EEE 534

Power System Engineering

Lecture 5

Transmission Line Parameters

American University of Nigeria

Announcements

• Please read Chapters 4 and 5 (Practice 4.7, 4.11)

• Use Table A.4 values to determine the Geometric Mean

Radius of the wires (i.e., the ninth column).

1
Voltage Difference, cont’d

With
R q q R
V   dR  ln
R 2 o R 2 o R
if q is positive then those points closer in have
a higher voltage. Voltage is defined as the energy
(in Joules) required to move a 1 coulomb charge
against an electric field (Joules/Coulomb). Voltage
is infinite if we pick infinity as the reference point

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Multi-Conductor Case

Now assume we have n parallel conductors,

each with a charge density of q i coulombs/m.
The voltage difference between our two points,
P and P , is now determined by superposition
n
1 R i
V  
2 i 1
qi ln
R i
where R i is the radial distance from point P
to the center of conductor i, and R i the
distance from P to the center of conductor i.
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Multi-Conductor Case, cont’d
n
If we assume that  qi  0 then rewriting
i=1
n
1 1 1 n
V  
2 i 1
qi ln  
R i 2 i 1
qi ln R i

n
We then subtract  qi ln R 1  0
i 1
n
1 1 1 n R i
V  
2 i 1
qi ln  
R i 2 i 1
qi ln
R 1
R i
As we more P to infinity, ln 0
R 1 4
Absolute Voltage Defined

Since the second term goes to zero as P goes to

infinity, we can now define the voltage of a
point w.r.t. a reference voltage at infinity:
n
1 1
V  
2 i 1
qi ln
R i
This equation holds for any point as long as
it is not inside one of the wires!

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Three Conductor Case

A Assume we have three infinitely

long conductors, A, B, & C, each
with radius r and distance D from
C B the other two conductors.
Assume charge densities such
that qa + qb + qc = 0
1  1 1 1
Va  q ln  q ln  q ln
2  D 
a b c
r D
qa D
Va  ln
2 r
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Line Capacitance

For a single line capacitance is defined as

qi  CiVi
But for a multiple conductor case we need to
use matrix relationships since the charge on
conductor i may be a function of Vj
 q1   C11 C1n  V1 
     
    
 qn  Cn1 Cnn  Vn 
q  CV
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Line Capacitance, cont’d

To eliminate mutual capacitance we'll again

assume we have a uniformly transposed line.
For the previous three conductor example:
Va  V
qa 2
Since q a = C Va  C  
Va ln D
r

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Bundled Conductor Capacitance

Similar to what we did for determining line

inductance when there are n bundled conductors,
we use the original capacitance equation just
substituting an equivalent radius
1
R cb  (rd12 d1n ) n

Note for the capacitance equation we use r rather

than r' which was used for R b in the inductance
equation

9
Line Capacitance, cont’d

For the case of uniformly transposed lines we

use the same GMR, D m , as before.
2
C 
Dm
ln
Rbc
where

 d ab d ac dbc 
1
Dm  3

1
R cb  ( rd12 d 1n ) n (note r NOT r')
ε in air   o  8.854  10-12 F/m
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Line Capacitance Example

Calculate the per phase capacitance and susceptance

of a balanced 3, 60 Hz, transmission line with
horizontal phase spacing of 10m using three conductor
bundling with a spacing between conductors in the
bundle of 0.3m. Assume the line is uniformly
transposed and the conductors have a a 1cm radius.

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Line Capacitance Example, cont’d
1
Rbc  (0.01  0.3  0.3) 3  0.0963 m
1
Dm  (10  10  20) 3  12.6 m
2  8.854  1012
C   1.141  1011 F/m
12.6
ln
0.0963
1 1
Xc  
C 2 60  1.141  1011 F/m
 2.33  10 -m (not  / m)
8

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ACSR Table Data (Similar to Table A.4)

GMR is equivalent to r’ Inductance and Capacitance

assume a Dm of 1 ft.
13
ACSR Data, cont’d

7 Dm
X L  2 f L  4 f  10 ln  1609 /mile
GMR
3 
 ln Dm 
1
 2.02  10 f ln
 GMR 
3 1
 2.02  10 f ln  2.02  103 f ln Dm
GMR

Term independent
Term from table assuming
of conductor with
a one foot spacing
Dm in feet.
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ACSR Data, Cont.

To use the phase to neutral capacitance from table

1 2 0
XC  -m where C 
2 f C ln
Dm
r
1 Dm
  1.779  10 ln
6
-mile (table is in M-mile)
f r
1 1 1
  1.779  ln   1.779  ln Dm M-mile
f r f
Term independent
Term from table assuming
of conductor with
a one foot spacing
Dm in feet.
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More Example
GMR  0.0313 feet
Outside Diameter = 0.07725 feet (radius = 0.03863)
Assuming a one foot spacing at 60 Hz
7 1
X a  2 60  2  10  1609  ln Ω/mile
0.0313
X a  0.420 Ω/mile, which matches the table
For the capacitance
1 1
X C   1.779  10 ln  9.65  104 Ω-mile
6
f r

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Single line diagram of the Proposed integrated
750-kV Nigerian transmission Super Grid

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Integrated 750-kV super grid in
power world simulator (run mode)

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Existing 330-kV transmission grid in
the run mode of the PWS

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Map of the Nigerian 750-kV grid
Additional Transmission Topics

• Multi-circuit lines: Multiple lines often share a

common transmission right-of-way. This DOES
cause mutual inductance and capacitance, but is
often ignored in system analysis.
• Cables: Cables are primarily used in urban areas.
In a cable the conductors are tightly spaced, (< 1ft)
with oil impregnated paper commonly used to
provide insulation
– inductance is lower
– capacitance is higher, limiting cable length

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Additional Transmission Topics

• Ground wires: Transmission lines are usually

protected from lightning strikes with a ground
wire. This topmost wire (or wires) helps to
attenuate the transient voltages/currents that arise
during a lighting strike. The ground wire is
typically grounded at each pole.
• Corona discharge: Due to high electric fields
around lines, the air molecules become ionized.
This causes a crackling sound and may cause the
line to glow!

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Additional Transmission Topics
• Shunt conductance: Usually ignored. A small current may
flow through contaminants on insulators.
• DC Transmission: Because of the large fixed cost
necessary to convert ac to dc and then back to ac, dc
transmission is only practical for several specialized
applications
– long distance overhead power transfer (> 400 miles)
– long cable power transfer such as underwater
– providing an asynchronous means of joining different
power systems (such as the GenCos in Nigeria). Generation
companies (GenCos) in Nigeria include Afam Power, Sapele Power,
Egbin Power, Ughelli Power, Kainji Power, Jebba Power and Shiroro
Power.

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CONSTRUCTION OF 132kV SC TRANSMISSION LINE
AND 132/33/3.3kV SUBSTATION at “Tarkwa” Island –
Lagos for Atlas Cove Oil Depot - 2016

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