INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL

OF CAMBODIA AND ENERGY ENGINEERING

Power System Analysis and

Optimization
GROUP: I4-GEE-EE-(B1)

TP9: Optimization, Economic Dispatch and Optimal Power Flow

LECTUREED BY: Mr. NEOV Yoklin

Student name and ID:

SENG SOMAKARIN e20200450

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND ENERGY ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF CAMBODIA

PHNOM PENH

Academic Year 2024-2025

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 Table of Contents
Problem1:.................................................................................................................................. 1

Problem2:.................................................................................................................................. 2

Problem3 ................................................................................................................................... 3

i
 Power System Lab 9

Optimization, Economic Dispatch and Optimal Power Flow

Problem1:

Find the minimum of the function: f(x, y) = x 2 + 2y 2

Subject to the equality constraint g(x, y) = x + 2y + 4 = 0

Solution

Find the minimum of the function: f(x, y) = x 2 + 2y 2

Subject to the equality constraint g(x, y) = x + 2y + 4 = 0

By Lagrange multipliers method:

We get: ∇f(x, y) = ∇g(x, y)

∇fx = ∇g x
2x = λ × (1)

Λ = 2x

∇fy = ∇g y
4y = λ × 2
⇒ λ = 2y
⇒x=y

we have: x + 2y + 4 = 0
x + 2x + 4 = 0
4
⇒x=−
3

4
y=x=−
3

4 4 4 2 4 2 16
⇒ f �− , − � = �− � + 2 �− � =
3 3 3 3 3
16
Thus, the minimum of the function: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) =
3

1
Problem2:

The fuel-cost functions in $/h for three thermal plants are given by:

𝐶𝐶1 = 350 + 7.2𝑃𝑃1 + 0.004𝑃𝑃12

𝐶𝐶2 = 500 + 7.3𝑃𝑃1 + 0.0025𝑃𝑃22
𝐶𝐶3 = 600 + 6.74𝑃𝑃3 + 0.003𝑃𝑃32

where P1, P2, and P3 are in MW. Neglecting line losses and generator limits, determine the
optimal scheduling of generation by using iterative method start with an initial estimate of 𝜆𝜆
=7.5 $/MWh when the total load is PD = 450 MW.

Solution

• Determine the optimal scheduling of generation:

Fuel cost:
𝐶𝐶1 = 350 + 7.2𝑃𝑃1 + 0.004𝑃𝑃12
𝐶𝐶2 = 500 + 7.3𝑃𝑃1 + 0.0025𝑃𝑃22
𝐶𝐶3 = 600 + 6.74𝑃𝑃3 + 0.003𝑃𝑃32

𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 450 𝑀𝑀𝑊𝑊 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜆𝜆 = 7.5 $/𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ℎ;

1st Iteration

(0)
(0) (0) λ(0) − βi
λ = 7.5 Pi = (0)
2γi
(0) 7.5 − 7.2
P1 = = 37.5
2 × 0.004

(0) 7.5 − 7.3

P2 = = 40
2 × 0.0025
(0) 7.5 − 6.74
P3 = = 126.6
2 × 0.003
Δf = 450 − (37.7 + 40 + 126.6) = 245.9
Δf (0) 245.9
Δλ(0) = = = 0.5
∂f
(0) 1 1 1
� � + +
∂y 2 × 0.004 2 × 0.0025 2 × 0.003

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 2nd Iteration

λ(1) = 7.5 + 0.5 = 8

(1) 8 − 7.2
P1 = = 100
2 × 0.004

(1) 8 − 7.3
P2 = = 140
2 × 0.0025
(1) 8 − 6.74
P3 = = 210
2 × 0.003
Δf = 450 − (100 + 140 + 210) = 0
0
Δλ(2) = =0
491.66

Thus, the optimal generation are 𝑃𝑃1 = 100 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑃𝑃2 = 140 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑃𝑃3 = 210 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀.

Problem3:

The fuel-cost function in $/h of two thermal plants are.

C1 = 320 + 6.2 P1 + 0.004 P12

C2 = 200 + 6.0 P2 + 0.003 P22

where P1 and P2 are in MW. Plant outputs are subject to the following limits (in MW)
50 ≤ P1 ≤ 250
50 ≤ P2 ≤ 350
The per-unit system real power loss with generation expressed in per unit on a 100-MVA base
is given by PL(pu) = 0.0125P12(pu) + 0.00625P22(pu)
The total load is 412.35 MW. Determine the optimal dispatch of generation. Start with an initial
estimate of λ= 7 $/MWh.
Solution
• Determine the optimal dispatch of generation.

C1 = 320 + 6.2P1 + 0.004P12

C2 = 200 + 6P2 + 0.003P22

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 50 ≤ P1 ≤ 250
50 ≤ P2 ≤ 350

The real power loss and total load demand:

Ploss = 0.0125P12 + 0.00625P22 (pu)
= 0.000125P12 + 0.0000625P22 (MW)
PD = 412.35 MW

1st Iteration

(0) λ(k) − βi
λ(0) = 7 ; Pi =
2(γi + λ(k) Bii )
(1) 7 − 6.2
P1 = = 82.05
2(0.004 + 7 × 0.000125)
(1) 7−6
P2 = = 145.45
2(0.003 + 7 × 0.0000625)
(1)
Ploss = 0.000125(82.05)2 + 0.0000625(145.45)2 = 2.16
(k) (k) (k) (k)
ΔP (k) = PD + PL − (P1 + P2 )
Δ𝑃𝑃(1) = 412.35 + 2.16 − (82.05 + 145.45) = 187.01
2 γi + Bii βi
J (k) = � (k)
i=1 2(γi + λ Bii )
2

0.004 + 0.000125 × 6.2 0.003 + 0.0000625 × 6

J (1) = + = 243.26
2(0.004 + 7 × 0.000125)2 2(0.003 + 7 × 0.0000625)2

ΔP (k)
Δλ(k) =
J (k)
ΔP (1) 187.01
Δλ(1) = = = 0.76
J(1) 243.26

2nd Iteration

λ(2) = 7 + 0.76 = 7.76

(2) 7.76 − 6.2
P1 = = 156.94
2(0.004 + 7.76 × 0.000125)
(2) 7.76 − 6
P2 = = 252.51
2(0.003 + 7.76 × 0.0000625)

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 (2)
Ploss = 0.000125(156.94)2 + 0.0000625(252.51)2 = 7.063

0.004 + 0.000125 × 6.2 0.003 + 0.0000625 × 6

J (2) = + = 235.59
2(0.004 + 7.76 × 0.000125)2 2(0.003 + 7.76 × 0.0000625)2

ΔP (2) = 412.35 + 7.063 − (156.94 + 252.51) = 9.96

(2)
ΔP (2) 9.96
Δλ = (2) = = 0.04
J 235.59

3rd Iteration

λ(3) = 0.76 + 0.04 = 7.8

(3) 7.8 − 6.2
P1 = = 160.80
2(0.004 + 7.8 × 0.000125)
(3) 7.8 − 6
P2 = = 258.06
2(0.003 + 7.8 × 0.0000625)
(3)
Ploss = 0.000125(160.80)2 + 0.0000625(258.06)2 = 7.39

0.004 + 0.000125 × 6.2 0.003 + 0.0000625 × 6

J (3) = + = 235.20
2(0.004 + 7.8 × 0.000125)2 2(0.003 + 7.8 × 0.0000625)2

ΔP (3) = 412.35 + 7.39 − (160.80 + 258.06) = 0.88

(3)
ΔP (2) 0.88
Δλ = (2) = = 0.003
J 235.20

Thus, the optimal dispatch of generation is 𝑃𝑃1 = 168.80 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑃𝑃2 = 258.06 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀