’, b’, c’ and d.
Profit at point a’ (X1 = 30, X2 = 0)
= 25(30) + (15)(0) = $750
Profit at point b’ (X1 = 30, X2 = 50)
= 25(30) + (15)(50) = $1,500
Profit at point c’ (X1 = 45, X2 = 50)
= 25(45) + (15)(50) = $1,875 – Optimal solution.
= 25(70) + (15)(0) = $1,750
7-8
Here, the shape and size of the feasible region changed and the optimal solution changed.
The calculations for the slack available at each of the four constraints at the optimal
solution (45, 50) are shown below. The second and the fourth constraints have zero slack and
hence are are binding constraints. The third constraint of X1 ≥ 30 has a surplus of 15 while the
first constraint of 3X1 + 2X2  240 has a slack of 5.
3X1 + 2X2 + S1 = 240
so S1 = 240 - 3X1 - 2X2 = 240 – 3(45) - 2(50) = 5
2X1 + 1X2 + S2 = 140
so S2 = 140 - 2X1 - 1X2 = 140 - 2(45) – 1(50) = 0
X1 – S3 = 30
so S3 = -30 + X1 = -30 + 45 = 15
X2 + S4 = 50
so S4 = 50 - X2 =  −  = 
7-16. Let R = number of radio ads; T = number of TV ads.
Maximize exposure = 3,000R + 7,000T
Subject to: 200R + 500T  40,000 (budget)
R  10
T  10
RT
R, T  0
Optimal corner point R = 175, T = 10,

Audience = 3,000(175) + 7,000(10) = 595,000 people
7-17. X1 = number of benches produced
X2 = number of tables produced
7-9
Maximize profit = $9X1 + $20X2
subject to 4X1 + 6X2  1,200 hours
10X1 + 35X2  3,500 feet
X1, X2  0
Profit at point a (X1 = 0, X2 = 100) = $2,000
Profit at point b (X1 = 262.5, X2 = 25) = $2,862.50
Profit at point c (X1 = 300, X2 = 0) = $2,700
7-18.
7-10
X1 = number of undergraduate courses
X2 = number of graduate courses
Minimize cost = $2,500X1 + $3,000X2
subject to X1  30
X2  20
X1 + X2  60
Total cost at point a (X1 = 40, X2 = 20)
= 2,500(40) + (3,000)(20)
= $160,000
Total cost at point b (X1 = 30, X2 = 30)
= 2,500(30) + (3,000)(30)
= $165,000
Point a is optimal.
7-19.
X1 = number of Alpha 4 computers

X2 = number of Beta 5 computers
Maximize profit = $1,200X1 + $1,800X2
subject to 20X1 + 25X2 = 800 hours
(total hours = 5 workers  160 hours each)
X1  10
X2  15
7-11
Corner points: a(X1 = 10, X2 = 24), profit = $55,200
b(X1 = 21 1 , X2 = 15), profit = $52,500
4
Point a is optimal.
7-20. Let P = dollars invested in petrochemical; U = dollars invested in utility
Maximize return = 0.12P + 0.06U
Subject to:
P + U = 50,000 total investment is $50,000
9P + 4U  6(50,000) average risk must be  6 [or total  6(50,000)]
P, U  0
Corner points
Return =
P U 0.12P + 0.06U
0 50,000 3,000
20,000 30,000 4,200
The maximum return is $4,200.

The total risk is 9(20,000) + 4(30,000) = 300,000, so
average risk = 300,000/(50,000) = 6
7-21. Let P = dollars invested in petrochemical; U = dollars invested in utility

Minimize risk = 9P + 4U
Subject to:
P + U = 50,000 total investment is $50,000
7-12
0.12P + 0.06U  0.08(50,000) return must be at least 8%
P, U  0
Corner points
Risk =
P U 9P + 4U
50,000 0 450,000
16,666.67 33,333.33 283,333.3
The minimum risk is 283,333.33 on $50,000 so the average risk is

283,333.33/50,000 = 5.67. The return would be 0.12(16,666.67) + 0.06(33,333.33) = $4,000 (or
8% of $50,000)
7-22.
Note that this problem has one constraint with a negative sign. This may cause the beginning
student some confusion in plotting the line. As for the slack of each of the constraints, the first
and third constraints are binding and, hence, have zero slack. The second constraint of X – 2Y ≤
10 has a slack of 28.75.
7-13
7-23. Point a lies at intersection of constraints (see figure below):
3X + 2Y = 120
X + 3Y = 90
Multiply the second equation by −3 and add it to the first (the method of simultaneous
equations):
3X + 2Y = 120
−3X − 9Y = −270
− 7Y = −150  Y = 21.43 and X = 25.71
Cost = $1X + $2Y = $1(25.71) + ($2)(21.43)
= $68.57
7-24. X1 = $ invested in Louisiana Gas and Power

X2 = $ invested in Trimex Insulation Co.
Minimize total investment = X1 + X2
subject to $0.36X1 + $0.24X2  $720
$1.67X1 + $1.50X2  $5,000
0.04X1 + 0.08X2  $200
Investment at a is $3,333.
Investment at b is $3,179.  optimal solution
Investment at c is $5,000.
Short-term growth is $926.09.
7-14
Intermediate-term growth is $5,000.
Dividends are $200.
See graph.
7-25. Let B = pounds of beef in each pound of dog food

G = pounds of grain in each pound of dog food
Minimize cost = 0.90B + 0.60G
Subject to:
B+G=1 the total weight should be 1 pound
10B + 6G  9 at least 9 units of Vitamin 1
12B + 9G  10 at least 10 units of Vitamin 2
B, G  0
7-15
The feasible corner points are (0.75, 0.25) and (1,0). The minimum cost solution
B = 0.75 pounds of beef, G = 0.25 pounds of grain, cost = $0.825,
Vitamin 1 content = 10(0.75) + 6(0.25) = 9
Vitamin 2 content = 12(0.75) + 9(0.25) = 11.25
7-26. Let X1 = number of barrels of pruned olives
X2 = number of barrels of regular olives
Maximize profit = $20X1 + $30X2
subject to 5X1 + 2X2  250 (labor hours)
1X1 + 2X2  150 (acres)
X1  40 (barrels)
X1, X2  0
a. Corner point a = (X1 = 0, X2 = 0), profit = 0
Corner point b = (X1 = 0, X2 = 75), profit = $2,250
Corner point c = (X1 = 25, X2 = 621/2), profit = $2,375  optimal profit
Corner point d = (X1 = 40, X2 = 25), profit = $1,550
Corner point e = (X1 = 40, X2 = 0), profit = $800
b. Produce 25 barrels of pruned olives and 621/2 barrels of regular olives.
c. Devote 25 acres to pruning process and 125 acres to regular process.
7-16
7-27.
Formulation 1:
Formulation 2:
While formulation 2 is correct, it is a special case. X1 + 2X2 = 2 line—this is also the same slope
as the isoprofit line X1 + 2X2 and hence there will be more than one optimal solution. As a matter
of fact, every point along the heavy line will provide an “alternate optimum.”
7-17
Formulation 3:
Formulation 4:
Formulation 4 appears to be proper as is. Note that the constraint 4X1 + 6X2  48 is redundant.
7-18
7-28. Using the isoprofit line or corner point method, we see that point b (where X = 37.5 and Y
= 75) is optimal if the profit = $3X + $2Y. If the profit changes to $4.50 per unit of X, the optimal
solution shifts to point c. If the objective function becomes P = $3X + $3Y, the corner point b
remains optimal.
3X +
3Y
4.50X +
2Y
Y
3X +
2Y
7-29. The optimal solution of $26 profit lies at the point X = 2,Y = 3.
7-19
If the first constraint is altered to 1X + 3Y  8, the feasible region and optimal solution shift
considerably, as shown in the next graph.
7-30.
Using the corner point method, we determine that the optimal solution mix under the new
constraint yields a $29 profit, or an increase of $3 over the $26 profit calculated. Thus, the firm
should not add the hours because the cost is more than $3.
7-20
7-31. a. The corner points and profits are
X = 0, Y = 0, profit = 0
X = 60, Y = 0, profit = 300
X = 30, Y = 60, profit = 510  Optimal solution
X = 0, Y = 80, profit = 480
b. If profit = 8X + 6Y, the optimal solution is at the same corner point but profit increases.
X = 0, Y = 0, profit = 0
X = 60, Y = 0, profit = 480
X = 0, Y = 80, profit = 480
c. If profit = 3X + 6Y, a new corner point is optimal.

X = 0, Y = 0, profit = 0
X = 60, Y = 0, profit = 180
X = 30, Y = 60, profit = 450
7-32. The corner points change and the new optimal solution is X = 40, Y = 40, and profit = 440.
The corner points are
X = 0, Y = 0, profit = 0
X = 60, Y = 0, profit = 300
X = 0, Y = 60, profit = 360
7-21
7-33. a. It could increase by 7 (for an upper limit of 12) or decrease by 1 (for a lower limit of 4).
b. Profit would increase by the dual value of 0.75.
c. Profit would increase by 10 times the dual price or 10(0.75) = $7.50.
7-34. a. 25 units of product 1 and 0 units of product 2.
b. All of resource 3 is being used (there is no slack for constraint 3). A total of 25 units of
resource 1 are being used since there were 45 units available and there are 20 units of
slack. A total of 75 units of resource 2 are being used since there were 87 units available
and there are 12 units of slack. The first and second constraints are non-binding
constraints since they have non-zero slacks while the third constraint is a binding
constraint because it has zero slack. The non-negativity constraint for product 2 is also a
binding constraint in the optimal solution.
c. The dual price for constraint 1 is 0, for constraint 2 is 0, and for constraint 3 is 25.
d. You should try to obtain resource 3 because the dual price is 25. This means profit will
increase by 25 for each unit of resource 3 that we obtain. Therefore, we should pay up to
$25 for this.
e. If management decided to produce one more unit of product 2 (currently 0 units are
being produced), the total profit would decrease by 5 (the amount of the reduced cost).
7-35.
a. The feasible corner points and their profits are:

Feasible corner points Profit = 8X1 + 5X2
(0,0) 0
(6,0) 48
(6,4) 68
(0,10) 50
The optimal solution is X1 = 6, X2 = 4, profit = $68.
7-22
b. The feasible corner points and their profits are:
(0,0) 0
(6,0) 48
(6,5) 73
(0,11) 55
The new optimal solution is X1 = 6, X2 = 5, profit = $73. Profit increased $5, so this is the dual
price for constraint 1.
c. The feasible corner points and their profits are:
(0,0) 0
(6,0) 48
(0,6) 30
As a result of this change, the feasible region got smaller. Profit decreased by $20. The right-
hand side decreased by 4 units, and the profit decreased by 4 x dual price.
d. The feasible corner points and their profits are:
(0,0) 0
(5,0) 40
(0,5) 25
As a result of this change, the feasible region got smaller. Profit decreased by $28. Although
there was a 5-unit change in the right-hand side of constraint 1, the dual price found in part b is
not valid when the right-hand side of this constraint goes below 6 (which is a 4-unit decrease).
e. The computer output indicates that the dual price for constraint 1 is $5, but this is valid up to a
lower bound of 6. Once the right-hand side goes lower than this, the dual price is no longer
relevant.
f. When the right-hand side goes beyond the limits, a new corner point becomes optimal so the
dual price is no longer relevant.
7-23
7-36. Let: X1 = number of coconuts carried
X2 = number of skins carried
Maximize profit = 60X1 + 300X2 (in rupees)
subject to 5X1 + 15X2  300 pounds
1
X1 + 1X2  15 cubic feet
8
X1, X2  0
At point a: (X1 = 0, X2 = 15), P = 4,500 rupees
At point b: (X1 = 24, X2 = 12),P = 1,440 + 3,600
= 5,040 rupees
At point c: (X1 = 60, X2 = 0), P = 3,600 rupees
The three princes should carry 24 coconuts and 12 lions’ skins. This will produce a wealth of
5,040 rupees.
7-37. a. $120,000 in money market fund; $80,000 in stock fund; total risk = 1,560,000
b. Total return = $14,000. Rate of return = 14,000/200,000 = 0.07
c. The investments would not change since 14 is less than the upper bound for this
coefficient. The total risk would increase.
d. The total risk would worsen by 2 (the dual value) per additional dollar.
e. No. The amount invested in the money market fund is greater than $50,000 for the
original solution.
7-24
7-38. a. $40,000 in money market fund; $160,000 in stock fund; total return = 18,000
b. Total risk = 12(160,000) + 5(40,000) = 2,120,000. Average risk = 2,120,000/200,000 =
10.6.
c. No. The change is above the lower bound.
d. Dual value = 0.10 = 10%
e. Total return would change by (dual price)(change in RHS) = (–0.05)(10,000) = –500.
7-39. a.Let: X1 = number of pounds of stock X purchased per cow each month
X2 = number of pounds of stock Y purchased per cow each month
X3 = number of pounds of stock Z purchased per cow each month
Four pounds of ingredient A per cow can be transformed to:
4 pounds  (16 oz/lb) = 64 oz per cow
5 pounds = 80 oz
1 pound = 16 oz
8 pounds = 128 oz
3X1 + 2X2 + 4X3  64 (ingredient A requirement)
2X1 + 3X2 + 1X3  80 (ingredient B requirement)
1X1 + 0X2 + 2X3  16 (ingredient C requirement)
6X1 + 8X2 + 4X3  128 (ingredient D requirement)
X3  5 (stock Z limitation)
Minimize cost = $2X1 + $4X2 + $2.50X3
b. Cost = $80
X1 = 40 lbs. of X
X2 = 0 lbs. of Y
X3 = 0 lbs. of Z
7-25
7-40. Let: X1 = number units of XJ201 produced
X2 = number units of XM897 produced
X3 = number units of TR29 produced
X4 = number units of BR788 produced
Maximize profit = 9X1 + 12X2 + 15X3 + 11X4
subject to
0.5X1 + 1.5X2 + 1.5X3 + 0.1X4  15,000 (hours of wiring time available)
0.3X1 + 1X2 + 2X3 + 3X4  17,000 (hours of drilling time available)
0.2X1 + 4X2 + 1X3 + 2X4  26,000 (hours of assembly time available)
0.5X1 + 1X2 + 0.5X3 + 0.5X4  12,000 (hours of inspection time)
X1  150 (units of XJ201)
X2  100 (units of XM897)
X3  300 (units of TR29)
X4  400 (units of BR788)
7-41.
Let ED1, ED2, and ED3 represent the ending inventory for the first three months respectively.
Let PD1, PD2, and PD3 represent the production for the first three months respectively. Then
the formulation is:
Minimize cost: 6ED1 + 6ED2 + 6ED3 + 120PD1 + 120PD2 + 120PD3
subject to
PD1 –ED1 = 180 Demand in first month
ED1 + PD2 –ED2 = 220 Demand in second month
ED2 + PD3 – ED3 = 240 Demand in third month
PD1 ≤ 230 First month production capacity
PD2 ≤ 230 Second month production capacity
PD3 ≤ 230 Third month production capacity
All variables ≥0 Non-negativity constraints

The optimal production schedule is to produce 180 in the first month and 230 in each of the
ensuing two months for a total of $76,860 in production and inventory costs.
7-26
7-42.
For the addition of the Family Rolls Tents to the problem above, a few new variables are needed.
Let EF1, EF2, and EF3 represent the ending inventory for the first three months of the Family
Rolls product line respectively. Let PF1, PF2, and PF3 represent the production levels of the
Family Rolls Tent in the first three month respectively. Then we have the following formulation:
Minimize cost: 6ED1 + 6ED2 + 6ED3 + 120PD1 + 130PD2 + 130PD3 + 8EF1 + 8EF2 + 8EF3 +
150PF1 + 160PF2 + 160PF3
subject to
PD1 – ED1 =185 Demand in first month for Double Inn
ED1 + PD2 – ED2 = 205 Demand in second month for Double Inn
ED2 + PD3 – ED3 = 225 Demand in third month for Double Inn
PF1 – EF1 = 60 Demand in first month for Family Rolls
EF1 + PF2 – EF2 = 70 Demand in second month for Family Rolls
EF2 + PF3 – EF3 = 65 Demand in third month for Family Rolls
PD1 + PF1 ≤ 280 Monthly production capacity constraint
{All variables} ≥0 Non-negativity constraints
The optimal production schedule is to produce {220, 180, 215} for the Double Inn and {60, 70,
65} for the Family Rolls respectively for a total of $108,620 in production and inventory costs.
7-43. a. Let: X1 = number of MCA regular modems made and sold in November
X2 = number of MCA intelligent modems made and sold in November
Data needed for variable costs and contribution margin are in the table.
Hours needed to produce each modem:
5, 000 hours
MCA regular = = 0.555 hour/modem
9, 000 modems
10, 400 hours
MCA intelligent = = 1.0 hour/modem
10, 400 modems
Maximize profit = $22.67X1 + $29.01X2
subject to 0.555X1 + 1.0X2  15,400 (direct labor hours)
X2  8,000 (intelligent modems)
7-27
Table for Problem 7-43(a)
MCA REGULAR MODEM MCA INTELLIGENT MODEM
Total Per Unit Total Per Unit
Net sales $424,000 $47.11 $613,000 $58.94
a
Variable costs
Direct labor 60,000 6.67 76,800 7.38
Indirect labor 9,000 1.00 11,520 1.11
Materials 90,000 10.00 128,000 12.31
General expenses 30,000 3.33 35,000 3.37
Sales commissions $31,000 $3.44 $60,000 $5.76
Total variable costs $220,000 $24.44 $311,320 $29.93
Contribution margin $204,000 $22.67 $301,680 $29.01
a
Depreciation, fixed general expense, and advertising are excluded from the calculations.
b.
c. The optimal solution suggests making all MCA regular modems. Students should
discuss the implications of shipping no MCA intelligent modems.
7-28
7-44. Minimize cost = 0.12X1 + 0.09X2 + 0.11X3 + 0.04X4
subject to X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 = 50
X4  7.5
X1 + X2  22.5
X2 + X3  15.0
Solution:
X1 = 7.5 pounds of C-30
X2 = 15 pounds of C-92
X3 = 0 pounds of D-21
X4 = 27.5 pounds of E-11
Cost = $3.35.
7-45. Let A1 = gallons of crude A used in Regular
A2 = gallons of crude A used in Premium
A3 = gallons of crude A used in Super
B1 = gallons of crude B used in Regular
B2 = gallons of crude B used in Premium
B3 = gallons of crude B used in Super
Minimize cost = 0.42A1 + 0.42A2 + 0.42A3 + 0.47B1 + 0.47B2 + 0.47B3
Subject to
0.40A1 + 0.52B1  0.41(A1 + B1)
0.40A2 + 0.52B2  0.44(A2 + B2)
0.40A3 + 0.52B3  0.48(A3 + B3)
A1 + B1  20,000
A2 + B2  15,000
A3 + B3  10,000
A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3  0
The solution is
A1 = 18,333.33 gallons of crude A used in Regular; A2 = 10,000 gallons of crude A used in
Premium; A3 = 3,333.33 gallons of crude A used in Super; B1 = 1.666.67 gallons of crude
B used in Regular, B2 = 5,000 gallons of crude B used in Premium ; B3 = 6,666.67 gallons
of crude B used in Super; total cost = $19,566.67.
7-29
SOLUTIONS TO INTERNET HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
7-46.
X1 = number of model A tubs produced

X2 = number of model B tubs produced
subject to 125X1 + 100X2  25,000 (steel)
20X1 + 30X2  6,000 (zinc)
X1, X2  0
Profit at point a (X1 = 0, X2 = 200) = $14,000
Profit at point b (X1 = 85.71, X2 = 142.86) = $17,714.10
Profit at point c (X1 = 200, X2 = 0) = $18,000 optimal solution
7-30
7-47. Let: X1 = number of pounds of compost in each bag
X2 = number of pounds of sewage waste in each bag
Minimize cost = 5X1 + 4X2 (in cents)
subject to X1 + X2  60 (pounds per bag)
X1  30 (pounds compost per bag)
X2  40 (pounds sewage per bag)
Corner point a:
(X1 = 30, X2 = 40)  cost = 5(30) + (4)(40) = $3.10
Corner point b:
(X1 = 30, X2 = 30)  cost = 5(30) + (4)(30) = $2.70 optimal solution
Corner point c:
(X1 = 60, X2 = 0)  cost = 5(60) + (4)(0) = $3.00
7-31
7-48.
X1 = $ invested in Treasury notes
X2 = $ invested in bonds
Maximize ROI = 0.08X1 + 0.09X2
X1  $125,000
X2  $100,000
X1 + X2 = $250,000
X1, X2  0
Point a (X1 = 150,000, X2 = 100,000), ROI = $21,000 optimal solution
Point b (X1 = 250,000, X2 = 0), ROI = $20,000
7-32
7-49.
Let: X1 = number of TV spots

X2 = number of newspaper ads
Maximize exposures = 35,000X1 + 20,000X2
subject to 3000X1 + 1,250X2  $100,000
X1 5
X1  25
X2  10
Point a (X1 = 5, X2 = 10), exposure = 375,000
Point b (X1 = 5, X2 = 68), exposure = 175,000
+ 1,360,000
= 1,535,000
(optimal)
Point c (X1 = 25, X2 = 20), exposure = 875,000
+ 400,000
= 1,275,000
Point d (X1 = 25, X2 = 10), exposure = 875,000
+ 200,000
= 1,075,000
7-33
7-50. Maximize Z = [220 − (0.45)(220) − 44 − 20]X1 + [175 − (0.40)(175) − 30 − 20]X2
= 57X1 + 55X2
Constraints:
X1 + X2  390 production limit
2.5X1 + 2.4X2  960 labor hours
Corner points:
X1 = 384, X2 = 0, profit = $21,888
X1 = 0, X2 = 390, profit = $21,450
X1 = 240, X2 = 150, profit = $21,930
Students should point out that those three options are so close in profit that production desires
and sensitivity of the RHS and cost coefficient are important issues. This is a good lead-in to the
discussion of sensitivity analysis. As a matter of reference, the right-hand side ranging for the
first constraint is a production limit from 384 to 400 units. For the second constraint, the hours
may range only from 936 to 975 without affecting the solution.
The objective function coefficients, similarly, are very sensitive. The $57 for X1 may increase
by 29 cents or decrease by $2. The $55 for X2 may increase by $2 or decrease by 28 cents.
SOLUTION TO MEXICANA WIRE WORKS CASE
1. Maximize P = 34 W75C + 30 W33C + 60 W5X + 25 W7X

subject to:
1 W75C  1,400
1 W33C  250
1 W5X  1,510
1 W7X  1,116
1 W75C + 2 W33C + 0 W5X + 1 W7X  4,000
1 W75C + 1 W33C + 4 W5X + 1 W7X  4,200
1 W75C + 3 W33C + 0 W5X + 0 W7X  2,000
1 W75C + 0 W33C + 3 W5X + 2 W7X  2,300
1 W75C  150
1 W7X  600
7-34
Solution: Produce:
1,100 units of W75C—backorder 300 units
250 units of W33C—backorder 0 units
0 units of W5X—backorder 1,510 units
600 units of W7X—backorder 516 units
Maximized profit will be $59,900. By addressing quality problems listed earlier, we could
increase our capacity by up to 3% reducing our backorder level.
2. Bringing in temporary workers in the Drawing Department would not help. Drawing is not a
binding constraint. However, if these former employees could do rework, we could reduce our
rework inventory and fill some of our backorders thereby increasing profits. We have about a
third of a month’s output in rework inventory. Expediting the rework process would also free up
valuable cash.
3. The plant layout is not optimum. When we install the new equipment, an opportunity for
improving the layout could arise. Exchanging the locations for packaging and extrusion would
create a better flow of our main product. Also, as we improve our quality and reduce our rework
inventory, we could capture some of the space now used for rework storage and processing and
put it to productive use.
Our machine utilization of 63% is quite low. Most manufacturers strive for at least an 85%
machine utilization. If we could determine the cause(s) of this poor utilization, we might find a
key to a dramatic increase in capacity.
INTERNET CASE STUDY:
AGRI-CHEM CORPORATION
This case demonstrates an interesting use of linear programming in a production setting.
Let X1 = ammonia
X2 = ammonium phosphate
X3 = ammonium nitrate
X4 = urea
X5 = hydrofluoric acid
X6 = chlorine
X7 = caustic soda
X8 = vinyl chloride monomer
Objective function:
Maximize Profit = 80X1 + 120X2 + 140X3 + 140X4 + 90X5 + 70X6 + 60X7 + 90X8
7-35
Subject to the following constraints:
X1  1,200 X5  560
X2  540 X6  1,200
X3  490 X7  1,280
X4  160 X8  840
Current natural gas usage = 85,680 cu. ft.  103/day
20 percent curtailment = 68,554 cu. ft.  103/day
Hence, the ninth constraint is:
8X1 + 10X2 + 12X3 + 12X4 + 7X5 + 18X6 + 20X7 + 14X8  68,544
The following is the production schedule (tons/day);
X1 = 1,200 X5 = 560
X2 = 540 X6 = 1,200
X3 = 490 X7 = 423.2
X4 = 160 X8 = 840
Objective function value = $487,192
Because of the natural gas curtailment, the caustic soda production is reduced from 1280
tons/day to 423 tons/day.
For a 40 percent natural gas curtailment, the ninth constraint is:
8X1 + 10X2 + 12X3 + 12X4 + 7X5 + 18X6 + 20X7 + 14X8
 51,408
The optimal solution results in the following production schedule:
X1 = 1200 X5 = 560
X2 = 540 X6 = 718,2
X3 = 490 X7 = 0
X4 = 160 X8 = 840
Objective function value: $428,075.6
The caustic soda production is eliminated completely and the chlorine production is reduced
from 1,200 to 718 tons/day.
7-36
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
sana intencion y que no sea dado
á mi hacer bastante informacion
de lo verdadero para evitar la
idolatria; pecan los principes que
lo consienten por sus particulares
intereses; mas dejemos agora
esto, que es muy larga cuestion;
yo os quiero hacer saber que
entre otras cosas notabres que yo
vi en la iglesia de Santa Ana en
Dura, que en un altar junto á la
madre vi á Nuestra Señora la
madre de Dios tan al natural de
una linda mujer en una imagen
que con todas las partes de su
rostro y cuerpo mostraba estar
viva; en sola una cosa me
descontentó, que es en los
vestidos que tenía, porque de
creer es que fuese ella la más
honesta que en el mundo nunca
mujer nasció ni fue; pues no sé
porqué la atavian los cristianos
tan deshonestamente con unos
carmesis y brocados cuchillados
de colores y puestos que
reprueban aun las mujeres por
mostrarse honestas en si. Esto
queria yo qu'el pueblo cristiano
mirase sin pasion ni boba aficion
é se piensen mas la servir si la
pintan y la visten en hábito que
por la reverencia que le debo
quiero callar; con unas mangas
acuchilladas y llenas de
bocadillos y con colores de afeites
en el rostro y con grandes pechos
descubiertos y con camisas
rayadas y polainas muy galanas y
polidas, y dicenme que en
España son en esto muy
demasiados, porque les ponen
unos verdugados que usan allá y
unos rebociños en el cuello y
otras cosas deshonestas que
fuerzan á los hombres á pecar
teniendo con las tales imagines
poca reverencia y devocion, y
acaesce muchas veces que si un
pintor ha de pintar una imagen de
Nuestra Señora ó de la Madalena,
toma ejemplo de alguna mujer
deshonesta ramera la qual tiene
puesta delante por muestra de su
labor y pintura; yo no digo esto de
mí, porque en la verdad yo lo he
visto. Dijo mi amo; en este caso
solamente tienen la culpa los
obispos porque en sus obispados
no vesitan ni proveen estas
cosas, pues nos va en ellas tan
gran parte de nuestra cristianidad,
no se habian de descuidar con
sus regalos y deleites y con sus
rentas y tesoros, los cuales
habiendose de gastar juntamente
con todas las rentas de toda la
Iglesia, digo del Papa y de los
Cardenales y obispos y todas las
otras dinidades con los pobres y
otras muchas obras de caridad, y
consumenlas en juegos, en
banquetes y fiestas y otros
muchos deleytes del mundo, que
yo no digo, que solo en decirlo me
paresce seria deshonesto y sin
tener memoria del morir ni de la
estrecha cuenta que han de dar á
Dios, porque me paresce á mi
que pues los obispos son
obligados á visitar cada año su
obispado y no lo visitan, sino
repelanlo, no quedando mejor que
de antes; por el mismo caso ansí
habian de ser obligados los
Papas á visitar su papazgo de
dos en dos años, porque de
contino se pierden las ovejas por
el descuido del pastor; antes son
ellos en ocasion de perderlas y
destruirlas desasosegandolas con
guerras y tumultos, tiranizando en
la cristiandad con mayor crueldad
que todos los Dionisios juntos
tiranizaron en su tiempo; por
cierto yo querría ser dos años
Papa y no mas porque en estos
yo pornia en orden el Pontificado
y lo haría tan ejemplo y regla de
Cristo y de sus apóstoles que
ninguno le viese que se quejase.
Respondio el italiano: ¡ay, señor!
por amor de Dios que no lleveis
tal carga acuestas porque yo os
doy mi fe que es la más
incomportable que nunca
hombres pudieron sufrir, ni tenga
ninguno envidia á sus deleites ni
banquetes y placeres, porque os
doy mi fe que desde el Papa
hasta el muy mísero sacristan
viven en contina miseria y dolor;
tomense para si sus placeres y
pasatiempos los obispos si
juntamente con ellos han de rezar
por toda su familia, emitar á los
apostoles en cuyo lugar vinieron á
suceder y á lo qual cumplir con lo
que denota su habito obispal; que
aquella túnica blanca lavada,
limpia, blanca, sin mácula hecha
á ejemplo de pueblo[293]; ¿qué
sinifica la mitra con dos cuernos si
no el cuidado que han de tener en
declarar al pueblo ambos
testamentos Viejo y Nuevo? qué
denotan los guantes limpios en
sus manos? la administracion
pura de los sacramentos; ¿qué
los zapatos que le calzan en los
pies? la vigilancia de su gley;
¿qué la cruz é báculo que le dan
en la mano? la Vitoria y triunfo de
los humanos afetos; y lo mismo
es al Cardenal; ¿no os paresce
que el que debe tener esto de
contino en su pecho y
consideracion que tiene trabajo?
pues alléganse á esto otros dos
mill embarazos de la vida que á
un momento no le dejan
descansar el ánima, porque la
trae solicita en mill cuidados que
le menoscaban la vida: la
visitacion de su obispado, el
examen de sus curas é
beneficiados los quales han de
encargar la administracion de su
iglesia y ánimas de sus feligreses;
la visitacion de los pobres y
destribucion de sus bienes; aquel
contino despachar negocios para
la Corte romana é imperial, aquel
asestir á pleitos que les ponen en
las dinidades é pensiones; ¡oh
Dios inmortal! pues tambien
tienen ellos sus prestamos y
censuras de las quales demandan
prestados á nunca volver; pues
¿qué trabajo tienen en las
judicaturas de todo el día, oyendo
quejas é pleitos de agraviados;
con todos ha de complir, á todos
ha de responder, á todos ha de
satisfacer, á ninguno ha de inviar
quejoso, sino á todos contentos y
satisfechos. Pues vengamos al
descanso y deleite del Papa; por
cierto si bien considerase su dolor
y trabajo contino, no hay hombre
de sano juicio que un dia le
pudiese sufrir, ni aunque se le
diesen con toda la posesion y
mando de universo mundo no le
querria tomar por un momento;
mas la desordenada codicia que
agora reina en nuestras ánimas
causa en todos tan gran
ceguedad que no hay quien mire
con ojos libres su tan trabajada
carga é la repudie y la eche de sí;
¡oh! qué trabajo considerar que ya
no se abscondan los hombres
como hacian en otro tiempo los
santos por no ser Pontífices, mas
antes hay ya quien mucho antes
que vaque lo negocia con
sobornos inlícitos y si menester
es con yerbas le aben (sic) antes,
y que no hay uno en toda la
cristiandad de quien se presuma
que si se lo diesen no lo tomaria.
Pues si se ponen á considerar
que tiene el Papa las veces de
Cristo y que está puesto en su
lugar en el mundo y que le debe
remedar y seguir en la pobreza,
en los trabajos, en la dotrina, en
la cruz, en el menosprecio del
mundo, en las continas lágrimas,
en los ayunos, en las oraciones,
en los sospiros, en los sermones,
en otras dos mill fatigas, decirme
¿quien le querrá? ¿quien le
tomará? y esto no es nada en
comparacion de lo que á esto se
les allega: aquella guarda de
tesoros; aquella conservacion de
honras, aumentar las vitorias,
acrecentar los oficios y multiplicar
las dispensaciones, engrandecer
las rentas, ensanchar las
indulgencias, proveerse de
caballos y mulas, de grandes
familias y criados, que conoscer
de nuevo tantos escritores, tantos
notarios, tantos abogados, tantos
fiscales, tantos secretarios, tantos
caballerizos, tantos despenseros;
á todos ha de mirar é favorescer,
con todos ha de cumplir, á todos
ha de pagar con proveer al uno el
obispado, al otro el abadia, al otro
el beneficio, al otro la canonjía, é
la dinidad, por pagar sus
servicios; pues ¿qué trabajo es el
despachar cada día los indultos,
las indulgencias, las
compusiciones, las espetativas,
los entredichos, las suspensiones,
las citaciones y descomuniones?
Por cierto que me paresce á mí
que por penitencia no lo habia un
bueno de tomar á cargo é ya no
es tiempo sino que todos trabajen
é rueguen por el Pontificado,
porque ya no es tiempo que los
Papas hagan milagros como los
santos lo hacian antiguamente, ni
ya enseñan al pueblo porque es
trabajoso, ni declararán las
Sagradas Escrituras porque es de
maestros de escuelas, ni lloran
porque es de mujeres, ni
consienten en su casa pobreza
porque es gran miseria; procuran
siempre vencer porque es gran
vileza ser vencido; seguir la cruz
es gran infamia; huir cuanto
pueden de la muerte porque les
es el morir muy amargo. Pues si
algunos soberbios papas acaesce
predominar en la monarquia del
mundo, ¡oh! Dios inmortal, qué
trabajo incomplensible tienen en
conservar su ruin vida con sus
odios, enemistades é sediciones;
para salir con su tirania hacen
grandes ligas con soldados, con
tiranos y robadores, los cuales les
hagan espaldas y los favorezcan
y defiendan, y para estas cosas
echan susidios, bulas,
indulgencias y préstamos;
vereislos tan solícitos y tan
cuidadosos en recatarse de
todos, en no se fiar de alguno;
todos le son enemigos y le cavilan
la vida; uno le da el veneno; otro
le procura matar porque suceda
su patron; ¡oh! qué trabajo, ¡oh!
qué fatiga, ¡oh! qué curiosidad
vana, ¡oh! qué costosa vida, ¡oh!
qué desabrida muerte, ¡oh! qué
infernar de ánima é martirizar del
cuerpo; de verdad os digo, señor,
y creame quien quisiere, que no
tengo mas que os decir sino que
me quiero ser mas esto poco que
me soy con no tener más cargo
de mi, ni de más tengo de dar
cuenta á Dios que ser cualquiera
destos papas que agora se
ofrecen, porque con sus trabajos
é cuidados yo no podía mucho
vivir; tómelo quien quisiere que ni
á mi me lo dan, ni yo lo demando,
ni yo lo querria. Como el italiano
acabó su tragedia dijo mi amo:
por Dios, señor, que teneis mucha
razon; que es gran trabajo su
vida; buena sin alguna
comparacion; si la hacen mala
porque viven siempre en
sobresalto y desasosiego,
muriendo siempre sin nunca vevir.
Estas cosas y otras semejantes
iban [pa]sando tiempo por aquella
floresta y ya iba calentando el sol,
por lo cual procuraron darse
alguna priesa por llegar á comer á
un lugar que cerca estaba.
Micillo.—Admirado me tienes
¡oh! fortunuoso Pitágoras con tan
inumerables trabajos y tan bien
representados que con mis
mismos ojos me los haces ver;
basta que me pensaba yo que
esos grandes Pontífices se tenian
la suprema felicidad, porque
pensaba yo que los grandes
Pontífices junto con los grandes
tesoros y riquezas y el gran
mando no tenian que desear otra
cosa alguna. Agora que tengo
visto su dolor paresceme que
ellos viven en el estado mas
misero de los mortales. Prosigue
por amor de mi y acaba tu
tragedia como mientras fueste
asno, ¿que te sucedio?
Gallo.—Pues llegado al lugar, lo
primero que se proveyó en
entrando en la posada fue dar á
nosotros las bestias de comer;
fueron luego muy llenos los
pesebres, donde matamos
nuestra hambre del caminar;
despues se salieron ellos á un
portal fresco donde con mucho
placer les aparejan su comer; por
estar yo lejos de su mesa y
porque venia cansado no oi nada
de lo que en la mesa pasó; mas
despues que todos hubimos
reposado y que fue caida la siesta
despedieronse los italianos de
nosotros diciendo que iban por
otro camino á su tierra,
demandada licencia de los
compañeros, saludandose se
fueron con Dios; nosotros
tambien, pagada la huéspeda,
comenzamos nuestro camino.
Pierres, que ansi se llamaba uno
de los dos mis amos dijo á
Perequin que ansi se llamaba el
otro: hermano Perequin, si mi
juicio no me engaña en
pronosticar...
NOTAS:
[293] Parece que falta algo en el manuscrito.
CAPITULO XIX
Que cuenta en pronosticar lo de

los agüeros; cosa de notar.
Estoy turbado de una cierta ave

que agora voló y vengo á
conjeturar que nos ha de suceder
en esta noche algun enojoso
acontescimiento, por lo cual
encomendemonos á Dios y
aparejemonos á padescer, pues
no se puede escusar. Perequin,
se rió mucho burlando de Pierres;
y dijo: por Dios que me maravillo
de tí que con todo tu saber des
crédito á liviandades tan sin
razon, y si en agüeros crees
nunca harás cosa buena, porque
si viendo esas vanidades esperas
á ver si aciertan ó no, agora por
temor, agora por engaño del
demonio puedes peligrar en tu
salud, por lo cual te ruego que
depongas de tu pecho esta tu
errada opinion y no le des alguna
fe, porque permitirá Dios que
acaezca el mal pronosticado por
castigar tu yerro y no porque de
allí hubiese de suceder
necesariamente. Respondio
Pierres: más me maravillo yo de
tí, porque me quieres convencer
que sea arte de vanidad, pues en
todos los acaescimientos
pronosticados he hallado que
vengan á suceder segun é como
yo los he agüerado; y no pienses
que lo supe de mi, que mucho
trabajo me costó á la deprender
de grandes sabios que me la
enseñaron; y cree tú que tiene
gran fundamento, pues todos los
sabios antiguos mentan que
tenian en suprema veneracion y
le daban tanta fe como á los muy
dinos oráculos de su Dios,
pronosticaban de cosas
acaescidas de improviso, agora
en cuerpos muertos de animales
sacrificados á sus dioses, agora
de vuelo a graznido de las aves, y
convenciales á lo creer las
grandes experiencias que se les
ofrecian, como fue lo que cuentan
de Julio Cesar, qu'el primero día
que se asentó en la silla imperial
sacreficó un buey á Júpiter y
abriendole fue hallado sin
corazon, de lo qual los agüeros
pronosticaron tristemente y le
señalaron todo el mal, lo qual así
ha sucedido, que de veinte é tres
puñaladas fue muerto en el
senado. Y tambien leemos que
Cayo Claudio é Lucio Petilio
cónsules sacreficaron como lo
habian de costumbre á los dioses,
y en matando el buey ante las
aras le sacaron el corazon, el qual
de improviso se corrompio de
podre, por lo qual los agüeros
venieron á pronosticar triste
suceso en sus muertes, á los
cuales dijeron que moririan muy
breve; é ansi fue, que no mucho
tiempo murio Claudio Cayo de
una grave enfermedad y Petilio en
la guerra. Como Antioco rey de
Siria tuviese guerra con los partos
acontecio que estando en el real
hizo una golondrina nido en su
mismo pavellon, de lo qual los
agüeros denunciaron mal suceso
de la batalla, y así fue, que en el
comitimiento de los ejércitos fue
muerto el rey Antioco y todo
desbaratado y perdido. Otros
muchos enjemplos de las
historias notables te pudiera yo
agora traer para corroboracion de
que fue creida mi verdad; mas
pues tu pertinacia me lo ha todo
de destruir, aguardemos á lo que
hubiere de acaescer. Luego le
respondió Perequin: por hombre
para poco me tienes si confiando
en Dios no te convenciere á que
creas sin hacerme algun perjuicio
tus argumentos ser falsos y
diabólico y vano el agorar; yo te
probaré que estos sus
acaescimientos no pueden ser
causa ni ocasion para que dellos
se pudiese pronosticar lo que está
por venir, y porque no parezca
que mi persuacion procede sin
autoridad, sabras que se lee en
los Proverbios del sapientisimo
Salomon que no queramos ser
como los hombres mintirosos que
se mantienen de viento y dan
credito á las aves que vuelan,
porque en la verdad gran
liviandad es seguir cosa tan
incierta y cosa que nunca se
puede saber; [de] sentencia de
tanta autoridad se puede colegir
la vana supersticion que está en
esta ciencia; despues desto
quiero que vengamos á
considerar cuanta fuerza é
sustentacion de las aves é
cualesquiera otros brutos en el
ser y obras del hombre; de las
unas aves con su canto ó con su
vuelo o chellido; los brutos con
sus corporales dispusiciones de
corazon ó bazo, para que señalen
lo que nos ha de acaescer, y
porque tú y cuantos nascieron
mejor se pueden convencer,
vengamos á la razon natural que
muestra mi entencion. Á todos es
notorio que los brutos animales
tan solamente se mueven por un
sentido aquello que de presente
le es y solo se aplican aquello que
ante si tienen, sin consideracion
de lo que en ausencia les está. É
ansi todas las aves mueven su
cuerpo, alas é pies por solo
impeto de su naturaleza, por
hacer cualquiera ejercicio, como
para hablar, para comer ó cantar,
sin ser de otra parte costreñidos á
ello é sin primero lo pensar que lo
salgan hacer; pues esto es ansí
¿quien será tan falto de saber que
pueda afirmar que las aves con
su vuelo ora en la mano diestra ó
siniestra cantan ó no, que senifica
en nuestras obras bien ó mal? si
con hambre comen ¿qué tienen
que hacer si yo moriré? y si con
sed beban ¿qué tiene que hacer?
y si comiendo algo se les caiga
del pico, ¿qué convenencia tiene
con si me sucederá
prósperamente un viaje? ¿qué
razon lieva que los hombres
veneren todas las obras y
movimientos de los brutos y
tengan por muy cierto que todo
aquello les venefique que ellos de
su libre albedrio han de hacer?
por cierto gran bajeza. Y despues
pensar que Dios onipotente
hiciese un tan perfeto animal
como es el hombre y de tan alto
intendimiento que conosciese lo
que estaba por venir por las obras
de las miserabres avecicas y de
brutos sin uso de razon, las
quales como ellas mesmas
comienzan á volar no saben
donde van ni qué les pueda
suceder, pues cuanto ellas en
este caso puedan muy bien nos lo
mostró Mosolamon indio, hombre
de muy iminente saber é industria
de la guerra, de muy facunda
prudencia; de aqueste leemos
que siguio á los griegos y
macedones despues de la muerte
de Alejandro, y como un día fuese
con él al ejército é por el camino
acaesciese que se puso un ave
en un arbol é como los agoreros
la viesen comenzaron agorar
sobre si debian de pasar
adelante; paró alli el Mosolamo
como los vio en esta disputa,
tomó el arco y mató el ave,
burlando de la veneracion del
agorar; y como el agorero mayor
lo vio entristeciose mucho, é
alzando Mosolamo el ave del
suelo dijo ansi: decir porque os
acelereis; nunca esta ave supiera
lo que nos habia de acaescer
pues de si misma no supo
procurando por su salud, y pues
inorante de su muerte se puso en
el arbol para que la matase yo,
mal podria saber nuestro mal ó
bien acaescimiento; ansí que de
todo esto se puede muy bien
deducir la vanidad del agorar de
las aves é brutos cualesquiera é
de cualesquiera otros
acontecimientos que se puedan
ofrecer, como varonilmente nos lo
mostró aquel glorioso y felice gran
capitan español Gonzalo
Hernandez de Córdoba, varon
que despues que la fama lo
conoscio solo él quiso, no César
inmortal, porque aunque muerto,
la eternal memoria de sus buenos
hechos le hace revivir; fue en fin
tal que si le alcanzaran los
gentiles que á Aquiles y á Mares y
á Palas hicieron sacreficio, á este
sin controversia le adoraran todos
por Dios. Leemos dél que estando
aparejado en Nápoles para
acometer con su ejército gran
compañía de enemigos acaescio
por mal recado se les prendio la
polvora de la artilleria, y
entristeciéndose toda la gente
teniendolo por mal agüero, salió
ante todos con gran ánimo
diciendo: no desmaye nadie,
caballeros; esforzad el corazon,
que estas almenures (sic por
luminarias) son de nuestra vitoria;
y diciendo esto los esforzó tanto
para acometer que brevemente
destruyó los enemigos.
Convencido me estoy yo bastante
á creer que todo género de agorar
sea vano y de ninguna
certedumbre, ni sé mas de que el
demonio nos quiere engañar con
hacernos entender que todo sea
ansí como nos lo muestra y
trabaja con toda su industria que
suceda aquello que nos mostró ó
que pronosticaron del vuelo del
ave, ó de cualquiera otra cosa, y
esto aunque nunca hubiera de
acontecer, porque solamente le
creais; y agora me temo yo, señor
Pierres, que pirmitirá Dios que
nos suceda el mal que vos habeis
agorado, por castigaros el yerro
que cometisteis en dar crédito á
cosa tan vana y tan errada, la
qual es de pura industria y
engaño del demonio y no porque
creo que hubiese ansi de
acaescer. Pierres quedó
convencido y atemorizado con el
miedo que lo puso Perequin de
parte de Dios porque daba crédito
al agorar; y asi razonando fueron
toda la tarde en esta materia
hasta que llegamos á una aldea
de pocos vecinos.
Micillo.—Pues, tú Pitágoras,
¿porque no diste en aquel arte tu
parescer, que bien se te entendia,
pues fueste discípulo de los
magos?
Gallo.—Porque mientras fue
asno no pude hablar. Como
fuemos llegados á la aldea
aparejóse la cena, porque
llegamos tarde é despues de
haber cenado fuéronse mis amos
á reposar y sosegose la casa.
Sucedio que junto á la media
noche, en lo mas sabroso del
sueño, entran en casa unos
ladrones y roban las arcas del
huéspede, que era rico, y
levantados con la presa porque
no lo podian levar acuestas,
vienen al establo y tomanme á mí
para que mis hombros lo lieven, y
como vieron que tenían cogido
quien lo levase sin trabajo suyo,
tornaron á hurtar, doblado y
cargaronme de aquellos tesoros y
buena ropa una carga que no la
levaran dos como yo, y abiertas
las puertas sin ser sentidos me
sacaron fuera del lugar. Tenian su
vivienda en una cueva que habian
hecho cinco millas de aquella
aldea y habiamos de pasar un rio
para ir allá por un vado, y como
los ladrones viniesen tan alegres
con su priesa y fuese algo oscura
la noche, perdieron el vado, y
llegados al rio, confiando en que
yo pasaría delante aguijáronme
para que pasase y en entrando no
muy lejos de la orilla, lancé los
pies y las manos en un tremadal,
y como el agua era alta luego me
ahogué y la hacienda todo se
perdio sin poder cobrar nada.

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SOLUTIONS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

Let: X1 = number of air conditioners to be produced

Maximize profit = 25X1 + 15X2

Optimal corner point R = 175, T = 10,

X1 = number of Alpha 4 computers

The maximum return is $4,200.

7-21. Let P = dollars invested in petrochemical; U = dollars invested in utility

The minimum risk is 283,333.33 on $50,000 so the average risk is

7-24. X1 = $ invested in Louisiana Gas and Power

7-25. Let B = pounds of beef in each pound of dog food

c. If profit = 3X + 6Y, a new corner point is optimal.

a. The feasible corner points and their profits are:

The optimal solution is X1 = 6, X2 = 4, profit = $68.

PD3 ≤ 230 Third month production capacity

All variables ≥0 Non-negativity constraints

X1 = number of model A tubs produced

Let: X1 = number of TV spots

SOLUTION TO MEXICANA WIRE WORKS CASE

1. Maximize P = 34 W75C + 30 W33C + 60 W5X + 25 W7X

INTERNET CASE STUDY:

Que cuenta en pronosticar lo de

Estoy turbado de una cierta ave

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