BEEE102L BASIC ELECTRICAL

AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

Dr.S.ALBERT ALEXANDER
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
albert.alexander@vit.ac.in

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Module 6
Semiconductor Devices and Applications
Characteristics:
❖ PN Junction diode

❖ Zener diode

❖ BJT

❖ MOSFET

Applications:
❖ Rectifier

❖ Voltage regulator

❖ Operational amplifier

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6.7 Operational Amplifier
❖ The op-amp is a direct-coupled high-gain amplifier to which
the feedback is externally connected to control its overall
response characteristics
❖ As it is mainly used to perform many linear operations as
well as some non-linear functions, it is often called the
analog or linear integrated circuit
❖ The name operational amplifier coins from the application
of this type of amplifier for specific electronic circuit
functions or operations such as summation, scaling,
differentiation and integration, and in analog computers

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Operational Amplifier
❖ Figure shows a basic op-amp with two inputs and one
output as would result using a differential amplifier input
stage
❖ Each input results in either the same or an opposite polarity
(or phase) output, depending on whether the signal is
applied to the plus (+) or the minus (-) input, respectively

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Single ended input
❖ Single-ended input operation results when the input signal
is connected to one input with the other input connected to
ground.
❖ Input is applied to the plus input (with minus input at
ground), which results in an output having the same
polarity as the applied input signal
❖ Input signal is applied to the minus input, the output then
being opposite in phase to the applied signal

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Double ended (Differential) input
❖ In addition to using only one input, it is possible to apply
signals at each input-- this being a double ended operation
❖ Input Vd is applied between the two input terminals
(neither input is at ground), with the resulting amplified
output in phase with that applied between the plus and
minus inputs
❖ When two separate signals are applied to the inputs, the
difference signal being Vi1 - Vi2

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Double ended output
❖ Differential output: Single output measured between
output terminals (not with respect to ground)
❖ The difference output signal is Vo1 - Vo2
❖ The difference output is also referred to as a floating
signal since neither output terminal is the ground
(reference) terminal
❖ The difference output is twice as large as either Vo1 or Vo2
because they are of opposite polarity and subtracting them
results in twice their amplitude [e.g., 10 V-(-10 V)=20 V]

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Double ended output
Differential input, differential output operation
◼ The input is applied between the two input terminals and
the output taken from between the two output terminals
◼ This is fully differential operation

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Common Mode operation
❖ When the same input signals are applied to both inputs,
common-mode operation results
❖ Ideally, the two inputs are equally amplified, and since they
result in opposite polarity signals at the output, these
signals cancel, resulting in 0 V output
❖ Practically, a small output signal will result

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Differential Amplifier Circuit
❖ The differential amplifier circuit is an extremely popular
connection used in IC units
❖ The circuit has two separate inputs and two separate
outputs, and that the emitters are connected together
❖ Many differential amplifier circuits use two separate
voltage supplies, the circuit can also operate using a single
supply

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Block diagram of an OP AMP

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OP-AMP
❖ An operational amplifier is a very high gain amplifier
having very high input impedance (typically a few mega
ohms) and low output impedance (less than 100)
❖ The basic circuit is made using a difference amplifier
having two inputs (plus and minus) and at least one output
❖ As discussed earlier, the plus (+) input produces an output
that is in phase with the signal applied, whereas an input to
the minus (-) input results in an opposite-polarity output

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Practical OP AMP

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Characteristics of an OP AMP
❖ Infinite bandwidth due to the ideal gain inside of the op-amp
❖ Infinite open-loop gain A
❖ Infinite or zero common-mode gain
❖ Input impedance of an infinite value
❖ Output impedance of zero

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Characteristics of an OP AMP
❖ Infinite voltage gain A
❖ Infinite input resistance Ri , so that almost any signal source
can drive it and there is no loading of the input source
❖ Zero output resistance RO, so that output can drive an
infinite number of other devices
❖ Zero output voltage when input voltage is zero
❖ Infinite bandwidth so that any frequency signal from 0 to
infinite Hz can be amplified without attenuation
❖ Infinite common mode rejection ratio so that the output
common mode noise voltage is zero
❖ Infinite slew rate, so that output voltage changes occur
simultaneously with input voltage changes

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Applications of an OP AMP

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Applications of an OP AMP

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