SHELL

STRUCTURE
SHELL STRUCTURES
● The shell structure is a thin curved membrane or a
slab that is usually made from the reinforced cement
concrete. The shell Structure is used as both structure
and covering membrane.

● Shell Structures are defined as structures that are

capable of maintaining their shape and the support
loads without any help of the frame or the solid mass
materials.
SHELL STRUCTURES
● The term shell is generally used to describe structures that
possess high strength and rigidity due to their thin form. The
of the best feature of the shell structures is their continuity
and curvature. Due to its structural continuity, the shells can
transmit the loads in a number of different directions.

● Shell structures are also commonly known as plate

structures. Structures whose thickness is very less as per as
the length and breadth of the structure are considered. These
types of structures are known as thin shell. The main purpose
of constructing the shell structure is to reduce the self-weight
of the structure by making the structure as thin as possible.
TYPES OF SHELL
STRUCTURE
Shell Structure Basic Types

•Folded Plates
•Barrel Vaults
•Short Shells - Domes (surfaces of revolution)
•Folded Plate Domes
•Translational Shells
•Warped Surfaces
•Combinations
Folded Plates
It is a type of concrete shell structure that
made up of thin flat slabs. These slabs are
jointed along their edges to construct three-
dimensional structure.
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR:
FOLDED PLATE
External forces are transferred to
the shorter edge of one folding
element

The reaction as an axial force is

divided between the adjacent
elements

Then the forces transferred to the

bearings
DEPENDECY:
FOLDED PLATE
- The pattern of the folding
- Geometrical basic shape adopted
- Materials used for the construction
- Connection of the different folding plane
- Design of the end bearings
 3 TYPES OF
FOLDED PLATES:
1. Prismatic folded plates- It composites of planar thin slabs joining
along their longitudinal edges to form a beam-like structure
spanning between supports.

2.Non-prismatic folded plates- each transverse cross section of

the structure has different shapes.

3. Faceted folded plates- It consists of triangular or polygonal planar thin slabs

joining along their edges to form thin plate structure.
Cylindrical barrel
Vaults
Barrel vaults are deep concrete beams with considerably thin web
member that can be designed using conventional reinforced concrete
design. Moreover, this type of concrete thin shell composes of cylinder,
frame or ties at the ends including columns, and side elements which
include a cylindrical element; a folded plate element; columns; or
combination thereof.

Furthermore, barrel vaults assumed to be very efficient due to the use the
arch form to reduce stresses and thicknesses in the transverse direction.

Added to that, it spans up to 45.72m that is why barrel vaults are the most
useful shell structure. Finally, a barrel shell carries load longitudinally as a
beam and transversely as an arch. The arch, however, is supported by
internal shears, and so may be calculated.
DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION AND
ELEMENTS OF BARREL VAULT STRUCTURE
Short shell
It is a cylindrical shell that has a considerably large
radius in comparison with its length. Short shell
consist of shell element spans between arches, arch
structure, and edge beams provided at the lowest
point of the shell. In small structure, it is permissible to
omit edge beams in small structure.

Moreover, the short shell carries load in two ways; as

an arch carrying load to the lower elements. and as a
curved beam to the arches. Lastly, the thickness of
the shell can be quite thin due to these properties.
Domes (surfaces of
revolution)
They are structures that cover a more or less square or circular area.
Domes are hemisphere in shape and used as a roof structure. Support
element of domes include columns, circular or regular polygon shaped
wall.

Moreover, they are membrane structures; the internal stresses are tension and
compression and are statically determinate if the proper edge conditions are fulfilled.
A dome of uniform thickness, under its own weight, the ring stresses are compression
until the angle to the vertical is about 57 degrees. Lastly, if the dome is less than a full
hemisphere, a ring is required at the base of the dome to contain the forces.
Folded plate
domes
It is a type of thin concrete shell structure that consists of plane slabs and plates.
Various configurations of folded plate domes are available and being constructed.

Folded plate dome surfaces is easier to construct since they are flat. Nonetheless, for
slab spans over 16 ft, the shell wall is thicker than a curved surface because bending
must be considered.

The sound waves in areas covered with folded plate domes are not converge.
Therefore, it is more desirable to the curved dome for use in an auditorium. Finally, the
structural design of folded plate domes follows that of folded plate barrels.
Translation
Shells
A translation shell is a dome set on four arches. The
shape is different from a spherical dome and is
generated by a vertical circle moving on another
circle. All vertical slices have the same radius. It is
easier to form than a spherical dome.
Wrapped surfaces
Warped surfaces have a
great advantage for shell
structures because they Conoid shell structure Hyperbolic paraboloid shell
may be formed from
straight form boards even
though they are surfaces of
double curvature. There are
two types which are most
useful namely Conoid and
hyperbolic paraboloid shell.
2 Types of Wrapped surfaces
Conoid shell structure

A conoid is a special kind of warped ruled surface

which, as a curved shell roof, can be used as an
alternative to a barrel vault.

Hyperbolic paraboloid shell

Hyperbolic-Paraboloids are lightweight shell structures

which unlike standard structural members derive their
stability from the form and not the mass. The curvilinear
surfaces often act as the walls as well as the roof.
Combinations
The above shell structure are basic types. So, it is
possible to construct different and safer shell structure
by combining portion of the basic shell structure.
Intersection shells, barrel shell and folded plate, barrel
shell and short shell, barrel shells and domes of
revolution, and barrel shells and conoids are all
Combination of basic types of shell structure;
Dome and Barrel vault concrete shell combinations. So, numerous
combinations can be formed to reach the desired
safety and capacity.
Shell structures are used worldwide for their unique aesthetical
views.

1. In India, the popular Lotus temple which is situated in Delhi is one

of example of a Shell structure.

2. The world-famous Opera House in Sydney is also an example of

a thin shell structure.
Shell structures are used worldwide for their unique aesthetical
views.

3. The Geodesic shell of Nagoya Dome in Japan.

4. The Shell of Kresge Auditorium by Week Saarinen, MIT,

Cambridges
 APPLICATIONS OF SHELL STRUCTURE
There are various applications of the shell structures in the
construction sector which are as follows. Shell structures are
popular which are commonly used in different areas.

1. The shell structure is commonly used in seismic zones where

structures undergo seismic loads.

2. The reason of using the shell structures in the earthquake-

prone areas is that it has high strength with respect to its self-
weight.

3. Shell Structures are generally used to cover the larger area of

the building where the interior of the building has no columns
and walls to support the flat slabs

4. Shell Structure has a very interesting and attractive look

which is used to beautify the buildings.
LESSON WRAP-UP
SHELL STRUCTURE
● Shell structures are also called plate structures. They are lightweight
constructions using shell elements. These elements, typically curved, are
assembled to make large structures. Typical applications include aircraft
fuselages, boat hulls, and the roofs of large buildings.

● A thin shell is defined as a shell with a thickness which is small compared to

its other dimensions and in which deformations are not large compared to
thickness.
LESSON WRAP-UP
SHELL STRUCTURE
● A primary difference between a shell structure and a plate structure is that, in the
unstressed state, the shell structure has curvature as opposed to the plates structure
which is flat.

● Membrane action in a shell is primarily caused by in-plane forces (plane stress), but
there may be secondary forces resulting from flexural deformations. Where a flat
plate acts similar to a beam with bending and shear stresses, shells are analogous to a
cable which resists loads through tensile stresses. The ideal thin shell must be
capable of developing both tension and compression.
Advantages of Shell Structure
1. Shell structures have very high stiffness.
2. Shell structures have higher strength with respect to their
self-weight.
3. Shell structures are used to cover a large area.
4. It is very simple in design and has more strength as compared
to other types of Structures.
5. Steel structures are structurally continuous and it can
transfer loads in a number of directions.
Advantages of Shell Structure
6. Shell structures are attractive in appearance and mostly
used for decorative purposes.
7. The loads which are applied to the shell structures are
carried to the ground by tensile, shear, and compressive
forces.
8. The dead load in the Shell structure can be reduced by
economizing the foundation and the overall support system.
Disadvantages of Shell Structure
1. In the case of shell structures, it is not possible to
construct a floor above them.
2. The labor cost required for the construction of Shell
structures is more.
3. For the construction of the shell structures, there should be
greater accuracy in the formwork required.
4. The construction of the shell structures required Skilled
labor and good supervision.
THANK YOU!

GROUP 8
Bañadera, Twitchill Louiese
Brion, Jino
Caguioa, Clarence
Palitec, Kylie Anne
Soriano, Moses Mario