SOM-I (1)

UNIT - I
Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 1

After successfully completion of this course students will be able to:
1. Recognize various types loads applied on machine components of

simple geometry and understand the nature of internal stresses that will
develop within the components.
2. Evaluate principal stresses, strains and apply the concept for design
and Draw the SFD and BMD for different types of loads and support
conditions.
3. Determine the stresses and strains in the members subjected bending
and Evaluate the slope and deflection of beams subjected to loads.
4. Determine the stresses and strains in the members subjected to
torsional loads.
5. Determine the stresses and strains in the pressure vessels due to
intensity of pressure.

1. Strength of Materials by S. Ramamruthan & R. Narayan
2. A Textbook Of Strength Of Materials by R. K. Bansal
3. Strength of Materials by R. Subramanian
4. Strength of Materials by S. S. Bhavikatti
5. Strength of material by Dr. Sadhu Singh
6. Strength of material by R.S. Khurmi

Importance of SOM
It is one of the most important subjects in mechanical Engineering.

Strength of material deals with the various stresses and strains developed
inside the material throughout its working cycle.
For example, the shaft of a vehicle subjected to various loads and torque, if not
considered, might be dangerous for the vehicle.
Strength of material tells exactly how much load that shaft can bear. Other
mechanical parts like the axle, springs, beams, poles etc. also experience
loading and unloading when used in the machines and this loading and
unloading cycle make their life very limited. so it becomes very important to
understand the stresses developed in parts so as to overcome their failure.
It is an interdisciplinary subject. Architects, Civil, Aeronautical Engg., Chemical
Engg., etc. should required the knowledge of this subject.

INTRODUCTION
 Strength of materials (mechanics of materials), is concerned with methods for

finding internal forces, or stresses, and deflections/deformations.
– In deformable bodies when subjected to loads.
 It provides a means for determining the load-carrying capacity, or strength, and

the induced deflections, or deformations, in the body.
 Behavior of a material under load decides its range of useful applications.

– Properties of a material can be varied by manufacturing processes or the
composition of the material itself.
 The strength of a material may be defined as ability, to resist its failure

and behavior, under the action of external forces

Properties Commonly Reported in Reference Sources
Physical properties (e.g., density, thermal conductivity, speciﬁc heat, anisotropy,

electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, type of bonds) are usually associated
with a particular materials type (steel, wood, plastic, oxide ceramic, etc.), whereas
mechanical properties are mostly attributed to a particular grade within the chosen
material type.
Mechanical properties of a material are those which affect the mechanical
strength and ability of a material. Some of the typical mechanical properties of a
material include:
Strength, Toughness, Hardness, Hardenability, Brittleness, Malleability,
Ductility, Creep and Slip, Resilience, Fatigue
Mechanical properties of engineering materials are obtained from testing.

1. Tension Tests provide information on the strength and ductility of materials
under uniaxial tensile stresses.
2. Compression Tests
3. Shear Test

STRENGTH
The strength of a material is the capacity of material to withstand destruction under the
action of external loads. OR It is the property of a material which opposes the
deformation or breakdown of material in presence of external forces or load.
It determines the ability of a material to withstand stress without failure. The maximum
stress that any material will withstand before destruction is called ultimate strength.
Materials which we finalize for engineering products, must have suitable mechanical
strength to be capable to work under different mechanical forces or loads.
ELASTICITY
The property of material by virtue of which deformation caused by applied load
disappears upon removal of load. OR It is the property of certain materials of
returning back to their original position, after removing the external force, is known
as elasticity. It is only possible, if the deformation, caused by the external force, is within
a certain limit. Such a limit is called elastic limit.
PLASTICITY
The plasticity of a material is its ability to undergo some degree of permanent
deformation without rupture (crack) or failure. Plastic deformation will take only after
the elastic limit is exceeded. It increases with increase in temperature. This property of
the material is necessary for forgings, in stamping images on coins and in ornamental
work. Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 7
STIFFNESS / RIGIDITY
It is the resistance of a material to elastic deformation or deflection is called
stiffness or rigidity. A material which suffers slight deformation under load has a high
degree of stiffness or rigidity. E.g. Steel beam is more stiffer or more rigid than
aluminium beam.
DUCTILITY
Ductility is a property of a solid material which indicates that how easily a material
gets deformed under tensile stress. It is often categorized by the ability of material
to get stretched into a wire by pulling or drawing. With rise in temperature, the
ductility of material increases.
E.g., Mild steel is a ductile material. The percent elongation and the reduction in area
in tension is often used as emperical measures of ductility.
MALLEABILITY
It is a special case of ductility which permits materials to be rolled or hammered into
thin sheets, making wire by hot or cold working.. A malleable material should be
plastic but it is not essential to be so strong. The malleable materials commonly used
in engineering practice are lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper, and aluminum.
Ductility is tensile quality, while malleability is compressive quality.

HARDNESS
Hardness is a fundamental property which is closely related to strength. Hardness is
usually defined as the ability of a material to resist to scratching, cutting,
identation, or penetration. Methods used for determining hardness: Brinel, Rockwell.
There are various measure of hardness – Scratch Hardness, Indentation Hardness and
Rebound Hardness.
Scratch Hardness
Scratch Hardness is the ability of materials to the oppose the scratches to outer surface
layer due to external force.
Indentation Hardness
It is the ability of materials to oppose the dent due to punch of external hard and sharp
objects.
Rebound Hardness
Rebound hardness is also called as dynamic hardness. It is determined by the height
of “bounce” of a diamond tipped hammer dropped from a fixed height on the material.

TOUGHNESS
It is the ability of a material to absorb the energy and gets plastically deformed
without fracturing. Its numerical value is determined by the amount of energy per unit
volume. Its unit is Joule/ m3. Value of toughness of a material can be determined by
stress-strain characteristics of a material. For good toughness, materials should
have good strength as well as ductility.
For example: brittle materials, having good strength but limited ductility are not tough
enough. Conversely, materials having good ductility but low strength are also not tough
enough. Therefore, to be tough, a material should be capable to withstand both high
stress and strain.
RESILIENCE
It is the capacity / ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically
by applying stress and release the energy when stress is removed. The maximum
energy which can be stored in a body upto elastic limit is called the proof
resilience, and the proof resilience per unit volume without permanent deformation
is called modulus of resilience.
The quantity gives capacity of the material to bear shocks and vibrations.
It can be determined by integrating the stress-strain cure from zero to elastic limit. Its unit
is joule/m3.
13
Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon
BRITTLENESS
It is the property of breaking without much permanent distortion OR Brittleness of a
material indicates that how easily it gets fractured when it is subjected to a force or
load. Non-Ductile material is considered to be brittle material. E.g, Glass, Cast iron,
etc.
CREEP
Creep is the property of a material which indicates the tendency of material to move
slowly and progressive deformation of a material with time at constant stress.
Depending on temperature, stresses even below the elastic limit can cause some
permanent deformation
FATIGUE
This phenomenon leads to fracture under repeated or fluctuating loading / stress
of material. When a material is subjected to cyclic loading, and loading greater than
certain threshold value but much below the strength of material (ultimate tensile
strength limit or yield stress limit), microscopic cracks begin to form at grain
boundaries and interfaces. Fatigue fractures are progressive beginning as minute
cracks and grow under the action of fluctuating stress. This crack propagates
suddenly and the structure gets fractured Many components of high speed aero and
turbine engines are of this type.
TYPES OF LOADS
External loads on a structure may be classified in several different ways
Static loads are loads that are applied slowly and then remain nearly constant. One
example is the weight, or dead load, of a floor or roof system.
Dynamic loads Any loads which is non-static, such as a wind load or moving
live load. They include repeated and impact loads.
Repeated loads are forces that are applied a number of times, causing a variation in
the magnitude.. A good example is an off-balance motor, the internal forces.
Impact loads the loads applied by a moving object. The application time of
this load is negligible. An example is the dropping of a heavy weight on a floor slab, or
the shock wave from an explosion striking the walls and roof of a building.
Uniformly distributed loads are forces that are constant over a surface area of the
supporting member. Dead weight of a rolled-steel I beam is a good example. (or for
practical purposes may be considered)
Concentrated loads / Point Loads are forces that have such a small contact area
as to be negligible compared with the entire surface area of the supporting member. A
beam supported on a girder, for example, may be considered, for all practical
purposes, a concentrated load on the girder.
Another common classification for external forces are axial, eccentric, and torsional.
An axial load is a force whose resultant passes through the centroid of a object
and is perpendicular to the plane of the section.
An eccentric load is a force not passing through the centroid of the section and
perpendicular to the plane of the section.
Torsional loads are forces that are offset from the shear center of the section and
are inclined to or in the plane of the section, thus twisting the supporting member.

STRESS
Every material is elastic in nature. Whenever some external forces acts on a body, it
undergoes some deformation. When a body undergoes deformation, its
molecules set up some resistance to deformation. This resistance per unit area
to deformation is known as stress. OR
When a material is subjected to an external force, a resisting force is set up
within the component. The internal resistance force per unit area acting on a
material is called the stress. The units of stress is newtons per square meter (N/m2
or Pascals (Pa)
There are three types of Stress

1. Tensile stress ,
2. Compressive stress,
3. Shear stress
Shear stress, force tending to cause deformation of a material by slippage
along a plane or planes parallel to the imposed stress.

Stress–strain curve
• A stress–strain curve gives the relationship between stress and strain of
material.
• It is obtained by applying gradually load to a test specimen in tension test
and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be
determined.
• These curves tell many of the properties of a material such as Young's
modulus, Yield strength and the Ultimate tensile strength.

Stress – Strain Diagram for Ductile Materials

Stress – Strain Diagram for Brittle Materials

Find the minimum diameter of a steel wire, which is used to raise a load of 4000 N if the stress
in the rod is not to exceed 95 MN/m²
24
Strain (ε)
The displacement (elongation) per unit
length of body is known as strain.

28
•A material is said to be elastic, when it undergoes a deformation on the
application of load and it regain its original shape on the removal of load.
•It has been found that for a every material has a limiting value of load up to
and within which, the deformation entirely disappears on the removal of load.
•The value of intensity of stress corresponding to this limiting value of
load is called elastic limit of the material.
The ratio of tensile stress or compressive stress to the corresponding

strain is a constant. This ratio is known as Young's Modulus or Modulus of
Elasticity and is denoted by E
(µ or 1/m)
Poisson's ratio measures the deformation in the material in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of the applied force. It has been experimentally
found that, if a body is stressed within its elastic limit, the ration of
lateral strain to the linear strain is constant.
Poisson's ratio is dimensionless and ranges between 0.1 and 0.45. Low
Poisson's ratio, such as 0.1–0.25, means materials fracture easier whereas high
Poisson's ratio, such as 0.35–0.45, indicates the materials are harder to fracture.
Please note that Poisson's ratio changes from layer to layer.

Deformation of a Body Due to Force
Consider a body subjected to a tensile stress.
Let P = Load or force acting on the body
l = Length of the body,
A = Cross-sectional area of the body
σ = Stress induced in the body
E = Modulus of elasticity for the material of the body
ε = Strain, and
δl (Δ ) = Deformation of the body.
From these three equations, we get

We know that the stress
As per Young‟s Modulus
31
A steel bar 2 m long, 40 mm wide and 20 mm thick is subjected to an axial pull of
160 kN in the direction of its length. Find the changes in length, width and
thickness of the bar. Take E = 200 GPa and Poisson’s ratio = 0.3.

Problem1. A rod 150 cm long and of diameter 2.0 cm is subjected to an axial pull of 20 kN.
If the modulus of elasticity of the material of the rod is 2 x 10⁵ N/mm²; determine :
(i) the stress, (ii) the strain, and; (iii) the elongation of the rod-

Principle of Superposition
Sometimes, a body is subjected to a number of forces acting on its outer edges as well
as at some other sections, along the length of the body.
In such a case, the forces are split up and their effects are considered on individual
sections.
The resulting deformation, of the body, is equal to the algebraic sum of the deformations
of the individual sections. Such a principle, of finding out the resultant deformation, is
called the principle of superposition. This is done by making a diagram of individual
segment along with forces acting on it. This diagram is referred as a free body diagram.
The Principle of Superposition is applicable to all parameters like stress, strain, and
deflection. However it is not applicable to material which do not follow the Hook‟s law.

Types of Bars of Varying Sections
Though there are many types of bars of varying sections, following are important from
the subject point of view :
1. Bars of different sections
2. Bars of uniformly tapering sections
3. Bars of composite sections
37
Prob. (1) A steel bar of 25 mm diameter is acted upon by forces as shown in figure,
what is the total elongation of bar? Take E = 190 GPa
38
Prob. (2) A steel circular bar has three segments as shown in figure, Determine

41
Prob. (3) A vertical circular steel bar of length 3l fixed at both of its ends is
loaded at intermediate sections by forces W and 2W as shown in figure.
Determine the end reactions if W = 1.5 kN.

1. A steel bar of cross-sectional area 200 mm² is loaded as shown in Fig. Find the change
in length of the bar. Find the change in length of the bar. Take E as 200 GPa
SOLUTION.

Bars of uniformly tapering sections (Tapered Bar)
Bars of tapering section can be of conical section or of trapezoidal section with uniform thickness
Consider a tapered bar of conical section of length ‘L’
and a diameter varying uniformly from d₁ to d₂ (d₂ > d₁)
under the action of an axial force P as shown in fig.
Consider a very small length δₓ at a distance x from the small end.
The diameter at a distance x from the small end = d’

As the diameter varies linearly
…….(1)

48
Prob. (1) A tapering conical bar of 1 m length has diameters 20mm and 50mm at the two
ends. Find the elongation of bar under an axial tensile of 250 kN. Take E = 205
Gpa
Solution:-
Given d₂ = 50 mm, d₁ = 20 mm, L = 1m = 1000 mm, P = 250Kn = 250 x10³ N
E = 205 Gpa = 205 x10³ N/mm²

Prob. 2. A stepped bar is subjected to an external loading as shown in figure. Calculate
the change in length of the bar. Take E = 200 Gpa for steel, E = 70 MPa for aluminium and
E = 100 Gpa for copper. All dimensions are in mm.
Solution: - Axial force is same in all three parts
=0.191 mm
=0.146 mm

=0.041 mm
=0.378 mm

Bars of composite sections
A bar made up of two or more different materials, joined together in parallel is known
as a composite bar or compound bar.
The bars are joined in such a manner, that the system extends or contracts as one unit, &
equally, when subjected to tension or compression.
Following two points should always be kept in view, while solving example on composite
bars :
1. Extension or contraction of the bar is equal. Therefore strain (i.e., deformation per unit
length) is also equal.
2. The total external load, on the bar, is equal to the sum of the loads carried by the
different materials.

Let
53
∵ ends of the bars are rigidly connected
∴ δ₁=δ₂ ad also ε₁=ε₂
equ (iv) and (v) are use to find out 54

stresses
56
57
Prob. 2 figure shows a horizontal bar supported by two suspended vertical wires fixed to a rigid
support. A load W is attached to the abr. The left hand side wire is of copper with a diameter of 5 mm
and right hand wire is of steel of 3 mm diameter. The length of both the wires is 4 mm initially. Find the
position of the weight on the bar so that both wires extend by same amount.
Also, calculate the load, stresses and elongation of each wire if W = 1000 N. neglect the weight of the
bar and take Es =210 Gpa and Ec = 120 Gpa.
Area of copper tube Ac
Area of steel tube As
Let load W be placed at a distance x from the copper wire and Ps and Pc be the forces in steel and
copper wires respectively.
Taking moments @ A, 240 x Ps = W x x
…(i)
Taking moments @ B, 240 x Pc = W x (240-x)
…(ii)
…(iii)
58
∵ both wires extend by same amount , δs = δc

Any direct stress produces a strain in its direction as well as in right angle directions .
Types of strain:
1. Longitudinal strain
2. Lateral strain
3. Volumetric strain
1. Longitudinal strain ( ε ): Strain produce in the direction of stress is known as
longitudinal strain . Change in length per unit length.
2. Lateral Strain: Stain produced in perpendicular to direction of

force(stress) is known as lateral strain.
3. Volumetric Strain: Change in volume to original volume.
Poisson's ratio(µ): It measures the deformation in the material in a direction

perpendicular to the direction of the applied force. It has been found that, if a body is
stressed within its elastic limit, the ration of lateral strain to the linear strain is constant,
i.e. the ratio of the lateral strain to longitudinal strain is known as Poisson’s ratio.
60
The modulus of elasticity is a material property, that describes its
stiffness and therefore it is one of the most important properties of
materials.
From the Hook's law the modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio of
the stress to the strain : Stress is not directly measurable.

The ratio of tensile stress or compressive stress to the corresponding strain is a
constant. This ratio is known as Young's Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity and is
denoted by E
ζ = Stress,
ε = Strain, and
E = A constant of
proportionality known
as modulus of
elasticity or Young‟s
modulus
63
64
I
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain within

the elastic limit, is known as Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus.
This is denoted by C or G or N.
65
Relationship between stress and strain of Two-Dimensional Stress System
Consider a two-dimensional figure ABCD, subjected to two mutually
perpendicular stresses σ₁ and σ₂.
Let σ₁ = Normal stress in x-direction
σ₂ = Normal stress in y-direction
Consider the strain produced by ζ₁.
The stress σ₁ will produce strain in the direction of x and also in the direction of y. The
strain in the direction of x will be longitudinal strain and will be equal to .
whereas the strain in the direction of y will be lateral strain and will be equal to [as per
poisson’s ratio Lateral strain = µ x Longitudinal strain]
Now consider the strain produced by ζ₂

The stress σ₂ will produce strain in the direction of y and also in the direction of x. The strain
in the direction of y will be longitudinal strain and will be equal to . whereas the strain in
the direction of x will be lateral strain and will be equal to
Total strain in the direction of x due to stresses σ₁ and σ₂ is
Similarly total strain in the direction of y due to stresses σ₁ and σ₂ is

Relationship between stress and strain of Three-Dimensional Stress System
Consider a three-dimensional body subjected to three orthogonal normal stresses σ₁,
σ₂, σ₃ acting in the directions of x, Y and z respectively.
Consider the strains produced by each stress separately
Strain produced by ζ₁.

The stress σ1 will produce strain in the direction of x and also in the direction of
y & z. The strain in the direction of x will be longitudinal strain . whereas the strain in
the direction of y & z will be lateral strain . [as per poisson’s ratio Lateral strain = µ x
Longitudinal strain]
Similarly strain produced by ζ₂.
The stress σ₂ will produce strain in the direction of y and also in the direction of x & z. The
strain in the direction of y will be longitudinal strain . whereas the strain in the
direction of x & z will be lateral strain .
And Strain produced by ζ₃.

The stress σ₃ will produce strain in the direction of z and also in the direction of x & y. The
strain in the direction of z will be longitudinal strain . whereas the strain in the direction
of y & x will be lateral strain .

Total strain in the direction of x due to stresses σ₁, σ₂, σ₃ is
Similarly total strains in the direction of y due to stresses σ₁, σ₂, σ₃ is
Similarly total strains in the direction of z due to stresses σ₁, σ₂, σ₃ is
Above three equations give the stress and strain relationship for the three orthogonal normal
stress system.

Volumetric Strain
Whenever a body is subjected to a three mutually
perpendicular forces, it undergoes some changes in its
dimensions.
Due to the change in dimensions of a body will cause
some changes in its volume which referred as the
dilatation or dilation of material.
The ratio of change in volume to the original volume, is
known as volumetric strain.

Volumetric Strain of a Rectangular Body Subjected to an Axial Force
Consider a bar, rectangular in section, subjected to an axial tensile force as shown in Fig.
We know that change in length

We know that Poisson’s ratio
71
72
Volumetric strain due to single direct stress
Longitudinal strain
Lateral strain
Volume for rectangular bar

[as per poisson’s ratio Lateral strain = µ x Longitudinal strain]

77
Prob. 1. what will be the percentage change in the volume of a steel bar of 20 mm diameter
and 600 mm length when a tensile of 180 MPa is applied to it along its longitudinal axis?
Take E = 205 Gpa and 𝜇 = 0.3
= 188495.56 mm³

EXAMPLE . A copper bar 250 mm long and 50 mm × 50 mm in cross-section is subjected to an axial
pull in the direction of its length. If the increase in volume of the bar is 37.5 mm³, find the magnitude
of the pull. Take m = 4 and E = 100 Gpa.
Given: Length (l) = 250 mm ; Width (b) = 50 mm ; Thickness (t) = 50 mm ;
Increase in volume (δV) = 37.5 mm³ ; m = 4
and modulus of elasticity (E) = 100 GPa = 100 × 10³ N/mm².
volume of the copper bar V = l.b.t = (250 × 50 × 50) = 625 × 10³ mm³

VOLUMETRIC STRAIN DUE TO THREE MUTUALLY
PERPENDICULAR STRESS SYSTEM
ζ₁= Stress in x direction,
ζ₂= Stress in y direction,
ζ₃= Stress in z direction and
E = Young’s modulus of elasticity

81
A bar of 30 mm diameter is subjected a pull of 50 N. The measured extension on
gauge of length 300 mm is 0.1 mm and change in diameter is 0.005 mm. Calculate
the Poisson's ratio.
82
84
Prob. A steel cube block of 50 mm side is subjected to a force of 6 kN (Tension), 8 kN (Compression)
and 4 kN (Tension) along x, y and z direction respectively. Determine the change in volume of the block.
Take E as 200 GPa and m as 10/3.
Given : Side of the cube = 50 mm ; Force in x-direction (Px) = 6 kN = 6 × 10³ N(Tension);
Force in y-direction (Py) = 8 kN = 8 × 10³ N (Compression) ; Force in z-direction (Pz) = 4
kN = 4 × 10³ N (Tension) and modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 GPa = 200 × 10³ N/mm²
and m = 10 / 3 or 1/ m = 3/10.
85
86
Modulus of Elasticity (E), Bulk Modulus (K),
And Modulus of Rigidity (G)
Consider a solid cube (LMST) whose base is fixed subjected to a shearing force F acting
at point M..

Modulus of Elasticity (E), Bulk Modulus (K), And
Modulus of Rigidity (G)
Let τ be the shear stress produced in the

faces MS and LT due to this shear force.
And complementary shear stress
consequently produced in the faces ML
and ST is also τ. Due to the shearing load,
the cube is distorted to LM’S’T, and as
such the edge M moves to M’, S to S’ and
the diagonal LS to LS’.
(a) Relationship between E and G (C)
= ……….. (i)
Modulus of Rigidity, G
On diagram diagonal LS’, draw a perpendicular

Shear Strain = SN from S’.
From the fig, Shear Strain Φ = Diagonal strain = ……….. (ii)

89
From Δ NS’S, cos45˚
Net strain in the direction of diagonal LS
NS’ = SS’ cos45˚ =
Assume L LS’T ≈ L LST (SS’ is very small)

……….. (iv)
From Δ LST’, cos45˚ =
LS = ST x √2 From equ (iii) and (iv)
equation (ii)
Diagonal strain = Modulus of Elasticity
But
Modulus of Rigidity (G)
Diagonal strain = ……….. (iii)
Where ζ – normal stress due to shear stress

90
(b) Relationship between E and K
Instead of Shear Stress , let the cube be subjected to direct stress on all faces of the cube.
We know,
Resultant / Net Strain is But
εϑ
or
Volumetric strain is εϑ = 3 * linear strain
εϑ
(c) Relationship between E ,G and K
As we known that
Substitute the value of „m‟ in above equ

Prob. A rectangular block 300mm x l50mm x l00mm is subjected to axial load. The loads are
500 KN tensile in direction of its length, 1000 KN compressive on 300m x l50mm phase, 800
KN tensile on 300mm x 100 mm phase.
Assume the Poisson's ratio is 0.25, find the terms of modulus of elasticity of material and the
strains in the direction of each force.
If E is 2 x 10⁵ N/mm² , find the values of modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus of material of
the block. Also calculate the change in volume of block due to loading.
94
95

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UNIT - I

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 1

1. Recognize various types loads applied on machine components of

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 2

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 3

It is one of the most important subjects in mechanical Engineering.

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 4

 Strength of materials (mechanics of materials), is concerned with methods for

 It provides a means for determining the load-carrying capacity, or strength, and

 Behavior of a material under load decides its range of useful applications.

 The strength of a material may be defined as ability, to resist its failure

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 5

Physical properties (e.g., density, thermal conductivity, speciﬁc heat, anisotropy,

Mechanical properties of engineering materials are obtained from testing.

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 6

Ductility is tensile quality, while malleability is compressive quality.

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 11

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 16

There are three types of Stress

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 19

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 21

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 22

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 23

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 25

The ratio of tensile stress or compressive stress to the corresponding

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 30

From these three equations, we get

As per Young‟s Modulus

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 33

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 35

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 36

1. Bars of different sections

2. Bars of uniformly tapering sections

3. Bars of composite sections

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 40

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 44

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 46

The diameter at a distance x from the small end = d’

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 47

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 49

Solution: - Axial force is same in all three parts

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Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 51

Dr. Prajitsen G Damle, SSBT's COET, Jalgaon 52

equ (iv) and (v) are use to find out 54

Area of copper tube Ac

Area of steel tube As

Taking moments @ B, 240 x Pc = W x (240-x)

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2. Lateral Strain: Stain produced in perpendicular to direction of

3. Volumetric Strain: Change in volume to original volume.

Poisson's ratio(µ): It measures the deformation in the material in a direction

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The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain within

Now consider the strain produced by ζ₂

Total strain in the direction of x due to stresses σ₁ and σ₂ is

Similarly total strain in the direction of y due to stresses σ₁ and σ₂ is

Consider the strains produced by each stress separately

Strain produced by ζ₁.

And Strain produced by ζ₃.

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Similarly total strains in the direction of y due to stresses σ₁, σ₂, σ₃ is

Similarly total strains in the direction of z due to stresses σ₁, σ₂, σ₃ is

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