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Chapter 4
Laws of Sines and Cosines; Vectors
Section 4.1
Use the Law of Sines to find a.
Check Point Exercises a b

1. Begin by finding B, the third angle of the triangle. sin A sin B
A  B  C  180 a 12

64  B  82  180 sin 40 sin117.5
146  B  180 12 sin 40
a  8.7
B  34 sin117.5
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
In this problem, we are given c and C:
c b
c = 14 and C = 82°. Thus, use the ratio 
c 14 sin C sin B
, or , to find the other two sides. Use c 12
sin C sin 82 
the Law of Sines to find a. sin 22.5 sin117.5
a c 12 sin 22.5
 c  5.2
sin A sin C sin117.5
a 14 The solution is B = 117.5º, a ≈ 8.7, and c ≈ 5.2.

sin 64 sin 82
a 33
14 sin 64 3. The known ratio is , or . Because side b
a sin A sin 57
sin 82
is given, Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
a  12.7 centimeters
a b
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b. 
sin A sin B
b c
 33 26
sin B sin C 
sin 57 sin B
b 14
 33sin B  26sin 57
sin 34 sin 82
14 sin 34 26sin 57
b sin B   0.6608
sin 82 33
b  7.4 centimeters sin B  0.6608
The solution is B = 34º, a ≈ 12.7 centimeters, and B  41
b ≈ 7.4 centimeters. 180  41  139 also has this sine value, but, the
sum of 57 and 139 exceeds 180, so B cannot have
2. Begin by finding B.
A  B  C  180 this value.
C  180  B  A  180  41  57  82 .
40  B  22.5  180 Use the law of sines to find C.
62.5  B  180 a c

B  117.5 sin A sin C
In this problem, we are given that b = 12 and we find 33 c
that B = 117.5°. Thus, use the ratio 
sin 57 sin 82
b 12
, or , to find the other two sides. 33sin 82
sin B sin117.5 c
sin 57
c  39.0
Thus, B  41, C  82, c  39.0.
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 289

Chapter 4 Laws of Sines and Cosines; Vectors
a 10 6. The area of the triangle is half the product of the

4. The known ratio is , or . Because side b
sin A sin 50 lengths of the two sides times the sine of the included
is given, Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. angle.
1
a

b Area  (8)(12)(sin135)  34
sin A sin B 2
The area of the triangle is approximately 34 square
10 20
 meters.
sin 50 sin B
10sin B  20sin 50 7.
20sin 50
sin B   1.53
10
Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no
angle B for which sin B  1.53 . There is no triangle
with the given measurements.
a 12
5. The known ratio is , or . Because side b
sin A sin 35
is given, Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found
a b as follows:
 A  90  35  55
sin A sin B
12 16 B  90  49  41
 Find angle C using a 180° angle sum in the triangle.
sin 35 sin B C  180  A  B  180  55  41  84
12 sin B  16sin 35
c 13
16sin 35 The ratio , or
sin 84
is now known. Use this
sin B   0.7648 sin C
12 ratio and the Law of Sines to find a.
There are two angles possible: a c
B1  50, B2  180  50  130 
sin A sin C
There are two triangles: a 13
C1  180  A  B1  180  35  50  95 
sin 55 sin 84
C2  180  A  B2  180  35  130  15 13sin 55
a  11
Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 . sin 84
c1 a The fire is approximately 11 miles from station B.

sin C1 sin A
c1 12
 Concept and Vocabulary Check 4.1
sin 95 sin 35
12sin 95
c1   20.8 1. oblique; sides; angles
sin 35
c2 a a b c
 2.  
sin C2 sin A sin A sin B sin C
c2 12
 3. side; angles
sin15 sin 35
12sin15 4. false
c2   5.4
sin 35
1
5. ab sin C
In one triangle, the solution is B1  50 , 2
C1  95, and c1  20.8 . In the other triangle,
B2  130, C2  15, and c2  5.4 .
290 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 4.1 The Law of Sines
Exercise Set 4.1 Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
b c
1. Begin by finding B. 
sin B sin C
A  B  C  180
b 12
42  B  96  180 
sin 48 sin 90
138  B  180 12sin 48
b
B  42 sin 90
Use the ratio
c
, or
12
, to find the other two b  8.9
sin C sin 96 The solution is C  90, a  8.0, and b  8.9 .
sides. Use the Law of Sines to
find a. 3. Begin by finding A.
a c A  B  C  180

sin A sin C A  54  82  180
a 12 A  136  180

sin 42 sin 96 A  44
12sin 42
a Use the ratio
a
, or
16
, to find the other two
sin 96 sin A sin 44
a  8.1 sides. Use the Law of Sines to
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
find b. b a
b c 
 sin B sin A
sin B sin C b 16
b 12 

 sin 54 sin 44
sin 42 sin 96
16sin 54
12sin 42 b
b sin 44
sin 96
b  8.1 b  18.6
The solution is B  42, a  8.1, and b  8.1 .
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to
find c.
2. Begin by finding C.
c a
A  B  C  180 
sin C sin A
42  48  C  180
c 16
90  C  180 
sin 82 sin 44
C  90 16sin 82
c 12 c
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two sin 44
sin C sin 90º c  22.8
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. The solution is A  44, b  18.6, and
a c
 c  22.8 .
sin A sin C
a 12

sin 42 sin 90
12sin 42
a
sin 90
a  8.0

4. Begin by finding B. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
A  B  C  180 c a

33  B  128  180 sin C sin A
B  161  180 c

100
B  19 sin 95 sin 48
100sin 95
Use the ratio
a
, or
16
, to find the other two c
sin A sin 33 sin 48
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. c  134.1
b a The solution is C  95, b  81.0, and c  134.1 .

sin B sin A
b 16
 A  B  C  180
sin19 sin 33
6  12  C  180
16sin19
b 18  C  180
sin 33
b  9.6 C  162
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. c 100
Use the ratio , or , to find the other
c a sin C sin162

sin C sin A two sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
c 16 a c
 
sin128 sin 33 sin A sin C
16sin128 a

100
c
sin 33 sin 6 sin162
c  23.1 100sin 6
a
The solution is B  19, b  9.6, and c  23.1 . sin162
a  33.8
5. Begin by finding C. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
A  B  C  180 b c

48  37  C  180 sin B sin C
85  C  180 b 100

C  95 sin12 sin162
100sin12
a 100 b
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two sin162
sin A sin 48
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. b  67.3
b a The solution is C  162, a  33.8, and b  67.3 .

sin B sin A
b 100

sin 37 sin 48
100sin 37
b
sin 48
b  81.0

7. Begin by finding B. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
A  B  C  180 c a

38  B  102  180 sin C sin A
B  140  180 c

20
B  40 sin 40 sin 38
20sin 40
Use the ratio
a
, or
20
, to find the other two c
sin A sin 38 sin 38
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. c  20.9
b a The solution is C  40, b  31.8, and c  20.9 .

sin B sin A
b 20
 A  B  C  180
sin 40 sin 38
44  25  C  180
20sin 40
b 69  C  180
sin 38
b  20.9 C  111
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. a 12
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two
c a sin A sin 44
 sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b.
sin C sin A
c 20 b a
 
sin102 sin 38 sin B sin A
20sin102 b 12
c 
sin 38 sin 25 sin 44
c  31.8 12sin 25
b
The solution is B  40, b  20.9, and c  31.8 . sin 44
b  7.3
A  B  C  180 Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
38  102  C  180 c a

140  C  180 sin C sin A
c 12
C  40 
sin111 sin 44
a 20
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two 12sin111
sin A sin 38 c
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. sin 44
b a c  16.1
 The solution is C  111, b  7.3, and c  16.1 .
sin B sin A
b 20
 10. Begin by finding B.
sin102 sin 38 A  B  C  180
20sin102 56  B  24  180
b
sin 38
B  80  180
b  31.8
B  100
a 22
sin A sin 56
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b.

b a c 30
 Use the ratio , or , to find the other two
sin B sin A sin C sin 60
b 22 sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.

sin100 sin 56 a

c
22sin100 sin A sin C
b
sin 56 a

30
b  26.1 sin 85 sin 60
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. 30sin 85
a
c

a sin 60
sin C sin A a  34.5
c 22 Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.

sin 24 sin 56 b

c
22sin 24 sin B sin C
c
sin 56 b

30
c  10.8 sin 35 sin 60
The solution is B  100, b  26.1, and c  10.8 . 30sin 35
b
sin 60
11. Begin by finding A. b  19.9
A  B  C  180 The solution is C  60, a  34.5, and b  19.9 .
A  85  15  180
A  100  180 13. Begin by finding B.
A  B  C  180
A  80
115  B  35  180
b 40
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two B  150  180
sin B sin 85
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. B  30
a b c 200
 Use the ratio , or , to find the other two
sin A sin B sin C sin 35
a 40 sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.

sin 80 sin 85 a

c
40sin 80 sin A sin C
a
sin 85 a

200
a  39.5 sin115 sin 35
200sin115
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. a
sin 35
c b a  316.0

sin C sin B Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
c 40 b c
 
sin15 sin 85 sin B sin C
40sin15 b 200
c 
sin 85 sin 30 sin 35
c  10.4 200sin 30
The solution is A  80, a  39.5, and c  10.4 . b
sin 35
b  174.3
12. Begin by finding C. The solution is B  30, a  316.0, and b  174.3 .
A  B  C  180
85  35  C  180
120  C  180
C  60

14. Begin by finding A. b c

A  B  C  180 
sin B sin C
A  5  125  180 b 6

A  130  180 sin 65 sin 50
A  50 6sin 65
b
b 200 sin 50
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two b  7.1
sin B sin 5
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. The solution is C  50, a  7.1, and b  7.1 .
a b
 16. Begin by finding A.
sin A sin B
A  B  C  180
a 200

 A  80  10  180
sin 50 sin 5
A  90  180
200sin 50
a A  90
sin 5
a 8
a  1757.9 Use the ratio , or , to find the other two
sin A sin 90
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b.
c b b a
 
sin C sin B sin B sin A
c 200 b 8
 
sin125 sin 5 sin 80 sin 90
200sin125 8sin 80
c b
sin 5 sin 90
c  1879.7 b  7.9
The solution is A  50, a  1757.9, and c  1879.7 . Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
c a

15. Begin by finding C. sin C sin A
A  B  C  180 c 8

65  65  C  180 sin10 sin 90
130  C  180 8sin10
c
C  50 sin 90
c 6 c  1.4
Use the ratio
sin C
, or
sin 50
, to find the other two The solution is A  90, b  7.9, and c  1.4 .
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
a c a 20
 17. The known ratio is
sin A
, or
sin 40
.
sin A sin C
a 6 Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
 a b
sin 65 sin 50 
6sin 65 sin A sin B
a 20 15
sin 50 
a  7.1 sin 40 sin B
20sin B  15sin 40
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. 15sin 40
sin B 
20
sin B  0.4821
There are two angles possible:
B1  29, B2  180  29  151
B2 is impossible, since 40  151  191 .

We find C using B1 and the given information A = a 10

19. The known ratio is , or .
40°. sin A sin 63
C  180  B1  A  180  29  40  111 Use the Law of Sines to find angle C.
a c
Use the Law of Sines to find side c. 
sin A sin C
c a 10 8.9
 
sin C sin A sin 63 sin C
c 20 10sin C  8.9 sin 63

sin111 sin 40 8.9 sin 63
20sin111 sin C 
c  29.0 10
sin 40 sin C  0.7930
There is one triangle and the solution is There are two angles possible:
B1 (or B )  29, C  111, and c  29.0 . C1  52, C2  180  52  128
C2 is impossible, since 63  128  191 .
a 30
18. The known ratio is , or . Use the Law We find B using C1 and the given information A =
sin A sin 50
of Sines to find angle B. 63°.
a b B  180  C1  A  180  52  63  65
 Use the Law of Sines to find side b.
sin A sin B
b a
30

20 
sin 50 sin B sin B sin A
30sin B  20sin 50 b 10

20sin 50 sin 65 sin 63
sin B  10sin 65
30 b  10.2
sin B  0.5107 sin 63
There is one triangle and the solution is
C1 (or C )  52, B  65, and b  10.2 .
B1  31, B2  180  31  149
B2 is impossible, since 50  149  199 .
a 57.5
We find C using B1 and the given information 20. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin136
A  50 . Use the Law of Sines to find angle C.
C  180  B1  A  180  31  50  99 a c

Use the Law of Sines to find c. sin A sin C
c a 57.5 49.8
 
sin C sin A sin136 sin C
c

30 57.5sin C  49.8sin136
sin 99 sin 50 49.8sin136
30sin 99 sin C 
c  38.7 57.5
sin 50 sin C  0.6016
There is one triangle and the solution is There are two angles possible:
B1 (or B )  31, C  99, and c  38.7 . C1  37, C2  180  37  143
We find B using C1 and the given information
A  136 .
B  180  C1  A  180  37  136  7

Use the Law of Sines to find b. B1  12, B2  180  12  168

b a B2 is impossible, since 162  168  330 .

sin B sin A We find C using B1 and the given information
b 57.5
 A  162 .
sin 7 sin136
C  180  B1  A  180  12  162  6
57.5sin 7
b  10.1 Use the Law of Sines to find c.
sin136 c a
There is one triangle and the solution is 
sin C sin A
C1 (or C )  37, B  7, and b  10.1 .
c 6.1

a 42.1 sin 6 sin162
sin A sin112 6.1sin 6
c  2.1
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C. sin162
a c There is one triangle and the solution is
 B1 (or B )  12, C  6, and c  2.1 .
sin A sin C
42.1 37
 a 10
sin112 sin C 23. The known ratio is , or .
42.1sin C  37 sin112 sin A sin 30
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
37 sin112
sin C  a b
42.1 
sin A sin B
sin C  0.8149
10 40
There are two angles possible: 
C1  55, C2  180  55  125 sin 30 sin B
10sin B  40sin 30
40sin 30
We find B using C1 and the given information A = sin B  2
10
112°.
B  180  C1  A  180  55  112  13 angle B for which sin B = 2. There is no triangle with
Use the Law of Sines to find b. the given measurements.
b a

sin B sin A a 10
b 42.1 sin A sin150

sin13 sin112 Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
42.1sin13 a

b
b  10.2
sin112 sin A sin B
There is one triangle and the solution is 10 30

C1 (or C )  55, B  13, and b  10.2 . sin150 sin B
10sin B  30sin150
a 6.1 30sin150
22. The known ratio is , or . sin B   1.5
sin A sin162 10
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no
a

b angle B for which sin B  1.5 . There is no triangle
sin A sin B with the given measurements.
6.1 4

sin162 sin B
6.1sin B  4 sin162
4 sin162
sin B 
6.1
sin B  0.2026

a 16 There are two angles possible:

25. The known ratio is , or . B1  27, B2  180  27  153
sin A sin 60
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. There are two triangles:
a b C1  180  B1  A  180  27  20  133

sin A sin B C2  180  B2  A  180  153  20  7
16 18 Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 .

sin 60 sin B c1 a
16sin B  18sin 60 
sin C1 sin A
18sin 60
sin B  c1

30
16 sin133 sin 20
sin B  0.9743 30sin133
There are two angles possible: c1   64.2
sin 20
B1  77, B2  180  77  103
c2 a
There are two triangles: 
C1  180  B1  A  180  77  60  43 sin C2 sin A
C2  180  B2  A  180  103  60  17 c2 30

Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 . sin 7 sin 20
30sin 7
c1 a c2   10.7
 sin 20
sin C1 sin A In one triangle, the solution is
c1 16 B1  27, C1  133, and c1  64.2 .

sin 43 sin 60 In the other triangle,
16sin 43 B2  153, C2  7, and c2  10.7 .
c1   12.6
sin 60
c2 a a 12
 27. The known ratio is , or .
sin C2 sin A sin A sin 37
c2 16 Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
 a b
sin17 sin 60 
16sin17 sin A sin B
c2   5.4 12 16.1
sin 60 
In one triangle, the solution is sin 37 sin B
B1  77, C1  43, and c1  12.6 . 12 sin B  16.1sin 37
In the other triangle, 16.1sin 37
sin B 
B2  103, C2  17, and c2  5.4 . 12
sin B  0.8074
a 30 There are two angles possible:
sin A sin 20 B1  54, B2  180  54  126
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. There are two triangles:
a

b C1  180  B1  A  180  54  37  89
sin A sin B C2  180  B2  A  180  126  37  17 Use the
30 40
 Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 .
sin 20 sin B
30sin B  40sin 20
40sin 20
sin B 
30
sin B  0.4560

c1 a In one triangle, the solution is

 B1  56, C1  112, and c1  31.2 .
sin C1 sin A
c1 12 In the other triangle,
 B2  124, C2  44, and c2  23.4 .
sin 89 sin 37
12 sin 89
c1   19.9 a 22
sin 37 29. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin 58
c2 a
 Use the Law of Sines to find angle C.
sin C2 sin A a c
c2 12 
 sin A sin C
sin17 sin 37 22 24.1
12 sin17 
c2   5.8 sin 58 sin C
sin 37 22 sin C  24.1sin 58
In one triangle, the solution is 24.1sin 58
B1  54, C1  89, and c1  19.9 . sin C 
22
In the other triangle,
sin C  0.9290
B2  126, C2  17, and c2  5.8 . There are two angles possible:
C1  68, C2  180  68  112
a 7
28. The known ratio is , or . There are two triangles:
sin A sin12 B1  180  C1  A  180  68  58  54
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
B2  180  C2  A  180  112  58  10 Use the
a b
 Law of Sines to find b1 and b2 .
sin A sin B
7 28 b1 a
 
sin12 sin B sin B1 sin A
7 sin B  28sin12 b1 22

28sin12 sin 54 sin 58
sin B 
7 22 sin 54
b1   21.0
sin B  0.8316 sin 58
There are two angles possible: b2 a

B1  56, B2  180  56  124 sin B2 sin A
There are two triangles: b2 22
C1  180  B1  A  180  56  12  112 
sin10 sin 58
C2  180  B2  A  180  124  12  44 22 sin10
b2   4.5
Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 . sin 58
c1 a

sin C1 sin A
In one triangle, the solution is
c1 7 C1  68, B1  54, and b1  21.0 .

sin112 sin12 In the other triangle,
7 sin112 C2  112, B2  10, and b2  4.5 .
c1   31.2
sin12
c2 a

sin C2 sin A
c2 7

sin 44 sin12
7 sin 44
c2   23.4
sin12

a 95 a 1.4
30. The known ratio is , or . 32. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin 49 sin A sin142
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C. Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
a c a b
 
sin A sin C sin A sin B
95 125 1.4 2.9
 
sin 49 sin C sin142 sin B
95sin C  125sin 49 1.4sin B  2.9sin142
125sin 49 2.9sin142
sin C  sin B   1.28
95 1.4
sin C  0.9930 Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no
There are two angles possible: angle B for which sin B  1.28 . There is no triangle
C1  83, C2  180  83  97 with the given measurements.
There are two triangles:
1 1
B1  180  C1  A  180  83  49  48 33. Area  bc sin A  (20)(40)(sin 48)  297
2 2
B2  180  C2  A  180  97  49  34
The area of the triangle is approximately
Use the Law of Sines to find b1 and b2 . 297 square feet.
b1 a
 1 1
sin B1 sin A 34. Area  bc sin A  (20)(50)(sin 22)  187
2 2
b1 95
 The area of the triangle is approximately 187 square
sin 48 sin 49 feet.
95sin 48
b1   93.5
sin 49 35. Area 
1 1
ac sin B  (3)(6)(sin 36)  5
b2 a 2 2
 The area of the triangle is approximately
sin B2 sin A
5 square yards.
b2 95

sin 34 sin 49 1 1
36. Area  ac sin B  (8)(5)(sin125)  16
95sin 34 2 2
b2   70.4
sin 49 The area of the triangle is approximately 16 square
In one triangle, the solution is yards.
C1  83, B1  48, and b1  93.5 .
1 1
In the other triangle, 37. Area  ab sin C  (4)(6)(sin124)  10
C2  97, B2  34, and b2  70.4 . 2 2
a 9.3 10 square meters.
sin A sin18 1 1
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. 38. Area  ab sin C  (16)(20)(sin102)  157
2 2
a b
 The area of the triangle is approximately 157 square
sin A sin B meters.
9.3 41

sin18 sin B
9.3sin B  41sin18
41sin18
sin B   1.36
9.3
angle B for which sin B = 1.36. There is no triangle
with the given measurements.

39. ABC  180  67  113 a b

ACB  180  43  113  24 42. 
sin A sin B
Use the law of sines to find BC . 400 300

BC 312 sin 2θ sin θ

sin 43 sin 24 300sin 2θ  400sin θ
312sin 43 600sin θ cos θ  400sin θ
BC 
sin 24 400sin θ
cos θ 
BC  523.1 600sin θ
Use the law of sines to find h. 2
h 523.1 cos θ 
 3
sin 67 sin 90 θ  48
523.1sin 67 2θ  96
h
sin 90 A  96, B  48, C  36, c  237.3
h  481.5
43.
40. ABC  180  29  151
ACB  180  25  151  4
Use the law of sines to find BC .
BC 238

sin 25 sin 4
238sin 25
BC 
sin 4
BC  1441.9
Use the law of sines to find h. Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found
h 1441.9 as follows:

sin 29 sin 90 A  90  25  65
1441.9sin 29 B  90  56  34
h
sin 90 Find angle C using a 180° angle sum in the triangle.
h  699.0 C  180  A  B  180  65  34  81
c 10
The ratio , or , is now known. Use this
a b sin C sin 81
41. 
sin A sin B ratio and the Law of Sines to find b and a.
300 200 b c
 
sin 2θ sin θ sin B sin C
200sin 2θ  300sin θ b 10

400sin θ cos θ  300sin θ sin 34 sin 81
300sin θ 10sin 34
cos θ  b  5.7
400sin θ sin 81
Station A is about 5.7 miles from the fire.
3
cos θ  a c
4 
sin A sin C
θ  41
a 10
2θ  82 
sin 65 sin 81
A  82, B  41, C  57, c  255.7
10sin 65
a  9.2
sin 81
Station B is about 9.2 miles from the fire.

44. 45.
Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found

as follows: Using the figure,
A  90  48  42 C  180  A  B  180  85  76  19
B  90  34  56 c 1200
The ratio , or , is now known. Use this
Find angle C using a 180º angle sum in the triangle. sin C sin19
C  180  A  B  180  42  56  82 ratio and the Law of Sines to find a and b.
c 40 a c
The ratio , or , is now known. 
sin C sin 82 sin A sin C
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find a 1200
b and a. 
sin 85 sin19
b c
 1200sin 85
sin B sin C a  3671.8
sin19
b 40
 b

c
sin 56 sin 82 sin B sin C
40sin 56
b  33.5 b

1200
sin 82 sin 76 sin19
Station A is about 33.5 miles from the illegal station.
1200sin 76
a c b  3576.4
 sin19
sin A sin C
The platform is about 3671.8 yards from one end of
a 40
 the beach and 3576.4 yards from the other.
sin 42 sin 82
40sin 42 46. Let c = distance from A to B .
a  27.0 Using the figure,
sin 82
Station B is about 27.0 miles from the illegal station. B  180  A  C  180  62  53  65
b 300
The ratio , or , is now known.
sin B sin 65
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find c.
c b

sin C sin B
c 300

sin 53 sin 65
300sin 53
c  264.4
sin 65
The distance between A and B is about 264.4 yards or
793 feet.

47. According to the figure, 50. Using the figure,

C  180  A  B  180  84.7  50  45.3 The B  85  180
c 171 B  95
ratio , or , is now known. Use this
sin C sin 45.3 A  B  C  180
ratio and the Law of Sines to find b.
37  95  C  180
b c
 132  C  180
sin B sin C
b 171 C  48
 c 100
sin 50 sin 45.3 The ratio , or , is now known.
171sin 50 sin C sin 48
b  184.3 Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find a.
sin 45.3
a c
The distance is about 184.3 feet. 
sin A sin C
48. a 100

sin 37 sin 48
100sin 37
a  81.0
sin 48
The pier is about 81.0 feet long.
51.
Using the figure,

C  62  23  85
B  180  A  C  180  75  85  20
b 80
The ratio , or , is now known.
sin B sin 20
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find c. Using the figure,
c b B  90  8  82

sin C sin B C  180  A  B  180  62  82  36
c 80 c 20
 The ratio , or , is now known. Use this
sin 85 sin 20 sin C sin 36
80sin 85 ratio and the Law of Sines to find a.
c  233.0 a c
sin 20 
The height of the tree is about 233.0 feet. sin A sin C
a 20

49. The ratio
b
, or
562
, is known. sin 62 sin 36
sin B sin 85.3 20sin 62
Use this ratio, the figure, and the Law of Sines to find a  30.0
sin 36
c. The length of the pole is about 30.0 feet.
c b

sin C sin B
c 562

sin 5.7 sin 85.3
562sin 5.7
c  56.0
sin 85.3
The toss was about 56.0 feet.

52. Using the figure, 54. a. Using the figure,

A  90  6  84 B  180  66  114
C  180  A  B  180  84  22  74 C  180  A  B  180  22  114  44
c 40 c 1.6
The ratio , or , is now known. The ratio , or , is now known.
sin C sin 74 sin C sin 44
Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find b. Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find b.
b c b c
 
sin B sin C sin B sin C
b 40 b 1.6
 
sin 22 sin 74 sin114 sin 44
40sin 22 1.6sin114
b  15.6 b  2.1042
sin 74 sin 44
The height of the wall is about 15.6 feet. The cable car covers about 2.1042 miles.
There are 5280 feet per mile, so the cable car
53. a. Using the figure and the measurements shown, covers about 11,110.2 feet.
B  180  44  136
C  180  B  A  180  136  37  7 b. The known ratio is
c
, or
1.6
.
sin C sin 44
c 100 Use the Law of Sines to find a.
The ratio , or , is now known. Use
sin C sin 7 a c
this ratio and the Law of Sines to find a. 
sin A sin C
a c
 a 1.6
sin A sin C 
sin 22 sin 44
a 100
 1.6sin 22
sin 37 sin 7 a  0.8628
sin 44
100sin 37
a  493.8 0.8628 miles ≈ 4555.6 feet
sin 7 a ≈ 4555.6 feet
To the nearest foot, a = 493.8 feet.
c. Let a = 4555.6, to the nearest foot, be the
b. From part a, let a = 493.8 be the hypotenuse of
the right triangle. hypotenuse of the right triangle. Then if h
If h represents the height of the tree, represents the height of the mountain,
h a
h

493.8 
sin 44 sin 90 sin 66 sin 90
493.8sin 44 h 4555.6
h  343.0 
sin 90 sin 66 sin 90
A typical redwood tree is about 343.0 feet. 4555.6sin 66
h  4161.7
sin 90
The mountain is about 4161.7 feet high.

55. 56.
a
Using the figure, the known ratio is , or
sin A
Using the figure,
B  90  62  28 16
. Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find
b 5 sin 48
The known ratio is , or . C.
sin B sin 28
a c
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C. 
b c sin A sin C
 16 15
sin B sin C 
5 7 sin 48 sin C
 16sin C  15sin 48
sin 28 sin C
5sin C  7sin 28 15sin 48
sin C   0.6967
7sin 28 16
sin C   0.6573
5 There are two angles possible:
C1  44, C2  180  44  136
C1  41, C2  180  41  139
C2 is impossible, since 48  136  184
There are two triangles:
A1  180  C1  B  180  41  28  111 B  180  48  44  88
Use the The flagpole is leaning because it makes about an 88
A2  180  C2  B  180  139  28  13
angle with the ground.
Law of Sines to find a1 and a2 .
a1 b 57. – 66. Answers may vary.

sin A1 sin B 67. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
a1 5 Sample explanation: The law of cosines would be
 appropriate for this situation.
sin111 sin 28
5sin111
a1   9.9 68. makes sense
sin 28
a2 b 69. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
 Sample explanation: The calculator will give you
sin A2 sin B
the acute angle. The obtuse angle is the supplement
a2 5
 of the acute angle.
sin13 sin 28
5sin13 70. makes sense
a2   2.4
sin 28
71. No. Explanations may vary.
The boat is either 9.9 miles or 2.4 miles from
lighthouse B, to the nearest tenth of a mile.

72.
Let h = the height of the buildings. Using the figure, b  e  800

e  800  b
Now the law of sines gives the following equations:
b h
 (1)
sin 63 sin 27
800  b h
 (2)
sin 49 sin 41
Solve (1) for b:
b h

sin 63 sin 27
h sin 63
b
sin 27
Now substitute into (2):
800  b h

sin 49 sin 41
h sin 63
800 
sin 27  h
sin 49 sin 41
800sin 27  h sin 63 h

sin 27 sin 49 sin 41
h sin 27 sin 49  sin 41(800sin 27)  h sin 63 sin 41
h sin 27 sin 49  h sin 63 sin 41  sin 41(800sin 27)
h(sin 27 sin 49  sin 63 sin 41)  800sin 41 sin 27
800sin 41 sin 27
h  257
sin 27 sin 49  sin 63 sin 41
The buildings are about 257 feet high.
73.
Using the figure, A  180  150  30

Using the Law of Sines we have,
d 36

sin A sin 90
d 36

sin 30 sin 90
36sin 30
d  18
sin 90
CC   18  5  18  41
The wingspan CC  is 41 feet.

Section 4.2 The Law of Cosines
74. Begin by finding the six angles inside the two Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
triangles. Then use the law of sines. shorter of the two sides. Thus, we will find acute
450sin145 angle B.
 sin 34
a b a

sin 4 sin 30 sin B sin A
a  64.4 7 13

sin B sin120
62  4 2  9 2 13sin B  7sin120
75. cos B 
264 7sin120
29 sin B   0.4663
cos B  13
48 B  28
29 Find the third angle.
cos B 
48 C  180  A  B  180  120  28  32
 29  The solution is a  13, B  28, and C  32 .
B  cos 1 
 48 
2. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
B  127 triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
opposite the longest side.
76. 26(26  12)(26  16)(26  24) Thus, we will find angle B.
 26(14)(10)(2) b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
2ac cos B  a 2  c 2  b2
 7280
a 2  c 2  b2
 4 455 cos B 
2ac
 85
8  52  102
2
11
cos B  
77. Diagram: 285 80
 11 
cos1    82
 80 
B is obtuse, since cos B is negative.
B  180  82  98
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two

remaining acute angles. We will find angle A.
a b

sin A sin B
Section 4.2 8 10

Check Point Exercises sin A sin 98
10sin A  8sin 98
1. Apply the three-step procedure for solving 8sin 98
a SAS triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the sin A   0.7922
10
side opposite the given angle.
A  52
Thus, we will find a.
Find the third angle.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A C  180  A  B  180  52  98
a 2  72  82  2(7)(8) cos120  30
 49  64  112( 0.5) The solution is B  98, A  52, and C  30
 169
a  169  13

3. The plane flying 400 miles per hour travels Exercise Set 4.2
400  2  800 miles in 2 hours. Similarly, the other
plane travels 700 miles. 1. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS triangle.
Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite the given
angle.
Thus, we will find a.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
a 2  42  82  2(4)(8) cos 46
a 2  16  64  64(cos 46)
a 2  35.54
a  35.54  6.0
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
Use the figure and the Law of Cosines to find a in of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle B.
this SAS situation. b a

a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A sin B sin A
a 2  7002  8002  2(700)(800) cos 75 4 35.54

 840,123 sin B sin 46
a  840,123  917 35.54 sin B  4 sin 46
After 2 hours, the planes are approximately 917 miles 4 sin 46
sin B   0.4827
apart. 35.54
B  29
4. Begin by calculating one-half the perimeter:
1 1 C  180  A  B  180  46  29  105
s  ( a  b  c)  (6  16  18)  20
2 2 The solution is a  6.0, B  29, and C  105 .
Use Heron’s formula to find the area.
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) 2. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS triangle.
Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite the given
 20(20  6)(20  16)(20  18) angle. Thus, we will find b.
 2240  47 b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b2  62  82  2(6)(8) cos 32
47 square meters.
b2  36  64  96 cos 32
b2  18.59
Concept and Vocabulary Check 4.2 b  18.59  4.3
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
1. b2  c 2  2b cos A of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle A.
a b
2. side; Cosines; Sines; acute; 180° 
sin A sin B
3. Cosines; Sines 6 18.59

sin A sin 32
1
4. s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) ; (a  b  c) 18.59 sin A  6sin 32
2
6sin 32
sin A   0.7374
18.59
A  48
C  180  A  B  180  48  32  100
The solution is b  4.3, A  48, and C  100 .

3. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 5. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
opposite the given angle. opposite the longest side. Since two sides have length
Thus, we will find c. 8, we can begin by finding angle B or C.
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
c 2  62  42  2(6)(4) cos 96 a 2  c 2  b2
cos B 
c 2  36  16  48(cos 96) 2ac
6  82  82 36 3
2
c 2  57.02 cos B   
268 96 8
c  57.02  7.6 B  68
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find remaining acute angles. We will find angle A.
acute angle B.
a b
b c 
 sin A sin B
sin B sin C
6 8
4 57.02 
 sin A sin 68
sin B sin 96 8sin A  6sin 68
57.02 sin B  4 sin 96 6sin 68
4 sin 96 sin A   0.6954
sin B   0.5268 8
57.02 A  44
B  32 Find the third angle.
Find the third angle. C  180  B  A  180  68  44  68
A  180  B  C  180  32  96  52 The solution is A  44, B  68, and C  68 .
The solution is c  7.6, A  52, and B  32 .
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
4. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C.
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find a. c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A a 2  b2  c 2
cos C 
a 2  62  152  2(6)(15) cos 22 2ab
10  122  162
2
12
a 2  36  225  180(cos 22) cos C  
2  10  12 240
a 2  94.11 C is obtuse, since cos C is negative.
a  94.11  9.7  12 
cos1   87
 240 
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
C  180  87  93
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
acute angle B. Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
remaining acute angles. We will find angle B.
b a
 b c
sin B sin A 
sin B sin C
6 94.11
 12

16
sin B sin 22 sin B sin 93
94.11 sin B  6sin 22 16sin B  12 sin 93
6sin 22 12 sin 93
sin B   0.2317 sin B   0.7490
94.11 16
B  13 B  49
Find the third angle. Find the third angle.
C  180  A  B  180  22  13  145 A  180  B  C  180  49  93  38
The solution is a  9.7, B  13, and C  145 . The solution is A  38, B  49, and C  93 .

7. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS a b

triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle 
sin A sin B
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find angle A
10 16
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A 
sin A sin125
b2  c 2  a 2 16sin A  10sin125
cos A 
2bc 10sin125
sin A   0.5120
4  32  62
2
11 16
cos A  
243 24 A  31
A is obtuse, since cos A is negative. Find the third angle.
 11  C  180  B  A  180  125  31  24
cos1    63 The solution is B  125, A  31, and C  24 .
 24 
A  180  63  117 9. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
remaining acute angles. We will find angle B. opposite the given angle.
b a Thus, we will find c.

sin B sin A c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
4

6 c 2  52  72  2(5)(7) cos 42
sin B sin117 c 2  25  49  70(cos 42)
6sin B  4 sin117
c 2  21.98
4 sin117
sin B   0.5940
6 c  21.98  4.7
B  36 Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
Find the third angle. shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
C  180  B  A  180  36  117  27 acute angle A.
The solution is A  117, B  36, and C  27 . a

c
sin A sin C
5 4.7
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle 
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find B. sin A sin 42
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B 4.7 sin A  5sin 42
5sin 42
a 2  c2  b2 sin A   0.7118
cos B  4.7
2ac
A  45
10  82  162
2
23 Find the third angle.
cos B  
2  10  8 40 B  180  C  A  180  42  45  93
B is obtuse, since cos B is negative. The solution is c  4.7, A  45,and B  93 .
 23 
cos1    55 10. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
 40 
B  180  55  125 opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find c.
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
remaining acute angles. We will find angle A.
c 2  102  32  2(10)(3) cos15
c 2  100  9  60(cos15)
c 2  51.04
c  51.04  7.1
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
acute angle B.

b c 12. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS

 triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
sin B sin C
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find a.
3 7.1
 a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
sin B sin15
7.1sin B  3sin15 a 2  42  12  2(4)(1) cos100
3sin15 a 2  16  1  8(cos100)
sin B   0.1094
7.1 a 2  18.39
B  6
Find the third angle. a  18.39  4.3
A  180  C  B  180  15  6  159 Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
The solution is c  7.1, B  6, and A  159 . shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
acute angle C.
11. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS c a

triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side sin C sin A
opposite the given angle. 1 4.3
Thus, we will find a. 
sin C sin100
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A 4.3sin C  sin100
a 2  52  32  2(5)(3) cos102 sin100
sin C   0.2290
a  25  9  30(cos102)
2 4.3
C  13
a 2  40.24
a  40.24  6.3 B  180  C  A  180  13  100  67
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the The solution is a  4.3, C  13, and B  67 .
acute angle C. 13. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
c a triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
 opposite the given angle.
sin C sin A
Thus, we will find b.
3 6.3
 b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
sin C sin102
6.3sin C  3sin102 b2  62  52  2(6)(5) cos 50
3sin102 b2  36  25  60(cos50)
sin C   0.4658
6.3
b2  22.43
C  28
Find the third angle. b  22.43  4.7
B  180  C  A  180  28  102  50 Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
The solution is a  6.3, C  28, and B  50 . shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
acute angle C.
c b

sin C sin B
5 4.7

sin C sin 50
4.7 sin C  5sin 50
5sin 50
sin C   0.8149
4.7
C  55
A  180  C  B  180  55  50  75
The solution is b  4.7, C  55, and A  75 .

14. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 16. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find b. the given angle. Thus, we will find b.
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b2  42  72  2(4)(7) cos55 b2  72  32  2(7)(3) cos 90
b2  16  49  56(cos 55) b2  49  9  42 cos 90
b2  32.88 b2  58
b  32.88  5.7 b  58  7.6
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the (use exact value of b from previous step)
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
acute angle A. of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle C.
a b c b
 
sin A sin B sin C sin B
4 5.7 3 7.6
 
sin A sin 55 sin C sin 90
5.7 sin A  4 sin 55 7.6sin C  3sin 90
4 sin 55 3sin 90
sin A   0.5749 sin C   0.3947
5.7 7.6
A  35 C  23
Find the third angle. Find the third angle.
C  180  B  A  180  55  35  90 A  180  C  B  180  23  90  67
The solution is b  5.7, A  35, and C  90 . The solution is b  7.6, C  23, and A  67 .
15. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 17. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
opposite the given angle. opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C.
Thus, we will find b. c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos 90 a 2  b2  c 2
cos C 
b2  52  22  2(5)(2) cos 90 2ab
b2  25  4  20 cos 90 5  72  102
2
13
cos C  
2  5 7 35
b2  29 C is obtuse, since cos C is negative.
b  29  5.4  13 
cos1    68
(use exact value of b from previous step) Use the  35 
Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter of
the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle C. C  180  68  112
c b
 remaining angles. We will find angle A.
sin C sin B a c
2 5.4 
 sin A sin C
sin C sin 90 5 10
5.4 sin C  2 sin 90 
sin A sin112
2 sin 90 10sin A  5sin112
sin C   0.3704
5.4 5sin112
C  22 sin A   0.4636
10
A  180  C  B  180  22  90  68 A  28
The solution is b  5.4, C  22, and A  68 .
B  180  C  A  180  112  28  40
The solution is C  112, A  28, and B  40 .

18. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS Find the third angle.
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle C  180  B  A  180  100  19  61
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C. The solution is B  100, A  19, and C  61 .
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
a 2  b2  c 2
cos C  triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
2ab opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find B.
4  62  9 2
2
29 b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
cos C  
246 48 a 2  c2  b2
C is obtuse, since cos C is negative. cos B 
2ac
 29 
cos1    53 4 2  62  7 2 1
 48  cos B  
246 16
C  180  53  127
B  86
remaining angles. We will find angle A.
remaining angles. We will find angle A.
a c
 a b
sin A sin C 
sin A sin B
4 9
 4 7
sin A sin127 
sin A sin 86
9 sin A  4 sin127
7 sin A  4 sin 86
4 sin127
sin A   0.3549 4 sin 86
9 sin A   0.5700
7
A  21
A  35
B  180  C  A  180  127  21  32
C  180  B  A  180  86  35  59
The solution is C  127, A  21, and B  32 .
The solution is B  86, A  35, and C  59 .
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find any of the
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find B.
three angles, since each side has the same measure.
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
a 2  c2  b2
cos B  b2  c2  a 2
2ac cos A 
2bc
3  82  9 2
2
1
cos B   32  32  32 1
2  3 8 6 cos A  
2  3 3 2
B is obtuse, since cos B is negative.
A  60
1
cos1    80 Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
6 remaining angles. We will find angle B.
B  180  80  100 b a

Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two sin B sin A
remaining angles. We will find angle A. 3 3
a b 
 sin B sin 60
sin A sin B 3sin B  3sin 60
3 9
 sin B  sin 60
sin A sin100
B  60
9 sin A  3sin100
3sin100 C  180  A  B  180  60  60  60
sin A   0.3283
9 The solution is A  60, B  60, and C  60 .
A  19

22. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS 24. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find any of the triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
three angles, since each side has the same measure. opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find A.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
b2  c2  a 2 b2  c2  a 2
cos A  cos A 
2bc 2bc
5  52  52 1
2
25  452  662
2
853
cos A   cos A  
2  5 5 2 2  25  45 1125
A  60 A is obtuse, since cos A is negative.
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two  853 
cos1   41
remaining angles. We will find angle B.  1125 
b a
 A  180  41  139
sin B sin A Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
5 5 remaining angles. We will find angle B.

sin B sin 60 b a

5sin B  5sin 60 sin B sin A
sin B  sin 60 25 66

B  60 sin B sin139
Find the third angle. 66sin B  25sin139
C  180  A  B  180  60  60  60 25sin139
The solution is A  60, B  60, and C  60 . sin B   0.2485
66
B  14
C  180  A  B  180  139  14  27
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find A.
The solution is A  139, B  14, and C  27 .
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
b2  c 2  a 2 1 1
cos A  25. s ( a  b  c)  (4  4  2)  5
2bc 2 2
22  502  632
2
985 Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
cos A  
2  22  50 2200  5(5  4)(5  4)(5  2)
A  117
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two  15  4
remaining angles. We will find angle B. The area of the triangle is approximately
b a 4 square feet.

sin B sin A 1 1
22 63 26. s ( a  b  c )  (5  5  4)  7
 2 2
sin B sin117 Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
63sin B  22 sin117
 7(7  5)(7  5)(7  4)
22 sin117
sin B 
63  84  9
B  18 The area of the triangle is approximately
Find the third angle. 9 square feet.
C  180  A  B  180  117  18  45
The solution is A  117, B  18, and C  45 .

1 1 33. Use the given radii to determine that

27. s ( a  b  c)  (14  12  4)  15 a  BC  7.5, b  AC  8.5, and c  AB  9.0 .
2 2
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
 15(15  14)(15  12)(15  4) 92  7.52  8.52  2(7.5)(8.5) cos C
 495  22 cos C  0.3725
The area of the triangle is approximately C  68
22 square meters. Use the law of sines to find the solution is
A  51, B  61, and C  68.
1 1
28. s ( a  b  c)  (16  10  8)  17
2 2 34. Use the given radii to determine that
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) a  BC  7.3, b  AC  10.5, and c  AB  11.8 .
 17(17  16)(17  10)(17  8) c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
 1071  33 11.82  7.32  10.52  2(7.3)(10.5) cos C

The area of the triangle is approximately cos C  0.1585
33 square meters. C  81
Use the law of sines to find the solution is
1 1
29. s ( a  b  c )  (11  9  7)  13.5 A  38, B  61, and C  81.
2 2
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) 35. Use the distance formula to determine that
 13.5(13.5  11)(13.5  9)(13.5  7) a  61  7.8, b  10  3.2, and c  5 .
 987.1875  31 a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A

31 square yards.
2 2
61  10  52  2  10  (5) cos A
cos A  0.8222
1 1
30. s  ( a  b  c )  (13  9  5)  13.5 A  145
2 2 Use the law of sines to find the solution is
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) A  145, B  13, and C  22.
 13.5(13.5  13)(13.5  9)(13.5  5)
36. Use the distance formula to determine that
 258.1875  16 a  13  3.6, b  26  5.1, and c  5 .
16 square yards. b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
31. C  180  15  35  130

2 2
26  13  52  2  13  (5) cos B
c 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos C cos B  0.3328
c  8  13  2(8)(13) cos130
2 2 2 B  71
c 2  366.6998 A  42, B  71, and C  67.
c  19.1
Use the law of sines to find the solution is 37. Use the law of cosines.
A  31, B  19, C  130, and c  19.1. c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
32. C  180  35  50  95 5.782  2.92  3.02  2(2.9)(3.0) cos θ
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C cos θ  0.9194
c  3  2  2(3)(2) cos 95
2 2 2 θ  157
This dinosaur was an efficient walker.
c 2  14.0459
c  3.7
A  54, B  31, C  95, and c  3.7.

38. Use the law of cosines. 41. Let b = the distance across the lake.
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
5.22  3.62  3.22  2(3.6)(3.2) cos θ b2  1602  1402  2(160)(140) cos80
cos θ  0.1667  37, 421
θ  100 b  37, 421  193
This dinosaur was not an efficient walker.
The distance across the lake is about
39. Let b = the distance between the ships after three hours. 193 yards.
After three hours, the ship traveling
14 miles per hour has gone 3  14 or 42. Let c = the distance from A to B.
42 miles. Similarly, the ship traveling c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
10 miles per hour has gone 30 miles. c 2  1052  652  2(105)(65) cos80  12,880
c  12,880  113
The distance from A to B is about 113 yards.
43. Assume that Island B is due east of Island A. Let

A = angle at Island A.
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
b2  c2  a 2
cos A 
2bc
52  62  72 1
cos A  
2  5 6 5
Using the figure,
A  78
B  180  75  12  117
Since 90  78  12, you should navigate on a
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B bearing of N12°E.
b2  302  422  2(30)(42) cos117  3808
44. Assume that Island A is due west of Island B. Let
b  61.7 B = angle at Island B.
After three hours, the ships will be about
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
61.7 miles apart.
a 2  c2  b2
40. First, make a diagram. cos B 
2ac
72  62  52 5
cos B  
276 7
B  44
Since 90  44  46, you should navigate on a
bearing of N46°W.
45. a. Using the figure,

B  90  40  50
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
Using the diagram, b2  13.52  252  2(13.5)(25) cos50
B  74  34  108
 373
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b  373  19.3
b2  4002  5802  2(400)(580) cos108 You are about 19.3 miles from the pier.
 639, 784
b  639,784  799.9
The distance from airport A to airport B is about
799.9 miles.

a b In the figure, b = the guy wire anchored downhill,

b.  e = the guy wire anchored uphill.
sin A sin B
B  90  7  97
13.5 373
 E  90  7  83
sin A sin 50
373 sin A  13.5sin 50 b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
13.5sin 50 b2  4002  802  2(400)(80) cos 97
sin A   0.5355
373  174, 200
A  32 b  174, 200  417.4
Since 90° – 32° = 58°, the original bearing
could have been S58ºE. e2  d 2  f 2  2df cos E
e2  4002  802  2(400)(80) cos83
46. First, make a diagram.
 158,600
e  158.600  398.2
The guy wire anchored downhill is about 417.4 feet
long. The one anchored uphill is about 398.2 feet
long.
48.
a. Using the figure,

B  90  45  45
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
b2  122  302  2(12)(30) cos 45  535
b  535  23.1 In the figure, b = the guy wire anchored downhill, e =
You are about 23.1 miles from the pier. the guy wire anchored uphill.
B  90  5  95
a b
b.  E  90  5  85
sin A sin B
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
12 535
 b2  2002  1502  2(200)(150) cos 95  67,729
sin A sin 45
535 sin A  12sin 45 b  67,729  260.2
12sin 45 e2  d 2  f 2  2df cos E
sin A   0.3669
535 e2  2002  1502  2(200)(150) cos85  57, 271
A  22
Since 90  22  68 , the original bearing e  57, 271  239.3
could have been S68°E. The guy wire anchored downhill is about 260.2 feet
long. The one anchored uphill is about 239.3 feet
47. long.

49. 52. First, find the area using Heron’s formula.

1 1
s  ( a  b  c)  (320  510  410)  620
2 2
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
 620(620  320)(620  510)(620  410)
 4, 296,600,000  65,548.46
Now multiply by the price per square foot.
(65, 548.46)(4.50)  294, 968
The cost is $294,968, to the nearest dollar.
Using the figure, 53. – 60. Answers may vary.

B  90  2  45 (using symmetry)
61. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
Sample explanation: The Law of Cosines is not
b2  902  60.52  2(90)(60.5) cos 45 simply the negative of the Law of Sines.
 4060
62. makes sense
b  4060  63.7
It is about 63.7 feet from the pitcher’s mound to first 63. makes sense
base.
64. makes sense
50.
65.
Using the given information and the hint, we arrive at

the figure above. Let a = the side opposite the 35°
Using the figure, angle, c = the side opposite the 145° angle.
B  90  2  45 (using symmetry)
a 2  152  102  2(15)(10) cos 35  79.3
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
a  79.3  8.9
b2  602  462  2(60)(46) cos 45  1813
c 2  152  102  2(15)(10) cos145  570.7
b  1813  42.6
b  570.7  23.9
It is about 42.6 feet from the pitcher’s mound to third
The lengths of the parallelogram’s sides are about 8.9
base.
inches and 23.9 inches.
51. First, find the area using Heron’s formula.
66. If we call the lower left point D, and the lower right
1 1
s  ( a  b  c)  (240  300  420)  480 point E, then the Law of Cosines will give all three
2 2 angles in triangle ADE and triangle ABE. That
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) allows us find A  29, B  87, and C  64. The
Law of Sines will then allow us to find
 480(480  240)(480  300)(480  420)
a  11.6 and b  23.9.
 1, 244,160,000  35, 272.65
Now multiply by the price per square foot.
(35, 272.65)(3.50)  123, 454
The cost is $123,454, to the nearest dollar.

Mid-Chapter 4 Check Point
67.
71. 4(5 x  4 y )  2(6 x  9 y )
 20 x  16 y  12 x  18 y
 8 x  34 y
2
The angle between the minute and hour hand is of
3 Mid-Chapter 4 Check Point
the 90° angle from 9 to 12, or 60°.
Let d = the distance between the tips of the hands. 1. C  180  32  41  107
Use the Law of Sines to find b.
d  m  h  2mh cos 60
2 2 2
a b
1 
 m 2  h 2  2mh   sin A sin B
2 20 b

 m 2  h 2  mh sin 32 sin 41
20sin 41
d  m 2  h 2  mh b
sin 32
68. Answers may vary. b  24.8
Use the Law of Sines to find c.
69. Find the distance from (3, 3) and (0, 3). a c

d  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2 sin A sin C
20 c

 (3  3)2  (0  3)2 sin 32 sin107
 45 20sin107
c
sin 32
3 5
c  36.1
Find the distance from (0, 0) and (3, 6).
The solution is C  107, b  24.8, and c  36.1 .
d  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2
2. Use the Law of Sines to find B.
 (6  0)2  (3  0) 2 a b

 45 sin A sin B
63 57
3 5 
The line segments have the same length. sin 42 sin B
57sin 42
sin B 
70. (3, 3) and (0, 3) 63
y2  y1 sin B  0.6054
m There are two angles possible:
x2  x1
B1  37, B2  180  37  143
3  (3)
 B2 is impossible, since 42  143  185 .
0  (3)
C  180  B1  A  180  37  42  101
2
(0, 3) and (3, 6) c a

y2  y1 sin C sin A
m c 63
x2  x1 
sin101 sin 42
60
 63sin101
3 0 c
sin 42
2
c  92.4
There is one triangle and the solution is
The lines have the same slope.
Thus, the lines are parallel. B1 (or B )  37, C  101, and c  92.4 .

3. Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Use the Law of Sines to find b1 and b2 .
a b b1 c
 
sin A sin B sin B1 sin C
6 7
 b1 13
sin 65 sin B 
sin 83 sin 42
7sin 65
sin B  13sin 83
6 b1   19.3
sin 42
sin B  1.0574
b2 c
The sine can never exceed 1. There is no triangle 
with the given measurements. sin B2 sin C
b2 13
4. Use the Law of Cosines to find b. 
sin13 sin 42
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B 13sin13
b2   4.4
b2  102  162  2(10)(16) cos110 sin 42
In one triangle, the solution is
b2  465.4464
A1  55, B1  83, b1  19.3 .
b  21.6
Use the Law of Sines to find A. In the other triangle, A2  125, B2  13, b2  4.4 .
b a
 6. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle opposite the
sin B sin A longest side.
21.6 10
 Thus, find angle C.
sin110 sin A c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
10sin110
sin A  a 2  b2  c2
21.6 cos C 
sin A  0.4350 2ab
A  26 5  7.22  10.12
2
cos C 
Find the third angle. 2  5  7.2
C  180  A  B  180  26  110  44 cos C  0.3496
The solution is A  26, C  44, and b  21.6 . C  110
Use the Law of Sines to find angle A.
5. Use the Law of Sines to find angle A. a c
a c 
 sin A sin C
sin A sin C 5 10.1
16 13 
 sin A sin110
sin A sin 42 5sin110
16sin 42 sin A 
sin A  10.1
13 sin A  0.4652
sin A  0.8235 A  28
There are two angles possible: Find the third angle.
A1  55, A2  180  55  125 B  180  A  C  180  28  110  42
There are two triangles: The solution is A  28, B  42, and C  110
B1  180  C  A1  180  42  55  83
B2  180  C  A2  180  42  125  13 7. The area of the triangle is half the product of the
lengths of the two sides times the sine of the included
angle.
1
Area  (5)(7)(sin 36)  10
2
feet.

Section 4.3 Vectors
8. Begin by calculating one-half the perimeter: Section 4.3

1 1
s  ( a  b  c )  (7  9  12)  14 Check Point Exercises
2 2
Use Heron’s formula to find the area. 1. First, we show that u and v have the same magnitude.
Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
u   x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2
 14(14  7)(14  9)(14  12)  980  31
The area of the triangle is approximately 31 square   2  (5)2  6  22
meters.
 32  42
9. The first train traveled 100 miles, the second train  9  16
traveled 80 miles.
Use the Law of Cosines to find the distance.  25
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C 5
c 2  1002  802  2(100)(80) cos110 v   x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2
c 2  21872.32229
  5  2 2   6  2 2
c  147.9
The two trains are 147.9 miles apart.  32  42
10. Let the fire be at point C.  9  16

A  90  56  34  25
B  90  23  67 5
C  180  34  67  79 Thus, u and v have the same magnitude: u  v .
Use the law of sines to find b. Next, we show that u and v have the same direction.
b c the line on which u lies has slope

sin B sin C y  y1 62 4
m 2   .
b

16 x2  x1 2  ( 5) 3
sin 67 sin 79 The line on which v lies has slope
16sin 67 y  y1 6  2 4
b m 2   .
sin 79 x2  x1 5  2 3
b  15.0 Because u and v are both directed toward
The fire is 15.0 miles from station A
4
the upper right on lines having the same slope, ,
11. Let point A be where the angle of elevation is 66. 3
they have the same direction. Thus, u and v have the
Let point B be where the angle of elevation is 50.
same magnitude and direction, and u = v.
Let point C be at the top of the tree.
C  180  A  B  180  66  50  64 2. For the given vector v  3i  3j, a = 3 and
Use the law of sines to find a. b = –3. The vector’s initial point is the origin, (0, 0).
a c The vector’s terminal point is (a , b)  (3,  3) . We

sin A sin C sketch the vector by drawing an arrow from (0, 0) to
a 420 (3, –3).

sin 66 sin 64
420sin 66
a
sin 64
a  426.9
The height of the tree, h, is given by
h  a sin B
h  426.9sin 50
h  327.0
The tree is 327.0 feet tall.

We determine the magnitude of the vector by using A unit vector in the same direction as v is
the distance formula. Thus, the magnitude is v 4i  3j 4 3
  i j
v  a 2  b2 v 5 5 5
Now, we must verify that the magnitude of the vector
 32  (3)2
4 3
 99 is 1. The magnitude of i  j is
5 5
 18 4
2
 3
2
16 9 25
 3 2.           1.
5 5 25 25 25
3. We identify the values for the variables in the 8. 60 cos 45o i + 60 sin 45o j
formula. 2 2
P1  ( 1, 3) P2  (2, 7)  60  i  60  j
2 2
     30 2 i  30 2 j
x1 y1 x2 y2
Using these values, we write v in terms of i and j as
follows: 9. We need to find F and θ .
v  ( x2  x1 )i  ( y2  y1 ) j
 (2  ( 1))i  (7  3) j
 3i  4 j
4. a. v  w  (7i  3j)  (4i  5j)

 (7  4)i  (3  5) j
 11i  2 j
Use the Law of Cosines to find the magnitude of F.
b. v  w  (7i  3j)  (4i  5j) 2
F  602  302  2(60)(30) cos130  6814 The
 (7  4)i  (3  ( 5)) j
 3i  8 j F  6814  82.5
magnitude of the resultant force is about 82.5 pounds.
5. a. 8v  8(7i  10 j) To find θ , the direction of the resultant force, we use
 56i  80 j the Law of Sines.
82.5 30
b. 5v  5(7i  10 j) 
sin130 sin θ
 35i  50 j 82.5sin θ  30sin130
30sin130
6. 6v  3w  6(7i  3j)  3(4i  5j) sin θ 
82.5
 42i  18 j  12i  15j
 30sin130 
θ  sin 1   16.2
 (42  12)i  (18  15) j  82.5 
 30i  33j The direction of the resultant force is approximately
16.2° relative to the 60-pound force, which gives a
7. First, find the magnitude of v. direction angle of 46.2°.
v  a 2  b2
The two given forces are equivalent to a single force
 42  (3)2 of approximately 82.5 pounds with a direction angle
of approximately 46.2°.
 16  9
 25
5

Section 4.3 Vectors
Concept and Vocabulary Check 4.3 2. a. u  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2

1. vector  (4  0)2  (6  0)2
2. scalar  (4)2  (6)2
3. v; b  16  36
4. a  52
5. w  2 13
6. unit; x; y
b. v  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2
7. a; b; a 2  b2  (2  2)2  (5  (1))2
8. position  (4)2  (6)2
9. x2  x1 ; y2  y1  16  36
 52
10. a1  a2 ; b1  b2 ; a1  a2 ; b1  b2 ; ka1 ; kb1
 2 13
v
11. ; magnitude
v c. Since u  v , and u and v have the same
direction, we can conclude that u = v.
12. cos θ ; sin θ
13. resultant 3. a. u  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2
 (5  (1))2  (1  1)2
Exercise Set 4.3  62  02
1. a. u  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2  36  0
 36
 (4  ( 1))2  (6  2)2
6
 52  42
b. v  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 ) 2
 25  16
 41  (4  (2))2  (1  (1))2
b.  62  02
v  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2
 36  0
 (5  0)2  (4  0)2
 36
 5 4 2 2
6
 25  16
c. Since u  v , and u and v have the same
 41
direction, we can conclude that
u = v.
c. Since u  v , and u and v have the same
direction, we can conclude that u = v.

4. a. u  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2 8.
 (3  (3))2  (2  3) 2
 02  (5)2
 0  25
 25
5 v  (1)2  (1)2  1  1  2
v  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2 9.
 (3  3)  ( 4  1)
2 2
 02  (5)2
 0  25
 25
5
v  (6)2  (2)2
c. Since u  v , and u and v have the same  36  4
direction, we can conclude that u = v.  40
5.  2 10
10.
v  32  12  9  1  10
6. v  52  (2)2  25  4  29
11.
v  22  32  4  9  13
v  (4)2  02  16  0  16  4
7.
12.
v  12  ( 1) 2  1  1  2
v  02  (5)2  0  25  25  5

Section 4.3 Vectors
13. v   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  j 26. w  v  ( i  6 j)  ( 3i  7 j)

v  (6  ( 4))i  (2  ( 4)) j  10i  6 j   i  6 j  3i  7 j
 (1  3)i  ( 6  7) j
14. v  ( x2  x1 )i  ( y2  y1 ) j  2i  13j
v  (6  2)i  (6  (5)) j  8i  11j
27. 5v  5(3i  7 j)  15i  35 j
15. v   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  j
v  (2  (8))i  (3  6) j  6i  3j 28. 6 v  6(3i  7 j)  18i  42 j
16. v  ( x2  x1 )i  ( y2  y1 ) j 29. 4 w  4(  i  6 j)  4i  24 j

v  (0  ( 7))i  ( 2  ( 4)) j  7i  2 j
30. 7 w  7(  i  6 j)  7i  42 j
17. v   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  j
31. 3w  2 v  3(  i  6 j)  2(3i  7 j)
v  (7  (1))i  ( 7  7) j  6i  14 j
 3i  18 j  6i  14 j
18. v  ( x2  x1 )i  ( y2  y1 ) j  ( 3  6)i  (18  14) j
v  (7  ( 1))i  (5  6) j  8i  11j  9 i  4 j
3u  4 v  3(2i  5j)  4(3i  7 j)

v   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  j
32.
19.
 6i  15j  12i  28 j
v  (6  ( 3))i  (4  4) j  9i  0 j  9i
 (6  12)i  (15  28) j
20. v  ( x2  x1 )i  ( y2  y1 ) j  6i  13j
v  (4  4)i  (3  (5)) j  0i  8 j = 8 j
33. 3v  4 w  3( 3i  7 j)  4(  i  6 j)
21. u  v  (2i  5j)  (3i  7 j)  9i  21j  4i  24 j
 (2  3)i  ( 5  7) j  ( 9  4)i  (21  24) j
 i  2 j  5i  45j
22. v  w  (3i  7 j)  (  i  6 j) 34. 4 w  3v  4(  i  6 j)  3(3i  7 j)

 (3  1)i  (7  6) j  4i  24 j  9i  21j
 4i  j  ( 4  9)i  (24  21) j
 5i  45j
23. u  v  (2i  5j)  (3i  7 j)
 2i  5j  3i  7 j 35. 2u  2(2i  5j)
 (2  3)i  ( 5  7) j  4i  10 j
 5i  12 j
 42  (10)2
24. v  w  (3i  7 j)  ( i  6 j)  16  100
 3i  7 j  i  6 j
 116
 (3  1)i  (7  6) j
 2 29
 2i  13j
25. v  u  (3i  7 j)  (2i  5j)

 3i  7 j  2i  5j
 (3  2)i  (7  5) j
 5i  12 j

36.  2u   2(2i  5j) v 8i  6 j

42. 
  4i  10 j v 8  ( 6) 2
2
 (4)2  (10) 2 8i  6 j

64  36
 16  100
8i  6 j
 116 
100
 2 29 8i  6 j

10
37. w  u  ( i  6 j)  (2i  5j) 8 6
 i j
  i  6 j  2i  5 j 10 10
 (1  2)i  (6  5) j 4
 i j
3
5 5
  3i  j
 ( 3) 2  ( 1)2 v 3i  2 j
43. 
v 3  (2)2
2
 9 1
 10 3i  2 j

94
38. u  w  (2i  5j)  (  i  6 j) 3i  2 j

 2i  5 j  i  6 j 13
3 2
 (2  1)i  (5  6) j  i j
13 13
 3i  j
 32  12 v 4i  2 j
44. 
v 42  (2)2
 9 1
 10 4i  2 j

16  4
v 6i 6i 6i 4i  2 j
39.    i 
v 62  0 2 36 6 20
4i  2 j

v 5j 5j 5 j 2 5
40.     j
v 0  (5)
2 2 25 5 4i 2j
 
2 5 2 5
v 3i  4 j
41.  
2 5
i
5
j
v 3  ( 4)
2 2
5 5
3i  4 j
 v ij
9  16 45. 
v 12  12
3i  4 j
 ij
25 
3i  4 j 2
 i j
5  
3 4 2 2
 i j
5 5 2 2
 i j
2 2

Section 4.3 Vectors
v ij ij 52. v  v cos θ i  v sin θ j

46.  
v 1  (1)
2 2 2 1 1
 cos 200i  sin 200 j
i j 4 4
  1 1
2 2  (0.9397) i  ( 0.3402) j
4 4
2 2
 i j  0.23i  0.09 j
2 2
53. 4u  (2 v  w )  4(2i  3j)   2(6i  j)  (3i ) 
47. v  v cos θ i  v sin θ j
 8i  12 j  12i  2 j  3i )
 6 cos 30i  6sin 30 j
 8i  12 j  12i  2 j  3i )
 3 1
 6  i  6  j  23i  14 j
 2  2
 3 3i  3j 54. 3u  (4 v  w )  3(2i  3j)   4(6i  j)  (3i )

 6i  9 j   24i  4 j  3i ) 
 6i  9 j  24i  4 j  3i )
 8cos 45i  8sin 45 j
 33i  13j
 2  2
 8  i 8 j 2 2
 2   2  55. uv  uv
 4 2i  4 2 j 2
 2i  3j  6i  j  2i  3j  (6i  j)
2
2 2
49. v  v cos θ i  v sin θ j  4i  2 j  8i  4 j
   
2 2
 12 cos 225i  12 sin 225 j  42  22  ( 8)2  42
 2  2
 12    i  12   j  16  4  (64  16)
 2   2 
 20  80
 6 2 i  6 2 j  60
50. v  v cos θ i  v sin θ j 56. vw

2
 vw
2
 10 cos 330i  10sin 330 j 2 2

 6i  j  3i  6i  j  3i
 3  1
 10   i  10   2  j
2
 3i  j  9i  j
2
 2 
   
2 2
 5 3i  5j  32  ( 1)2  92  (1)2
 9  1  (81  1)
 10  82
1 1
 cos113 i  sin113 j  72
2 2
1 1 uv  vu
 (0.39)i  (0.92) j 57.
2 2
 0.20i  0.46 j
 a1i  b1 j   a2 i  b2 j  a2 i  b2 j   a1i  b1 j
 a1  a2  i  b1  b2  j   a1  a2  i   b1  b2  j
This demonstrates the commutative property of
vectors.

58. (u  v)  w  u  ( v  w)
a1i  b1 j  a2 i  b2 j  a3i  b3 j  a1i  b1 j   a2 i  b2 j   a3i  b3 j
 a1  a2  a3  i  b1  b2  b3  j  a1  a2  a3  i  b1  b2  b3  j
This demonstrates the associative property of vectors.
59. c ( u  v )  cu  c v
c  a1i  b1 j   a2 i  b2 j  c  a1i  b1 j  c  a2 i  b2 j
 ca1  ca2  i   cb1  cb2  j   ca1  ca2  i   cb1  cb2  j
This demonstrates a distributive property of vectors.
60. ( c  d ) u  cu  d u
 c  d   a1i  b1 j  c  a1i  b1 j  d  a1i  b1 j
ca1i  cb1 j  da1i  db1 j  ca1i  cb1 j  da1i  db1 j
 ca1  da1  i   cb1  db1  j   ca1  da1  i   cb1  db1  j
This demonstrates a distributive property of vectors.
61. v  ( 10) 2  152  325  18.03

 15 
θ  tan 1   123.7
 10 
62. v  22  (8)2  68  8.25
 8 
θ  tan 1   284.0
 2 
63. v   4i  2 j   4i  8 j  6 j
v 6
θ  90
64. v   7i  3j  10i  3j  3i

v 3
θ  180

 44 cos 30i  44 sin 30 j
 3 1
 44   i  44  2  j
 2 
 22 3i  22 j

 30 cos 45i  30sin 45 j
 2  2
 30   i  30  2  j
 2   
 15 2 i  15 2 j

Section 4.3 Vectors

 150cos8i  150sin 8 j
 148.5i  20.9 j
68.
The vector’s direction angle, from the positive

x-axis to v, is θ  90  35  125.
Because the plane is traveling at 450 miles per hour, v  450. Thus,
v  v cos θ i  v sin θ j
 450cos125i  450sin125 j
 450( 0.57) i  450(0.82) j
 258.1i  368.6 j

 1.5cos 25i  1.5sin 25 j
 1.4 i  0.6 j
The length of the shadow is 1.4 = 1.4 inches.

 1.8cos 40i  1.8sin 40 j
 1.4 i  1.2 j
The length of the shadow is 1.4  1.4 inches.
71. F1 = ||F1||cos θi + ||F1|| sin θ j

 70 cos 326o i  70sin 3260 j
 58i  39.1j
F2 = ||F2||cos θi + ||F2|| sin θ j

 50 cos180 i  50sin180 j
 47.6i  15.5j
F = F1 + F2 = (58i – 39.1j)+(47.6i + 15.5j)
= 105.6i – 23.6 j
|| F || 105.62  ( 23.6) 2  108.2 pounds

a
cos θ 
|| F ||
θ  cos1
105.6
 12.6o
108.2
360o  12.6o  347.4o

72. F1 = 4200 cos 25o i + 4200 sin 25o j 75. F1  70 cos 326o i  70sin 3260 j
= 3806.49i + 1775j
= –100j
F2 = 3000 cos 328o i + 3000 sin 328o j a
cos18o 
= 2544.14i – 1589.76j To find the length of the BC: 100
a  95
F = (3806.49 +2544.14) i + (1775 – 1589.76)j F2  95cos 2888  95sin 288
0 0
= 6350.63i + 185.24j
 29.4i  90.4 j
|| F || 6350.632  185.242  6353.33
F = F1 – F2 = (– 100j) – (29.4i – 90.4j)
6353 pounds = –29.4 i – 9.6 j
6350.63
cosθ 
6353.33
 29.42  (9.6)2  30.9
The force required to pull the weight is 30.9 pounds.
θ  1.7o
73. F1 = 1610 cos 125o i + 1610 sin 125o j 30

76. sin18 
= –923.46i + 1318.83j x
x sin18  30
F2 = 1250 cos 215o i + 1250 sin 215o j 30
= –1023.94i – 716.97j x
sin18
F = (–923.46 – 1023.94) i + (1318.83 – 716.97)j x  97.1 pounds
= –1947.40i + 601.86j
77. a. 335 lb
|| F || (1947.40)2  601.862  2038.28 b. 3484 lb
2038 kilograms
78. a. 61 lb
1947.40
cosθ 
2038.28 b. 273 lb
θ  162.8o
79. a. F1 + F2 = (3 + 6)i + (–5 + 2)j = 9i – 3j
o o
74. F1 = 64 cos 129 i + 64 sin 129 j
= –40.28i + 49.74j b. –9i + 3j
F2 = 48 cos 211o i + 48 sin 211o j 80. a. F1 + F2 + F3 = (–2 + 1 + 5)i + (3 – 1 – 12)j

= –41.14i – 24.72j = 4i – 10j
F = (40.28 – 41.14) i + (49.74 – 24.72)j b. –4i + 10j

= –81.42i + 25.02j
81. a. F1 = –3i (–3, 0)
|| F || (81.42)2  25.022  85.18 F2 = –i + 4j (–1, 4)
85.18 kilograms F3 = 4i –2i (4, –2)
F4 = –4j (0, –4)
81.42
cosθ  F1 + F2 + F2 + F2 = ( –3 – 1 + 4)i
85.18 + (4 – 2 – 4)j = –2j
θ  162.9o
b. 2j

Section 4.3 Vectors
82. a. F1 = 8 cos 70o i + 8 sin o j 85. v = 320 cos 20o i + 320 sin 20o j
= 2.74i + 7.52j = 300.7i + 109.5j
w = 370 cos 30o i + 370 sin 300 j
F2 = 6 cos 140o i + 6 sin 140o j = 320.4i + 185j
= –4.60i + 3.86j w – v = (320.4 – 300.7)i
+ (115.7 – 109.5)j
F3 = 4 cos 200o i + 4 sin 200o j = 19.7i + 75.6j
= –3.76i –1.37j 19.72  75.62  78 mph
F1 + F2 + F3 = (2.74 – 4.60 – 3.76)i + (7.52 + 19.7
cos θ 
3.86 – 1.37)j = – 5.62i + 10.01j 78
θ  75.4o
b. 5.62i – 10.01j
86. v = 540 cos 306o i + 540 sin 306o j
83. a. v = 180 cos 40o i + 180 sin 40o j = 317.4i –436.9j
= 137.88i + 115.7j
w = 40 cos 0o i + 40 sin 00 j a = 500 cos 314o i + 500 sin 314o j
= 40i = 347.3i –359.7j
b. v + w = (137.88 + 40)i + 115.7j w = a – v = (347.3 – 317.4) i + (–359.7 +436.9)j
= 177.88i + 115.7j = 29.9i + 77.2j
|| w || 29.92  77.22  82.8
c. 177.882  115.72  212 mph
83 mph
29.9
d. cos θ 
177.88 cosθ 
212 8.28
θ  33o θ  68.8o
90o  33o  N57o E 87. – 103. Answers may vary.
84. a. v = 400 cos 140o i + 400 sin 140o j 104. makes sense
= –306.4i + 257.1j
105. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
o
w = 30 cos 65 i + 30 sin 65 j o Sample explanation: A vector represents a distance
= 12.7i + 27.2j and a direction. A rate of change does not represent
a distance and a direction.
v + w = (–306.4 + 12.7 ) i + (257.1 + 27.2)j
= –293.7i + 284.3j 106. makes sense
|| v  w || ( 293.7)2  284.32  408.8 107. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
409 mph Sample explanation: The resultant force will have a
magnitude less than two pounds unless both forces
are in the same direction.
306.4
b. cosθ 
408.8 108. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
θ  138.5o  N48.5o W A sample change is: A  B   E  E
109. true
110. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.

A sample change is: B  E  G  F
111. true

112. v ai  bj ai  bj 114.
 
v ai  bj a 2  b2
a b
 i j
a b
2 2
a  b2
2
2 2 2
v  a   b 
   
v  a 2  b2   a 2  b2 
a2 b2 a 2  b2
   1
a 2  b2 a 2  b2 a 2  b2
v
1
v
v v
Since is 1, is a unit vector.
v v
113.
To find the magnitude of F, we use the

Law of Cosines.
2
F  25002  20002  2(2500)(2000) cos140
 17,910, 444.4
F  17,910, 444.4  4232.1
To find the compass direction of the resultant force,
use the Law of Sines.
4232.1 2000

sin140 sin θ
4232.1sin θ  2000sin140
To find the magnitude of v, we use the 2000sin140
Law of Cosines. sin θ 
4232.1
2
v  302  2402  2(30)(240) cos165 1  2000sin140 
θ  sin 
 72, 409.3  4232.1 
v  72, 409.3  269 θ  17.7
The compass direction of the resultant force is
The plane’s true speed relative to the ground is about
55° + 17.7° = 72.7°.
269.1 miles per hour. To find the compass heading,
relative to the ground, use the Law of Sines. 115. a. a = 310 cos θo i + 310 sin θo j
269 30 w = 75 cos 0o i + 75 sin 0o j

sin165 sin θ = 75i
269 sin θ  30sin165 310cos θ  75  0
30sin165 75
sin θ  cos θ 
269 310
 30sin165  θ  104o
θ  sin 1  
 269 b. decrease
θ  1.7
The compass heading relative to the ground, is
approximately 270° + (10° – 1.7°) = 278.3°.

Section 4.4 The Dot Product
3(1)  (2)(4) vw

116. cos θ  2. cos θ 
v w || v ||  || w ||
3  8 (4i  3j)  ( i  2 j)
cos θ  
42   3
2
3  (2)2 (1)2  42
2 12  22
11 4(1)  (3)(2)
cos θ  
13 17 25 5
11 2
cos θ  
221 125
 11 
θ  cos1  The angle θ between the vectors is
 221 
 2 
θ  137.7 θ  cos1     100.3.
 125 
2(2)  4( 6) 4  24
117. 2
w 2
(2 i  6 j) 3. v  w  (6i  3j)  ( i  2 j)
w ( 2)  6
2 2
 6(1)  ( 3)(2)  6  6  0
28 The dot product is zero.
 ( 2 i  6 j) Thus, the given vectors are orthogonal.
40
7 21
 i j vw
5 5 4. projw v  w
|| w ||2
118. a. u
2
= v
2
 w
2
 2 v w cos θ (2i  5j)  ( i  j)
 2
w
 2 2 
 1   1 
b. u = (a1  a2 )2  (b1  b2 )2
2(1)  ( 5)(1)
u
2
= (a1  a2 )2  (b1  b2 )2  w
 2
2
v  (a1  0) 2  (b1  0)2 = a12  b12

7
2  w
v = a12  b12 2
7
w = (0  a2 )2  (0  b2 )2 = a2 2  b2 2  (i  j)
2
2
w = a2 2  b2 2 7 7
 i j
2 2
7 7
Section 4.4 5. v1  projw v  i j
2 2
Check Point Exercises v 2  v  v1
7 7 
1. a. v·w = 7(2) + (–4)(–1)= 14 + 4 = 18  (2i  5j)   i  j
2 2 
b. w·v =2(7) + ( –1)(– 4) = 14 + 4 = 18 3 3
 i j
c. w·w = 2(2) + (–1)(–1) = 4 + 1 = 5 2 2

6. W F AB cos θ  (20)(150) cos 30
 2598
The work done is approximately 2598 foot-pounds.

Concept and Vocabulary Check 4.4 10. v  ( u  w )  (3i  j)  [(2i  j)  (i  4 j)]

1. dot product; a1a2  b1b2  (3i  j)  [(2  1)i  (1  4) j]
 (3i  j)  [3i  3j]
2. v w cosθ  3(3)  1(3)
 93
3. orthogonal  12
4. true 11. u·v + u·w
5. false  (2i  j)  (3i  j)  (2i  j)( i  4 j)
 (2)(3)  ( 1)(1)  2(1)  ( 1)(4)
 6 1 2  4
Exercise Set 4.4
3
1. v·w = 3(1) + 1(3) = 3 + 3 = 6
12. v·u + v·w
v·v = 3(3) + 1(1) = 9 + 1 = 10
 (3i  j)  (2i  j)  (3i  j)  ( i  4 j)
2. v·w = 3(1) + (3)(4) = 3 + 12 = 15  [3(2)  1(1)]  [3(1)  1(4)]
v·v = 3(3) + 3(3) = 9 + 9 = 18  [6  1]  [3  4]
3. v·w = 5(–2) + (–4)(–1) = –10 + 4 = –6  5 7
v·v = 5(5) + (–4)(–4) = 25 + 16 = 41  12
4. v·w = 4(– 3) + (– 2)(–1) = –21 + 2 = –19 13. (4u)  v

v·v = 7(7) + (–2)( –2) = 49 + 4 = 53  [(4(2i  j)]  (3i  j)
5. v·w = –6(–10) + (–5)(–8) = 60 + 40 = 100  (8i  4 j)  (3i  j)
v·v = –6(–6) + (–5)(–5) = 36 + 25 = 61  (8)(3)  (4)(1)
 24  4
6. v·w = –8(–10) + (–3)( –5) = 80 + 15 = 95
v·v = –8(–8) + (–3)( –3) = 64 + 9 = 73  20
7. v·w = 5(0) + 0(1) = 0 + 0 = 0 14. (5v)·w

v·v = 5(5) + 0(0) = 25 + 0 = 25  [5(3i  j)]  ( i  4 j)
 (15i  5j)  ( i  4 j)
8. v  i  0 j and w  0i  5 j
 15(1)  5(4)
v·w = 1(0) + 0(–5) = 0 + 0 = 0
v·v = 1(1) + 0(0) = 1 + 0 = 1  15  20
 35
9. v  ( v  w )  (2i  j)[(3i  j)  (i  4 j)]
15. 4(u·v)
 (2i  j)[(3  1)i  (1  4) j)]
 4[(2i  j)  (3i  j)]
 (2i  j)(4i  5j)
 4[2(3)  (1)1]
 2(4)  ( 1)(5)
 4[6  1]
 85
 4[5]
3
 20
16. 5(v·w)
 5[(3i  j)  (i  4 j)]
 5[3(1)  1(4)]
 5[3  4]
 5[7]
 35

vw vw
17. cos θ 20. cos θ 
|| v || || w || || v || ||w||
(2i  j)  (3i  4 j) (i  2 j)  (4i  3j)
 
22   1 12  22 42  ( 3)2
2
32  42
2(3)  (1)(4) 1(4)  2(3)
 
5 25 5 25
64 2
 
125 125

2 The angle θ between the vectors is
125  2 
θ  cos1     100.3.
 125 
The angle θ between the vectors is
 2  vw
θ  cos1   79.7.
 125  cos θ
21.
|| v || || w ||
(6i  0 j)  (5i  4 j)
vw 
18. cos θ  62  02 52  42
|| v || ||w||
(2i  5j)  (3i  6 j) 6(5)  0(4)
 
36 41
( 2)2  52 32  62
30
2(3)  5(6) 
 1476
29 45
24 The angle θ between the vectors is

1305  30 
θ  cos1   38.7.
The angle θ between the vectors is  1476 
 24 
θ  cos1   48.4. vw
 1305  22. cos θ 
|| v || ||w||
vw (0i  3j)  (4i  5j)
19. cos θ 
|| v || || w || 02  32 42  52
( 3i  2 j)  (4i  j) 0(4)  3(5)
 
( 3) 2  22 42  (1)2 9 41
15
3(4)  2( 1) 
 369
13 17
14 The angle θ between the vectors is

221  15 
θ  cos1   38.7.
 369 
 14  23. v  w  ( i  j)  ( i  j)  (1)(1)  1(1)  1  1  0
θ  cos1     160.3.
 221  The dot product is zero. Thus, the given vectors are
orthogonal.
24. v  w  ( i  j)  (  i  j)  1(1)  1(1)  1  1  0

The dot product is zero. Thus, the given vectors are
orthogonal.

25. v  w  (2i  8 j)  (4i  j) vw

33. projw v  w
 2(4)  (8)(1) || w ||2
 88 (3i  2 j)  ( i  j)
 w
0  2 2 
2
The dot product is zero. Thus, the given vectors are  1   1 
orthogonal.
3(1)  ( 2)(1)

 2
2
26. v  w  (8i  4 j)  ( 6i  12 j)  8( 6)  ( 4)( 12)
= –48 + 48 = 0
5
The dot product is zero. Thus, the given vectors are  w
orthogonal. 2
5
 (i  j)
27. v  w  (2i  2 j)  ( i  j) 2
 2( 1)  (2)(1) 5 5
 i j
 2  2 2 2
 4
5 5
The dot product is not zero. Thus, the given vectors v1  projw v  i j
are not orthogonal. 2 2
5 5 
28. v  w  (5i  5 j)  (i  j)  5(1)  ( 5)( 1) v 2  v  v1  (3i  2 j)   i  j
2 2 
= 5 + 5 = 10
1 1
The dot product is not zero. Thus, the given vectors  i j
are not orthogonal. 2 2
v  w  (3i  0 j)  (4i  0 j) vw

29. 34. projw v  w
 3( 4)  0(0) || w ||2
 12  0 (3i  2 j)  (2i  j)
 w
 
2
 12 2 1
2 2
The dot product is not zero. Thus, the given vectors
are not orthogonal. 3(2)  (2)(1)
 w
 5
2
30. v  w  (5i  0 j)  ( 6i  0 j)  5( 6)  0(0)
= –30 + 0 = –30 4
The dot product is not zero. Thus, the given vectors  (2i  j)
5
are not orthogonal.
8 4
 i j
31. v  w  (3i  0 j)  (0i  4 j) 5 5
 3(0)  (0)(4) 8 4
v1  projw v  i j
 00 5 5
0 8 4 
v 2  v  v1  (3i  2 j)   i  j
The dot product is zero. Thus, the given vectors are 5 5 
orthogonal. 7 14
 i j
32. v  w  (5i  0 j)  (0i  6 j)  5(0)  0( 6) 5 5
=0+0=0
The dot product is zero. Thus, the given vectors are
orthogonal.

vw vw
35. projw v  w 37. projw v  w
|| w || || w ||2
(i  3j)  ( 2i  5j) (i  2 j)  (3i  6 j)
 w  w
1   1
 
2 2 2
32  62
1( 2)  3(5)
 w 1(3)  2(6)
  
2
( 2)2  52 45
13 15
 w  w
 
2 45
29
1
 w
13 3
 w
29 1
 (3i  6 j)
13 3
 (2i  5j)
29  i  2j
26 65
 i j
29 29 v1  projw v  i  2 j
v 2  v  v1
 ( i  2 j)   i  2 j
26 65
v1  projw v   i  j
29 29
 0i  0 j
v 2  v  v1
0
 26 65 
 ( i  3j)    i  j
 29 29  vw
38. projw v  w

55
i
22
j || w ||2
29 29 (2i  j)  (6i  3j)
 w
 
2
36. vw 62  32
projw v  w
|| w ||2
2(6)  1(3)
(2i  4 j)  (3i  6 j)  w

 
2
w
 
2 45
(3)2  62
15
 w
2(3)  4(6) 45
 w
 
2
1
45  (6i  3j)
3
18  2i  j
 w
45
2 v1  projw v  2i  j
 ( 3i  6 j)
5 v 2  v  v1  (2i  j)   2i  j
6 12  0i  0 j  0
 i j
5 5
6 12
v1  projw v   i  j
5 5
 6 12 
v 2  v  v1  (2i  4 j)    i  j
 5 5 
16 8
 i j
5 5

39. 5u  (3v  4 w )  15u  v  20u  w

 15 ( 1)(3)  (1)(2)  20  ( 1)(0)  (1)( 5)
 15 5  20  5
 25
40. 4u  (5v  3w )  20u  v  12u  w

 20  (1)(3)  (1)( 2)  12  ( 1)(0)  (1)( 5) 
 20  5  12  5
 40
v  w  u
41. proju ( v  w )  2
u
u
3i  2 j  5j    i  j
 2
  i  j
i  j
3i  7 j    i  j
  i  j
 
2
(1)  12 2
3  7
  i  j
2
 5   i  j
 5i  5j
v  w  u
42. proju ( v  w )  2
u
u
3i  2 j  5j   i  j
 2
 i  j
i  j
3i  3j   i  j
   i  j
 
2
(1)  12 2
3  3
  i  j
2
 0   i  j
0

vw
43. cos θ 
v w
 4π   3π   4π   3π 
 2 cos   3cos    2sin   3sin 
3  2 3  2
cos θ 
2 2 2 2
 4π   4π   3π   3π 
 2 cos    2sin   3cos    3sin 
3 3  2 2
3 3
cos θ 
6
3
cos θ 
2
θ  30
vw
44. cos θ 
v w
 5π   5π 
 3cos   2 cos π    3sin   2sin π 
3 3
cos θ 
2 2
 5π   5π 
 3cos    3sin   2 cos π 2   2sin π 2
3 3
3
cos θ 
6
1
cos θ  
2
θ  120
vw
45. cos θ 
v w
36   5 10
cos θ 
 32   52 62   102
68
cos θ 
68
cos θ  1
θ  0
The vectors are parallel.
v  w  68
vw  0
The vectors are not orthogonal.

vw
46. cos θ 
v w
 2 6  39
cos θ 
 22  32  62  92
39
cos θ 
39
cos θ  1
θ  0
The vectors are parallel.
v  w  39
vw  0
vw
47. cos θ 
v w
36   510
cos θ 
3   52 62  102
2
32
cos θ 
68
θ  118
The vectors are not parallel.
v  w  32
vw  0
vw
48. cos θ 
v w
 2 6  3 9
cos θ 
 22  32  62   92
15
cos θ 
39
θ  113
The vectors are not parallel.
v  w  15
vw  0
 18 
49. v  w   3 6   5    0
5
The vectors are orthogonal.
50. v  w   2  6   3 4  0

The vectors are orthogonal.

51. v  w  (240i  300 j)  (2.90i  3.07 j)

 240(2.90)  300(3.07)
 696  921
 1617
v · w = 1617 means $1617 in revenue
was generated on Monday by the sale of
240 gallons of regular gas at $2.90 per gallon and 300 gallons of premium gas at $3.07 per gallon.
52. v  w  (180i  450 j)  (3i  2 j)

 180(3)  450(2)
 540  900
 1440
v  w  1440 means that the total collected by the video store when it rented 180 one-day videos at $3 each and 450
three-day videos at $2 each is $1440.
53. Since the car is pushed along a level road, the angle between the force and the direction of motion is θ  0. The work
done

W F AB cos θ
 (95)(80) cos 0
 7600.
The work done is 7600 foot-pounds.
54. Since the crane is vertically lifting the boulder through a vertical distance, the angle between the force and the direction of

motion is θ  0. The work done is W  F AB cos θ  (6000)(12) cos 0
 72,000.
The work done is 72,000 foot-pounds.

55. W F AB cos θ
 (40)(100) cos 32
 3392

56. W F AB cos θ  (25)(100) cos 38
 1970

57. w  F  AB
 60(20) cos(38o  12o )
 1200cos 26o
 1079 foot-pounds

58. w = F· AB
 80(25) cos(33o  10o )
 2000cos 230
 1841 foot-pounds


59. w  F  AB
 (3, 2)  [(10, 20)  (4, 9)]
 (3, 2)  (6,11)
 18  22
 40 foot-pounds

60. w = F· AB
 (5, 7)  [(18, 20)  (8,11)]
 (5, 7)  (10,9)
 5(10)  7(9)
 113 meter-newtons

61. w  F  AB
 (4 cos50o , 4 sin 50o )  [(8,10)  (3,7)]
 (4 cos50o , 4 sin 50o )  (5,3)
 20 cos 50o  12 sin 50o
 22.05 foot-pounds

62. w = F· AB
 (6 cos 40o , 6sin 40o )  [(8, 20)  (5,9)]
 (6 cos 40o , 6sin 40o )  [(3,11)]
 18cos 40o  66sin 40o
 56.21 foot pounds
3 1
63. a. cos 30o i  sin 30o j  i j
2 2
 3 1
(0, 700)   , 
 2 2  3 1  3 1
b. proju F   2 , 2   350  2 , 2   175 3i  175j
|| u ||2
   
( 175 3)2   175  122,500  350

2
c.
A force of 350 pounds is required to keep the boat from rolling down the ramp.
3 1
64. a. cos 30o i  sin 30o j  i j
2 2
 3 1
(0, 700)   , 
 2 2  3 1  3 1 325 3 325
b. proju F   ,   325  ,  i j
|| u ||  2 2   2 2  2 2
2
 325 3   325 
2
c.        325
 2  2 
A force of 325 pounds is required to keep the boat from rolling down the ramp.
65. – 74. Answers may vary.

75. makes sense
76. makes sense
77. makes sense
78. makes sense
79. u  v  (a1i  b1 j)  (a2 i  b2 j)

 a1a2  b1b2
 a2 a1  b2 b1
 (a2 i  b2 j)  ( a1i  b1 j)
 vu
Thus u  v  v  u .
?
80. ( cu )  v  c ( u  v )
?
[c(a1i  b1 j)]  (a2 i  b2 j)  c[(a1i  b1 j)  (a2 i  b2 j)]
?
[ca1i  cb1 j]  (a2 i  b2 j)  c[a1a2  b1b2 ]
ca1a2  cb1b2  ca1a2  cb1b2
81. u  ( v  w )  ( a1i  b1 j)  [( a2 i  b2 j)   a3 i  a3 j]

 ( a1i  b1 j)  [(a2  a3 )i  (b2  b3 ) j]
 a1 (a2  a3 )  b1 (b2  b3 )
 a1a2  a1a3  b1b2  b1b3
 a1a2  b1b2  a1a3  b1b3
 ( a1i  b1 j)  (a2 i  b2 j)  ( a1i  b1 j)  ( a3 i  b3 j)
 uv  u w
82. Answers may vary. One possible answer is u = 5i + 2j.
83. Let v  15i  3j and w  4i  bj. The vectors v and w are orthogonal if u·w = 0.
v  w  (15i  3j)  ( 4i  bj)  15( 4)  ( 3)b  60  3b
v·w = 0 if 60  3b  0. Solving the equation for b, we find b  20.
vi
84. Since the projection of v onto i is given by proji v  i . Let v  ai  bj. Then
|| i ||2
( ai  bj)  ( i  0 j)
proji v  ( i  0 j)
 
2
1 0
2 2
a (1)  b(0)
 (i  0 j)  a ( i  0 j)  ai
 
2
1
( v  i )i  [(ai  bj)  (i  0 j)]( i  0 j)

 [a (1)  b(0)](i  0 j)  a (i  0 j)  ai
Since proji v  ai and (v·i)i = ai as well, we can conclude that proji v  ( v  i )i Thus, the projection of v onto i
is (v·i)i .

vw Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.

85. We know that projw v  w If the projection of
2 c a
|| w || 
vw sin C sin A
v onto w is v, then v  w. c 12
|| w ||2 
sin 55 sin 70
vw vw
Since is a scalar for all v and w, let k = . 12sin 55
2
|| w || || w ||2 c  10.5
sin 70
Substituting, we have v  kw. The solution is C  55, b  10.5, c  10.5 .
When one vector can be expressed as a scalar multiple
of another, the vectors have the same direction. Thus, 2. Begin by finding A.
the projection of v onto w is v only if v and w have the A  B  C  180
same direction. Thus, any two vectors, v and w, having
A  107  30  180
the same direction will satisfy the condition that the
projection of v onto w is v. A  137  180
A  43
86. Answers may vary.
c 126
87. (7  3x )(2  5 x )  14  35 x  6 x  15 x 2 sin C sin 30
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
 14  29 x  15 x 2 a c

or sin A sin C
 15 x 2  29 x  14 a

126
sin 43 sin 30
88. 18  8  9  2  4  2 126sin 43
a  171.9
3 22 2  2 sin 30
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
7  4 2 2  5 2 14  35 2  8 2  40
89.   b c
2  5 2 2  5 2 4  10 2  10 2  50 
sin B sin C
54  43 2 b 126
 
46 sin107 sin 30
54  43 2 126sin107
 b  241.0
46 sin 30
The solution is A  43, a  171.9, and b  241.0 .
Chapter 4 Review Exercises 3. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
1. Begin by finding C. opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find b.
A  B  C  180
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B
70  55  C  180
b2  172  122  2(17)(12) cos 66
125  C  180
C  55 b2  289  144  408(cos 66)
a 12 b2  267.05
sin A sin 70 b  267.05  16.3
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b.
b a

sin B sin A
b 12

sin 55 sin 70
12sin 55
b  10.5
sin 70

Chapter 4 Review Exercises
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the a c

shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find 
sin A sin C
acute angle C.
a 68
c b 
 sin 35 sin120
sin C sin B
68sin 35
12 267.05 a  45.0
 sin120
sin C sin 66 Use the Law of Sines again, this time to
267.05 sin C  12 sin 66 find b.
12 sin 66 b

c
sin C   0.6708 sin B sin C
267.05
C  42 b 68

A  180  B  C  180  66  42  72 sin 25 sin120
The solution is b  16.3, A  72, and C  42 . 68sin 25
b  33.2
sin120
4. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS The solution is C  120, a  45.0, and b  33.2 .
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find angle C. a 20
6. The known ratio is , or . Because side
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C sin A sin 39
a 2  b2  c 2 b is given, we used the Law of Sines to find angle B.
cos C  b a
2ab 
sin B sin A
117  662  1422
2
  0.1372 26 20
2  117  66 
sin B sin 39
C is obtuse because cosC is negative.
26sin 39
cos1 (0.1372)  82 sin B   0.8181
20
C  180  82  98 B1  55, B2  180  55  125
remaining acute angles. We will find angle A. C1  180  A  B1  180  39  55  86
a c C2  180  A  B2  180  39  125  16

sin A sin C
117 142 Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 .
 c1
sin A sin 98 
a
142 sin A  117 sin 98 sin C1 sin A
117 sin 98 c1 20
sin A   0.8159 
142 sin 86 sin 39
A  55 20sin 86
c1   31.7
B  180  A  C  180  55  98  27 sin 39
The solution is C  98, A  55, and B  27 . c2 a

sin C2 sin A
A  B  C  180 c2 20

35  25  C  180 sin16 sin 39
20sin16
60  C  180 c2   8.8
sin 39
C  120 There are two triangles. In one triangle, the solution
Use the ratio
c
, or
68
, to find the other is B1  55, C1  86 , and c1  31.7 . In the other
sin C sin120 triangle, B2  125, C2  16 , and c2  8.8 .
two sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.

c 1 Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two

7. The known ration is , or . Because side remaining acute angles. We will find angle A.
sin C sin 50
a is given, we used the Law of Sines to find angle A. a b

a c sin A sin B
 26.1 40.2
sin A sin C 
3 1 sin A sin 78
 26.1sin 78
sin A sin 50 sin A   0.6351
3sin 50 40.2
sin A   2.30 A  39
1
Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no C  180  A  B  180  39  78  63
triangle with the given measurements.
The solution is B  78, A  39 ,
8. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS and C  63 .
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find a. a 6
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A Use 10. The known ratio is , or . Because side
sin A sin 40
a 2  (11.2)2  (48.2)2  2(11.2)(48.2) cos162 b is given, we used the Law of Sines to find angle B.
 3475.5 b a

sin B sin A
a  3475.5  59.0
4 6
the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the 
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find sin B sin 40
acute angle B. 4 sin 40
sin B   0.4285
b a 6
 B1  25, B2  180  25  155
sin B sin A
11.2 3475.5 B2 is impossible, since 40  155  195 .

sin B sin162 C  180  A  B1  180  40  25  115
11.2 sin162 Use the Law of Sines to find c.
sin B   0.0587
3475.5 c a

B  3 sin C sin A
C  180  A  B  180  162  3  15 c 6

The solution is a  59.0, B  3, and C  15 . sin115 sin 40
6sin115
c  8.5
9. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS sin 40
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle The solution is B1 (or B )  25, C  115, and
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find angle B.
c  8.5 .
a 2  c 2  b2
cos B 
2ac b 8.7
11. The known ratio is , or . Because side
(26.1)  (36.5)  (40.2)
2 2 2 sin B sin 37
cos B  a is given, we use the Law of Sines to find angle A.
2  26.1  36.5
 0.2086 a b

B  78 sin A sin B
12.4 8.7

sin A sin 37
12.4 sin 37
sin A   0.8578
8.7

A1  59, A2  180  59  121 1

13. Area  ab sin C
C1  180  A1  B 2
 180  59  37  84 1
 (4)(6)sin 42
C2  180  A2  B 2
8
 180  121  37  22
Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 . feet.
c1 b

sin C1 sin B 1
14. Area  bc sin A
c1 8.7 2
 1
sin 84 sin 37  (4)(5)sin 22
8.7 sin 84 2
c1   14.4 4
sin 37
c2 b
 feet.
sin C2 sin B
c2 8.7 15.
 1 1 11
sin 22 sin 37 s (a  b  c )  (2  4  5) 
8.7 sin 22 2 2 2
c2   5.4 Area  s( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
sin 37
There are two triangles. In one triangle, the solution 11  11   11   11 
is A1  59, C1  84 , and c1  14.4 . In the other    2    4    5
2 2 2 2
triangle, A2  121, C2  22 , and c2  5.4.
231
 4
a 54.3 16
12. The known ratio is , or . Because side The area of the triangle is approximately 4 square
sin A sin 23
b is given, we used the Law of Sines to find angle B. meters.
b a
 1 1
sin B sin A 16. s (a  b  c )  (2  2  2)  3
2 2
22.1 54.3
 Area  s( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
sin B sin 23
22.1sin 23  3(3  2)(3  2)(3  2)
sin B   0.1590
54.3  32
B1  9, B2  180  9  171 The area of the triangle is approximately 2 square
B2 is impossible, since 23  171  194 . meters.
C  180  A  B1  180  23  9  148
17.

c a

sin C sin A
c 54.3

sin148 sin 23
54.3sin148 Using the figure, C  180  55  55  70
c  73.6
sin 23 Use the Law of Sines to find a.
The solution is B1 (or B )  9, C  148, and
c  73.6 .

a 35 20.

sin 55 sin 70
a sin 70  35sin 55
35sin 55
a
sin 70
a  30.5 Using the figure,
The length of the roof is 30.5 feet. C  180  A  B  180  55  46  79
Use the Law of Sines to find b.
18. One car travels 60 miles per hour for 30 minutes (half b a
 
an hour), or 60 12  30 miles. Similarly, the other 
sin B sin A
car travels 25 miles. b 460

sin 46 sin 55
460sin 46
b  404
sin 55
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
c a

Using the figure, sin C sin A
c 460
b2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B 
sin 79 sin 55
 252  302  2(25)(30) cos80  1264.53 460sin 79
c  551
b  1264.53  35.6 sin 55
The cars will be about 35.6 miles apart. The lengths are about 404 feet and 551 feet.
19. The first plane travels 325 miles per hour for 2 hours, 1 1
21. s ( a  b  c)  (260  320  450)  515
or 325  2  650 miles. Similarly, the other plane 2 2
travels 300  2  600 miles. Area  s ( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
 515(515  260)(515  320)(515  450)
 1,664,544,375  40,798.83
cost  (5.25)(40,798.83)  214,194
The cost is approximately $214,194.
22.
Using the figure,

A  180  66.5  26.5  87
Use the Law of Cosines to find a.
v  a 2  b2
a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
 6002  6502  2(600)(650) cos87  (3)2  (4)2
 741, 678  9  16
a  741,678  861  25
The planes are about 861 miles apart. 5

23. 30.  2v   2 v
2 v
 2 a 2  b2
 2 12  (5)2
 2 1  25
 2 26
v  a 2  b2
 52  (2)2 31. First, find the magnitude of v.
 25  4 v  a 2  b2
 29  82  (6)2
 64  36
24.
 100
 10
A unit vector in the same direction as v is
v 8i  6 j 4 3
  i j.
v 10 5 5
v  a 2  b2 32. First, find the magnitude of v .

v  a 2  b2  ( 1) 2  (2) 2  1  4  5
 02  (3)2
A unit vector in the same direction as v is
 09
v i  2j 1 2
 9   i j.
v 5 5 5
3
33. v  v cos θ i v sin θ j
25. v   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  j
 12 cos 60i  12sin 60 j
 (5  2)i   3  ( 1)  j
1  3
 3i  2 j  12   i  12  j
2  2 
26. v   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  j  6i  6 3 j
  2  (3)i   ( 2  0) j
34. F1 = 100 cos 65o i + 100 sin 65o j
 i  2j  42.3i  90.6 j
27. v  w  ( i  5j)  ( 2i  7 j)

F2  200cos10o i  200sin10o j
 1  ( 2) i   5  7 j
 197i  34.7 j
 i  2 j
28. w  v  (2i  7 j)  (i  5j) F1  F2  (42.3  197)i  (90.6  34.7) j

 (2  1)i   7  (5) j  239.3i  125.3j
 3i  12 j
239.32  125.32  270 pounds
29. 6v  3w  6( i  5j)  3( 2i  7 j) 239.3
cosθ 
 6i  30 j  6i  21j 270
 12i  51j θ  27.7o

35. v = 15 cos 25o i + 15 sin 25o j = 13.59i + 6.34j 39. v  w  (2i  j)  (i  j)  2(1)  1(1)
w = 4 cos 270o i + 4 sin 270o j = –4j  2 1  1
a. 13.59i + (6.34 – 4)j = 13.59i + 2.34j 1
cos θ 
22  12 12  ( 1)2
b. 13.6  2.3  14 mph
2 2
1

5 2
13.59
c. cos θ  ;θ  13.9o 1
14 
10
36. v·(v + w) = (5i + 2j)[(i – j) + (3i – 7j)] The angle θ between the vectors is
 (5i  2 j)  [4i  8 j]  1 
θ  cos1   71.6 .
 5(4)  2(8)  10 
 20  16
4 40. v  w  (12i  8 j)   2i  3j
 12(2)  ( 8)(3)
37. v  w  (2i  3j)  (7i  4 j)  2(7)  3( 4)  2
 24  24
2
cos θ  0
2 32 2
72  ( 4) 2 The dot product is zero. Thus, the given vectors are
2 orthogonal.

13 65 41. v  w  ( i  3j)  ( 3i  j)
2
  1(3)  3(1)
845
 3  3
 6
 2 
θ  cos1   86.1 . The dot product is not zero. Thus, the given vectors
 845  are not orthogonal.
38. v  w  (2i  4 j)  (6i  11j)  2(6)  4( 11)
 12  44 vw
42. projw v  w
 32 || w ||2
32 (2i  5j)  (5i  4 j)
cos θ   w
 
2
2 42 2
6  ( 11)
2 2
5 4
2 2
32
 2(5)  5(4)
20 157  w
 41 
2
32

3140 10
 (5i  4 j)
The angle θ between the vectors is 41
 32  50 40
θ  cos1     124.8 .  i j
 3140  41 41
50 40
41 41
 50 40 
v 2  v  v1  (2i  5j)   i  j
 41 41 
132 165
 i j
41 41

Chapter 4 Test
vw 2. Use the Law of Cosines to find c.

43. projw v  w
|| w ||2 c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
( i  2 j)  (3i  j) c 2  52  62  2(5)(6) cos 68
 w
   61  60cos 68
2
32  ( 1)2
 38.52
1(3)  2(1)
 w c  38.52  6.2
 10 
2
1 1
5 3. s ( a  b  c)  (17  45  32)  47
 w 2 2
10
Area  s( s  a )( s  b)( s  c )
1
  (3i  1j)
2  47(47  17)(47  45)(47  32)
3 1  42,300  206
 i j
2 2 The area of the triangle is approximately 206 square
3 1 inches.
2 2
 3 1  4. a. v   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  j
v 2  v  v1  ( i  2 j)   i  j
 2 2  v  [1  (2)]i  (5  3) j  i  2 j
1 3
 i j
2 2 b. v  a 2  b2  12  22  1  4  5
 5. 3v  4 w  3( 5i  2 j)  4(2i  4 j)

44. W F AB cos θ  15i  6 j  8i  16 j
 (30)(50) cos 42  ( 15  8)i  (6  16) j
 1115  23i  22 j
6. v  w  ( 5i  2 j)  (2i  4 j)
 5(2)  2(4)  10  8  18
Chapter 4 Test
vw
7. cos θ  w
a 4.8 || v ||||w||
1. The known ratio is , or . Because angle
sin A sin34 (5i  2 j)  (2i  4 j)
B is given, we use the Law of Sines to find side b 
b a ( 5)2  22 22  (4)2
 5(2)  2( 4)
sin B sin A 
b 4.8 29 20

sin 68 sin 34 18

4.8sin 68 580
b  8.0
sin 34 The angle θ between the vectors is
 18 
θ  cos1     138 .
 580 


vw 11. W  F AB cos θ
8. projw v  w
|| w ||2
 (40)(60) cos 35  1966
(5i  2 j)  (2i  4 j)
 w The work done is approximately 1966 foot-pounds.
 
2
2  ( 4)
2 2
5(2)  2(4) Cumulative Review Exercises (Chapters 1–4)

 w
 
2
20 1. 2 sin 2 θ  3sin θ  1  0, 0  θ  2π
18 (2 sin θ  1)(sin θ  1)  0
 w
20 2 sin θ  1  0 or sin θ  1  0
9
  (2i  4 j) 2 sin θ  1 sin θ  1
10 1
9 18 sin θ 
 i j 2
5 5
The solutions in the interval 0, 2π  are
9. π 5π π
, , and .
6 6 2
1
2. sin θ cos θ  
2
sin 2θ 1

2 2
sin 2θ  1
The period of the sine function is 2π . In the interval
Using the figure, [0, 2π ) , the only value for which the sine function is
B  90  50  40 3π 3π
A  90  40  50 –1 is . This means that 2θ  . Since the
2 2
C  180  B  A  180  40  50  90 period is 2π , all the solutions to sin 2θ  1 are
Use the Law of Sines to find b. 3π
given by 2θ   2nπ
b c 2

sin B sin C 3π
θ  nπ
b 1.6 4

sin 40 sin 90 where n is any integer.
1.6sin 40 The solution in the interval [0, 2π ) is obtained by
b  1.0
sin 90 3π
letting n = 0 and n = 1. The solutions are and
The fire is about 1.0 mile from the station. 4
7π
10. F1 = 250 cos 30o i + 250 sin 30o j .
 216.5i  125j 4
F2  150 cos 315o i  150sin 315o j 3. The equation y  3sin(2 x  π ) is of the form
 106i  106 j y  A sin( Bx  C ) with A = 3, B = 2, and C  π .
F1  F2  (216.5  106)i  (125  106) j The amplitude is A  3  3 . The period is
 322.5i  19 j 2π 2π C π
  π . The phase shift is  . The
B 2 B 2
|| F1  F2 || 322.5  19  323 pounds
2 2
π π
322.5 quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x .
cosθ   3.4o 4 2
323 Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
points.

Cumulative Review
π 4. The equation y  4 cos π x is of the form

x
2 y  A cos Bx with A  4, and B  π . Thus, the
π π 3π amplitude is A  4  4 .
x  
2 4 4 2π 2π
3π π The period is  2.
x  π B π
4 4 Find the x-values for the five key points by dividing
π 5π period 2 1
xπ  the period, 2, by 4,   , then by adding
4 4 4 4 2
5π π 3π quarter- periods to the value of x where the cycle
x  
4 4 2 begins, x = 0. The five x-values are
We evaluate the function at each value of x. x0
1 1
x y  3sin(2 x  π ) coordinates x  0 
2 2
 π  1 1
y  3sin  2   π  x   1
π  2  π  2 2
 , 0 
2  3sin(π  π ) 2 1 3
x  1 
 3sin 0  3  0  0 2 2
 3π  3 1
y  3sin  2  π x  2
 4  2 2
We evaluate the function at each value of x.
3π  3π   3π 
 3sin  π  , 3
4  2  4 x y  4 cos π x coordinates
 3sin
π
 31  3 y  4 cos π  0
2 0  4 cos 0 (0, –4)
y  3sin(2  π  π )
 4  1  4
π  3sin(2π  π ) (π , 0)
 1
 3sin π  3  0  0 y  4 cos  π  
 2
 5π  1 1 
y  3sin  2  π π  , 0 
 4  2  4 cos 2
2
 5π   4  0  0
5π  3sin  π  5π 
 2   ,  3 y  4 cos(π  1)
4 4
3π 1  4 cos π (1, 4)
 3sin
2  4  ( 1)  4
 3(1)  3
 3
y  4 cos  π  
 3π   2
y  3sin  2  π 3 3 
3π  2   3π  3π  , 0 
 , 0  2  4 cos 2
2  3sin(3π  π ) 2 2
 3sin 2π  3  0  0  4  0  0
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and y  4 cos(π  2)
graph one complete cycle of the given function. 2  4 cos 2π (2, –4)
 4  1  4

Connect the five key points with a smooth curve h5

and graph one complete cycle of the given function. 10. tan 27 
325
h  5  325 tan 27
h  325 tan 27  5
h  166  5
h  171 feet
11. Since sin θ  0, y is positive.

y 5
 1  tan θ  
sin θ csc θ  cos2 θ  sin θ   cos2 θ
 sin θ 
5. x 2
 1  cos2 θ r x2  y2
 sin 2 θ  ( 2) 2  (5)2

 29
 3π  3π 3π
6. cos θ    cos θ cos  sin θ sin x 2 2 29
 2  2 2 cos θ   
r 29 29
 cos θ (0)  sin θ ( 1)
 sin θ y 5 5 29
sin θ   
r 29 29
π
7. Use S  rθ , where r  20 and θ  45  .
4 sin A sin B
12. 
S  rθ a b
π  sin12 sin 75
  20 inches    
4 20 b

 5π inches sin12 sin 75

 15.71 inches 20 b
20sin 75
 3 b
π π  1  sin12
8. 2 sin  3 tan  2   3  
3 6  2  3 b  92.9
3
 3 13. Find c:
3
c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C
 3 3
c 2  (25)2  (32)2  2(25)(32) cos 30
0
c 2  263.3594
1 1 c  16.2
9. Let θ  tan 1   , then tan θ  . Because tan θ is
2 2 Find A:
positive, θ is in the first quadrant. sin A sin C
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find r. 
a c
r  12  22  1  4  5 sin A sin 30

25 16.2
A  50
Find B:
B  180  A  C
 180  50  30
Use the right triangle to find the exact value.
 100
 1 1 5
sin  tan 1   sin θ  
 2 5 5

Cumulative Review
 π  19. Because 22.5° lies in quadrant I, cos 22.5  0.

720   4π radians
 180 
14. 45
cos 22.5  cos
2
14π  180  1  cos 45
 
15.  π   280 2
9  
1 2
x 6  2
16. cot θ    2 2
y 3
2 2

17. Draw a diagram: 4
2 2

2
20. a. 3v  w  3(2i  7 j)  ( i  2 j)
 6i  21j  i  2 j

tan 58 
d  5i  23j
14
d  14 tan 58 b. v·w = (2i + 7j)·(i – 2j)
= 2(1) + 7(–2) = 2 – 14
d  22.4 miles
= –12
18. d  4 sin 5t is of the form d  a sin ω t with a = 4
and ω  5 .
a. a  4 4
The maximum displacement is 4 meters.
ω 5
b. f  
2π 2π
5
The frequency is cycle per second.
2π
2π 2π
c. period  
ω 5
2π
seconds are required for one cycle.
5

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Op die delwerye
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Title: Op die delwerye

Vyf sketse uit die lewe
Author: P. I. Hoogenhout
Release date: November 13, 2023 [eBook #72114]
Language: Afrikaans
Original publication: Cape Town: Maskew Miller, 1925
Credits: Kobus Meyer, Emmanuel Ackerman and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OP DIE

DELWERYE ***
OP DIE DELWERYE
VYF SKETSE UIT DIE LEWE
OP DIE DELWERYE
VYF SKETSE UIT DIE LEWE
DEUR
IMKER HOOGENHOUT
MASKEW MILLER BEPERK
KAAPSTAD
VOORWOORD.
Die Delwerye! wat roep dit voor ons oog?
Armoede! Ellende! Ontaarding! Sedeloosheid!
Dis wat die meeste mense, met g’n bekendheid daarvan, dink.
Die Delwerye! daar lê skatte begrawe—en die mense stroom van
al die dele van Suid-Afrika daarheen in die mening dat dié skatte
hulle uit hulle armoede sal red en hulle ellende sal laat ophou, dog
teleurstelling wag die meeste, en teleurstelling bring bitterheid van
gevoel teen die samelewing, teen die Kerk en soms teen God.
Die Delwerye! daar lê skatte begrawe,—skatte van menselewens,
van mensekrag, van mensemateriaal. Skatte vir die Staat, vir die
Kerk, vir die Letterkunde. Die Staat moet rekening hou met die
Delwerye, want tevergeefs sal ons die Russiese Bolsjewisme buite
ons grense probeer hou, terwyl ons die gees van daardie kwaad
kweek in ons eie midde. Die Kerk moet planne beraam om die Troos
en Krag wat die Evangelie alleen kan gee, meer gereeld en gedurig
te bring aan dié wat anders hulle troos sal soek in wêreldse middels:
brandewyn en ydel vermake. Die skrywers kan gerus hulle aandag
wy aan die opeengehoopte mensemateriaal wat skatte inhou wat
ons opbloeiende letterkunde tot groter heerlikheid sal bring.
Die Skrywer van die „Delwerysketse” doen baanbrekerswerk—
prospekteerwerk. Hier en daar, soos sy opvoedkundige werk hom
toegelaat het en in aanraking met die delwersgemeenskap gebring
het, het hy gate gemaak en orals het hy bewyse gekry van
diamanthoudende grond. Hy het gesien watter skatte daar verborge
lê en het gedronge gevoel om dit aan die wêreld van Staat en Kerk
en Letterkunde bekend te stel. Vir dié ontdekking sal ons hom altyd
dankbaar bly, en ons sal altyd sy „Ontdekkersregte” in ag neem en
respekteer.
Delwerswerk is op die oog morsig—in die stowwerige aarde en in
die morsige klei moet gegrawe word. Hope waardelose „rof” word
deur die „bebe” afgeskud voor ’n mens met die wassery kan begin.
Die wassery is ’n eentonige besigheid, en dis tog ’n kuns—nie te
vinnig nie, ook nie te stadig moet die masjien draai nie, en die
„porrel” moet steeds dieselfde dikte hou. Jou klere en gesig word
meesal vuil bespat en gee vir die meeste ’n afkeer van die werk. Al
die kante van die delwerswerk word deur die Skrywer getoon: die
„rof”—die vloeker en drinker; die „porrel”—die mengelmoes-
gemeenskap wat deur die lewensmasjien deurmekaar gedraai word,
’n ondeursigtige moddermassa; die sif, waarmee die „gravitating”
geskied en die egte diamant sy karakter bewys deur bo te lê as die
sif omgekeer word. Die egte diamant word maar hier en daar gekry;
’n geoefende oog is nodig om, as die sif omgekeer word, uit die
miljoene blink klippies die ware diamant te sien, maar as die
edelgesteente in ons hand lê en ons bewonder sy skoonheid, dan
vergeet ons die harde werk, die vuil klere en al die waardelose
weggekrapte „was” in ons blydskap oor die skat wat ons uitgehaal
het.
In die hoop dat dit die Skrywer mag geluk om deur sy sketse by
ons Volk op te wek ’n groter belangstelling in en groter liefde vir die
skatte wat begrawe lê in die delwerye, beveel ons die lesing daarvan
van harte aan by almal wat Suid-Afrika en sy Volk liefhet.
E. J. J. van der HORST.
Wolmaransstad, 26 Februarie 1925.
ANNIE LOSPER.
I.
Die taak van die onderwyser op die delwerye is seker nie een van
ongemengde genot nie. Die hele atmosfeer van die diekens, soos
die delwers sal sê, is nie juis bereken om skoolhou ’n plesier te
maak nie. Die toestande waaronder die kinders opgroei, is so
hemeltergend benard dat dit ’n wonder is dat daar nog van een iets
teregkom. Die woning bestaan gewoonlik net uit een lokaaltjie, wat
so klein is dat ’n groot man hom moeilik tussen die paar kaste en
bankies waaruit die huisraad bestaan, kan beweeg. In hierdie
kamertjie word gekook en geëet en geslaap en, moenie skrik nie,
babetjies gebore. Dat baie kindertjies dus opgroei sonder enige
gevoel van skaamte of kiesheid of reinheid, kan niemand bevreem
nie.
Maar wat die werk van die onderwyser nog die meeste bemoeilik,
is die ondervoeding waaraan so baie delwerskinders ly. As ’n mens
die bleek gesiggies en die maer beentjies sien, dan bloei jou hart vir
hulle, en in die winter gaan dit eers swaar. Ek het meisies gesien wat
net ’n dun linnerokkie aan het sonder enige onderklere, en seuns
wat byna nakend loop. En op die kaal vlaktes waar die delwerye
meesal gevind word, kan dit raak koud word.
Die sanitêre reëling is uiters primitief, en epidemies van
maagkoors of ander besmetlike siektes is glad geen uitsondering
nie. Die wonder is dat daar nie meer mense jaarliks aan aansteeklike
siektes op die delwerye omkom nie, en temeer as verder in gedagte
gehou word dat daar geen enkele hospitaal op die diekens te vind is
nie!
Toe, leer nou kinders wat so sonder tug opgroei en daarby nog
gedurig honger ly. En tog verseker die goeie onderwyser(es) my dat
die delwerskinders gou aan tug en gesag gewend word. ’n Paar
meesters beweer selfs dat hulle liewer hierdie natuurkinders van
meet af aan in hulle klas wil hê as hulle meer-bevoorregte boeties en
sussies. Hoe dit ook al sy, ek het baie respek vir die onderwyser wat
’n sukses van sy werk in die delwerskool maak en daar aanbly, en
nie die eerste die beste geleentheid te baat neem om daarvandaan
te vlug nie.
Dis opmerklik hoe gou die delwer die goeie meester van sy
swakker kollega onderskei en dan vir laasgenoemde die lewe op die
delwery onmoontlik maak.
„Waarom stuur julle hierdie nuwe onderwyser nie liewers terug
normaalskool-toe nie?” vra ’n delwer eendag aan my.
„En wat is daar dan verkeerd met hom?”
„Kyk, Meneer, ’n meester wat heeldag sy keel hees skree voor ’n
klas, kan nie alte veel beteken nie. As ek die hele liewe dag my
kaffers moet rondskree, dan sou hulle later nie na my luister as ek
ordentlik met hulle praat nie. En dis mos darem nie nodig om soos ’n
mal mens te kere te gaan as jy iets aan ’n kind wil duidelik maak nie.
Party seuns sê die meester is gek, terwyl ’n paar dogters dit weer so
op hulle senuwees kry dat hulle weier om langer skool-toe te gaan.
My kind, wat aanstaande jaar in sy klas moet kom, huil nou al as sy
daaraan dink. Julle moet die vent wegvat, anders raak hy een van
die dae goed opgedons. Ek weet van ’n hele paar delwers wat lus
voel vir sy vel.”
Nou redeneer nou met so ’n man, temeer daar hy reg is. Wat skeel
dit hom dat hy die wet sal oortree as hy vir Meester opdons? Die
natuurmens redeneer nie, hy tree handelend op, en dis wonderlik
hoe fyn sy gevoel van reg en onreg ontwikkel is.
Soms egter kry Meester dit opdraand, omdat een of ander
voorman op die diekens ’n ander sienswyse oor aanvanklike
leermetodes toegedaan is.
„Jy moet die kinders die A, B, C leer,” het ’n vader die
onderwyseres een môre in die skool-lokaal voor al die kinders kom
teregwys. „Wat vir ’n gemors is daardie klank-affêre? As ek vir my
Kosie saans laat woorde spel, kan ek hom nie volg nie. My kind
moet net soos sy pape voor hom geleer word!” En toe die
onderwyseres haar hieraan nie steur nie, moes sy voor die
skoolkommissie verskyn en wou hierdie opvoedkundige liggaam
haar met alle geweld dwing om Gert Janse se metodiek te volg en in
die toekoms toe te pas. Die kwessie is selfs na die Skoolraad verwys
en, moenie lag nie, ’n deputasie moes uitgestuur word om die
skoolkommissie tot ander insigte te beweeg.
Dieselfde onderwyseres het later deur haar ywer en toewyding so
die harte van die delwers gesteel, dat hulle stilletjies ’n paar lede van
die Skoolkommissie na die Onderwys-departement afgevaardig het
om beleefd te vra dat haar salaris met £100 per jaar sou verhoog
word, mits sy op Syferlaagte aanbly en nie binne tien jaar sou trou
nie. En toe die Departement aan hierdie vriendelike versoek geen
gehoor gee nie, het die Kommissie my „kaalkop die waarheid vertel
en verseker dat beide ek en die Departement net ’n blooming wash-
out was en deur generaal Kemp moes uitgeskop word!” „En doen ou
Kempie dit nie, dan sal ons so wragtiewaar nie weer vir hom stem
nie!”
II.
Die skoolgebou op Syferlaagte was skaars geskik vir ’n koeistal; ja
ek twyfel of ’n ryk boer sou bereid gewees het om sy volbloed vee
daarin te huisves, en in so ’n lokaal moes ondervoede en onderklede
kinders aldag vyf uur deurbring. Oorspronklik was die gebou bedoel
gewees vir ’n koeliewinkel, waar so min lig en lug as moontlik vereis
word, want dit is nie in die belang van die verkoper dat sy kliënt alte
goed die ware wat hy koop, moet kan besigtig nie. Die hele gebou
het twee klein venstertjies en ’n deur gehad. Die sinkmure was van
binne nie met hout uitgevoer nie; daar was geen plafon nie, en die
vloer was van grond.
In die hartjie van die somer het die sink so warm geword dat ’n
mens dit nie met jou kaal hand kon aanraak nie; voeg nou daarby
nog die asempies van 62 leerlinge wat almal in die een lokaal
ingeprop is, en dan sal jy ’n flou denkbeeld kry van hoe die lug so
teen twaalfuur in die skoolgebou moet wees.
Buite kry ’n mens net die uitgegrawe kleims en die hope dooie
grond en gruis. ’n Boom is ’n onbekende iets. Maar stof, as die wind
waai, hang soos ’n bruin sluier oor die delwerye en verpes die
atmosfeer in die skool nog meer. En, leser, hierdie beskrywing is nie
uit die duim gesuie nie; dis getrou aan die waarheid.
Onder sulke omstandighede moet die onderwyseres onderrig gee
en moet die kinders opgevoed word!
En die outoriteite is nie altoos te blameer nie, want ’n delwery is
iets wat dikwels in ’n dag se tyd ontstaan en soms binne ’n jaar se
tyd verlate is. Inteendeel, dis prysenswaardig dat daar tog ’n poging
aangewend word om onderwys te verskaf aan die honderde
kindertjies wat anders vir kwaadgeld sou rondloop.
„Toe, begin maar,” sê ek aan die onderwyseres by die aanvang
van die skool, „en gaan voort net soos gewoonlik.”
Sy open met gebed en laat toe sing: „Heer, waar dan heen” en wat
daar op volg, wat my nogal as heeltemal treffend voorgekom het. Ja,
ek weet nie van nog ’n gesang wat so toepaslik is vir die delwerye
nie.
Daarna het sy die sondvloed met die leerlinge behandel; en al het
sy dit nou nie juis altyd streng ortodoks gedoen nie, tog het sy
meesterlik daarin geslaag om dit interessant voor te dra en die
kinders se aandag te boei.
Na afloop van die les sê sy: „Nou, kinders, kan julle vrae stel oor
enigiets wat julle nie duidelik is nie.”
„Juffrou,” en agter in die klas gaan ’n vuil handjie omhoog, „het
Noag vlieë en vlooie ook in die ark geneem?”—Hierdie insektetjies is
vreeslik lastig op die diekens.
„Ek dink seker, Kosie,” antwoord die onderwyseres.
„Maar hoor dis jammer dat die ding nie vergaan het nie,” weer van
Kosie.
„Maar, Kosie, dan sou die mense en die diere ook mos saam
verongeluk het, en dan sou geeneen van ons mos vandag hier
gewees het nie,” herneem Juffrou.
„Ja, dis ook weer waar,” sê Kosie. Dog op sy gesiggie is ’n
onverskillige uitdrukking duidelik leesbaar, en dis nie moeilik om te
ontsyfer wat in sy breintjie omgaan nie: As die mens moes gespaar
gebly het om sy lewe op die delwerye te slyt, dan was die redding
van Noag en sy kroos ’n groot fout.
„Juffrou,” en vlak voor haar word ’n handjie omhoog gehou van ’n
meisietjie met groot blou kykers en ’n maer gesiggie wat van
ondervoeding getuig, „Juffrou, glo Juffrou alles wat in die Bybel
staan?”
„Hoekom vra jy dit, Miemie?” sê die onderwyseres sonder om
haarself te kompromiteer.
„Omdat my pa sê dis somar alles kaf, maar Mammie sê weer dis
alles die heilige waarheid. En al glo ek vir my mammie, want sy is so
goed, tog wil ek graag weet wat Juffrou dink.”
„Ek stem saam met jou mammie,” bevestig Juffrou.
Hier val ek in: „Waar is jou ouer sustertjie, Miemie?”
„Sy is siek, Meneer, baie siek. Sy laat groete weet en sal tog so
bly wees as Meneer net vir haar ’n oomblikkie wil kom besoek
voordat Meneer wegry. Sy het so vorentoe gekyk na die inspeksie,
maar nou...” en hier swem klein Miemie se oë in die trane.
„Nou goed. Sê vir Annie ek kom haar vanmiddag besoek en sy
moet gou gesond word.”
Dis snaaks dat ek vir Annie Losper so goed onthou het. Ek kon
sedert my vorige besoek nooit haar gesiggie uit my geheue verban
nie. Uit ’n allerarmoedigste huisgesin, het tog haar oë en die soet
uitdrukking van die gesiggie somar dadelik ’n mens getref. In haar
klas was sy maklik nommer een in elke opsig, en die onderwyseres,
iemand van lang ervaring, het my verseker dat sy nog nooit van te
vore so ’n kind in haar klas gehad het nie. Haar opmerking verlede
jaar was dan ook snaaks genoeg: „Ek glo nie sy is vir hierdie wêreld
nie!”
Eindelik was die inspeksie afgeloop en kon die skool vir die dag
sluit. Die werk was baie bevredigend, en die juffrou en die kinders
het ’n pluimpie gekry.
Nou wag daar nog ’n paar lede van die Skoolkommissie; maar ook
hulle moeilikhede is ten laaste opgelos, en nou was ek net haastig
om weg te kom.
Onder al die werksaamhede van die dag het ek Annie glad
vergeet.
III.
Die delwer het heelwat goeie hoedanighede, en as ’n mens geleer
het om sy minder beskaafde karaktertrekke nie raak te sien nie, dan
begin jy hom werklik liefkry.
Dit was al na drie toe ek kon vertrek, en ek het nog nie eers die
tyd kon vind om te eet nie. Ek het my derhalwe gehaas om by die
huis te kom. Voordat ek egter die delwery uit was, bars daar ’n
vreeslike onweer los wat my verplig om in die eerste die beste huisie
skuiling te soek. My gasheer was ’n man van sowat dertig somers en
ongetroud. Aan alles in die hutjie kon ’n mens merk dat hy beter dae
geken het. Sy opmerking by my binnekoms was dan ook vreemd
genoeg: „Jy het seker gedink toe jy by my deur instap:
„Man wants but little here below,

Nor wants that little long!”
„Jy het reg geraai,” antwoord ek, „maar wat soek jy hier op die
delwery?”
„My naam is Fanie Renier en ek is ’n teruggekeerde soldaat wat
vir reg en geregtigheid onskadelik gemaak is,” sê hy op ’n bitter toon,
„en wat toe na die delwerye gestuur is met £20 om hier te kom
vrek!... Maar het jy al geëet?”
„Nee, ou broer, maar moenie moeite maak nie; kos is seker by jou
nie alte volop nie.”
Sonder om hom aan my te steur steek hy ’n Primus-stofie op, bak
gou ’n paar eiers, braai ’n stukkie vleis en sit vir my dit voor met ’n
stukkie droë brood en koffie.... Ek het later uitgevind dat hy my sy
laaste leeftog voorgesit het en dat hy die volgende dag sonder kos
moes bly. Vandaar dan ook die gesegde in Transvaal: „By ’n trekker
en ’n delwer is ’n mens altyd welkom.”
Die weer het eindelik opgeklaar, en na ’n hartlike dankie aan my
nuwe kennis wou ek op die moter klim.
„Kyk hier,” sê hy, terwyl hy my aan die arm vat, „kan julle dan niks
doen vir die mense wat hier langs my woon nie? Die toestand van
hierdie famielie is allerellendigs. Die vader suip soos ’n vis, die
moeder is in die bed met ’n babetjie, die oudste dogtertjie lê siek, en
die ander kinders word totaal verwaarloos. Ek glo nie daar is ’n
stukkie kos in daardie huisie te kry nie. So ver ek kon het ek gehelp,
maar op die oomblik is ek self poot-uit. Kan jy nie nog ’n oomblikkie
spaar om saam met my te gaan kyk nie?”
Om die waarheid te sê, het ek maar min lus daarvoor gevoel,
maar meer om my gasheer tevrede te stel as om enige ander rede
het ek ingewillig.
Die famielie het maar ’n paar tree van Fanie se huisie gewoon, en
ons was dus gou by ons bestemming. Nou het ek al gewoon geword
om enige pondokkie op ’n delwery as geskik vir menslike verblyf te
beskou, maar so ’n krot as waar ons nou voor staan, het ek nog
nooit gesien nie. Hoe enige persoon in so iets kan lewe, is vir my
nou nog ’n raaisel! Die hutjie het bestaan uit ’n klompie oopgevlekte
parafienblikke wat op een of ander manier aan mekaar getimmer
was, met seilsakke hier en daar tussenin om as vensters te dien.
Ons kruip hande-viervoet in, en ons oë moes eers gewoon word
aan die half-duister voor ons iets binne kon onderskei.
„Ruk daardie sak solank af asseblief,” sê ek aan Fanie, „sodat ’n
mens kan sien en asem kan skep.”
Hy doen dit op my versoek, en toe ontvou hom daar ’n toneel aan
ons oë, so hartverskeurend soos ek nog nooit van te vore gesien het
nie of hoop om ooit weer getuie van te wees nie.
In die een hoek op ’n klomp sakke wat oor droë gras gesprei is, lê
die moeder met haar babetjie, en onder by die voetenent op ’n paar
sakke die siek dogtertjie, wat niemand anders as Annie Losper was
nie. My nuwe kennis en ek kon ons met moeite omdraai in die
kamertjie.
„Die dokter was vanmôre hier,” fluister Renier in my oor, „en hy sê
daar is nie hoop vir Annie nie. Haar liggaampie is deur gedurige
ondervoeding te uitgeput om die siekte af te skud.”
Dis my later meegedeel dat Renier ses maande na hierdie voorval
nog altyd doktersrekening afbetaal het.
„Dag, Annie,” groet ek so opgewek as ek kon onder die treurige
omstandighede, „en hoe gaan dit met jou, my kind?”
„Nie alte sleg nie, Meneer, maar ek was tog so spyt dat ek nie
vandag op skool kon wees nie,” antwoord sy met ’n flou glimlaggie,
en haar stemmetjie was so swak dat ek haar amper nie kon verstaan
nie.
„Ag, moenie vir jou kwel nie, my kind; jy sal tog in ieder geval
oorgeplaas word na ’n hoër standerd. Hou maar vir jou stil sodat jy
gou kan gesond word. Aanstaande jaar hoop ek seker om jou weer
eerste in jou klas te sien staan.”
’n Hemelse glimlaggie speel om die bleek ou mondjie. Sy skud
haar koppie en nouliks hoorbaar fluister sy: „Aanstaande jaar sal ek
nie meer op skool wees nie.”
„Ag nee wat, Annie, jy is nog glad te jonk om uit die skool te gaan,”
en ek maak asof ek haar nie reg begryp het nie, „en die
onderwyseres sal dit mos nooit toelaat nie. Maar moenie meer praat
nie; dit maak jou alte moeg. Probeer liewer om ’n bietjie te rus.”
Ek moes nou my oor vlak teen haar mondjie hou om te hoor wat
sy sê. Gelukkig het Renier die moeder besig gehou en sy het dus nie
gemerk wat hier by haar plaasvind nie.
„Meneer,” en sy kyk my stip in die oë, „sal Meneer nie asseblief vir
my saggies Psalm 23 opsê nie? Ek het dit laas nog by die inspeksie
vir Meneer opgesê.”
Dis die eerste keer wat ek die rol van sieke-trooster en predikant
moes vervul, maar ek het dit gedoen so goed as ek kon. Ek het haar
uitgeteerde handjies in myne geneem en toe daardie mooi Psalm so
goed as ek kon opgesê. Toe ek klaar was, kon ek nog ’n flou dankie
hoor en daarna die woorde: „Al gaan ek ook in die dal van die
skaduwee van die dood, dan sou ek nie kwaad vrees nie.” Toe breek
die mooi blou ogies, die handjies word koud, en Annie Losper was in
’n beter wêreld oorgeplant.
Die handjies het ek eerbiedig op die borsie gekruis, ’n sagte
soentjie op die voorkoppie gedruk, en toe letterlik die pondokkie
uitgevlug. My gemoed was te vol; ek kon die droefheid en hartseer
ook nie aansien nie.
Uit die tent kom die angsgeskrei van ’n gebroke moederhart: „O,
my God! My kind! My kind!”
Buite het ek vir Renier gewag. Aan sy gesig kon ek sien dat ook
hy ontroerd was. Daar is geen woord tussen ons gewissel nie, net ’n
warm handdruk wedersyds, en toe het ek op die moter geklim en
huis-toe gery.
HENDRIK BLITS.
I.
Wat Hendrik Blits se regte naam was, kon niemand van die
delwers my vertel nie. Hierdie bynaam het hy verwerf, eerstens
omdat hy hom gereeld elke naweek dronk gedrink het aan
kafferblits, en twedens omdat sy taal dan by sulke geleenthede so
sterk gekleur was.
My kennismaking met Hendrik was nogal baie buitengewoon. Op
’n koue môre in Julie het ek my op Diamantkuil bevind, waar ek in
gesprek was met die hoof van die Goewerment-skool, toe hy die
opmerking maak: „Allewêreld, hoe mishandel so ’n Groot Lawaai
weer vanoggend die stomme donkies!”
Groot Lawaai was die naam van ’n groot, vierkantige lummel van
’n vent. Hy was ’n baster en ’n boelie so groot as wat daar te vinde
is. Om sy grootte en krag het die delwers hom met respek behandel
en verder maar so veel moontlik uit sy pad gebly. Ek kyk in die
rigting waar die hoof wys, en daar sien ek ’n waterwa met veertien
donkies bespan, krakend en waggelend die spruit se wal uitkom. Dit
was duidelik dat die donkies so skaars-skaars die wa kon uitbring.
En g’n wonder nie! Gras was daar op die hele delwery nie genoeg vir
’n paar honderd sprinkane nie, laat staan ’n paar honderd diere. En
op hierdie veld moet die arme donkies nou snags hulle pense
volvreet, na ’n dag van swaar trek en mishandeling.
’n Diamantkoper wat ook vroeër gedelf het, het eendag die
onderstaande opmerking in my teenwoordigheid gemaak: „Twee
dinge dank ek die liewe Vader dat ek nie is nie: ’n delwer se donkie
en ’n delwer se vrou!” Sedert dié tyd het ek eersgenoemde bewering
ongelukkig al oor en oor gestaaf gesien.
Wel, die veertien donkies van Groot Lawaai was g’n uitsondering
nie; die arme diere was letterlik net vel en been. Om hulle aan die
gang te hou, loop hy op en af langs die span, en terwyl hy die
gruwelikste vloekwoorde uitstoot, gésel hy die donkies
meedogenloos met ’n groot handsambok. ’n Mens kon die doef,
doef, van die houe seker ’n myl ver hoor.
„Maar is hier dan niemand op Diamantkuil om ’n stop aan sulke
wreedheid te sit nie?” vra ek, en ek voel hoe die bloed na my kop toe
bruis.
„Nee,” sê die hoof, „almal is bang vir Groot Lawaai, want hy is ’n
vreeslike woestaard.”
Al nader en nader kom die wa, en al harder en harder klink die
doef, doef van die sambok.
Ek het my al klaar voorgeneem om met die vent te gaan praat en,
as dit nie help nie, die poliesie van die mishandeling van die esels te
gaan verwittig, toe daar skielik uit ’n onverwagte oord ’n ander vir die
donkies in die bres spring.
„O magtig!” roep die hoof verbaasd uit, „wat gaan Hendrik Blits
nou maak? Groot Lawaai sal hom vermorsel. Laat ons nader stap
om, indien moontlik, die rusie te voorkom.”
Ek het nooit die persoon opgemerk wat g’n vyftig tree van ons af
onder ’n doringboom gelê en slaap het nie, voordat die opmerking
van die onderwyser nie my aandag by hom bepaal het nie. Ewe op
sy gemak staan Hendrik Blits op, rek hom uit, gooi sy flenterbaadjie
van hom af en stap reguit na Groot Lawaai toe.
„Kyk hier, jou gemene boelie, as jy nog ’n slag jou arm oplig om
die donkies te slaan, dan dons ek vir jou op. Het jy my begryp, jou
vervloekte baster?”
Die Groot Lawaai se gesig was die moeite werd om te sien. Dis
amper ongelooflik dat ’n mens se gelaatstrekke so kan verander. Die
duiwel, soos hy my in my kinderjare op sy lelikste afgeskilder is, sou
vir hierdie bakkies geskrik het.
„Jou verd...de kind!” brul Groot Lawaai woedend, „sal jy vir my
kom belet om my eie diere vrek te slaan as ek wil? Jakob! Jou
d..der!” en met hierdie vloek slaan hy die hotagter donkie oor die kop
netso hard as hy kan. Toe draai hy na Hendrik Blits en sê smalend:
„En nou gaan ek van jou frikkadel maak, jou vieslike dronklap.”
’n Mens sou nooit sulke ratheid by Hendrik gesoek het nie, maar
voor jy mes kon sê, ruk hy die handsambok uit die baster se hand uit
en gebied: „Trek uit jou baadjie; ek wil jou op gelyke voet ontmoet,
sodat jy nie naderhand behoef te vertel dat ek jou onder ’n hendikep
’n pak slae gegee het nie. Toe, maak gou as jy nie te lafhartig is nie!”
En Hendrik gooi die sambok neer en plaas sy voet daarop.
Groot Lawaai het hom nie tweemaal laat nooi nie. Hy pluk sy
baadjie uit en onder ’n stroom van die profaanste vloeke loop hy vir
Hendrik storm. Van natuur is ek nie iemand wat behae skep in rusie
en bakleiery nie, maar hierdie môre het ek die mieks-op—soos die
delwers sal sê—eerlik geniet, en my hele siel was aan Hendrik se
kant.
’n Man wat baie woedend is, kan nie goed boks nie. Groot Lawaai
was seker tweemaal so sterk as Hendrik Blits, maar waar
laasgenoemde kortgeskiet het in krag, het sy ratheid en kennis van
boks hierdie tekortkoming meer as vergoed.
Hy duik onder Groot Lawaai se arm deur, en voordat die baster sy
ewewig kan herwin, kry hy ’n opstopper op sy kinnebak wat hom
soos ’n besopene laat waggel. Arrie! maar dit het die boelie darem
nie verwag nie. Hierdie veragtelike skepsel wat hy tot stof sou
vermorsel, het hom so wrintig-waar amper onderstebo geslaan. Hy
sal nou sy taktiek verander en versigtiger te werk gaan. Soos ’n
mierkat om ’n slang begin Groot Lawaai al om Hendrik Blits te dans,
totdat hy skielik buk en die handsambok gryp en voordat Hendrik
kan keer, hom ’n hou oer sy gesig gee dat die bloed so tussen vel en
vleis wys.
„Eina! maar dis gemeen!” skree die onderwyser, en hy tel ’n klip op
wat goed ’n paar pond weeg. „Ek voel by my kool lus om die vloek
se kop hiermee te verbrysel!” en hy hef die steen dreigend omhoog.

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a 10 6. The area of the triangle is half the product of the

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14. Begin by finding A. b c

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We find C using B1 and the given information A = a 10

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Use the Law of Sines to find b. B1  12, B2  180  12  168

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a 16 There are two angles possible:

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c1 a In one triangle, the solution is

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39. ABC  180  67  113 a b

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Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found

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47. According to the figure, 50. Using the figure,

Using the figure,

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52. Using the figure, 54. a. Using the figure,

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Let h = the height of the buildings. Using the figure, b  e  800

Using the figure, A  180  150  30

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Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two

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7. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS a b

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b c 12. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS

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314 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

1 1 33. Use the given radii to determine that

 17(17  16)(17  10)(17  8) c 2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C

 1071  33 11.82  7.32  10.52  2(7.3)(10.5) cos C

 987.1875  31 a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A

31. C  180  15  35  130

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43. Assume that Island B is due east of Island A. Let

45. a. Using the figure,

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a b In the figure, b = the guy wire anchored downhill,

a. Using the figure,

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49. 52. First, find the area using Heron’s formula.