MECHANICAL DRAWING

CYCLOIDAL GROUP OF CURVES

When one curve rolls over another curve

without slipping or sliding, the path Of any
point of the rolling curve is called as
ROULETTE.

When rolling curve is a circle and the curve

on which it rolls is a straight line Or a circle,
we get CYCLOIDAL GROUP OF CURVES.
 Cycloidal Curves

CYCLOID EPICYCLOID HYPOCYLOID

 APPLICATIONS OF CYCLOIDAL
CURVES
a. Cycloidal curves are used in the design
of gear profiles
b. They are also used in the design of
conveyor of mould boxes in foundry
shops.
c. The curves are also commonly used in
kinematics (motion studies) & in
mechanisms that work with rolling
contact.
 APPLICATIONS OF CYCLOIDAL CURVES

Cycloids finds applications in

gears of rotary pumps, wrist
watches etc

• Cycloid curves are used in the design of gear

tooth profiles.
• It is also used in the design of conveyor of
mould boxes in foundry shops.
• Cycloid
curves are
commonly
used in
kinematics
(motion
studies) and
in
mechanisms
that work
with rolling
contact.
CYCLOID:-
Cycloid is a locus of a point on the circumference of
a rolling circle(generator), which rolls without
slipping or sliding along a fixed straight line or a
directing line or a director.

Rolling Circle or Generator

P
R

C C

P P
Directing Line or Director or Base line
TANGENT AND NORMAL TO A CYCLOID
 EPICYCLOID:-
Epicycloid is a locus of a point(P) on the circumference of
a rolling circle(generator), which rolls without slipping or
sliding OUTSIDE another circle called Directing Circle.
P0

Rolling
Circle

r
P0 P0
Ø/2 Ø/2

Rd x Ø = 2πr O
Circumference of
Ø = 360º x r/Rd Arc P0P0 =
Generating Circle
Problem :
A circle of 25 mm radius rolls on
the circumference of another circle
of 150 mm diameter and outside it.
Draw the locus of the point P on the
circumference of the rolling circle
for one complete revolution of it.
Name the curve.
 EPICYCLOID CONSTRUCTION
First Step : Find out the included angle U by using
the equation
360º x r / R = 360 x 25/75 = 120º.
Second step: Draw a vertical line & draw two lines
at 60º on either sides.
Third step : at a distance of 75 mm from O, draw a
part of the circle taking radius = 75 mm.

Fourth step : From the circle, mark point C outside

the circle at distance of 25 mm & draw a circle
taking the centre as point C.
 EPICYCLOID CONSTRUCTION
1. With O as centre and OC as radius, draw an
arc to represent locus of centre.
2. Divide arc PQ into 12 equal parts and name
them as 1, 2,……………..12.
3. Join 01’, 02’,….. And produce them to cut the
locus of centres at C1, C2,………….
4. Taking C1 as centre and radius equal to
20mm, draw an arc cutting the arc through 1
at P1. Similarly obtain points P2, P3
,………P12
5. Join P1, P2,……………. With a french curve
 HYPOCYCLOID:-
Hypocycloid is a locus of a point(P) on the circumference of
a rolling circle(generator), which rolls without slipping or
sliding INSIDE another circle called Directing Circle.`
Vertical

Directing
Rolling Circle Circle(R)
Radius (r)

P P
T

Ø /2 Ø /2

O 360 x r
R Hypocycloid Ø= R
 INVOLUTE
DEFINITION :- If a straight line is rolled round a
circle or a polygon without slipping or sliding, points
on line will trace out INVOLUTES.
OR

Involute of a circle is a curve traced out by a point on a

tights string unwound or wound from or on the surface
of the circle.

Uses :- Gears profile as they give less noise,

vibrations, wear & tear.
 1. Involute of a circle
a)String Length = pD

b)String Length > pD

INVOLUTE c)String Length < pD

2. Pole having Composite

shape.

3. Rod Rolling over

a Semicircular Pole.
 INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE

PROB:
A string is unwound from a circle
of 20 mm diameter. Draw the locus of
string P for unwounding the string’s one
turn. String is kept tight during
unwound.
SOLUTION
P9
P8 P10

P7
P11

P6 5 6 7
4
3 .
8
2 9
P5 1 10
01211N P12
P4 P01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112
P3 P2 pD
 INVOLUTE P3

OF A POLYGON P2

Given : 3
2
1
Side of a polygon P4 4 50 P1
P0

P5
 PROBLEM:-
Draw an involute of a square having
side as 20mm.
INVOLUTE OF A SQUARE
P1

P0
0
1 4 P4

2 3
P2

P3
 SPIRALS
If a line rotates in a plane about one of its ends
and if at the same time, a point moves along the
line continuously in one direction, the curves
traced out by the moving point is called a
SPIRAL.

The point about which the line rotates is called

a POLE.

The line joining any point on the curve with

the pole is called the RADIUS VECTOR.
The angle between the radius vector and the line in
its initial position is called the VECTORIAL
ANGLE.
Each complete revolution of the curve is termed
as CONVOLUTION.
Spiral

Archimedean Spiral for Clock

Semicircle Quarter
Circle
Logarithmic
 ARCHIMEDIAN SPIRAL
It is a curve traced out by a point moving in
such a way that its movement towards or
away from the pole is uniform with the
increase of vectorial angle from the starting
line.
USES :-
Teeth profile of Helical gears.
Profiles of cams etc.
Some spirals are man
made.
Others are found in
natural things such as
plants and animals.
 Industrial Uses

• This is Archimedes
Screw, a device used
for raising water.
The lower screw is
capable of pumping
an average of 8
million gallons of
water per day.
PROBLEM

Construct an Archimedean Spiral for one

convolution, given the radius R equal to
40mm.
ARCHIMEDEAN SPIRAL CONSTRUCTION

Draw OP Equal To The Radial (Outward)

STEP 1 Movement For One Revolution.
 Divide The Circle Into 12 Parts. Then
STEP 2 Divide OP Into 12 Parts
 With Radii 01-012, Draw Arcs To Each Of
STEP 3 The Angles 01-012 Respectively.
 Draw The Spiral Through The Points
STEP 4 Determined In This Way.
 PROBLEM:
To construct an Archimedean Spiral of one
convolutions, given the radial movement
of the point P during one convolution as 60
mm and the initial position of P is the
farthest point on the line or free end of the
line.

Greatest radius = 60 mm &

Shortest radius = 00 mm ( at centre or at pole)
 3
4 2
P3 P2

P4
5 P1 1

P5

6
o 0
P6 P1212 11 9 876 543 2 10
P11 12
P10
P7 P9
P8

7 11

8 10
9
To construct an Archimedian Spiral of one
convolutions, given the greatest &
shortest(least) radii.
OR

To construct an Archimedean Spiral of one

convolutions, given the largest radius vector
& smallest radius vector.

Say Greatest radius = 100 mm &

Shortest radius = 60 mm
 Diff. in length of any two radius vectors
Constant of the curve =
Angle between them in radians
3
2 OP – OP3
4 P3 =
P2
P4 Π/2
5 P11 100 – 90
P5 =
Π/2
P12 108 6 4 2
6 P O 11
9 7 5 3 1 12
= 6.37 mm
6
P11
P7 P10 11
7
P8 P9
8 10
9
PROBLEM:-
A slotted link, shown in fig rotates in the
horizontal plane about a fixed point O, while a
block is free to slide in the slot. If the center
point P, of the block moves from A to B
during one revolution of the link, draw the
locus of point P.
40 25
B A O
 31
21 41

11 P3 P4 51
P2
P1 25 P5
40

B111098765432 1A O P6 61
P12

P7
P11
111 71
P8
P10
P9
101 81
91
 Is defined as a curve generated by a
point, moving around the surface of a
right circular cylinder or a cone in
HELIX:- such a way that it’s axial advance i.e
it’s movement along the axis is uniform
with it’s movement around the surface
of the cylinder or cone.

The axial advance of the point during

one complete revolution is called the
pitch of the helix.
 HELIX

Means the rotation of a

point about a fixed point
with an axial
CONVOLUTION advancement for one
rotation, while
REVOLUTION is without
any axial advancement.
HELIX

• The axial movement of the point P, during

one revolution is called LEAD.
• For single start helices this distance is
called the PITCH.
• In case of multi-start helices, the pitch is
given by the lead divided by number of
starts, e.g, for double start helices, pitch
is half the lead.
 Commonly used in screw
Applications threads, springs, spiral
stairways, conveyors,
etc.
Applications
RIGHT HAND HELIX LEFT HAND HELIX
HELIX
HELIX
HELIX
 Thank you

Source:
Technical Drawing for School Certificate and G.C.E., J.N. Green
A Textbook of Engineering Drawing in First Angle projection_Er. R.K.
Dhawan
www.engineering108.com