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6 The Skeletal System
Chapter Summary
The skeletal system includes the bones and joints. The anatomy of a long bone is discussed, as are the
actions of the bone building osteoblast and bone destroying osteoclast cells. The classification of
fractures, breaks in bone, is explained. The repair of a fracture always involves the formation of a
hematoma, a fibrocartilage callus, a bony callus, and finally, bone remodeling. The skeleton is divided
into an axial portion and an appendicular portion. The structures and functions of the bones in each of
these portions are described. The axial skeleton includes the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and
thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic
girdle, and lower limbs. Joints are articulations between bones and are classified according to the amount
of movement they allow as immovable joints, slightly movable joints, and freely movable joints. Various
types of joints and classification of movement at joints are also discussed. The functions of the bones are
support of the body and its organs, protection of soft body parts, production of blood cells, and storage of
inorganic calcium and phosphorus salts. The effects of aging on the skeletal system are discussed and the
skeletal system’s role, both on its own and in conjunction with other organ systems, in maintaining
homeostasis is described.

Chapter Outline
6.1 Skeleton: Overview
A. Functions of the Skeleton
B. Anatomy of a Long Bone
1. Compact Bone
2. Spongy Bone
3. Cells for Bone Growth and Repair
4. Bone Development and Growth
5. Remodeling of Bones
C. Surface Features of Bones
6.2 Axial Skeleton
A. Skull
1. Bones of the Cranium
2. Bones of the Face
C. Hyoid Bone
D. Vertebral Column (Spine)
1. Intervertebral Disks
2. Vertebrae
E. The Rib Cage
1. The Ribs
2. The Sternum
6.3 Appendicular Skeleton
A. Pectoral Girdle
1. Clavicles
2. Scapulae
B. Upper Limb
1. Humerus
2. Radius
3. Ulna
4. Hand

1
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 C. Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
1. Coxal Bones
a. Ilium
b. Ischium
c. Pubis
2. False and True Pelvises
3. Gender Differences
D. Lower Limb
1. Femur
2. Tibia
3. Fibula
4. Foot
6.4 Joints (Articulations)
A. Fibrous Joints
B. Cartilaginous Joints
C. Synovial Joints
1. Types of Synovial Joints
2. Movements Permitted by Synovial Joints
a. Angular Movements
b. Circular Movements
c. Special Movements
D. Joint Damage and Repair
6.5 Effects of Aging
6.6 Homeostasis
A. Skeletal System Interacts with All Organ Systems
B. Other Body Systems Interact with the Skeletal System

Suggested Student Activities

1. Identify bones on a human skeleton.
2. Obtain, from a butcher, a cow femur or humerus that has been sectioned and identify the bone
marrow, medullary cavity, spongy bone, and compact bone.
3. Have students demonstrate the categories of movement made possible by freely movable joints.

Answers to Learning Outcome Questions

1. c 14. longer
2. g 15. spongy
3. a 16. sinuses
4. d 17. vertebral column, rib cage
5. f 18. flexibility, strength
6. e 19. fingers, toes
7. d 20. Hinge
8. c 21. a. Increasing the angle of the joint
9. g b. Moving a body part in a circle
10. a c. Moving a body part toward the midline
11. f d. Decreasing the angle of a joint
12. b e. Moving a body part away from the midline
13. e

2
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Answers to Medical Terminology Reinforcement Exercise
1. chondro/malacia - abnormal softening of cartilage
2. osteo/myel/itis - inflammation of bone marrow
3. cranio/syn/ost/osis - condition of bones together in the skull (premature closure of skull sutures)
4. myelo/graphy - making a record (X ray) of the spinal cord
5. acro/cyan/osis - abnormal condition of blue extremities
6. syn/dactyl/ism - condition of fingers or toes together (webbing)
7. ortho/ped/ist - one who specializes in orthopedics (originally one who straightened children)
8. pro/gnath/ism - condition of protruding jaw (jaw beyond the projection of the forehead)
9. micro/pod/ia - condition of unusually small feet
10. arthro/scopic – pertaining to a scope inserted into a joint
11. burs/ectomy – excision of a bursa
12. synov/itis – inflammation of a synovial joint
13. a/cephaly – without a head
14. sphenoid/otomy – creating an opening in the sphenoid
15. acetabulo/plasty – reshaping of the acetabulum

Audiovisual Materials
1. Charts and Posters of the Skeletal System
2. Human Skeleton
3. Sectioned Long Bone

3
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
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