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5.1 The Law of Sines 235
For Thought 6. Note α = 180◦ − (16◦ + 121◦ ) = 43◦ .

c 4.2
1. True, the sum of the measurements of the three By the sine law = and
sin 16◦ sin 121◦
angles is 180◦ .
a 4.2
= . Then
2. False, since similar triangles have the same sin 43◦ sin 121◦
corresponding angles but their corresponding
4.2
sides are not necessarily equal. c= · sin 16◦ ≈ 1.4
sin 121◦
3. True, since three angles do not uniquely
and
determine a triangle. 4.2
a= · sin 43◦ ≈ 3.3.
88 sin 9◦ sin 121◦
4. False, a sin 17◦ = 88 sin 9◦ and a = .
sin 17◦
7. Note β = 180◦ − (12.2◦ + 33.6◦ ) = 134.2◦ .
5 sin 44◦

5. False, since α = sin−1 ≈ 11◦ and a 17.6
18 By the sine law ◦
=
α = 180 − 11◦ = 169◦ . sin 12.2 sin 134.2◦
c 17.6
2.3 sin 39◦ and ◦
= . Then
6. True, since sin β = . sin 33.6 sin 134.2◦
1.6
√ 17.6
sin 60◦ 3/2 1 a= · sin 12.2◦ ≈ 5.2
7. True, since √ = √ = and sin 134.2◦
3 3 2
sin 30◦ 1 and
= sin 30◦ = .
1 2 17.6
c= · sin 33.6◦ ≈ 13.6.
8. False, a triangle exists since a = 500 is bigger sin 134.2◦
than h = 10 sin 60◦ ≈ 8.7 .
8. Note α = 180◦ − (39.5◦ + 66.7◦ ) = 73.8◦ .
9. True, since the triangle that exists is a
b 6.4
right triangle. By the sine law =
sin 66.7 ◦ sin 73.8◦
10. False, there exists only one triangle and it c 6.4
is an obtuse triangle. and ◦
= .
sin 39.5 sin 73.8◦
6.4
5.1 Exercises So b = · sin 66.7◦ ≈ 6.1
sin 73.8◦
1. oblique 6.4
and c = · sin 39.5◦ ≈ 4.2.
sin 73.8◦
2. three
9. Note β = 180◦ − (10.3◦ + 143.7◦ ) = 26◦ .
3. ambiguous
@

4. law of sines b
143.7◦ @ a
@
5. Note γ = 180◦ − (64◦ + 72◦ ) = 44◦ .

26◦ @
@
b 13.6 10.3◦

By the sine law = and @
sin 72◦ sin 64◦ 48.3
c 13.6
◦
= . Then
sin 44 sin 64◦
13.6 Since
b= · sin 72◦ ≈ 14.4 a 48.3
sin 64◦ ◦
=
sin 10.3 sin 143.7◦
and and
13.6
c= · sin 44◦ ≈ 10.5. b 48.3
sin 64◦ ◦
=
sin 26 sin 143.7◦
Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

236 Chapter 5 Applications of Trigonometry
we have 12. Note β = 180◦ − (39.7◦ + 91.6◦ ) = 48.7◦ .

48.3
a= · sin 10.3◦ ≈ 14.6
sin 143.7◦ 16.4 @
91.6◦ @ a
@

and
48.3 48.7◦ @
◦
@
b= · sin 26◦ ≈ 35.8 39.7
sin 143.7◦ @
c
10. Note γ = 180◦ − (94.7◦ + 30.6◦ ) = 54.7◦ .
a 16.4
@
Since ◦
= and
c sin 39.7 sin 48.7◦
94.7◦ @ a
@
c 16.4
◦
= , we have
sin 48.7◦

30.6◦ 54.7◦ @
@ sin 91.6
16.4
a= · sin 39.7◦ ≈ 13.9 and
@
3.9 sin 48.7◦
16.4
c= · sin 91.6◦ ≈ 21.8
a 3.9 sin 48.7◦
Since ◦
= and
sin 30.6 sin 94.7◦ 13. Draw angle α = 39.6◦ and let h be the height.
c 3.9
◦
= , we have
sin 54.7 sin 94.7◦ B
.
3.9 18.4
.
a= · sin 30.6◦ ≈ 2.0 and .
.
sin 94.7◦

.
3.9 .h
.
c= · sin 54.7◦ ≈ 3.2. 39.6◦
.
.
sin 94.7◦ .
11. Note α = 180◦ − (120.7◦ + 13.6◦ ) = 45.7◦ . A
489.3

h
Since sin 39.6◦ =
@
, we have
120.7◦ @ c

@
18.4◦

h = 18.4 sin 39.6◦ ≈ 11.7.

45.7◦ @
◦
@
13.6
@
b There is no triangle since a = 3.7 is smaller
than h ≈ 11.7 .
Since 14. Draw angle β = 28.6◦ and let h be the height.

c 489.3
◦
=
sin 13.6 sin 45.7◦
and C
. .
.
b 489.3
= 40.7 . .
sin 120.7 ◦ sin 45.7◦ . .
. .

. . 52.5
we have .h .
. .
489.3 28.6◦
. α ..
c= · sin 13.6◦ ≈ 160.8 and .
.
sin 45.7◦ B
489.3
b= · sin 120.7◦ ≈ 587.9
sin 45.7◦
Since h = 40.7 sin 28.6◦ ≈ 19.5 and b > h
and b > 40.7, there is exactly one triangle.
By the sine law, we obtain
40.7 52.5
=
sin α sin 28.6◦

40.7 sin 28.6◦ C

sin α = and ..
52.5 10.6
.
◦ .
.

−1 40.7 sin 28.6

α = sin .
.
. 8.1

52.5
◦

◦ β .
α ≈ 21.8 . 41.2
2.

A
Then γ = 180◦ − +(28.6◦ = 21.8◦ ) 129.6◦ .
c 52.5
Since ◦
= , we get Apply the sine law to the acute triangle.
sin 129.6 sin 28.6◦
52.5 8.1 10.6
c = sin 129.6◦ · ≈ 84.5. =
sin 28.6◦ sin 41.2◦ sin β1
10.6 sin 41.2◦
15. Draw angle γ = 60◦ and let h be the height. sin β1 =
8.1
.
A sin β1 ≈ 0.862
20 . −1
.
. β1 = sin (0.862) ≈ 59.5◦
.
.h

◦ .
. So γ1 = 180◦ − (59.5◦ + 41.2◦ ) = 79.3◦ . By
60 .
. 8.1
sin 79.3◦ ≈ 12.1.

C the sine law, c1 =
sin 41.2◦
On the obtuse triangle, β2 = 180◦ − β1 =
120.5◦ and
Since √
h = 20 sin 60◦ = 10 3 γ2 = 180◦ − (120.5◦ + 41.2◦ ) = 18.3◦ .
and c = h, there is exactly one triangle and it 8.1
is a right triangle. Then β = 90◦ and α = 30◦ . By the sine law, c2 = sin 18.3◦ ≈ 3.9.
sin 41.2◦
By the Pythagorean Theorem,
17. Draw angle β = 138.1◦ .
q √ √
a= 202 − (10 3)2 = 400 − 300 = 10. A
. .
@ . . . . 15.6
16. Draw angle α = 41.2◦ and let h be the height. . .
@ . .
. .
@ . .
C 6.3 @ . .
. @ 138.1 ◦ . .
. . .
10.6 . @ .
.

. B C
.h
◦ .
.
41.2 .
.
There is one triangle. Apply the sine law.
A
15.6 6.3
=
sin 138.1◦ sin γ
Since h = 10.6 sin 41.2◦ ≈ 7.0 and
6.3 sin 138.1◦
7.0 < a < 10.6, there are two triangles sin γ =
and they are given by 15.6
C sin γ ≈ 0.2697
.
. .
10.6

. .
. . γ = sin−1 (0.2697) ≈ 15.6◦
. .
. . 8.1
. h . So α = 180◦ − (15.6◦ + 138.1◦ ) = 26.3◦ .
. .
41.2◦
. β1 . .
. Using the sine law, we obtain
.
A 15.6
a= sin 26.3◦ ≈ 10.3.
sin 138.1◦

18. Draw angle γ = 128.6◦ . So γ2 = 180◦ − (45.1◦ + 32.7◦ ) = 102.2◦ .

B By the sine law,
28.6
sin 102.2◦ ≈ 51.7.
@
c2 =
sin 32.7◦
@
@
9.6 @
@ 128.6◦ On the obtuse triangle, we find
@ α1 = 180◦ − α2 = 134.9◦ and
C A γ1 = 180◦ − (134.9◦ + 32.7◦ ) = 12.4◦ .
By the sine law,
Since c < 9.6, no triangle exists.
28.6
19. Draw angle β = 32.7◦ and let h be the height. c1 = sin 12.4◦ ≈ 11.4.
sin 32.7◦
20. Draw angle α = 30◦ and let h be the height.

. C
37.5
.

. B
. .
. 40
.
.h .
. .
◦ . .
32.7 . .h
. .
B 30◦ .
.
.
A
Since h = 37.5 sin 32.7◦
≈ 20.3 and
20.3 < b < 37.5, there are two triangles and Since h = 40 sin 30◦ = 20 and a = h, there is
they are given by exactly one triangle and it is a right triangle.
C So β = 60◦ , γ = 90◦ , √
and by the Pythagorean
√
. .
. Theorem we get b = 402 − 202 = 20 3.
37.5
. .

. .
. . 21. Draw angle γ = 99.6◦ . Note, there is exactly
. . 28.6
.h . one triangle since 12.4 > 10.3.
. .
◦ . .
32.7 . α2 .
. A
B . .
@ . . . . 12.4
. .
C
@ . .
and . . .
.
@ . .
. 10.3 @ . .
37.5 . @ 99.6 ◦ . .
. . .

. @ .
. 28.6
. C B
α1..

32.7◦

B By the sine law, we obtain
12.4 10.3
Apply the sine law to the acute triangle. =
sin 99.6◦ sin β
28.6 37.5 10.3 sin 99.6◦
= sin β =
sin 32.7◦ sin α2 12.4
37.5 sin 32.7◦ sin β ≈ 0.819
sin α2 =
28.6 β = sin−1 (0.819) ≈ 55.0◦ .
sin α2 ≈ 0.708
−1
α2 = sin (0.708) ≈ 45.1◦ So α = 180◦ − (55.0◦ + 99.6◦ ) = 25.4◦ .

Using the sine law, we find 24. Let x be the distance of the final leg.
12.4
a= sin 25.4◦ ≈ 5.4. .
.
sin 99.6◦ .
. .
.
. 400 . . ... . . . . . .
.
22. Draw angle α = 75.3◦ and let h be the height. . ◦
. @ α 72 .
.
. 56 ◦ .
.. . . . . . . . . . . . @
@
. . .
. XX γ .
X
. .
. XXX .
β .
@
C x X XX@ .
. .
. .38
X
◦
. . . . . . .X..
.X
@
9.8 . .
. .
. .
. . 12.4
.h .
. .
◦ . . There is a 72◦ angle because of the 162◦
75.3 . β .
.
bearing. There is a 38◦ angle because of

A
the 308◦ bearing. Since β + 38◦ = 72◦ ,
β = 34◦ . Since opposite angles are equal,
So h = 9.8 sin 75.3◦ ≈ 9.5. Since a > h γ = 38◦ . So α = 52◦ . Using the sine law,
and a > 9.8, there is exactly one triangle.
x 400
By the sine law, we find = .
sin 52◦ sin 34◦
9.8 12.4
= Then x ≈ 563.7 miles.
sin β sin 75.3◦
9.8 sin 75.3◦ 25. Let x and y be the lengths of the missing sides.
sin β =
12.4
sin β ≈ 0.7645
.
.........
β = sin−1 (0.7645) ≈ 49.9◦ . . H . H .
. . 480 .
. y
◦ . ◦ HH .
. 21 .36 HH.. . . . .
. . α
So γ = 180◦ − (49.9◦ + 75.3◦ ) = 54.8◦ .

. β (((( ..
(
. (((
c 12.4 . (( 82◦ ..
. (
......... x
((
Since = , we have . .(
(
. .(
. .( .
sin 54.8 ◦ sin 75.3◦
12.4
c = sin 54.8◦ · ≈ 10.5.
sin 75.3◦
There is a 21◦ angle because of the S21◦ W
23. Let x be the number of miles flown along I-20. direction. There are 36◦ and 82◦ angles
. because opposite angles are equal and because
.
.
. of the directions N 36◦ W and N 82◦ E.
.H Note α = 180◦ − (82◦ + 36◦ ) = 62◦ and
. H
. β = 180 − (21◦ + 36◦ + 62◦ ) = 61◦ .
.
. 50◦ HH
H
12 ◦
30 .
. HH By the sine law, we find
.
.
◦
HH
60 . 40◦ HH
. 480
sin 57◦ ≈ 460.27
H
x x=
sin 61◦
and
480
Applying the sine law, we obtain y= sin 62◦ ≈ 484.57.
sin 61◦
x 12
◦
= . The perimeter is x + y + 480 ≈ 1425 ft.
sin 80 sin 40◦
Then x ≈ 18.4 miles.

26. Let x be the distance Jill sailed. b) In the picture in part a), let θ be the angle
at A. Using the sine law, we find
.@
.
x ◦ . @ sin θ sin(120◦ )
9 . ◦
. 4 @ =
. 93, 000, 000 93, 003, 950
.
.
@
. α @
93, 000, 000 sin(120◦ )

. @ θ = sin −1
2 93, 003, 950
θ ≈ 59.99579◦ .
Note that α = 86◦ . By the sine law,
Suppose the sun is overhead at noon and
2 x
= . Then x ≈ 8.9 miles. the earth rotates 15◦ every hour. Then
sin 13◦ sin 86◦ the number of hours since 12 noon is
27. Applying the sine law, we find 59.99579
≈ 3.999719.
15
19.2 sin 82◦
x= ≈ 38.0 ft. Thus, when the angle of elevation is 30◦ ,
sin 30◦
the time is 1 second before 4:00 p.m.
28. a) Consider the triangle where A is the center c) In the triangle in part a), at sunset the
of the earth, B is a point on the surface angle at B is 90◦ . If ds is the
of the earth, and C is a point on the distance through the atmosphere at
atmosphere. sunset, then
C `` d2s + 39502 = 39602

B
A ` √
A or d = 39602 − 39502 ≈ 281 miles.
A
A
A 29. Let h be the height of the tower.
A
A H
J HH
J H
HH
The angle at B is 120◦ . Let γ be the angle J H
at C. Using the Sine Law, we obtain h J HH
J H
J HH
H
3960 3950 J H
= 19.3◦J 18.1◦HHH
sin 120◦ sin γ J
a 32.5
3950 sin 120◦
sin γ =
3960
γ ≈ 59.75◦ . Using right triangle trigonometry, we get
h
The angle at A is α = 60◦ − γ ≈ 0.25◦ . tan 19.3◦ =
a
Then d is given by
or
3960 d h
≈ a= .
sin 120◦ sin α tan 19.3◦
3960 sin α Similarly, we have
d ≈
sin 120◦ h
d ≈ 19.9 miles. tan 18.1◦ = .
a + 32.5

Then The remaining angles are β = 153.435◦

and ω = 12.529◦ . By the sine law, we obtain
tan 18.1◦ (a + 32.5) = h
a tan 18.1◦ + 32.5 tan 18.1◦ = h AB 14
=
sin 153.435◦ sin 12.529◦
h
· tan 18.1◦ + 32.5 tan 18.1◦ = h
tan 19.3◦ and
BC 14
tan 18.1◦ ◦
= .
h· + 32.5 tan 18.1◦ = h. sin 14.036 sin 12.529◦
tan 19.3◦ Then AB ≈ 28.9 ft and BC ≈ 15.7 ft.
Solving for h, we find that the height of the
tower is 32. Let x be the distance up the hill.
h ≈ 159.4 ft. .
.
.
◦.
30. Let h be the height of the building. x 26.
.
.
.

◦ .
36 118◦ . 62◦
........
H
J HH
J HH 400
J HH
h J HH
J H
J HH By the sine law, we obtain
H
J H
◦
30.4 J 23.2◦HHH x 400
J ◦
= .
a 55.4 sin 118 sin 26◦
Then x ≈ 805.7 ft, and yes the tree
By using right triangle trigonometry, we get will have to be excavated.
h h 33. By the sine law, we get
tan 30.4◦ = or a = . Similarly,
a tan 30.4◦
h 24 sin 47◦
we have tan 23.2◦ = . Then x= ≈ 18.1 in.
a + 55.4 sin 104◦
tan 23.2◦ (a + 55.4) = h 34. Consider the right triangle where A is a
a tan 23.2◦ + 55.4 tan 23.2◦ = h point on the surface of the earth.
h
· tan 23.2◦ + 55.4 tan 23.2◦ = h C B
tan 30.4◦ A
tan 23.2◦ A
h· + 55.4 tan 23.2◦ = h. A
tan 30.4◦ A
Solving for h, we find that the height of the A
A
building is h ≈ 88.1 ft. A
31. Note, tan γ = 6/12 and γ = tan−1 (0.5) ≈
26.565◦ . Also, tan α = 3/12 and The distance AC that the sunlight passes
α = tan−1 (0.25) ≈ 14.036◦ . 10
is given by AC = = 20 miles.
cos 60◦
B
ω
α β γ
A 14 C 20

35. Let t be the number of seconds since the the angle 6 ABC is 110◦ . Using the law of
cruise missile was spotted. sines, the angle θ is given by
17t 60t
B C =
sin θ sin 110◦
17 60

= ◦
sin θ sin 110
17 sin 110◦

35◦
θ = sin−1
60
A D θ ≈ 15.4◦ .
37. Let t be the number of seconds it takes the fox

Let β be the angle at B. The angle formed
to catch the rabbit. The distances travelled by
by BAC is 180◦ − 35◦ − β. After t seconds,
t the fox and rabbit are indicated below.
the cruise missile would have traveled 548
3600 C
t
miles and the projectile 688 miles. Using
3600
the law of sines, we have fox: 6.5t

rabbit: 3.5t
548t 688t
120◦
3600 = 3600
sin(145◦ − β) sin 35◦ B 30
548 688
=
sin(145◦ − β) sin 35◦ Apply the sine law as follows:
548 sin 35◦

β = 145◦ − sin−1 6.5t 3.5t
688 =
sin 120◦ sin B
β ≈ 117.8◦ . √
3.5 3
sin B =
Then angle BAC is 27.2◦ .
The angle of 13
√
elevation of the projectile must be Note, C = 60◦ − arcsin 3.5 3
. Then
13
angle DAB which is 62.2◦ (= 35◦ + 27.2◦ ).
30 3.5t
36. Let t be the number of seconds since Smith =
sin C sin B
threw the ball.
30 sin B
t = = 7.5
C 3.5 sin C
@ It will take 7.5 sec to catch the rabbit.
@
@ B

@
38. Let t be the number of seconds it takes the fox

@ to catch the rabbit. The distances travelled by
@ the fox and rabbit are indicated below.
@
@ C
θ @

@

60◦ 50◦@
@ fox: 6.5t
A

rabbit: 3.5(t + 1)
120◦

After t seconds, Jones would have ran 17t feet B 30
and the ball would have covered 60t feet. Note,

Apply the sine law as follows: 45. a) Odd b) Even
3.5(t + 1) 6.5t c) Even d) Even

=
sin B sin 120◦ 46. Not an identity, for equation is not true
√ if x = π/2.
7 3 1

sin B = 1+
26 t 47. Triangle 4ABC is an isosceles triangle. Also,
√ 4ACD and 4ABD are isosceles triangles.
Note, C = 60◦ − arcsin 7 3
26 1+ 1
t . Then AC = AD = 2. We apply the Angle
Then Bisector Theorem in Exercise 50.
30 6.5t CD + 2 2
= = .
sin C sin 120◦ 2 CD
30 13t √
√ = √ Solving for CD, we find CD = 5 − 1.
7 3 1 3
sin 60◦ − arcsin 26 1+ t
48. Since 640, 000 = 210 ·54 , we have either x = 210
Using a solver from a calculator, the solution and y = 54 , or x = 54 and y = 210 . In either
to the above equation is case, |x − y| = 399.
t ≈ 8.37 sec
5.1 Pop Quiz
which is the time it will take the fox to catch
the rabbit. 1. γ = 180◦ − 8◦ − 121◦ = 51◦
3π √
41. a) 1 b) c) − 3 2. Note, γ = 180◦ − 20.4◦ − 27.3◦ = 132.3◦ .
4
√ Using the sine law, we find
2 3 √ π
d) − e) − 2 f) − a 38.5
3 6 = .
sin 20.4◦ sin 132.3◦
42. γ = 90◦ − 12◦ = 78◦ ; by the sine law we find
Then
b=
3.2
≈ 15.4 ft 38.5 sin 20.4◦
a= ≈ 18.1.
sin 12◦ sin 132.3◦
and 3. Using the sine law, we obtain
3.2 sin 78◦
c= ≈ 15.1 ft
sin 12◦ sin β sin 33.5◦
=
2π 2π 10.6 7.4
43. a) =2 b)
π 3 10.6 sin 33.5◦
π 1 2π sin β = .
c) = d) =π 7.4
2π 2 2
√ Then
113
10.6 sin 33.5◦
p
1 + (7/8)2 =

44. Note, sec α = . −1
8 β = sin ≈ 52.2◦
√ 7.4
8 8 113
Then cos α = √ = and or
113 113
s 2 r √
10.6 sin 33.5◦

◦ −1
8 49 7 113 ≈ 127.8◦

sin α = 1− √ = = β = 180 − sin
113 113 7.4
113

4. Let h be the height of the tree. The figure below 5.2 Exercises
is not drawn to scale.
1. law of cosines
H
JH 2. triangle inequality
J HHH
J HH 3. cosines
h J H
J HH 4. longest
Jx
H
HH
J H 5. By the cosine law, we obtain
25◦ J 20◦ HHH p
J c= 3.12 + 2.92 − 2(3.1)(2.9) cos 121.3◦
50
≈ 5.23 ≈ 5.2. By the sine law, we find
3.1 5.23
Using the law of sines, we obtain =
sin α sin 121.3◦
x 50 3.1 sin 121.3◦
= sin α =
sin 20◦ sin 5◦ 5.23
50 sin 20◦ sin α ≈ 0.50647
x = . α ≈ sin−1 (0.50647) ≈ 30.4◦ .
sin 5◦
Using right triangle trigonometry, we find Then β = 180◦ − (30.4◦ + 121.3◦ ) = 28.3◦ .
h 6. By the cosine law, we get

sin 25◦ = . p
x a= 11.42 + 10.32 − 2(11.4)(10.3) cos 40.2◦
Then ≈ 7.53 ≈ 7.5. By the sine law,
50 sin 20◦ 10.3 7.53
h = x sin 25◦ = sin 25◦ ≈ 83 ft. =
sin 5◦ sin β sin 40.2◦
10.3 sin 40.2◦
For Thought sin β =
7.53
sin β ≈ 0.8829
1. True, since cos 90◦ = 0 in the law of cosines.
√ β ≈ sin−1 (0.8829) ≈ 62.0◦ .
2. False, a = c2 + b2 − 2bc cos α.
Then γ = 180◦ − (62◦ + 40.2◦ ) = 77.8◦ .
3. False, c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos γ.
7. By the cosine law, we find
4. True, this follows from the sine law. 6.12 + 5.22 − 10.32
cos β = ≈ −0.6595
2(6.1)(5.2)
5. False, it has only one solution in [0◦ , 180◦ ].
and so
6. True, since the sum of the angles is 180◦ .
β ≈ cos−1 (−0.6595) ≈ 131.3◦ .
7. True, since β = sin−1 (0.1235) or
By the sine law,
β = 180◦ − sin−1 (0.1235).
6.1 10.3
8. True, since the law of cosines will be used and =
sin α sin 131.3◦
cosine is a one-to-one function in [0◦ , 180◦ ]. 6.1 sin 131.3◦
sin α =
3.42 + 4.22 − 8.12 10.3
9. True, since cos γ = ≈ −1.27 sin α ≈ 0.4449
2(3.4)(4.2)
has no real solution γ. α ≈ sin−1 (0.4449) ≈ 26.4◦ .
10. False, there is exactly one triangle. So γ = 180◦ − (26.4◦ + 131.3◦ ) = 22.3◦ .

5.2 The Law of Cosines 245
8. By the cosine law, we obtain 12. By the cosine law,

7.92 + 6.52 − 13.62 30.42 + 28.92 − 31.62
cos γ = ≈ −0.7819 cos γ = ≈ 0.433.
2(7.9)(6.5) 2(30.4)(28.9)
and so So γ = cos−1 (0.433) ≈ 64.3◦ .
γ ≈ cos−1 (−0.7819) ≈ 141.4◦ . By the sine law,
28.9 31.6
By the sine law, we have =
sin β sin 64.3◦
6.5 13.6 28.9 sin 64.3◦
= sin β =
sin α sin 141.4◦ 31.6
6.5 sin 141.4◦ sin β ≈ 0.824
sin α =
13.6 β ≈ sin−1 (0.824) ≈ 55.5◦
sin α ≈ 0.29818
α ≈ sin−1 (0.29818) ≈ 17.3◦ So α = 180◦ − (55.5◦ + 64.3◦ ) = 60.2◦
Also, β = 180◦ − (17.3◦ + 141.4◦ ) = 21.3◦ . 13. By the cosine law, we obtain
p
a= 9.32 + 12.22 − 2(9.3)(12.2) cos 30◦
9. By the cosine law,
b=
p
2.42 + 6.82 − 2(2.4)(6.8) cos 10.5◦ ≈ 6.23 ≈ 6.2 and
6.232 + 9.32 − 12.22
≈ 4.46167 ≈ 4.5 and cos γ = ≈ −0.203.
2(6.23)(9.3)
2.42 + 4.461672 − 6.82
cos α = ≈ −0.96066. So γ = cos−1 (−0.203) ≈ 101.7◦ and
2(2.4)(4.46167)
β = 180◦ − (101.7◦ + 30◦ ) = 48.3◦ .
So α = cos−1 (−0.96066) ≈ 163.9◦ and
γ = 180◦ − (163.9◦ + 10.5◦ ) = 5.6◦ 14. By the cosine law, we find
p
10. By the cosine law, b= 10.32 + 8.42 − 2(10.3)(8.4) cos 88◦
p
c= 1.32 + 14.92 − 2(1.3)(14.9) cos 9.8◦ ≈ 13.1, and by using the exact value
≈ 13.62 ≈ 13.6 and of b we find
!
14.92 + 13.622 − 1.32 −1 b2 + 8.42 − 10.32
cos α = ≈ 0.99987. α = cos ≈ 52.0◦
2(14.9)(13.62) 2b(8.4)
So α = cos−1 (0.99987) ≈ 0.9◦ and and γ ≈ 180◦ − (52.0◦ + 88◦ ) ≈ 40.0◦ .
β = 180◦ − (0.9◦ + 9.8◦ ) = 169.3◦ .
11. By the cosine law, 6.32 + 6.82 − 7.12
12.22 + 8.12 − 18.52 cos β = ≈ 0.4146.
cos α = ≈ −0.6466. 2(6.3)(6.8)
2(12.2)(8.1)
So β = cos−1 (0.4146) ≈ 65.5◦ .
Then α = cos−1 (−0.6466) ≈ 130.3◦ . By the sine law, we have
By the sine law,
6.8 7.1
12.2 18.5 =
= sin γ sin 65.5◦
sin β sin 130.3◦
12.2 sin 130.3◦ 6.8 sin 65.5◦
sin β = sin γ =
18.5 7.1
sin β ≈ 0.5029 sin γ ≈ 0.8715
β ≈ sin−1 (0.5029) ≈ 30.2◦ γ ≈ sin−1 (0.8715) ≈ 60.6◦ .
So γ = 180◦ − (30.2◦ + 130.3◦ ) = 19.5◦ So α = 180◦ − (60.6◦ + 65.5◦ ) = 53.9◦ .

16. By the cosine law, 21. One triangle exists. The angles are uniquely
4.12 + 6.22− 9.82 determined by the law of cosines.
cos β = ≈ −0.8023.
2(4.1)(6.2) 22. One triangle exists. The angles are uniquely
So β = cos−1 (−0.8023) ≈ 143.4◦ . determined by the law of cosines.
By the sine law, we find
23. There is no such triangle since the sum of
6.2
=
9.8 the angles in a triangle is 180◦ .
sin γ sin 143.4◦
24. There is no such triangle since the sum of the
6.2 sin 143.4◦
sin γ = two given angles exceeds 180◦ .
9.8
◦ 25. Exactly one triangle exists. This is seen by
−1 6.2 sin 143.4

γ = sin
9.8 constructing a 179◦ -angle with two sides that
◦ have lengths 1 and 10. The third side is con-
γ ≈ 22.2 .
structed by joining the endpoints of the first
Then α = 180◦ − (22.2◦ + 143.4◦ ) = 14.4◦ . two sides.
17. Note, α = 180◦ − 25◦ − 35◦ = 120◦ . 26. Exactly one triangle exists. This is seen by
Then by the sine law, we obtain constructing a 2◦ -angle with two sides that
have lengths 10 and 4. The third side is con-
7.2 b c structed by joining the endpoints of the first
◦
= ◦
=
sin 120 sin 25 sin 35◦ two sides.
from which we have
27. Consider the figure below.
7.2 sin 25◦
b= ≈ 3.5 A
sin 120◦ .
b = 8 ..

and .
.
7.2 sin 35◦ .h
.
≈ 4.8.

c= 45◦
.
sin 120◦ .
.
18. Note, β = 180◦ − 120◦ − 20◦ = 40◦ . C
Then by the sine law, we obtain
√
12.3 a c Note, h = 8 sin 45◦ = 4 2. So the minimum
= = value of c so√that we will be able to make a
sin 40◦ sin 20◦ sin 120◦
triangle is 4 2. Since c = 2, no such triangle
from which we have is possible.
12.3 sin 20◦
a= ≈ 6.5 28. Consider the figure below.
sin 40◦
.
C
and
b = 1 ..

12.3 sin 120◦
c= ≈ 16.6. .
.
sin 40◦ .h
.
60◦ .
19. There is no such triangle. Note, a + b = c and .
.
in a triangle the sum of the lengths of two sides A
is greater than the length of the third side.
√
20. There is no such triangle. Note, a + c < b and 3
Note, h = sin 60◦ = . So the minimum
in a triangle the sum of the lengths of two sides 2
is greater than the length of the third side. value of a so that we will be able to make

√ √
3 3 34. After 3 hours, Andrea flew a distance of 540
a triangle is . Since a = , exactly one
2 2 miles and Carlos flew 720 miles. Let x be the
triangle exists and it is a right triangle. distance between them after 3 hrs.
29. Recall, a central angle α in a circle

√ of radius r .
intercepts a chord of length r 2 − 2 cos α. . 80◦ (540 ((
. ((( ((
.
Since r = 30 and α = 19◦ , the length is ,◦..
(

30
, .
√ , .
30 2 − 2 cos 19◦ ≈ 9.90 ft. 720, .
,
, x
,
30. Recall, a central angle α in a circle
√ of radius r ,

intercepts a chord of length r 2 − 2 cos α. ,
Since r = 3 and α = 20◦ , the length is
√
3 2 − 2 cos 20◦ ≈ 1.04 miles. The obtuse angle in the triangle is 130◦ .
By the cosine law, we obtain
31. Note, a central angle α in a circle
√ of radius r
p
x = 7202 + 5402 − 2(720)(540) cos 130◦ =
intercepts a chord of length r 2 − 2 cos α. √
810, 000 − 777, 600 cos 130◦ ≈ 1144.5 miles.
Since
√
921 = r 2 − 2 cos 72◦ 35. By the cosine law, we find
(where 360 ÷ 5 = 72), we obtain 1.22 + 1.22 − 0.42
cos α =
921 2(1.2)(1.2)
r=√ ≈ 783.45 ft. cos α ≈ 0.9444
2 − 2 cos 72◦
α ≈ cos−1 (0.9444)
32. Note, a central angle α in a circle α ≈ 19.2◦ .
√ of radius r
chord of length r 2 − 2 cos α.
intercepts a √
Since 10 = r 2 − 2 cos 60◦ (where 36. Let x be the length of the guy wire.
360 ÷ 6 = 60), we get
!
!!
x ! 6
10 !! β
r=√ = 10 ft. !!
2 − 2 cos 60◦ !! .
α .
!! 10 .
◦ .
. . . . . . .28
!
. .!
! .................
33. After 6 hours, Jan hiked a distance of 24 miles
and Dean hiked 30 miles. Let x be the distance
between them after 6 hrs.
Note α = 62◦ and β = 118◦ .
hhhh
H hhhh x By the cosine law,
H p
x = 102 + 62 − 2(10)(6) cos 118◦ =
HH hhhh
. hhhh
H . √
.
HH h
136 − 120 cos 118◦ ≈ 13.9 ft.

H .
30 H 31◦ . 12◦

HH . 24
H .
37. Let α, β, and γ be the angles at pipes A, B,
and C. The length of the sides of the triangle
are 5, 6, and 7. By the cosine law,
By the cosine law, we find
52 + 6 2 − 72
cos α =
p
x = 302 + 242 − 2(30)(24) cos 43◦ = 2(5)(6)
√
1476 − 1440 cos 43◦ ≈ 20.6 miles. cos α = 0.2

α = cos−1 (0.2) 41. The pentagon consists of 5 chords each of

α ≈ 78.5 . ◦ 360◦
which intercepts a = 72◦ angle.
5
By the sine law, By the cosine law, the length of a chord is
6 7 given by
=
sin β sin 78.5◦
sin β ≈ 0.8399
q
102 + 102 − 2(10)(10) cos 72◦ =
−1
β ≈ sin (0.8399)
◦
β ≈ 57.1 . √
200 − 200 cos 72◦ ≈ 11.76 m.
Then γ = 180◦ − (57.1◦ + 78.5◦ ) = 44.4◦ .
42. By the cosine law, we obtain
38. Let x be the distance the target has moved
from the time it was fired to the time it was 52 + 52 − 12
cos α =
hit. By the cosine law, 2(5)(5)
p
x = 9242 + 8202 − 2(924)(820) cos 9◦ = 49
√ cos α =
1, 526, 176 − 1, 515, 360 cos 9◦ ≈ 171.7 m. 50
α = cos−1 (49/50)
p α ≈ 11.5◦ .
AB = 5.32 + 7.62 − 2(5.3)(7.6) cos 28◦ =
√
85.85 − 80.56 cos 28◦ ≈ 3.8 miles. 43. The lower-left corner is the origin (0, 0).
By using the exact value of AB, we get
AB 2 + 5.32 − 7.62 ...........

30 P
cos(6 CBA) = . PP
2(AB)(5.3) . Z PPα
Z
. θ1 Z
. PP
! . γ PPP
AB 2 + 5.32 − 7.62 . Z
6 CBA = cos −1 . Z PP
PP (36,8)
2(AB)(5.3) . Z
. PP
. Z
. Z P

6 CBA ≈ 111.6◦ .
.
Z
Z β
.
. Z . .θ
.
Z
and 6 CAB = 180◦ − (111.6◦ + 28◦ ) = 40.4◦ . . . .2
. .
.
40. By the cosine law, one finds ..............................
1.0172 = .1332 + .8942 − 2(.133)(.894) cos α

.1332 + .8942 − 1.0172 Note tan α = 22/36 and
cos α =
2(.133)(.894)
! α = tan−1 (22/36) ≈ 31.4◦ .
.1332 + .8942
− 1.0172
α = cos−1
2(.133)(.894) The distance between (36, 8) and (0, 30) is ap-
proximately 42.19. By the cosine law,
α ≈ 156◦
!
−1 302 + 302 − 42.192
and θ ≈ 180◦ − 156◦ = 24◦ . β = cos
2(30)(30)
β ≈ 89.4◦ .
So θ2 = 180◦ − 89.4◦ = 90.6◦ .

By the sine law, we find c) Yes, even in perfect alignment a total

30 42.19 eclipse may not occur, for instance
= when β = 0.49◦ and α = 0.52◦ .
sin γ sin 89.4◦
30 sin 89.4◦ 46. a) Let αm and αM be the minimum and

γ = sin−1 ≈ 45.3◦ . maximum values of α (diameters of
42.19
Jupiter), respectively. By the law of
Then θ1 = 90◦ − (45.3◦ + 31.4◦ ) = 13.3◦ . cosines, one obtains

44. Since the arc length s = 2.5 mm intercepts 2(7.406 × 108 )2 − (1.39 × 106 )2
αM = cos−1
an arc α, we have 2.5 = 10α or α = 0.25. 2(7.406 × 108 )2
Then a flat side of the shaft intercepts an angle
or αM ≈ 0.11◦ , and
with measurement
2π − 3(0.25) −1 2(8.160 × 108 )2 − (1.39 × 106 )2
αm = cos
≈ 1.844 radians. 2(8.160 × 108 )2
3
By the cosine law, the length of a flat side is or αm ≈ 0.10◦ .
b) Let β be the diameter of Callisto.
q
102 + 102 − 2(10)(10) cos(1.844) ≈ 15.94 mm.
By the law of cosines, one obtains
45. a) Let αm and αM be the minimum and !
maximum values of α, respectively. −1 2(1.884 × 106 )2 − (2420)2
β = cos
By the law of cosines, we get 2(1.884 × 106 )2
865, 0002 = 2(91, 400, 000)2 −2(91, 400, 000)2 cos αM . or
Then β ≈ 0.07◦ .
!
−1 2(91400000)2 − 8650002 c) No, a total eclipse is not possible since
αM = cos
2(91400000)2 Callisto is too small.
αM ≈ 0.54◦ .
47. Let db and dh be the distance from the bear
Likewise, and hiker, respectively, to the base of the
tower. Then db = 150 tan 80◦ and
!
2(94500000)2 − 8650002
αm = cos−1 dh = 150 tan 75◦ .
2(94500000)2
αm ≈ 0.52◦ . Since the line segments joining the base of the
tower to the bear and hiker form a 45◦ angle,
b) Let βm and βM be the minimum and by the cosine law the distance, d, between the
maximum values of β, respectively. By
bear and the hiker is
the law of cosines, one obtains
q
21632 = 2(225, 800)2 − 2(225, 800)2 cos βM . d = d2b + d2h − 2(db )(dh ) cos 45◦

Then ≈ (850.69)2 + (559.81)2 −
!
2(225800)2 − 21632 2(850.69)(559.81) cos 45◦ )1/2
βM = cos−1
2(225800)2
≈ 603 feet.
βM ≈ 0.55◦ .
Likewise, 48. Let t be the number of hours since midnight.
! Since the smuggler’s have been riding for t
2(252000)2 − 21632
βm = cos−1 hours and the DEA boat for t − 1 hours, then
2(252000)2
βm ≈ 0.49◦ . (20(t − 1))2 = (20t)2 + 802 − 2(20t)(80) cos 40◦ .

Subtracting 400t2 from both sides, one obtains Note, h = 112.6 sin 22.5◦ ≈ 4.8. Since h < a =
5.1 < 12.6 = b, there are two triangles.
−800t + 400 = 6400 − 3200t cos 40◦
(3200 cos 40◦ − 800)t = 6000 53. Since the y-values of the key points are 3 ± 2,
6000 we find A = 2 and D = 3. Since the first key
t = point is (π/4, 3), the phase shift is C = π/4.
3200 cos 40◦ − 800
t ≈ 3.63 hours. Since the difference between the first and last
y-values is the period, we find
The interception occured at 3:38 a.m. since
2π 5π π
(0.63)60 ≈ 38. = − =π
B 4 4
The distances covered by the DEA’s and smug-
gler’s boats are 20(2.63) miles and 20(3.63) and B = 2. The equation is
miles, respectively. π

y = 2 sin 2 x − +3
To find θ, we use the sine law. Then 4
20(2.63) 20(3.63) 54. Since A = θr2 /2, we
=
sin 40◦ sin θ
π r2
2.63 3.63 64π =
= 16 2
sin 40◦ sin θ √
or r2 = 322 (2). Then r = 32 2 in.
3.63 sin 40◦

−1
θ = sin π 3π π 7π
2.63 55. a) 270◦ · = b) 315◦ · =
180◦ 2 180 ◦ 4
θ ≈ 62.5◦ . π 7π π 2π
◦ ◦
c) − 210 · =− d) 120 · =
49. Using the cosine law, we obtain 180◦ 6 180◦ 3
p
r
1 − cos θ 56. The linear velocity is
a = 2r2 − 2r2 cos(θ) = 4r2 =
2 3200(2π)(3)(60)
2r sin(θ/2). v = ωr = ≈ 685.4 mph
5280
50. If the second largest side were opposite an 57. When a point on a circle with radius r is ro-
obtuse angle, then the triangle would have two tated through an angle of π/2, the distance
obtuse sides and the angles would add up to the point rotates is
more than 180◦ . π
s=r .
51. Note, γ = 180◦ − 108.1◦ − 18.6◦ = 53.3◦ . 2
By the sine law, we obtain The sum of the distances traveled by point A
28.6 sin 108.1◦ is
a= ≈ 33.9 √
sin 53.3◦ √ π π π (3 5 + 9)π
28.6 sin 18.6◦ 45 + 3 + 0 + 6 = ft.
b= ≈ 11.4 2 2 2 2
sin 53.3◦
58. Since√
radius r = 6 and the length of a chord is
c = 6 3, we find
C √
. c = r 2 − 2 cos α
b = 12.6 ..

. √ √
. 6 3 = 6 2 − 2 cos α
.h
.
22.5◦
.
. 1
. cos α = −
A 2
α = 120◦ , 240◦ .

5.3 Area of a Triangle 251
p p
The length of the shorter arc is x2 + (x − 80)2 and x2 + (x − 20)2 ,
respectively. By the cosine law, the angle α
2π
s = rα = 6 × = 4π. is given by
3
!
−1 x2 + (x − 80)2 + x2 + (x − 20)2 − 602
cos p p
5.2 Pop Quiz 2 x2 + (x − 80)2 x2 + (x − 20)2
1. Using the cosine law, we find or equivalently

q !
c= 8.12 + 10.42 − 2(8.1)(10.4) cos 12.3◦ ≈ 3.0. −1 x2 − 50x + 800
cos √ √
x2 − 80x + 3200 x2 − 20x + 200
2. Using the cosine law, we obtain
! and a sketch of its graph is shown.
62 + 72 − 122 y
γ = cos−1 ≈ 134.6◦ .
2(6)(7)
3. The triangle inequality fails since a = 6 plus 60

c = 5 is not greater than b = 12. Then no
triangle exists. 8 x
15.4 28 51.9
4. Using the cosine law, the length of the chord is
q
2(8.7)2 − 2(8.7)2 cos 42.1◦ ≈ 6.2 ft.
d) Since α = 60◦ when x ≈ 15.4, 51.9, then the
viewing angle is greater than 60◦ when
5.2 Linking Concepts 15.4 < x < 51.9.
a) From the point (30, 10), the distance to the e) The largest viewing angle α is seen from
top of the screen and the bottom of the screen the seat with coordinates (28, 8).
are
q √ √ For Thought
(10 − 60)2 + (30 − 0)2 = 3400 = 10 34 ft
1. False, rather in a right triangle the area is
and one-half the product of its legs.
q √ √
(10 − 0)2 + (30 − 0)2 = 1000 = 10 10 ft,
2. True
respectively.
3. False, rather the area is one-half the
b) Using the law of cosines, one finds that the product of two lengths of two sides and
viewing angle α is given by the sine of the included angle.
4. True
!
−1 3400 + 1000 − 602
α = cos √ √
2 3400 1000
5. True, since one can use Heron’s formula.
α ≈ 77.5◦ .
5.3 Exercises
c) Note, the coordinates of any seat is of the form
(x, x − 20) for some real number x ≥ 20. The 1. bh/2
distances of this seat from the top of the
screen and bottom of the screen are 2. Heron’s

19.7 sin 74.2◦

3. Since two sides and an included angle γ = sin −1
are given, the area is 23.5
1 γ ≈ 53.77◦ .
A = (12.9)(6.4) sin 13.7◦ ≈ 9.8.
2
Then α = 180◦ − (53.77◦ + 74.2◦ ) = 52.03◦ .
4. Since two sides and an included angle 1
are given, the area is The area is A = bc sin α =
2
1 1
A = (42.7)(64.1) sin 74.2◦ ≈ 1316.8. (23.5)(19.7) sin 52.03◦ ≈ 182.5.
2 2
5. Draw angle α = 39.4◦ . 7. Draw angle α = 42.3◦ .
@
12.6

b @

a

γ
@ 13.7 γ
@
@ @

62.1◦ @
@
β 42.3◦
◦
@
39.4 @
@
@
14.7
By the sine law, we obtain Note γ = 180◦ − (42.3◦ + 62.1◦ ) = 75.6◦ .

By the sine law,
12.6 13.7
= b 14.7
sin β sin 39.4◦ =
sin 62.1◦ sin 75.6◦
12.6 sin 39.4◦
sin β = 14.7
13.7 b = · sin 62.1◦
◦ sin 75.6◦
−1 12.6 sin 39.4

β = sin b ≈ 13.41.
13.7
β ≈ 35.7◦ . 1
The area is A = bc sin α =
2
Then γ = 180◦ − (35.7◦ + 39.4◦ ) = 104.9◦ . 1
(13.41)(14.7) sin 42.3◦ ≈ 66.3.
1 2
The area is A = · ab sin γ =
2 8. Draw angle γ = 98.6◦ .
1
· (13.7)(12.6) sin 104.9◦ ≈ 83.4. A
2
P
6. Draw angle β = 74.2◦ . @PPP
@ PP c
PP
@ PP
19.7

@ b @ PP
@ 98.6 ◦ PP
23.5 32.4◦ PPP

α
@
@ @
24.2 B

γ
◦
@
74.2 @
@
Note α = 180◦ − (98.6◦ + 32.4◦ ) = 49◦ .
By the sine law,
By the sine law, we find b 24.2
=
19.7 23.5 sin 32.4◦ sin 49◦
= 24.2
sin γ sin 74.2◦ b = sin 32.4◦
sin 49◦
19.7 sin 74.2◦
sin γ = b ≈ 17.181.
23.5

1 11. Note, the area of the triangle below is

The area is A = ab sin γ =
2
1 √ √
1 · (1.5)(1.5 3) = 1.125 3.
(24.2)(17.18) sin 98.6◦ ≈ 205.6. 2
2
9. Draw angle α = 56.3◦ .

b @

γ @ 9.8

@ √
◦ 41.2◦ @
@ 3 1.5 3
56.3
@
c

60◦
Note γ = 180◦ − (56.3◦ + 41.2◦ ) = 82.5◦ .
By the sine law, we obtain 1.5
c 9.8
= The trapezoid in the problem can be divided
sin 82.5◦ sin 56.3◦
into two triangles√and a rectangle with dimen-
9.8
c = sin 82.5◦ sions 2.7 by 1.5 3. Thus, the area of the
sin 56.3◦ trapezoid is the area of the rectangle plus twice
c ≈ 11.679. the area of the triangle shown above. That is,
1 the area of the trapezoid is
The area is A = ac sin β = √ √ √
2
2.7(1.5 3) + 2(1.125 3) = 6.3 3 ≈ 11 ft2 .
1
(9.8)(11.679) sin 41.2◦ ≈ 37.7.
2
10. Draw angle β = 25.6◦ .

c @
17.3
Z
α
@
@ Z
Z
50.8◦ Z

74.3◦ @
@
25.6◦ Z 4.9
Z 3.5
@ 3.1 Z
a ◦

Z 60.8
Z
90◦ 39.2◦ Z
Z
Note α = 180◦ − (25.6◦ + 74.3◦ ) = 80.1◦ .
Z
3.8
By the sine law, we get
a 17.3 The diagonal 4.9 is obtained by using the
=
sin 80.1◦ sin 25.6◦ Pythagorean Theorem. The angles 39.2◦ and
17.3 50.8◦ can be derived by using right triangle
a = sin 80.1◦
sin 25.6◦ trigonometry.
a ≈ 39.44. The area of the right triangle is
1 1
The area is A = ab sin γ = A1 = (3.1)(3.8) and the area of the adjacent
2 2
1
1 triangle is A2 = (4.9)(3.5) sin 60.8◦ .
(39.44)(17.3) sin 74.3◦ ≈ 328.4. 2
2
The total area is A1 + A2 ≈ 13 yd2 .

13. Divide the given 4-sided polygon into two 5.4 + 8.2 + 12
18. Note, S = = 12.8. The area is
triangles by drawing the diagonal that 2
p
connects the 60◦ angle to the 135◦ angle. 12.8(12.8 − 5.4)(12.8 − 8.2)(12.8 − 12) =
On each triangle two sides and an included
p
12.8(7.4)(4.6)(0.8) ≈ 18.7.
angle are given. The area of the polygon
is equal to the sum of the areas of the 19. Note,
two triangles. Namely, 346 + 234 + 422
1 1 √ √ S= = 501.
(4)(10) sin 120◦ + (12+2 3)(2 6) sin 45◦ = 2
2 2
√ 1 √ √ √ The area is
20( 3/2) + (24 6 + 4 18)( 2/2) = p
501(501 − 346)(501 − 234)(501 − 422) =
2
√ 1 √ √ p
10 3 + (12 12 + 2 36) = 501(155)(267)(79) ≈ 40, 471.9.
2
√ √ √ √ √ 124.8 + 86.4 + 154.2
10 3 + 6 12 + 36 = 10 3 + 12 3 + 6 ≈ 20. Note, S = = 182.7.
2
44 square miles. The area is
p
14. Divide the given 4-sided polygon into two 182.7(182.7 − 124.8) ×
triangles by drawing the diagonal that
p
(182.7 − 86.4)(182.7 − 154.2) =
connects the 89◦ angle to the 109◦ angle. p
182.7(57.9)(96.3)(28.5) ≈ 5388.2.
On each triangle two sides and an included
angle are given. The area of the polygon is 21. Since the base is 20 and the height is 10,
equal to the sum of the areas of the two 1 1
triangles. Namely, the area is bh = (20)(10) = 100.
2 2
1
· (140)(129.44) sin 70◦ + 22. Note, S =
7+8+5
= 10.
2 2
1
· (120)(93.67) sin 92◦ ≈
p
Area is 10(10 − 7)(10 − 8)(10 − 5) =
2 p
14, 131 ft2 . 10(3)(2)(5) ≈ 17.3.
15. Note, 23. Since two sides and an included angle

16 + 9 + 10 are given, the area is
S= = 17.5.
2
1
The area is (6)(8) sin 60◦ ≈ 20.8.
p 2
A= 17.5(17.5 − 16)(17.5 − 9)(17.5 − 10)
=
p
17.5(1.5)(8.5)(7.5) ≈ 40.9. 24. Since the base is 12 and the height is 9,
1 1
12 + 8 + 17 the area is bh = (12)(9) = 54.
16. Note, S = = 18.5. The area is 2 2
2
p 9 + 5 + 12
A = 18.5(18.5 − 12)(18.5 − 8)(18.5 − 17) 25. Note, S = = 13.
p 2
= 18.5(6.5)(10.5)(1.5) ≈ 43.5. p
The area is 13(13 − 9)(13 − 5)(13 − 12) =
17. Note, q
13(4)(8)(1) ≈ 20.4.
3.6 + 9.8 + 8.1
S= = 10.75.
2 26. Since two sides and an included angle are
The area is given, the area is
p
10.75(10.75 − 3.6)(10.75 − 9.8)(10.75 − 8.1) 1
p (9)(15) sin 14◦ ≈ 16.3.
= 10.75(7.15)(0.95)(2.65) ≈ 13.9. 2

27. The kite consists of two equal triangles. The 33. a) The area of triangle is one-half the product
area of the kite is twice the area of the triangle. of two sides and the sine of the included
Then the area of the kite is angle. If the sides have both length r,
and the central angle is α, then the area
1

2 (24)(18) sin 40◦ ≈ 277.7 in.2 . of the triangle is
2
1
AT = r2 sin α.
28. Since two sides and an included angle are 2
given, the area of one wing, which is a
b) The area of a sector is proportional to the
two-sided triangle, is
area of a circle. If the central angle is α
1
(37.6)(19.2) sin 68◦ ≈ 334.7 ft2 . and the radius is r, the area of the sector
2 is
29. The largest angle γ is opposite the 13-inch side. r2 α
As = .
By the cosine law, we find 2
! c) The area AL of a lens-shaped region is the
−1 82 + 92 − 132 ◦
γ = cos ≈ 99.6 . difference of the area of a sector and the
2(8)(9) area of a triangle, see parts a) and b).
Then
Thus, the area is
r2 α 1 2 r2
1 AL = − r sin α = (α − sin α).
(8)(9) sin(99.6◦ ) ≈ 35.5 in.2 . 2 2 2
2
34. a) The length of a circular arc is proportional
30. The largest angle γ is opposite the 6-ft side.
to the circumference of a circle. If the
central angle is α and the radius is r, the
length s of the circular arc is s = rα.
!
−1 52 + 32 − 62
γ = cos ≈ 93.82◦ .
2(5)(3) b) We apply the Law of Cosines to an isosceles
triangles with equal sides r, and α is the
1 angle between the equal sides. If a is the
The area is (5)(3) sin(93.82◦ ) ≈ 7.483 ft2 .
2 chord or the side opposite α, we obtain
At $2 per square ft, the charge is $2 · (7.483)
or $14.97. a2 = 2r2 − 2r2 cos α = r2 (2 − 2 cos α).
1 √
31. Since the area is A = ab sin γ, the area is Then a = r 2 − 2 cos α.
2
maximized when γ = 90◦ . Then the maximum c) From part a), we have r = αs . Then sub-
stitute into the length a of the chord in
1
area is A = (2)(2) = 2 square ft. part b).
2
√ s√
1 a = r 2 − 2 cos α = 2 − 2 cos α.
32. Apply the formula A = bh where b = 4 is α
2
the diameter. The area is maximized when d) From part b), we obtain r = √2−2a cos α .
h is the maximum, i.e, h passes through the
Then substitute into formula s in part a).
center. Since h = 2 The maximum area
1 aα
is A = (4)(2) = 4 square feet. a = rα = √ .
2 2 − 2 cos α

35. Let x be the length of the third side. 37. Note the angles in the quadrilateral property.
..........
. ..HH 480 ..
. y
. 21◦ ..36◦ HH ..
H
. B 75◦
. . α H. . . . . 90◦ − α
. β ((( . α
. ((( . B
.
((((( ( ( (
82◦ ..
. ( x
B
x 150
.(
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( . B
B ◦ ◦
B15 + α 100

B
B 200
There is a 21◦ angle because of the S21◦ W B
direction. There are 36◦ and 82◦ angles
because opposite angles are equal and because
of the directions N 36◦ W and N 82◦ E. By the cosine law, we obtain
Note, p
x= 2002 + 1502 − 2(200)(150) cos 100◦ .
α = 180◦ − (82◦ + 36◦ ) = 62◦ Then the area of the triangle on the right
and β = 180 − (21◦ + 36◦ + 62◦ ) = 61◦ . By the 1

AR = 200(150) sin 100◦ ≈ 14, 772.1163.
sine law, we obtain 2
By the sine law, we find that in degrees
480
x= sin 57◦ .
sin 61◦ 200 sin 100◦

−1
α = sin ≈ 46.8355◦ .
x
The area is
Similarly, by the sine law, we get
1
(480x) sin 62◦ ≈ 97, 534.8 sq ft. x sin(15◦ + α)
2 y= ≈ 246.4597
sin 75◦
36. Note the angles in the triangular property. and the area of the triangle on the left is
1

◦ AL = (xy) sin(90◦ − α) ≈ 22, 764.2076.
95 2

Thus, the area of the property is
15◦

HH
200
AR + AL ≈ 37, 536.3 ft2 .
HH
H
HH
◦
x HH70
H
H 38. Note the angles in the quadrilateral property.
H
.
80◦B .
.
B .
200 sin 95◦ B y ..

γ
By the sine law, we obtain x = . Q .
sin 15◦ α QQ

.
B
Then the area A of the triangle is B .
◦.
Q B5 .
x Q
Q
B .
1 400 Qβ B ..
A = (200) x sin 70◦ QQB.
2 ◦ .
◦.
200 sin 95◦ 76 86

.

sin 70◦

340 .
= 100
.
sin 15◦

A ≈ 72, 337.6 ft.2

Then the area of the triangle on the left 40. The arc length is s = 12.9 ft. If α is the central
angle and the radius is 300 ft, then
1
AL = (400)(340) sin 76◦ ≈ 65, 980.109.
2 α = 152.9/300.
The area AL of the lens-shaped region is
p
x = 3402 + 4002 − 2(340)(400) cos 76◦ ≈ 458.036.
3002
AL = (α − sin α).
By the sine law, we find that in degrees 2

340 sin 76◦
Join a line segment through the vertices of the
−1
α = sin ≈ 46.0751◦ . lot that lie on the circle. This segment with the
x
other three sides of the lot form a trapezoid.
It then follows that β = α − 15◦ and The area AT of the trapezoid is
γ = 115◦ − α. Similarly, by the sine law,
we get 140
AT = (197.3 + 140).
2
x sin(115◦ − α)
y= ≈ 433.9915 Then the area of the lot is
sin 80◦
and the area of the triangle on the right is AT + AL ≈ 24, 591 ft2 .
1 43. Note,
AR = (xy) sin(α − 15◦ ) ≈ 51, 302.2529.
2 37 + 48 + 86
S= = 85.5.
Thus, the area of the property is 2
By Heron’s formula, the area of the triangle is
AR + AL ≈ 117, 282.4 ft2 . suppose to be
q
39. Consider the lens-shaped region whose arc 85.5(85.5 − 37)(85.5 − 48)(85.5 − 86).
length is s = 88.1 ft. Since s = rα = 80α,
But this area is undefined since we have the
the central angle is α = 88.1/80.
square root of a negative number. Thus, no
The area AL of the lens-shaped region is triangle exists with sides 37, 48, and 86.
802 31 + 87 + 56
AL = (α − sin α) ≈ 670.32 44. Note S = = 87. By Heron’s
2 2
formula,
p the area of the triangle is suppose
by Exercise 33c. to be 87(87 − 31)(87 − 87)(87 − 56).
Join a line segment through the vertices of the But this area is zero. Thus, no triangle
lot that lie on the circle. This segment to- exists with sides 31, 87, and 56.
gether with the other three sides of the lot form
a trapezoid. The area AT of the trapezoid is 45. Let a = 6, b = 9, and c = 13.
Then
80 4b2 c2 = 54, 756
AT = (102.5 + 127.1) = 9184.
2
and
Then the area of the property is (b2 + c2 − a2 )2 = 45, 796.
The area is given by
AT − AL ≈ 9184 − 670.32 ≈ 8513.68 ft2 .
1q 2 2
4b c − (b2 + c2 − a2 )2 =
Multiplying by $0.08, the property tax is 4
1p 1√
8513.68(0.08) ≈ $681. 54, 756 − 45, 796 = 8960 =
4 4

√
4 35 ≈ 23.7 ft2 . 50. Draw angle α = 22.1◦ and let h be the height.
Next, we verify that that
1q 2 2 .
144.2
.
A1 = 4b c − (b2 + c2 − a2 )2 .
.
4
.
.h
or equivalently .
22.1◦ .
.
s .
4b2 c2 − (b2 + c2 − a2 )2
16
gives the area of a triangle. To do this, we will Since
a+b+c h = 144.2 sin 22.1◦ ≈ 54.3
use Heron’s formula. Let s = . Since
2
it can be shown that and a = 19.4 is shorter than h, no such triangle
4b2 c2 − (b2 + c2 − a2 )2 exists.
s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) =
16 51. Draw angle α = 33.2◦ .
it then follows that formula A1 gives the area

of a triangle. 4.3 @
a

β
@

46. Recall, that @
1 γ
◦
@
bc sin A 33.2 @
2 @
is the area of a triangle with sides b and c, and 9.4
included angle A. By the law of cosines, we
have ! By the cosine law, we find
b2 + c2 − a2
A = cos−1 . a2 = 9.42 + 4.32 − 2(9.4)(4.3) cos 33.2◦
2bc
Thus, by substitution, we get a ≈ 6.3
Note, γ is an acute angle. By the sine law, we

!!
1 1 b2 + c2 − a2
bc sin A = bc sin cos−1 . obtain
2 2 2bc
4.3 sin 33.2◦

In particular, if b = 11, c = 12, and a = 18, γ = sin−1 ≈ 22.1◦ .
a
we get
2 Then β = 180◦ − 33.2◦ − γ ≈ 124.7◦ .
11 + 122 − 182

1
A = (11)(12) sin cos−1 1 2π 4π 1
2 2(11)(12) 52. Note, cos x = − and cos = cos =− .
A ≈ 64.3 ft2 . 2 3 3 2
Then
2π 4π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ
3 3
49. Angle α is an acute angle. By the sine law,
where k is an integer.
19.4 sin 122.1◦

α = sin −1 √
22.6 3
53. Observe sin 3x = ± . Then
2
α ≈ 46.7◦
π 2π
3x = + kπ or 3x = + kπ
Then γ = 180◦ − 122.1◦ − α ≈ 11.2◦ . Applying 3 3
the sine law, we find where k is an integer. Solve for x as follows:
22.6 sin γ
c= ≈ 5.2 π 3kπ 2π 3kπ
sin 122.1◦ x= + or x = +
9 9 9 9

If k = 0, 1, 2, the solutions are 56. Draw an equilateral triangle through the sides
of the hexagon that bound the shaded trian-
π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π
x= , , , , , gles. Draw line segments from the vertices of
9 9 9 9 9 9 the equilateral triangle to point P .
π π This partitions the equilateral triangle into
54. The period is = or 1.
B π three smaller triangles. The area of each
Solve for x as follows smaller triangle is determined by the height
from P . Then the area of the equilateral tri-
π
πx + π = + mπ angle is determined by the sum of the heights
2
from P .
π
πx = + (m − 1)π Repeat the process. Draw an equilateral tri-
2
angle through the sides of the hexagon that
1 bound the unshaded triangles. Draw line seg-
x = + (m − 1)
2 ments from the vertices of the second equilat-
eral triangle to P . Likewise, the area of the
where m is an integer. If k = m − 1, we can
second equilateral triangle is determined by
1
write the vertical asymptotes as x = + k. the sum of the heights from P .
2
The range is (−∞, ∞). But the two equilateral triangles are congru-
ent. Then the sum of the heights from P to
55. Using Heron’s formula, the area of the triangle the shaded triangles is the same as the sum of
is q the heights from P to the unshaded triangles.
A = 15(6)4)(5). Thus, the sum of the areas of the shaded tri-
angles is equal to the sum of the areas of the
Let α, β, and γ be the angles included by sides unshaded triangles.
9 & 10, 9 & 11, and 10 & 11, respectively. By
the cosine law, we find
! 5.3 Pop Quiz
92 + 102 − 112
α = cos−1 1. Let
2(9)(10) 6 + 8 + 10
S= = 12.
! 2
−1 92 + 112 − 102 By Heron’s formula, the area of the triangle is
β = cos
2(9)(11) q √
! 12(12 − 6)(12 − 8)(12 − 10) = 576 = 24 ft2 .
−1 102 + 112 − 92
γ = cos 2. The area is
2(10)(11)
1 1
Draw a sector with central angle α and radius A = ab sin γ = (6)(15) sin 66.7◦ ≈ 41.3 ft2
2 2
4, and the area of this sector is
3. Let
1 2 7+8+9
S1 = 4 α ≈ 9.847675339. S= = 12.
2 2
By Heron’s formula, the area of the triangle is
Similarly, let S2 and S3 be the areas of the q
sectors with central angle β and radius 5, and A = 12(12 − 7)(12 − 8)(12 − 9)
central angle γ and radius 6, respectively.
q q
= 12(5)(4)(3) = 12(4)(3)(5)
Thus, the area that is not sprayed by any of q
the three sprinklers is = 144(5)
√
A = 12 5.
A − (S1 + S2 + S3 ) ≈ 3.850 meters2 .

5.3 Linking Concepts The area of an isosceles triangle with two sides
360◦
of equal length h and an included angle of
a) Consider the right triangle where the length of n
the side opposite the 36◦ angle is one-half the is ◦
1 2 360

length of a side of the pentagon. h sin .
2 n
Then the area, A, of the regular polygon is
JJ given by
r
360◦
J 2
1 r

36◦ J A = n· sin
J 2 cos(180◦ /n) n
h
n r2 360◦

= sin
2 cos2 (180◦ /n) n
Note,
r
h= . nr2 180◦ 180◦

cos 36◦ = 2 ◦
2 sin cos
2 cos (180 /n) n n
The area of an isosceles triangle with two sides
of equal length h and an included angle of 72◦ 180◦

is A = nr2 tan .
n
1 2
h sin 72◦ .
2
c) If A is the area of a regular polygon, r is the
Then the area, A, of the pentagon is radius of the circle inscribed in the polygon,
2 and n is fixed, then A varies directly with r2 .
1 r

A = 5· sin 72◦
2 cos 36◦ d) The proportion constants are
5 r2 10 tan 18◦ ≈ 3.249,
= sin 72◦
2 cos2 36◦ 1000 tan(0.18◦ ) ≈ 3.141603, and
180◦

5 r2 106 tan ≈ 3.141592654.
= (2 sin(36◦ ) cos(36◦ )) 106
2 cos2 36◦
A = 5r2 tan 36◦ . e) When n is a large number, the shape of a
regular n-gon looks circular.
b) Consider the right triangle where the length of The area A of a circle with radius r can be
180◦ approximated by
the side opposite the angle is one-half the
n
180◦

length of a side of the regular polygon. 2
nr tan
n
r A

A where n is a large number. That is, if n = 106

A
A
then
◦ A ≈ 3.141592654r2
180 /n A
A
h or better, A = πr2 .
Note,
r
h= .
cos(180◦ /n)

5.4 Vectors 261
f ) Based on the triangle in part b), if L is the Note, y = π is the horizontal asymptote.
length of one side of a regular n-gon then y
180◦ L/2

sin = . Then
n h
180◦

L = 2h sin
n
r 180◦

= 2 sin x
180◦

n -2 2 8
cos
n
180◦

= 2r tan . For Thought
n
Multiplying the last quantity by n, we get 1. True, since
if v = hx, yi then
2v = h2x, 2yi and
−1 2y −1 y
the perimeter P of an n-gon, namely, tan = tan and
2x x
180◦
p p
P = 2nr tan . |2v| = 4x2 + 4y 2 = 2 x2 + y 2 = 2|v|.
n
2. False, if A = h1, 0i and√ B = h0, 1i then
g) Using the answer in part f), the circumference | A + B | = |h1, 1i| = 2 and
C of a circle with radius r can be approximated | A | + | B | = 2.
by
180◦

3. True, since if Ap= hx, yi then −A p
= h−x, −yi
C = 2nr tan and | − A| = (−x)2 + (−y)2 = x2 + y 2 =
n
|A|.
where n is a large number, or
4. True, since hx, yi + h−x, −yi = h0, 0i.
C = 2r(3.141592654).
5. False, rather the parallelogram law says that
h) The vertical asymptotes of the magnitude of A + B is the length of
a diagonal of the parallelogram formed by
π

y = x tan A and B .
x
6. False, the direction angle is formed with the
are x = w where positive x-axis.
π π
= + kπ. 7. True, this follows from the fact that
w 2
the horizontal component makes a
Solving for w, one finds 0◦ -angle with the positive x-axis and
2 cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse.
w= .
2k + 1 p
32 + (−4)2 =
√ since |h3, −4i| =
8. True,
Thus, the vertical asymptotes are 9 + 16 = 5.
2 9. True, the direction angle of a vector is

x=
2k + 1 unchanged when it is multipied by a
positive scalar.
where k is an integer.
p √
10. True, since r = (−2)2 + 22 = 8 and
x −2
cos θ = = √ .
r 8

5.4 Exercises 11. A + B = ( i +3 j )+(4 i + j ) = 5 i +4 j

and
1. vector
A − B = ( i +3 j )−(4 i + j ) = −3 i +2 j
2. equal
3. magnitude
4. sum, resultant A+B

A
5. parallelogram law A-B
6. direction B
-B
7. component
8. perpendicular, orthogonal
12. A + B = ( i + 3 j ) + (5 i + 2 j ) = 6 i +
9. A + B = 5 j + 4 i = 4 i + 5 j
5j
and and A − B = ( i + 3 j ) − (5 i + 2 j ) =
−4 i + j
A − B = 5 j − 4 i = −4 i + 5 j
A+B
A
A-B A A+B A-B

B
-B
-B B
13. A + B = (− i + 4 j ) + (4 i ) = 3 i + 4 j
10. A + B = 5 j + (4 i + j ) = 4 i + 6 j and
and A − B = (− i +4 j )−(4 i ) = −5 i +4 j
A − B = 5 j − (4 i + j ) = −4 i + 4 j
A+B
A A+B A
A-B A-B
-B B
-B B

5.4 Vectors 263
q √
14. A + B = (−2 i + 3 j ) + (4 i + j ) = 31. The magnitude is 82 + (−8 3)2 = 16.
2 i + 4 j and A − B = √ √
(−2 i + 3 j ) − (4 i + j ) = −6 i + 2 j Since tan α = −8 3/8 = − 3, the
direction angle is α = 300◦ .
q √
32. The magnitude is (−1/2)2 + (− 3/2)2 = 1.
√
A+B
− 3/2 √
A Since tan α = = 3, the
A-B −1/2
B
direction angle is α = 240◦ .
-B √
33. The magnitude is 52 + 02 = 5.
Since the terminal point is on the
positive x-axis, the direction angle is 0◦ .
15. D 16. A 17. E 18. F
p
34. The magnitude is 02 + (−6)2 = 6.
19. B 20. C
Since the terminal point is on the
21. | vx | = |4.5 cos 65.2◦ | = 1.9, negative y-axis, the direction angle is 270◦ .
| vy | = |4.5 sin 65.2◦ | = 4.1 p √
35. The magnitude is (−3)2 + 22 = 13.
22. | vx | = |6000 cos 13.1◦ | ≈ 5843.9, Since tan−1 (−2/3) ≈ −33.7◦ , the
| vy | = |6000 sin 13.1◦ | ≈ 1359.9 direction angle is 180◦ − 33.7◦ = 146.3◦ .
p √
23. | vx | = |8000 cos 155.1◦ | ≈ 7256.4, 36. The magnitude is (−4)2 + (−2)2 = 2 5.
| vy | = |8000 sin 155.1◦ | ≈ 3368.3 Since tan−1 (2/4) ≈ 26.6◦ , the
direction angle is 180◦ + 26.6◦ = 206.6◦ .
24. | vx | = |445 cos 211.1◦ | ≈ 381.0, p √
| vy | = |445 sin 211.1◦ | ≈ 229.9 37. The magnitude is 32 + (−1)2 = 10.
Since tan−1 (−1/3) ≈ −18.4◦ , the
25. | vx | = |234 cos 248◦ | ≈ 87.7, direction angle is 360◦ − 18.4◦ = 341.6◦ .
| vy | = |234 sin 248◦ | ≈ 217.0 p √
38. The magnitude is 22 + (−6)2 = 2 10.
26. | vx | = |48.3 cos 349◦ | ≈ 47.4, Since tan−1 (−6/2) ≈ −71.6◦ , the
| vy | = |48.3 sin 349◦ | ≈ 9.2 direction angle is 360◦ − 71.6◦ = 288.4◦ .
q
√ 2 √ √
27. The magnitude is 3 + 12 = 2. 39. h8 cos√45◦ ,√
8 sin 45◦ i = h8( 2/2), 8( 2/2)i
√ = h4 2, 4 2i
Since tan α = 1/ 3, the direction angle
is α = 30◦ . 40. h12 cos 120◦ , 12√
sin 120◦ i = √
q √ 2 h12(−1/2), 12( 3/2)i = h−6, 6 3i
28. The magnitude is (−1)2 + 3 = 2.
√ 41. h290 cos 145◦ , 290 sin 145◦ i = h−237.6, 166.3i
Since tan α = − 3, the direction angle
is α = 120◦ .
q √
42. h5.3 cos 321◦ , 5.3 sin 321◦ i = h4.1, −3.3i
√ 2
29. The magnitude is (− 2)2 + 2 = 2. 43. h18 cos 347◦ , 18 sin 347◦ i = h17.5, −4.0i
√ √
Since tan α = − 2/ 2 = −1, the direction
angle is α = 135◦ . 44. h3000 cos 209.1◦ , 3000 sin 209.1◦ i =
q√ h−2621.3, −1459.0i
2 √
30. The magnitude is 2 + (− 2)2 = 2. 45. h15, −10i 46. h4, −20i
√ √
Since tan α = − 2/ 2 = −1, the direction
angle is α = 315◦ . 47. h6, −4i + h12, −18i = h18, −22i

√
48. h−1, 4i 49. h−1, 5i + h12, −18i = h11, −13i 67. 2i + j 68. i + 5j 69. −3i + 2j
h2, 3i √ 1
50. = h1, 1.5i 70. 2i − 5j 71. −9 j 72. − i
2 2
51. h3, −2i − h3, −1i = h0, −1i 73. −7 i − j 74. i + j
52. h3, −2i − h−1, 5i − h4, −6i = h0, −1i 75. The magnitude of A + B = h1, 4i is
p √
53. (3)(−1) + (−2)(5) = −13 12 + 42 = 17
54. (−1)(4) + (5)(−6) = −34 and the direction angle is
55. If A = h2, 1i and B = h3, 5i, then the angle tan−1 (4/1) ≈ 76.0◦
between these vectors is given by

A · B

11
p magnitude of √A − B = h5, −2i
76. The
cos −1 −1
= cos √ √ ≈ 32.5◦ is 52 + (−2)2 = 29.
| A |·| B | 5 34 Since tan−1 (−2/5) ≈ −21.8◦ , the
direction angle is 360◦ − 21.8◦ = 338.2◦ .
56. If A = h2, 3i and B = h1, 5i, then the angle
between these vectors is given by 77. The magnitude of −3A = h−9, −3i is
q √ √
A · B 17

cos −1 −1
= cos √ √ ≈ 22.4 ◦ (−9)2 + (−3)2 = 90 = 3 10.
| A |·| B | 13 26
Since tan−1 (3/9) ≈ 18.4◦ , the direction angle
57. If A = h−1, 5i and B = h2, 7i, then the is
angle between these vectors is given by 180◦ + 18.4◦ = 198.4◦ .
A · B 33

cos −1 −1
= cos √ √ ≈ 27.3◦ p magnitude of 5B√ = h−10,√
78. The 15i
| A |·| B | 2 2
is (−10) + (15) = 325 = 5 13.
26 53
Since tan−1 (−15/10) ≈ −56.3◦ , the
58. If A = h−2, −5i and B = h1, −9i, then the direction angle is 180◦ − 56.3◦ = 123.7◦
angle between these vectors is given by
79. The magnitude of B − A = h−5, 2i is
A · B 43

cos−1 = cos−1 √ √ ≈ 28.1◦
q √
| A |·| B | 29 82 (−5)2 + 22 = 29.
59. Since h−6, 5i · h5, 6i = 0, the angle between Since tan−1 (−2/5) ≈ −21.8◦ , the direction an-
them is 90◦ . gle is
180◦ − 21.8◦ = 158.2◦ .
60. Since h2, 7i · h7, −2i = 0, the angle between
them is 90◦ . √ magnitude√of B + A = h1, 4i is
80. The
= 12 + 42 = 17 and the direction
61. Perpendicular since their dot product is zero angle is tan−1 (4/1) ≈ 76.0◦ .
62. Parallel since 4h2, 3i = h8, 12i 1
81. Note −A + B = h−3 − 1, −1 + 3/2i
2
63. Parallel since −2h1, 7i = h−2, −14i = h−4, 1/2i. The magnitude is
p √
64. Perpendicular since their dot product is zero (−4)2 + (1/2)2 = 65/2.
1/2

65. Neither Since tan−1 ≈ −7.1◦ , the
−4
66. Neither direction angle is 180◦ − 7.1◦ = 172.9◦ .

5.4 Vectors 265
1 93. Apply Heron’s formula with a = b = 3 and

82. Note A − 2B = h3/2 + 4, 1/2 − 6i =
2 c = 1. Let s = (a + b + c)/2 = 7/2. The area
h11/2, −11/2i. The magnitude is is
p √
(11/2)2 + (−11/2)2 = 242/2 ≈ 7.8 .
r
q 7 1 1 5
s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = · · ·
11/2

−1 2 2 2 2
Since tan − = −45◦ , the
11/2 r
35
direction angle is 360◦ − 45◦ = 315◦ . =
16
83. The resultant is h2 + 6, 3 + 2i = h8, 5i. Then √
35
the magnitude is = .
4
p √
82 + 52 = 89
94. The area is
and direction angle is 1 1
A = ab sin C = (3.6)(4.5) sin 37.1◦ ≈ 4.9
2 2
tan−1 (5/8) = 32.0◦ .
tan x + tan y
95. a)
84. The resultant is h4 +√4, 2 + 6i = h8,
√ 8i. √ 1 − tan x tan y
2 2
So the magnitude is 8 + 8 = 128 = 8 2 tan x − tan y
and direction angle is tan−1 (8/8) = 45◦ . b)
1 + tan x tan y
85. The resultant is h−6 + 4, 4 + 2i = h−2, 6i 96. sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x,
and its magnitude is
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
q √
(−2)2 + 62 = 2 10. 97. Other acute angle is 90◦ − 33◦ = 57◦ ,
other legs are 66 sin 33◦ ≈ 35.9 ft, and
Since tan−1 (−6/2) ≈ −71.6◦ , the direction an-
66 cos 33◦ ≈ 55.4 ft
gle is √
180◦ − 71.6◦ = 108.4◦ .
p
98. Let r = (−3)2 + 52 = 34.
√
86. The resultant is h−6 + 5 5 34
p3, 2 + 6i = h−3,
√ 8i Then sin α = √ = ,
and its magnitude is (−3)2 + 82 = 73. 34 34
√
Since tan−1 (−8/3) ≈ −69.4◦ , the −3 3 34
cos α = √ = − , and
direction angle is 180◦ − 69.4◦ = 110.6◦ . 34 34
87. The resultant is h−4 + y 5
p3, 4 − 6i = h−1, −2i√ tan α = = −
x 3
and its magnitude is (−1)2 + (−2)2 = 5.
Since tan−1 (2/1) ≈ 63.4◦ , the 99. a) Consider the top layer of four balls and
direction angle is 180◦ + 63.4◦ = 243.4◦ . the ball that sits above it. Connecting the
centers of the five balls gives a pyramid
88. The resultant is h−5 +p6, −4 − 2i = h1,
√ −6i with a 2-by-2 square base and a slanted
2 2
and its magnitude is 1 + (−6) = 37. height of √2. The diagonal of the square
Since tan−1 (−6/1) ≈ −80.5◦ , the base is 2 2. By looking at a slanted
direction angle is 360◦ − 80.5◦ = 279.5◦ . height and half of√the base, the height
89. The magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical of the pyramid is√ 2. Then the height
components are |520 cos 30◦ | ≈ 450.3 mph and of the box is 4 + 2. Multiplying by the
|520 sin 30◦ | = 260 mph, respectively. area of the 4-by-4 base of the box which
is 16, we obtain the volume of the box.
90. The magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical That is, the volume of the box is
components are |30 cos 22◦ | ≈ 27.8 m/sec 2 √ √
and |30 sin 22◦ | ≈ 11.2 m/sec2 , respectively. 16(4 + 2) = 64 + 16 2 ≈ 86.63.

b) Using the same pyramid in part a), we 5.4 Pop Quiz

obtain
√ that the height of the box is 2 +
2 2. Multiplying by the area of the 4- 1. | vx | = |5.6 cos 33.9◦ | ≈ 4.6,
by-4 base of the box which is 16, we find | vy | = |5.6 sin 33.9◦ | ≈ 3.1
that the volume of the box is
√ √ 2. The magnitude is
16(2 + 2 2) = 32 + 32 2 ≈ 77.25. q √ √
(−2)2 + 62 = 40 = 2 10.
c) The distance between a vertex of the cu-
bic box and the center of the Since tan α = −6/2 = −3 and (−2, 6) lies in
√ ball that
is closest to the vertex is 3. This is quadrant 2, the direction angle is
obtained by using the Pythagorean theo-
rem. α = tan−1 (−3) + 180◦ ≈ 108.4◦ .
Then the diagonal of the cube holding the
five balls has a length of 3. v − w = h−1, 3i − h2, 6i = h−3, −3i,
√ 3v = 3h−1, 3i = h−3, 9i, and
4 + 2 3.
v · w = h−1, 3i · h2, 6i =
If x is the length of an edge of the cube (−1)(2) + (3)(6) = 16
then
√ 4. If A = h1, 4i and B = h2, 6i, then the small-
x2 + x2 + x2 = (4 + 2 3)2 . est positive angle between these vectors is
√
A · B

26

4+2 3 cos −1
= cos −1
√ √ ≈ 4.4◦
Solving for x, we find x = √ . Then | A |·| B | 17 40
3
the volume of the cube is
√ !3 For Thought
3 4+2 3
Volume = x = √ .
3
1. True, since the force required is
Simplifying, we obtain
99 sin 88◦ ≈ 98.9 kg.
√
208 3
Volume = + 40 ≈ 80.03. 2. True
9
100. We solve cos x = 0, cos 2x = 0, . . ., and 3. False, the weight of an object is modelled by a
vertical vector.
cos 6x = 0 for 0 < x ≤ π.
There are overlapping solutions. 4. True 5. True 6. True
π π 3π π 5π π
The distinct solutions are 2, 4, 4 , 6, 6 , 8, 7. False, the bearing of the wind is 45◦ .
3π 5π 7π π 3π 7π 9π π 5π 7π 11π
8 , 8 , 8 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 12 , 12 , 12 , and 12 . 8. False, the airplane’s ground speed is slower than
There are 17 solutions in (0, π]. 400 mph since the airplane is flying against the
wind.
9. False, the bearing of the course is 185◦ .
10. True, for the bearing of the plane’s course is
135◦ + 3◦ = 138◦ .

5.5 Applications of Vectors 267
5.5 Exercises 3. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 10.3 and

4.2 that act at an angle of 130◦ with each
1. Draw two perpendicular vectors whose
other.
magnitudes are 3 and 8.

3@
βI@

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. @ 4.2
. 1
. 6
. @
.
α @ 130◦
. 3
@. . . . .
.
-
. β 10.3
.
. α
. -
8
By using the cosine law, the magnitude
of the resultant force is
The magnitude of the resultant force is q
r = 10.32 + 4.22 − 2(10.3)(4.2) cos 50◦
p √
82 + 3 2 = 73 ≈ 8.5 lb ≈ 8.3 newtons.
by the Pythagorean Theorem. By the sine law, we find
The angles between the resultant and each 4.2 r
=
force are sin α sin 50◦
tan−1 (3/8) ≈ 20.6◦ 4.2 sin 50◦
sin α =
and r
sin α ≈ 0.3898
β = 90◦ − 20.6◦ = 69.4◦ .
α ≈ sin−1 (0.3898) ≈ 22.9◦ .
2. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 12 and 2
that act at an angle of 60◦ with each other The angles between the resultant and each
as shown in the figure. force are 22.9◦ and
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . β = 180◦ − 22.9◦ − 50◦ = 107.1◦ .
. 1
.
.
.
. 2 4. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 34 and 23
. that act at an angle of 100◦ with each other.
. β
. 60◦
. α
. -. . . . *

β A
AK
12
A 23
A
By the cosine law, the magnitude of the α A 100◦
-A. . . . .
resultant force, in pounds, is 34
q
r= 122 + 22 − 2(12)(2) cos 120◦ ≈ 13.1.
By the sine law, By the cosine law, the magnitude of the
resultant force is
2 r q
= 342 + 232 − 2(34)(23) cos 80◦ ≈ 37.6 newtons.
sin α sin 120◦
2 sin 120◦ By the sine law, we find
sin α =
r
sin α ≈ 0.1321 23 37.6
=
sin α sin 80◦
α ≈ sin−1 (0.1321) ≈ 7.6◦ . 23 sin 80◦
sin α =
The angles between the resultant and each 37.6
force are 7.6◦ and β = 180◦ − 7.6◦ − 120◦ = sin α ≈ 0.6024
52.4◦ . α ≈ sin−1 (0.6024) ≈ 37◦ .

The angles between the resultant and each Using the cosine law, we obtain
force are 37◦ and
9.82 + 8.312 − 152
cos β =
β = 180◦ − 37◦ − 80◦ = 63◦ . 2(9.8)(8.31)
cos β ≈ −0.3678
5. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 10 & 12.3 β ≈ cos−1 (−0.3678) ≈ 111.6◦ .
and whose angle between them is 23.4◦ . The angle between the resultant and the other
force is β = 111.6◦ .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
β. . 7. Since the angles in a parallelogram must
12.3 .

x
.
. x add up to 360◦ , the angle formed by the two
. forces is

23.4◦ .
.
-. 360◦ − 2(25◦ )
10 = 155◦ .
2
By the cosine law, the magnitude

of the 75
p other force is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
.
x = 102 + 12.32 − 2(10)(12.3) cos 23.4◦ 55 155 ◦ .1
.
≈ 5.051 ≈ 5.1 pounds. .
.
.
By the sine law, we obtain .
.
155◦.
-.
10 5.051
=
sin β sin 23.4◦
10 sin 23.4◦
sin β = By the cosine law, the magnitude of the
5.051
sin β ≈ 0.7863 resultant force is
q
β ≈ sin−1 (0.7863) ≈ 51.8◦ . 552 + 752 − 2(55)(75) cos 155◦ ≈ 127.0 pounds.
The angle between the two forces is Then the donkey must pull a force of 127
pounds in the direction opposite that of the
51.8◦ + 23.4◦ = 75.2◦ . resultant’s direction.
8. Draw two perpendicular vectors one with mag-
6. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 15 and 9.8 nitude 5 and the other with magnitude 3.
and whose angle between them is 31◦ .
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1..
.

.
* .
.

βA K
. 3 .
. Ax
A
. 9.8 .
. α
.
. β

.
.
A .
. 31

◦ A -.
. - A 5
15
By the Pythagorean Theorem, Phyllis’ speed

By the cosine law, the magnitude of the is p
other force is 32 + 52 ≈ 5.83 mph.
q
x= 152 + 9.82 − 2(15)(9.8) cos 31◦ ≈ The direction from the north is
α = tan−1 (5/3) ≈ 59.0◦ .
8.31 ≈ 8.3 lb.

9. If x is the amount of force required as shown 11. If w is the weight of the block of ice as shown
below, then below, then
x 100
= sin 20◦ sin 25◦ =
3000 w
x = 3000 sin 20◦ 100
w =
sin 25◦
x ≈ 1026.1 lb
w ≈ 236.6 lb
S
S S
20◦
S S
25◦ S
S S
S
S S
S S
3000 90◦
w
S S
w 90◦
w
S

x
100
?
?
10. Draw a vector pointing vertically down with

a magnitude of 4000 lb. 12. If w is the weight of the solid steel ball as
shown below, then
3.2
S sin 10◦ =
S w
20◦ S 3.2
S
w =
S sin 10◦
S
S w ≈ 18.4 lb
4000 90◦
w
S
S
S
x
10◦ S
S
S
? S
S
w 90◦
w
S
If x is the force required to keep the rock from
rolling, then
3.2
x
= sin 20◦
4000
?
x = 4000 sin 20◦
x ≈ 1368.1 lb

13. If α is the angle of inclination of the hill as 15. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift
shown below, then angle as shown below.
1000
sin α =
5000 240
XXX α -
−1 1 XXX 90◦
α = sin XXX 30
5 x XX
z?
X
α ≈ 11.5◦
By the Pythagorean Theorem, we obtain
S p
S x = 2402 + 302 ≈ 241.9 mph
S
α S
S Using right triangle trigonometry, we obtain
S
30
α = tan−1 ≈ 7.1◦ .
S
5000 90◦ 240
w
S

Thus, the bearing of the course is
1000
90◦ + α ≈ 97.1◦ .
?
16. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift
angle as shown below.
14. If α is the angle of inclination of the hill as

shown below, then 300
α

500 90◦
sin α = 80

x
4000
9

?
1
α = sin−1
8 By the Pythagorean Theorem, we obtain
α ≈ 7.2◦
p
x = 3002 + 802 ≈ 310.5 mph
S Using right triangle trigonometry, we obtain

S
S 80
α S α = tan−1 ≈ 14.9◦ .
S 300
S
S Thus, the bearing of the course is
4000 90◦
w
S
270◦ − α ≈ 255.1◦ .
500

17. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift Applying the cosine law, we obtain
angle as shown below. q
x = 402 + 752 − 2(40)(75) cos 135◦
≈ 107.1 mph.

Using the sine law, we find
45◦
.
. sin α sin 135◦
.
. =
. 50 20 40 x
.
.
.
40 sin 135◦

. −1
. ◦ α = sin
. 45 :?

x
.
. α
.
. x α ≈ 15.3◦ .
Applying the cosine law, we obtain 315◦ + α ≈ 330.3◦ .

q
x = 202 + 502 − 2(20)(50) cos 45◦ 19. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift
≈ 38.5 mph. angle as shown below.
Using the sine law, we find ..............

QXXX 12◦
X
Q α XXX 480
Q XXX
sin α sin 45◦ Q X z
X
= Q 57◦
20 x x Q
Q
58
QQ
20 sin 45◦
s
−1
α = sin
x
α ≈ 21.5◦ . Note, the angle between the vectors represent-
ing the airplane and the wind is
◦ ◦
57◦ = 12◦ + 45◦ .
45 + α ≈ 66.5 .
By the cosine law, the ground speed is
18. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift q
angle as shown below. x = 4802 + 582 − 2(480)(58) cos 57◦
≈ 451.0 mph.
By the sine law, we get

sin α sin 57◦
=
6
I
@
@ 58 x
40 @ 58 sin 57◦
@ sin α =
@ x x
58 sin 57◦

135◦ @
α = sin−1
H
Y
HH @ x
HH @ ◦
H @ α ≈ 6.2 .
75 HH @
Hα
◦ H@
. . . . . . .45. . . .H
. .H
..
@

The bearing of the airplane is 21. Draw two vectors representing the canoe and
river current; the magnitudes of these vectors
102◦ + α ≈ 108.2◦ . are 2 and 6, respectively.
20. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift 2

angle as shown below. α

...............
30◦ 6

195 α

◦
+ ?
125

70
Since α = tan−1 (6/2) ≈ 71.6◦ , the direction

measured from the north is
Note, the angle between the vectors represent-
270◦ − 71.6◦ = 198.4◦ .
ing the helicopter and the wind is
125◦ = 5◦ + 90◦ + 30◦ . Also, if d is the distance downstream from

a point directly across the river to the point
By the cosine law, the ground speed is where she will land, then tan α = d/2000.
q Since tan α = 6/2 = 3, we get
x = 1952 + 702 − 2(195)(70) cos 125◦
d = 2000 · 3 = 6000 ft.
≈ 242.0 mph.
Using the sine law, we find 22. Draw two vectors representing the canoe and
the river current; the magnitudes of these
sin α sin 125◦ vectors are 8 and 6, respectively.
=
70 x
70 sin 125◦
PP
i
−1
α = sin P PP 8
x P
6 PP
P
α ≈ 13.7◦ .
PP
P PP
?
β PPP
The bearing of the course is
240◦ − α ≈ 226.3◦ .
Since β = sin−1 (6/8) ≈ 48.6◦ , she must paddle
in the direction
270◦ + 48.6◦ = 318.6◦
from the north direction measured clockwise if

she wants to go directly across.
Also, if d is the distance in feet she will paddle
as she crosses the river then cos 48.6◦ = 2000/d
and d = 2000/ cos 48.6◦ ≈ 3024.3 ft.
Equivalently, d = 3024.3/5280 ≈ 0.5728 miles.

So the time it takes to cross the river is b) Since speed is distance divided by time,
t = 0.5728/8 ≈ 0.0716 hr or then by using the answer from part a)
the speed r as a function of α and β is
t = 0.0716(60) ≈ 4.3 minutes.
d
r =
t
23. a) Assume we have a coordinate system where 0.2| sec β|
the origin is the point where the boat will =
0.2/(3 cos α)
start.
r = 3 cos(α)| sec β|.
.

K
A . 24. As seen in the previous exercise, the number t
.
.
A
A . of hours the trip will take as a function of α is
A β.. α
A .. 0.2 1
t= = sec α.
A. 3 cos α 15
The minimum value of t is attained when sec α
is the largest, i.e., when α = 0◦ .
The intended direction and speed of the
boat that goes 3 mph in still water is 25. Let the forces exerted by the papa, mama, and
defined by the vector 3 sin α i +3 cos α j baby elephant be represented by the vectors
and its actual direction and speed is vp = 800 cos 30◦ i + 800 sin 30◦ j ,
determined by the vector vm = 500 i , and
vb = 200 cos 20◦ i − 200 sin 20◦ j ,
v = (3 sin α − 1) i + 3 cos α j . respectively. With a calculator, we find
F = vp + vm + vb
The number t of hours it takes the boat
to cross the river is given by ≈ 1380.76 i + 331.60 j .
The magnitude of the resultant of the three

0.2
t= , forces is
3 cos α p
|F |≈ 1380.762 + 331.602 ≈ 1420.0 lb.
the solution to 3t cos α = 0.2.
Suppose β > 0 if 3 sin α − 1 < 0 and 26. From Exercise 25, the resultant force is
β < 0 if 3 sin α − 1 > 0. Using right
triangle trigonometry, we find F ≈ 1380.76 i + 331.60 j .
|3 sin α − 1| The direction angle of F is

tan β = .
3 cos α 331.60

−1
tan ≈ 13.5◦
The distance d the boat travels as a 1380.76
function of β is given by or E13.5◦ N, or N76.5◦ E.
d = |t v | 27. By the cosine law,

0.2
!
= |v| −1 a2 + b2 − c2
3 cos α γ = cos
2ab
0.2 q
= (3 sin α − 1)2 + (3 cos α)2
3 cos α −26

−1
q = cos
= 0.2 tan2 β + 1 70
d = 0.2| sec β|. ≈ 111.8◦

By the sine law,

7 sin γ
5.5 Pop Quiz
β = sin−1 ≈ 40.5◦
10 1. Let x be the magnitude of the resultant as
Then α = 180◦ −γ−β ≈ 27.7◦ . shown below.
28. (−2)(3) + (6)(5) = 24 .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1
.
29. Let a = h−3, 5i and b = h1, 6i. If α is the .
. x

smallest positive angle between the two vec- . 50
.
.
tors, then . ◦
. 100◦-. . 80
.
..
a · b = | a | · b · cos α 100
√ √
27 = 34 · 37 · cos α
27
α = cos−1 √ √ Applying the cosine law, we obtain
34 · 37 q
x = 1002 + 502 − 2(100)(50) cos 100◦
α ≈ 40.4◦
≈ 119.3 lb.
1 1
30. bc sin α = (5.7)(12.2) sin 10.6◦ ≈ 6.4 ft2
2 2 2. If w is the weight of the motorcycle as shown
31. 230 tan 48◦ ≈ 255.4 ft below, then
1 − 1 + sin x 2
sin2 x 100
32. = = tan2 x sin 12◦ =
cos2 x cos2 x w
33. Let 1 ≤ x ≤ 199 be the number of dogs re- 100
w =
maining. The only number less than 200 that sin 12◦
is divisible by four of the five denominators w ≈ 481 lb
below
3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 S
S
is x = 180. Then there are 180/9 = 20
12◦ S
S
dachshunds remaining, 3(20) = 60 original
S
beagles, 180/5 = 36 beagles remaining, and S
60 − 36 = 24 beagles escaped. S
w 90◦
w
S
34. Applying a cofunction identity, we find
π π π 5π 100
sin + cos = sin + sin .
12 12 12 12
Applying a sum to product identity, the above ?
right side equals
π/12 + 5π/12 π/12 − 5π/12
2 sin cos =
2 2 3. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift
π π angle as shown below.
2 sin cos =
4 6
√ √
2 3 300
2 = XX α -
2 2 XXX 90 ◦
√ XXX 60
6 x XXX
z?
X
2

By the Pythagorean Theorem, we obtain b) Let D be the distance across the river.
p
x = 3002 + 602 ≈ 305.9 mph.
w
Using right triangle trigonometry, we obtain

60
α = tan−1 ≈ 11.3◦ . 0.4

300 α D

Thus, the bearing of the airplane is

90◦ + α ≈ 101.3◦ .
0.4
Note, D = and w = 0.4 tan α.
5.5 Linking Concepts cos α
If α = 12◦ , then the time spent on crossing the
a) The angle on the right of vertex B is 90◦ + α. river plus the time spent on biking is given by
B 0.5 C 0.4/ cos α 1 − 0.4 tan α

!
! + =
!! 4 cos(α + β)/ cos α 6
!
!! 1 − 0.4 tan α
β!! 0.1

α + =
!! 4
!
!
cos(α + β) 6

!!
0.1 1 − 0.4 tan 12◦
A + ≈
cos(19.02◦ ) 6
0.258 hour ≈
By applying the sine law, we have
15.5 minutes.
4 0.5
=
sin(90◦ + α) sin β
c) As seen in part b), the total time T (α) spent
4 0.5
= for the trip is
cos α sin β

0.5 cos α
0.1 1 − 0.4 tan α
β = sin −1
. T (α) = +
4 cos(α + β) 6
Likewise, the length AB (which is the 0.1

= +
0.5 cos α

actual speed) is found to be cos α + sin−1
4
AB 4
= 1 − 0.4 tan α
sin(90◦ − α − β) cos α
6
AB 4
=
cos(α + β) cos α d) The graph of the function in part c) is given
4 cos(α + β) below.
AB = . T
cos α
Therefore, if α = 12◦ then
0.5 cos 12◦

−1 0.3
β = sin ≈ 7.02◦
4
and the actual speed is 0.1
4 cos(12◦ + 7.02◦ ) Α
AB ≈ ≈ 3.87 mph. 20 40 80
cos 12◦

e) Using the graph, we find that the total time 3. Draw a triangle with α = 13◦ , β = 64◦ , c = 20.
T (α) is minimized when
α ≈ 31.9◦ .
Correspondingly, we find
a @
0.5 cos 31.9◦

b

β ≈ sin−1 ≈ 6.1◦ . γ
@

4 @
◦ 13◦ @
@
64
Chapter 5 Review Exercises @
20
1. Draw a triangle with γ = 48◦ , a = 3.4, b = 2.6.
Note γ = 180◦ − (64◦ + 13◦ ) = 103◦ .
3.4

@ 20 a

c By the sine law, we get ◦
=

β
@
@ sin 103 sin 13◦

20 b
◦
48 α
@
and ◦
= .
sin 103 sin 64◦
@
@
20
2.6 So a = sin 13◦ ≈ 4.6
sin 103◦
20
By the cosine law, we obtain and b = sin 64◦ ≈ 18.4.
p sin 103◦
c= 2.62 + 3.42 − 2(2.6)(3.4) cos 48◦ ≈ 4. Draw angle α = 50◦ .
2.5475 ≈ 2.5. By the sine law, we find
2.5475 2.6
◦
= C
sin 48 sin β .
8.4
.
.
2.6 sin 48◦ .
.
sin β =
.h
2.5475 .
50◦ .
sin β ≈ 0.75846 .
.
β ≈ sin−1 (0.75846) A
◦
β ≈ 49.3 .
Also, α = 180◦ − (49.3◦ + 48◦ ) = 82.7◦ . Since h = 8.4 sin 50◦ ≈ 6.4 and a = 3.2 < 6.4,
no triangle exists.
2. Draw a triangle with sides a = 6, b = 8, c = 10.
5. Draw a triangle with a = 3.6, b = 10.2, c = 5.9.

8 @
5.9
@

6

γ
@
@ β
@ 3.6
@
β
@
α γ
@

@
@ α @
@
10 10.2
By the cosine law,

By the cosine law one gets
62 + 82 − 102
cos γ = = 0. 5.92 + 3.62 − 10.22
2(6)(8) cos β = ≈ −1.3.
So γ = 90◦ . This is a right triangle. 2(5.9)(3.6)
Since α = sin−1 (6/10) ≈ 36.9◦ , This is a contradiction since the range of
we have β = 90◦ − 36.9◦ = 53.1◦ . cosine is [−1, 1]. No triangle exists.

Chapter 5 Review Exercises 277
6. Draw a triangle with β = 36.2◦ , γ = 48.1◦ , By the sine law,

and a = 10.6. √ √
3 2 3
=
sin 30◦ sin β
c @

b sin β = 2 sin 30◦
α
@
@
sin β = 1
48.1◦ @
@
36.2◦
@ β = 90◦ .
10.6
This is a right triangle and γ = 60◦ . Then
√ √
Note, α = 180◦ − (36.2◦ + 48.1◦ ) = 95.7◦ . ( 3)2 + c2 = (2 3)2
By the sine law, 3 + c2 = 12
b 10.6 c 10.6 c2 = 9
◦
= ◦
and ◦
=
sin 36.2 sin 95.7 sin 48.1 sin 95.7◦ c = 3.
10.6
So b = sin 36.2◦ ≈ 6.3 and
sin 95.7◦
9. Draw angle β = 22◦ and let h be the height.
10.6
c= sin 48.1◦ ≈ 7.9.
sin 95.7◦ . A
4.9
.

.
7. Draw a triangle with sides a = 30.6, b = 12.9, .
.
and c = 24.1. .h
.
◦
22 .
.

@

.
24.1 B
12.9

α
@
@

γ
@
β
@
@ Since h = 4.9 sin 22◦ ≈ 1.8 and 1.8 < b < 4.9,
30.6 we have two triangles as follows:
Case 1:
By the cosine law, we get
24.12 + 12.92 − 30.62 A
. .
.
cos α = ≈ −0.3042. . .
2(24.1)(12.9) 4.9 . .
. .

So α = cos−1 (−0.3042) ≈ 107.7◦ . . . 2.5
.h .
. .
Similarly, we find 22◦ . γ .
. 1 .
.
24.12 + 30.62 − 12.92 B
cos β = ≈ 0.9158.
2(24.1)(30.6)
So β = cos−1 (0.9158) ≈ 23.7◦ . Case 2:
Also, γ = 180◦ − (107.7◦ + 23.7◦ ) = 48.6◦ . .
A
√ √ .
4.9 .
8. Draw a triangle with α = 30◦ , a = 3, b = 2 3.

.
.
.
.
. 2.5
@

22◦ γ2 ..
c √
β
@ 3 B
@

γ
@
30◦ @

√ @
2 3

Apply the sine law to case 1. 12. Draw angle β = 118.6◦ .

4.9 2.5 A
= . .
sin γ1 sin 22◦ @ . . . .
. . b
4.9 sin 22◦ @ . .
. .
sin γ1 = @ . .
2.5 400 @ . .
@ 118.6 ◦ . .
sin γ1 ≈ 0.7342 . .
@ .
−1
γ1 = sin (0.7342) ≈ 47.2◦ B a C
So α1 = 180◦ − (22◦ + 47.2◦ ) = 110.8◦ .

Note γ = 180◦ − (118.6◦ + 12.4◦ ) = 49◦ .
2.5
By the sine law, a1 = sin 110.8◦ ≈ 6.2. By the sine law,
sin 22◦
In case 2, γ2 = 180◦ − γ1 = 132.8◦ a 400
=
and α2 = 180◦ − (22◦ + 132.8◦ ) = 25.2◦ . sin 12.4◦ sin 49◦
2.5 400
By the sine law, a2 = sin 25.2◦ ≈ 2.8. a = sin 12.4◦
sin 22◦ sin 49◦
10. Draw angle β = 121◦ . a ≈ 113.811.
C Then the area is

. .
@ . . . . 1
. . b A = (113.811)(400) sin 118.6◦ ≈ 19, 984.8 m2 .
@ . . 2
. .
@ . .
5.2 @ . .
@ 121 ◦ . . 5.4 + 12.3 + 9.2
. . 13. Since S = = 13.45, the
@ . 2
B 7.1 A area is
p
13.45(13.45 − 5.4)(13.45 − 12.3)(13.45 − 9.2)
By the cosine law, we find ≈ 23.0 km2 .
p
b= 5.22 + 7.12 − 2(5.2)(7.1) cos 121◦ ≈ 20 + 22 + 3
14. Since S = = 22.5, the area is
10.746 ≈ 10.7. Apply the sine law. 2
p
22.5(22.5 − 20)(22.5 − 22)(22.5 − 3)
10.746 7.1
= ≈ 23.4 ft2 .
sin 121◦ sin γ
7.1 sin 121◦ 15. | vx | = |6 cos 23.3◦ | ≈ 5.5,
sin γ =
10.746 | vy | = |6 sin 23.3◦ | ≈ 2.4
sin γ ≈ 0.5663
γ = sin−1 (0.5663) ≈ 34.5◦ 16. | vx | = |4.5 cos 156◦ | ≈ 4.1,
| vy | = |4.5 sin 156◦ | ≈ 1.8
So α = 180◦ − (34.5◦ + 121◦ ) = 24.5◦ .
17. | vx | = |3.2 cos 231.4◦ | ≈ 2.0,
1
11. Area is A = (12.2)(24.6) sin 38◦ ≈ 92.4 ft2 . | vy | = |3.2 sin 231.4◦ | ≈ 2.5
2
18. | vx | = |7.3 cos 344◦ | ≈ 7.0,
| vy | = |7.3 sin 344◦ | ≈ 2.0
√ √
19. magnitude 22 + 32 = 13, direction angle
tan−1 (3/2) ≈ 56.3◦
p
20. magnitude (−4)2 + 32 = 5, direction angle
cos−1 (−4/5) ≈ 143.1◦

p
21. The magnitude is (−3.2)2 + (−5.1)2 43. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 7 and 12
≈ 6.0. Since tan−1 (5.1/3.2) ≈ 57.9◦ , the that act at an angle of 30◦ with
direction angle is 180◦ + 57.9◦ = 237.9◦ . each other.
p
22. The magnitude is (2.1)2 + (−3.8)2 ≈ 4.3. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Since tan−1 (−3.8/2.1) ≈ −61.1◦ , the . 1
.
.
direction angle is 360◦ − 61.1◦ = 298.9◦ . .
. 7
√ √ .
. β
23. h 2 cos 45◦ , 2 sin 45◦ i = h1, 1i . 30◦
. α
√ .
- ....
24. h6 cos 60◦ , 6 sin 60◦ i = h3, 3 3i 12
25. h9.1 cos 109.3◦ , 9.1 sin 109.3◦ i ≈ h−3.0, 8.6i

By the cosine law, the magnitude of the
26. h5.5 cos 344.6◦ , 5.5 sin 344.6◦ i ≈ h5.3, −1.5i resultant force is
q
27. h−6, 8i 28. h−12, 3i 122 + 72 − 2(12)(7) cos 150◦ ≈ 18.4 lb.
29. h2 − 2, −5 − 12i = h0, −17i By the sine law, we find
30. h3 − 4, 6 − 8i = h−1, −2i 7 18.4

=
sin α sin 150◦
31. h−1, 5i · h4, 2i = −4 + 10 = 6 7 sin 150◦
sin α =
18.4
32. h−4, 7i · h7, 4i = −28 + 28 = 0 sin α ≈ 0.19
33. −4 i + 8 j 34. 3.2 i − 4.1 j α ≈ sin−1 (0.19) ≈ 11.0◦ .
35. (7.2√cos 30◦ ) i + (7.2 sin 30◦ ) j ≈ The angles between the resultant and
3.6 3 i + 3.6 j the two forces are 11.0◦ and
√ √ β = 180◦ − 150◦ − 11◦ = 19.0◦ .
36. The magnitude of h2, 5i is 22 + 52 = 29.
√ √ 44. If x is the force required to push the motorcy-
6 12 29 30 29
So v = √ h2, 5i = i + j. cle as shown below, then
29 29 29
x
37. Parallel since 2h2, 6i = h4, 12i = sin 25◦
800
38. Parallel since −1h−3, 7i = h3, −7i x = 800 sin 25◦
39. Perpendicular since their dot product is zero x ≈ 338.1 lb

40. Perpendicular since their dot product is zero S
S
41. Parallel since −3h−3, 8i = h9, −24i
25◦ S
S
42. Parallel since 2h−2, 5i = h−4, 10i S

S
S
800 90◦
w
S


45. Let x be the ground speed and let α be the Note, the angle between the vectors of the air-
drift angle, as shown below. plane and the wind is
40
- 65◦ = 45◦ + 20◦ .
125◦
7
3

q
180

x= 102 + 252 − 2(10)(25) cos 65◦ ≈ 22.7 mph.
. x

.
. Then by the sine law, we get
. ◦

. 35
. α
. sin α sin 65◦
. =
.
.
10 x
10 sin 65◦

α = sin−1
x
Note, the angle between the vectors of the α ≈ 23.6◦ .
plane and the wind is
Thus, the bearing of the plane’s course is
125◦ = 90◦ + 35◦ .
Applying the cosine law, we obtain 340◦ − α ≈ 316.4◦ .
q
x = 1802 + 402 − 2(180)(40) cos 125◦ 47. Using Heron’s formula and since
x ≈ 205.6 mph. 482 + 364 + 241
= 543.5,
Applying the sine law, we find 2
sin α sin 125◦ the area of Susan’s lot is

=
40 x
q
◦
543.5(543.5 − 482)(543.5 − 364)(543.5 − 241)
−1 40 sin 125

α = sin
x which is approximately
◦
α ≈ 9.2 .
42, 602 ft2 .
The bearing of the plane’s course is
Similarly, since
35◦ + α ≈ 44.2◦ .
482 + 369 + 238
= 544.5,
46. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 25 and 10. 2
Let x be the ground speed.
the area of Seth’s lot is
q

10 ◦AKA 544.5(544.5 − 482)(544.5 − 369)(544.5 − 238)
65 A
. or approximately
.

A
}
ZZ A 25 .
.
Z .
Z
Z
A .
. 42, 785 ft2 .
◦.
A
Z A 20 .
x Z
Z . Then Seth got the larger piece.
A .
Z αA .
Z A ..
Z .
ZA.

48. Since an included angle is given, the area is 51. Let α be the base angle of the larger isosceles
1 triangle. Drop a perpendicular from the top
(135.4)(164.1) sin 86.4◦ ≈ 11, 087.6 ft2 . vertex to the base.
2
To use Heron’s formula, first find the length The perpendicular bisects the base of unit
of the third side. It is length into two equal parts.
p
135.42 + 164.12 − 2(135.4)(164.1) cos 86.4◦ Using right triangle trigonometry, we find
≈ 206.086553 ≈ 206.1 ft. cos α = 14 . The area of the shaded triangle
206.086553 + 135.4 + 164.1 is
Since s = ≈
2 1
252.7932765, the area is Area = ab sin C
p 2
s(s − 206.086553)(s − 135.4)(s − 164.1) ≈
1
11, 087.6 ft2 . For the third formula, draw = sin α
2
triangle where h is the height. r
1 1
. = 1−
135.4 . 2 16
.
.

. √
.h 15
◦ . Area =
86.4 . 8
.
.
164.1
52.
1 a) By the cosine law and by the method of

Since h = 135.4 sin 86.4◦ , the area is A = bh
2 completing the square, one derives
1 ◦ 2
= (164.1)(135.4 sin 86.4 ) ≈ 11, 087.6 ft .
2 c2 = a2 + r2 − 2ar cos θ
49. Consider triangle below. c2 − r2 = a2 − 2ar cos θ
C c2 − r2 + r2 cos2 θ = (a − r cos θ)2
QQ
◦ Q
c2 − r2 (1 − cos2 θ) = (a − r cos θ)2
431 122 Q 562
Q c2 − r2 sin2 θ = (a − r cos θ)2
Q q
Q
QQ
s
- c2 − r2 sin2 θ = a − r cos θ.
A B p
Then a = c2 − r2 sin2 θ + r cos θ.
The distance between A and B is b) When t = 0.1 minute, the number of
q revolutions is 42.6. Then
4312 + 5622 − 2(431)(562) cos 122◦ ≈ 870.82 ft.
θ = (0.6)(360◦ ) = 216◦
The extra amount spent is
and we obtain
(431 + 562 − 870.82)($21.60) ≈ $2639. q
50. The distance of the top of the boom from the a = 122 − 22 sin2 216◦ + 2 cos 216◦
ground is 60 sin 53◦ ≈ 47.9 feet. Since the ball ≈ 10.3 in.
is extended 40 feet from the top of the boom,
the ball is at least 7.9 feet above the ground 53. Let r be the radius of the sun and earth, which
at all times. A pedestrian of average height we assume are equal. Let a and α be the length
six feet cannot be struck by the wrecking ball of a chord and the corresponding central angle,
provided the radius of the ball is under 1.9 feet. respectively.

We are given a = 0.8(2r). Then the length of Let αt = 6 Pt Ct Ft be the angle at CT in the
the chord satisfies right triangle 4Pt Ct Ft . Notice, Ct Ft = 1 − 2t.
√ Using right triangle trigonometry,
a = r 2 − 2 cos α
√ αt
1.6r = r 2 − 2 cos α cos = 1 − 2t.
2
1.62 = 2 − 2 cos α
By a double-angle identity for cosine,
cos α = −0.28.
cos αt = 2 cos2 αt − 1
The part of the sun that is blocked is two times
the area of a lens-like region. See Exercise 33c, = 2(1 − 2t)2 − 1
Section 5.3. Then
= 1 − 8t + 8t2 .
2
(Twice Area of Lens) = r (α − sin α)
The area of the sun that is blocked is two times
The percentage of the sun that is blocked is the area of a lens-like region.
given by
(Twice Area of Lens) = r2 (αt − sin αt )
Twice Area of Lens α − sin α
2
= ≈ 28%. = cos−1 u − sin(cos−1 u).
πr π
54. The radius of a circle is r = 5 and the length where r = 1, and u = 1 − 8t + 8t2 . Hence, the
of a chord is c = 8. The length of a chord portion of the sun that is blocked is the above
satisifes area divided by the area of the sun, i.e.,
√ cos−1 u − sin(cos−1 u)
c = r 2 − 2 cos α .
√ π
8 = 5 2 − 2 cos α
cos α = −0.28 56. If the sun’s radius is r and the moon’s radius
is 0.95r, then the area of the sun is πr2 and
by Exercise 34b, Section 5.3. Then the area of the moon’s area is π(0.95r)2 .
the lens-like region is If the moon is totally in front of the sun, it
can only block its area. The fraction of the
r2 25
AL = (α − sin α) = (α − sin α) ≈ 11.2 sun that is blocked is given by
2 2
π(0.95r)2
The concrete stand is a rectangular solid of = (0.95)2 = 90.25%
volume 24 ft3 but minus the volume of a lens- πr2
like solid. Thus, the volume of concrete is √ √
57. The √sides of the three squares are 8, 13,
24 − 11.2 ≈ 12.8 ft3 . and 17. These are also the sides of the tri-
angle. We use Heron’s formula to find the area
of the triangle. Let
55. Put the moon’s center initially at (0, 0). As-
√ √ √
sume the moon and sun are circles of radii 1. 8 + 13 + 17
Put the sun’s center at (2, 0). At time t = 1, s= .
2
put the moon’s center at (4, 0). Then at time
The area of the triangle is
t, the moons center is at Ct = (4t, 0).
q √ √ √
At time t, the moon and sun intersects at some Area = s(s − 8)(s − 13)(s − 17)
point Pt in the first quadrant. Drop a perpen- = 5 acres
dicular from Pt to the x-axis. Label the foot
of this perpendicular by Ft which is a point on = 5(43, 560) ft2
the x-axis. Area = 217, 800 ft2 .

Chapter 5 Test 283
58. Let r be the radius of the small circle. By and

the Pythagorean theorem, the distance of the C
.
.
center of the
√ circle to the closest vertex of the .
4.2 .
square is 2r.

.
√
.
.
The diagonal of the square is 2, and is a sum . 3.9

in the following way: 60◦ β1 ..

√ √
2 = 1 + r + 2r A
Solving for r, we find

√ Apply the sine law to the acute triangle.
2−1 √
r=√ = 3 − 2 2. 3.9 4.2
2+1 =
sin 60◦ sin β2
Chapter 5 Test 4.2 sin 60◦
sin β2 =
3.9
1. Draw a triangle with α = 30◦ , b = 4, a = 2.
sin β2 ≈ 0.93264
−1
.
C β2 = sin (0.93264) ≈ 68.9◦
4
.

.
.

. So γ2 = 180◦ − (β2 + 60◦ ) = 51.1◦ .
.h
. 3.9
◦
30 . By the sine law, c2 = sin 51.1◦ ≈ 3.5 .
.
. sin 60◦
A B In the obtuse triangle, β1 = 180◦ −β2 = 111.1◦
and γ1 = 180◦ − (β1 + 60◦ ) = 8.9◦ .
Since h = 4 sin 30◦ = 2 and a = 2, there 3.9
By the sine law, c1 = sin 8.9◦ ≈ 0.7.
is only one triangle and β = 90◦ . Then sin 60◦
γ = 90◦ − 30 ◦
√ = 60 √
◦ . Since c2 + 22 = 42 ,
3. Draw the only triangle with a = 3.6,
we get c = 12 = 2 3. α = 20.3◦ , and β = 14.1◦ .
2. Draw angle α = 60◦ and let h be the height.

@
3.6
.
C
b
γ
@
.
4.2 . @
.
14.1◦ 20.3◦ @
@
.

.h
◦ . @
60 .
. c

.
A
Note, γ = 180◦ − 14.1◦ − 20.3◦ = 145.6◦ .
Since h = 4.2 sin 60◦ ≈ 3.6 and Using the sine law, we find
3.6 < a < 4.2, there are two triangles b 3.6 c 3.6
and they are given by ◦
= ◦
and ◦
= .
sin 14.1 sin 20.3 sin 145.6 sin 20.3◦
C
.
. . 3.6
4.2
. . Then b = sin 14.1◦ ≈ 2.5 and
. . sin 20.3◦
. .
. . 3.9 3.6
.
. h .
. c= sin 145.6◦ ≈ 5.9.
sin 20.3◦

60◦
. β2 . .
.
.
A

4. Draw the only triangle with a = 2.8, Also, α = 180◦ − (57.9◦ + 93.7◦ ) = 28.4◦ .
b = 3.9, and γ = 17◦ .
6. The magnitude of A + B = h−2, 6i is
q √ √
2.8 @ (−2)2 + 62 = 40 = 2 10.
c

β
@
@
The direction angle is
α
◦ @
17
@ √
cos−1 (−2/ 40) ≈ 108.4◦ .
@
3.9
7. The magnitude of A − B = h−4, −2i is

By the
p cosine law, we get
c = 3.92 + 2.82 − 2(3.9)(2.8) cos 17◦ ≈
q √ √
(−4)2 + (−2)2 = 20 = 2 5.
1.47 ≈ 1.5. By the sine law,
1.47
=
2.8 Since tan−1 (2/4) ≈ 26.6◦ , the direction angle
sin 17◦ sin α is
2.8 sin 17◦ 180◦ + 26.6◦ = 206.6◦ .
sin α =
1.47
8. The magnitude of 3B = h3, 12i is
sin α ≈ 0.5569
√ √
α ≈ sin−1 (0.5569) ≈ 33.8◦ .
p
32 + 122 = 153 = 3 17.
Also, β = 180◦ − (33.8◦ + 17◦ ) = 129.2◦ .
The direction angle is
5. Draw the only triangle with the given
sides a = 4.1, b = 8.6, and c = 7.3 . tan−1 (12/3) ≈ 76.0◦ .
1
7.3

@ 9. The area is (12)(10) sin(22◦ ) ≈ 22.5 ft2 .

4.1 2
β
@

@
10. Using Heron’s formula and if
γ
@
α @
@ 4.1 + 6.8 + 9.5
s= = 10.2
8.6 2
then the area is
First, find the largest angle β by the q
cosine law. s(s − 4.1)(s − 6.8)(s − 9.5) ≈ 12.2 m2 .
7.32 + 4.12 − 8.62
cos β = 11. Since a1 = 4.6 cos 37.2◦ ≈ 3.66 and
2(7.3)(4.1)
a2 = 4.6 sin 37.2◦ ≈ 2.78, we have
cos β ≈ −0.06448
β ≈ cos−1 (−0.06448) v ≈ 3.66 i + 2.78 j .
◦
β ≈ 93.7 .
12. Perpendicular since their dot product is zero.
By the sine law,
That is, h−3, 5i · h5, 3i = (−3)(5) + (5)(3) = 0.
8.6 7.3
=
sin 93.7◦ sin γ
7.3 sin 93.7◦
sin γ =
8.6
sin γ ≈ 0.8471
γ ≈ sin−1 (0.8471) ≈ 57.9◦ .

Tying It All Together 285
30 sin 85◦

13. If x is the force required to push the riding α = sin −1
lawnmower as shown below, then x
x α ≈ 7.2◦ .
= sin 40◦
1000
x = 1000 sin 40◦
40◦ + α ≈ 47.2◦ .
x ≈ 642.8 lb
S
Tying It All Together
S √
1. sin(π/6) = 1/2,
√ cos(π/6) = 3/2,
40◦
S
S tan(π/6) = √3/3, csc(π/6) = 2, √
sec(π/6) = 2 3/3, and cot(π/6) = 3
S
S
S √ √
2. sin(π/4) = 2/2, cos(π/4) √ = 2/2,
1000 90◦
w
S
tan(π/4) = √
1, csc(π/4) = 2,
sec(π/4) = 2, and cot(π/4) = 1
x √
3. sin(π/3) = √ 3/2, cos(π/3) = 1/2,
√
? tan(π/3) = 3, csc(π/3) = 2 √3/3,
sec(π/3) = 2, and cot(π/3) = 3/3
4. sin(π/2) = 1, cos(π/2) = 0,
14. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift tan(π/2) is undefined, csc(π/2) = 1,
angle as shown below. sec(π/2) is undefined, and cot(π/2) = 0
5. π/2 6. −π/2 7. −π/6 8. π/6
85◦
. 9. π 10. 0 11. 5π/6 12. π/6
.
.
.
. 240 30 13. 0 14. π/4 15. −π/4 16. π/6
.
.
.
. 17. {x | x = kπ where k is an integer}
. ◦
. 40
:?

.
18. Factoring, we get
. α
.
. x
sin(x)(sin(x) − 1) = 0.
Then
Note, the angle between the vector of the air- sin(x) = 0 or sin(x) = 1.
plane and the vector of the wind is
Thus, the solution set is
85◦ = 40◦ + 45◦ . π
{x | x = kπ or x = + 2kπ}.
Applying the cosine law, we obtain 2
q
19. Factoring, we obtain
x = 2402 + 302 − 2(240)(30) cos 85◦
≈ 239.3 mph. sin2 x − sin x − 2 = 0
(sin x + 1)(sin x − 2) = 0.
Using the sine law, we find
sin α sin 85◦ Then
= sin x = −1 or sin x = 2.
30 x

Since sin x = 2 is impossible, we have 24. Since

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
sin x = −1.
is an identity, the solution set is the set of all
The solution set is real numbers.
3π

x|x= + 2kπ . 25. Amplitude 1, period 2π/3, phase shift 0,
2
domain (−∞, ∞), and range [−1, 1]
y
20. Factoring, we find
1
4 sin x cos x − 2 cos x + 2 sin x − 1 = 0
2 cos x(2 sin x − 1) + (2 sin x − 1) = 0
(2 cos x + 1)(2 sin x − 1) = 0. Π Π 2Π
x

6 2 3
Then
1 1
cos x = − or sin x = .
2 2 -1
π

The solution set is x|x=
+ 2kπ, 26. Amplitude 3, period π, phase shift 0, domain
6
(−∞, ∞), and range [−3, 3]
5π 2π 4π

x= + 2kπ, x = + 2kπ, x = + 2kπ . y
6 3 3 3
21. Factoring, we find
4x sin x + 2 sin x − 2x − 1 = 0
x
2 sin x(2x + 1) − (2x + 1) = 0 Π

4
3Π
Π
4
(2x + 1)(2 sin x − 1) = 0.
Then -3
1 1
x = − or sin x = .
2 2 27. Rewriting, we find
The solution set is
1 π 5π

x | x = − , x = + 2kπ, x = + 2kπ . y = 2 cos(π(x − 1)).
2 6 6
Thus, we have the following: amplitude 2,
22. Since sin 2x = 1/2, we obtain
period 2π/π or 2, phase shift 1, domain
π 5π (−∞, ∞), and range [−2, 2].
2x = + 2kπ or 2x = + 2kπ
6 6 y
2
where k is an integer. Then the solution set is
π 5π

x|x= + kπ or x = + kπ .
12 12
x
1 2 3
√
23. Since tan 4x = 1/ 3, we obtain
π
4x = + kπ -2
6
where k is an integer. Then the solution set is
π kπ

x|x= + .
24 4

Tying It All Together 287
28. Rewriting, we find 30. The period of

π

y = cos 2 x − + 1. y = tan(πx) − 3
4
is π/π or 1, and the phase shift is 0. If
Then we have the following: amplitude 1,
period 2π/2 or π, phase shift π/4, domain cos(πx) = 0
(−∞, ∞), and range is [0, 2].
y then
π 1
+ kπ or x = + k
πx =
2 2 2
where k is an integer. Thus, the domain is
1 1
{x : x 6= + k}
2
Π 3Π 5Π
x and the range is (−∞, ∞).

4 4 4
y
3
29. The period of
y = tan(x − π/2) 1
-
1
-
1

1

x
2 4 4 2
-2
is π and the phase shift is π/2. If
-4
cos(x − π/2) = 0
then
π π 31. opposite, hypotenuse
x− = + kπ
2 2
or equivalently, 32. adjacent, hypotenuse
33. one
x = kπ
34. period
where k is an integer. Thus, the domain is
35. Pythagorean
{x : x 6= kπ}
36. even, odd
and the range is (−∞, ∞).
y
37. oblique
2
38. law of sines
1 39. law of cosines

x
Π

Π
3Π
Π 40. triangle inequality
4 2 4

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Foster looked at me as if I wasn't there. "I remember Vallon," he said.
He put a hand to his head. "But I remember too a barbaric world,
brutal and primitive. You were there. We travelled in a crude rail-car,
and then in a barge that wallowed in the sea. There were narrow, ugly
rooms, evil odors, harsh noises ... and The Hunters! We fled from
them, Legion, you and I. And I remember a landing-ring...." He
paused. "Strange, it had lost its cap-stones and fallen into ruin."
"Us natives call it Stonehenge."
"The Hunters burst out of the earth. We fought them. But why should
the Hunters seek me?"
"I was hoping you'd tell me," I said. "Do you know where this ship
came from? And why?"
"This is a ship of the Two Worlds," he replied. "But I know nothing of
how it came to be here."
"How about all that stuff in the journal? Maybe now you—"
"The journal!" Foster broke in. "Where is it!"
"In your coat pocket, I guess."
Foster felt through his jacket awkwardly, brought out the journal. He
opened it and looked at the part written in the curious alien characters
that nobody had been able to decipher.
But he was reading it.
For hours I had waited while Foster read. At last he leaned back in
his chair and sighed.
"My name," he said, "was Qulqlan. And this," he laid his hand upon
the book, "is my story. This is one part of the past I was seeking. And
I remember none of it...."
"Tell me what the journal says."
Foster picked it up. "It seems that I awoke once before, in a small
room aboard this vessel. I was lying on a memo-couch, by which
circumstance I knew that I had suffered a Change—"
"You mean you'd lost your memory?"
"And regained it—on the couch. My memory-trace had been re-
impressed on my mind. I awoke knowing my identity, but not how I
came to be aboard this vessel. The journal says that my last memory
was of a building beside the Shallow Sea."
"Where's that?"
"On a far world—called Vallon."
"Yeah? And what next?"
"I looked around me and saw four men lying on the floor, slashed and
bloody. One was alive. I gave him what emergency treatment I could,
then searched the ship. I found three more men, dead; none living.
Then the Hunters attacked, swarming to me. They would have
sucked the life from me—and I had no shield of light. I fled to the
lifeboat, carrying the wounded man. I descended to the planet below:
your Earth. The man died there. He had been my friend, a man
named Ammaerln. I buried him in a shallow depression in the earth
and marked the place with a stone."
"The Ancient Sinner," I said.
"Yes ... I suppose it was his bones the lay brother found."
"And we found out last night that the depression was the result of dirt
sifting down into the ventilator shaft. But I guess you didn't know
anything about the underground installation, way back then. Doesn't
the journal say anything...?"
"No, there is no mention made of it here."
"How about the Hunters? How did they get to Earth?"
"They are insubstantial creatures," said Foster, "yet they can endure
the vacuum of space. I can only surmise that they followed the life
boat down."
"They were tailing you?"
"Yes; but I have no idea why they pursued me. They're harmless
creatures in the natural state, used to seek out the rare fugitive from
justice on Vallon. They can be attuned to the individual; thereafter,
they follow him and mark him out for capture."
"Say, what were you: a big-time racketeer on Vallon?"
"The journal is frustratingly silent as to my Vallonian career," said

Foster. "But this whole matter of the unexplained inter-galactic
voyage and the evidence of violence aboard the ship make me
wonder whether I was being exiled for crimes done in the Two
Worlds."
"So they sicked the Hunters on you?" I said. "But why did they hang
around at Stonehenge all this time?"
"There was a trickle of power feeding the screens," said Foster. "They
need a source of electrical energy to live; until a hundred years ago it
was the only one on the planet."
"How did they get down into the shaft without opening it up?"
"Given time, they pass easily through porous substances. But, of
course, last night, when I came on them after their long fast, they
simply burst through in their haste."
"Okay. What happened next?—after you buried the man."
"The journal tells that I was set upon by natives, men who wore the
hides of animals. One of their number entered the ship. He must have
moved the drive lever. It lifted, leaving me marooned."
"So those were his bones we found in the boat," I mused: "the ones
with the bear's-tooth necklace. I wonder why he didn't come into the
ship."
"Undoubtedly he did. But remember the skeleton we found just inside
the landing port? That must have been a fairly fresh and rather gory
corpse at the time the savage stepped aboard. It probably seemed to
him all too clear an indication of what lay in store for himself if he
ventured further. In his terror he must have retreated to the boat to
wait, and there starved to death."
"He was stranded in your world, and you were stranded in his."
"Yes," said Foster. "And then, it seems, I lived among the brutemen
and came to be their king. I waited there by the landing-ring through
many years in the hope of rescue. Because I did not age as the
natives did, I was worshipped as a god. I would have built a signalling
device, but there were no pure metals, nothing I could use. I tried to
teach them, but it was a work of centuries."
"But how could one go on living—for hundreds of years? Are you
people supermen that live forever?"
"Not forever. But the natural span of a human life is very great.
Among your people, there is a wasting disease from which you all die
young."
"That's no disease," I said. "You just naturally get old and die."
"The human mind is a magnificent instrument," Foster said; "not
meant to wither quickly."
"Why didn't you catch this 'disease'?"
"All Vallonians are innoculated against it."
Foster turned back to the Journal. "I ruled many peoples under many
names," he said. "I travelled in many lands, seeking for skilled metal-
workers, glass-blowers, wise men. But always I returned to the
landing-ring."
"It must have been tough," I said, "exiled on a strange world, living
out your life in a wilderness, century after century...."
"My life was not without interest," Foster said. "I watched my savage
people put aside their animal hides and learn the ways of civilization.
I built a great city, and I tried—foolishly—to teach their noble caste
the code of chivalry of the two Worlds. But although they sat at a
round table like the great Ringboard at Okk-Hamiloth, they never
really understood. And then they grew too wise, and wondered at
their king who never aged. I left them, and tried again to build a long-
signaller. The Hunters sensed it, and swarmed to me. I drove them off
with fires, and then I grew curious, and followed them back to their
nest—"
"I know," I said. "'And it was a place you knew of old; no hive but a Pit
built by men'."
"They overwhelmed me; I barely escaped with my life. Starvation had
made the Hunters vicious. They would have drained my body of its
life-energy."
"And if you'd known the transmitter was there—but you didn't. So you
put an ocean between you and them."
"They found me even there. Each time I destroyed many of them, and
fled. But always a few lived to breed and seek me out again."
"Didn't your signaller work?"
"No. It was a hopeless attempt. Only a highly developed technology
could supply the raw materials. I could only teach what I knew,
encourage the development of the sciences, and wait. And then I
began to forget."
"Why?"
"A mind grows weary," Foster said. "It is the price of longevity. It must
renew itself. Shock and privation hasten the change. I had held it off
for many centuries. Now I felt it coming on me.
"At home, on Vallon, a man would record his memory at such a time,
store it electronically in a recording device, and, after the Change,
use the memory-trace to restore, in his renewed body, his old
recollections in toto. But, marooned as I was, my memories, once
lost, were gone forever.
"I did what I could: I prepared a safe place, and wrote messages that
I would find when I awoke—"
"When you woke up in the hotel," I said, "you were young again,
overnight. How could it happen?"
"When the mind renews itself, erasing the scars of the years, the
body, too, regenerates."
"When I first met you," I said, "you told me about waking up back in
1918, with no memory."
"Yours is a harsh world, Legion. I must have forgotten, many times.
Somewhere, sometime, I lost the vital link, forgot my quest; when the
Hunters came again, I fled, not understanding."
There was a silence, then Foster spoke in a faraway voice.
"What came to pass aboard this ship all those centuries ago?" he
said. "Why was I here? And what killed the others? Someday,
somehow I must learn the truth of this matter."
"What I can't figure out is why somebody didn't come after this ship. It
was right here in orbit."
"Consider the immensity of space, Legion. This is one tiny world,
among the stars."
"But there was a station here, fitted out for handling your ships. That
sounds like it was a regular port of call. And the books with the
pictures: they prove your people have been here off and on for
thousands of years. Why would they stop coming?"
"There are such beacons on a thousand worlds," said Foster. "Think
of it as a buoy marking a reef, a trailblaze in the wilderness. Ages
could pass before a wanderer chanced this way again. The fact that
the ventilator shaft at Stonehenge was choked with the debris of
centuries when I first landed there shows how seldom this world was
visited."
I thought about it. Trying to piece together Foster's past would be a
slow process. I had an idea:
"Say, you said you were in the memory machine. You woke up there
—and you'd just had your memory restored. Why not do the same
thing again, now? That is, if your brain can take another pounding this
soon."
"Yes," he said. He stood up abruptly. "There's just a chance. Come
on!"
I followed him out of the library into the room with the bones.
Foster walked across to the fancy couch, leaned down, then shook
his head. "No," he said. "Of course it wouldn't be here...."
"What?"
"My memory-trace: the one that was used to restore my memory—
that other time."
Suddenly I recalled the cylinder I had pocketed hours before. With a
surprising flutter at my heart I held it up. "This it?"
Foster glanced at it briefly. "No, that's an empty—like those you see
filed over there." He pointed to the rack of pewter-colored cylinders
on the opposite wall. "They would be used for emergency recordings.
Regular multi-life memory-traces would be key-coded with a pattern
of colored lines."
"It figures," I said. "That would have been too easy."
"It doesn't matter, really. When I return to Vallon, I'll recover my past.
There are vaults in Okk-Hamiloth where every citizen's trace is
stored."
"I guess you'll be eager to get back there," I said. "Have you been
able to figure out how long you were marooned down on Earth?"
"Since I descended from this ship, Legion," he said, "three thousand
years have passed."
"I'm going to miss you, Foster," I said. "You know, I was kind of
getting used to being an apprentice nut."
"Come with me to Vallon, Legion," he said.
"Thanks anyway, buddy," I said. "I'd like to see those other worlds of
yours but in the end I'd regret it. I'd just sit around on Vallon pining for
home: beat-up people, and all."
"Then what can I do for you, Legion, to reward your loyalty and
express my gratitude?"
"Let me take the lifeboat, and stock it with a few goodies from the
library, and some of those marbles from the storeroom, and a couple
of the smaller mechanical gadgets. I think I know how to merchandise
them in a way that'll leave the economy on an even keel—and
incidentally set me up for life. As you said, I'm a materialist."
"Take whatever you desire."
"One thing I'll have to do when I get back," I said, "is open the tunnel
at Stonehenge enough to sneak a thermite bomb down it—if they
haven't already found the beacon station."
"As I judge the temper of the local people," Foster said, "the secret is
safe for at least three generations."
"I'll bring the boat down in a blind spot where radar won't pick it up," I
said. "Our timing was good; in another few years, it wouldn't have
been possible."
"And this ship would soon have been discovered."
I looked at the great smooth sphere hanging, haloed, against utter
black. The Pacific Ocean threw back a brilliant image of the sun.
I turned to Foster. "We're in a ten-hour orbit," I said. "We'd better get
moving. I want to put the boat down in southern South America. I
know a place there where I can unload without answering too many
questions."
"You have several hours before the most favorable launch time,"
Foster said. "There's no hurry."
"Maybe not, but I've got a lot to do—and I'm eager to start."
CHAPTER VIII
I sat on the terrace watching the sun go down into the sea and
thinking about Foster, somewhere out there beyond the purple
palaces on the far horizon, in the ship that had waited for him for
three thousand years, heading home at last. It was strange to reflect
that for him, travelling near the speed of light, only a few weeks had
passed, while three years went by for me—three fast years that I had
put to good use.
The toughest part had been the first few months, after I put the life
boat down in a cañon in the desert country south of a little town called
Itzenca, in Peru. I hiked to town, carrying a pack with a few carefully
selected items to start my new career. It took me two weeks to work,
lie, barter, and plead my way to the seaport town of Callao and
another week to line up passage home as a deck hand on a banana
scow. I disappeared over the side at Tampa, and made it to Miami
without attracting attention. As far as I could tell, the cops had already
lost interest in me.
The items I had brought with me from the life boat were a pocketful of
little grey dominoes, that were actually movie film, and a small
projector to go with them. I didn't offer them for sale, direct. I made
arrangements with an old acquaintance in the business of making
pictures with low costume budgets for private showings; I set up the
apparatus and projected my films, and he copied them in 35 mm. I
told him that I'd smuggled them in from East Germany.
I had twelve pictures altogether; with a little judicious cutting and a
dubbed-in commentary, they made up into fast-moving twenty-minute
short subjects. He got in touch with a friend in the distribution end in
New York, and after a little cagey fencing over contract terms, we
agreed on a deal that paid me a hundred thousand for the twelve,
with an option on another dozen at the same price.
Within a week after the pictures hit the neighborhood theatres around
Bayonne, New Jersey, in a cautious try-out, I had offers up to half a
million for my next consignment, no questions asked. I left my pal
Mickey to handle the details, on a percentage basis, and headed
back for Itzenca.
The lifeboat was just as I'd left it; it would have been all right for
another fifty years, as far as the danger of anybody stumbling over it
was concerned. I explained to the crew I brought out with me that it
was a fake rocket ship, a prop I was using for a film I was making.
They went to work setting up a system of camouflage nets (part of the
plot, I told them) and unloading my cargo.
A year after my homecoming, I had my island—a square mile of
perfect climate, fifteen miles off the Peruvian coast—and a house that
was tailored to my every whim. The uppermost floor—almost a tower
—was a strong-room, and it was there that I had stored my stock in
trade. I had sold the best of the hundred or so films I had picked out
before leaving Foster, but there were plenty of other items. The
projector itself was the big prize. The self-contained power unit
converted nuclear energy to light with 99 percent efficiency. It
scanned the 'films', one molecular layer at a time, and projected a
continuous picture. The color and sound were absolutely lifelike.
The principles involved in the projector were new, and—in theory, at
least—way over the heads of our local physicists. But the practical
application was nothing much. I figured that, with the right contacts in
scientific circles to help me introduce the system, I had a billion-dollar
industry up my sleeve. I had already fed a few little gimmicks into the
market; a tough paper, suitable for shirts and underwear; a chemical
that bleached teeth white as the driven snow; an all-color pigment for
artists. With the knowledge I had absorbed from all the briefing rods I
had studied, I had the techniques of a hundred new industries at my
fingertips—and I hadn't exhausted the possibilities yet.
I spent most of a year roaming the world, discovering all the things
that a free hand with a dollar bill could do for a man. Then followed a
year of fixing up the island.
Now, after the first big thrill of economic freedom had worn off, it was
beginning to get me: boredom, the disease of the idle rich, that I had
sworn would never touch me. But thinking about wealth and having it
on your hands are two different things, and I was beginning to
remember almost with nostalgia, the tough old times when every day
was an adventure, full of cops and missed meals and a thousand
unappeased desires.
I finished up my expensive cigar and leaned forward to drop it in a big
silver ashtray, when something caught my eye out across the red-
painted water. I sat squinting at it, then went inside and came out with
a pair of 12x binoculars. I focussed them and studied the dark speck
that stood out clearly now against the gaudy sky. It was a heavy
looking power boat, heading dead toward my island.
I watched it come closer, and ease alongside the hundred foot
concrete jetty I had built below the sea-wall. The engines died, and
the boat sat, in a sudden silence. Two heavy deck guns were
mounted on the foredeck, and there were four torpedoes slung in
launching cradles. I saw ranks of helmeted men drawn up on deck.
They shuffled off onto the pier, formed up into two squads. I counted;
forty-eight men, and a couple of officers. There was the faint sound of
orders being barked, and the column stepped off, moving along the
paved road that led up to the house. They halted. The two officers,
wearing class A's, and a tubby civilian with a briefcase approached
the steps leading up to my perch.
The leading officer, a brigadier general, no less, looked up at me.

"I am General Smale," he said. "This is Colonel Sanchez of the
Peruvian Army—" he indicated the other military type—"and Mr.
Pruffy of the American Embassy at Lima."
I nodded.
"We would like to talk with you about an official matter, Mr. Legion. It's
of great importance, involving the security of your country."
"OK, General," I said. "Come on up."
They filed onto the terrace, hesitated, then shook hands, and sat
down in the empty chairs. Pruffy held his briefcase in his lap.
"I'm here," the general said, "to ask you a few questions, Mr. Legion.
Mr. Pruffy represents the Department of State in the matter, and
Colonel Sanchez—"
"Don't tell me," I said. "He represents the Peruvian government,
which is why I don't ask you what the hell an armed American force is
doing wandering around on Peruvian soil. What's it all about, Smale?"
"I'll come directly to the point," he said. "For some time, the
investigative and security agencies of the US government have been
building a file on what for lack of a better name has been called 'The
Martians'. A little over three years ago an unidentified flying object
appeared on a number of radar screens, descending from extreme
altitude. It came to earth at ..." he hesitated.
"Don't tell me you came all the way out here to tell me you can't tell
me," I said.
"—a site in England," Smale said. "American aircraft were dispatched
to investigate the object. Before they could make identification, it rose
again, accelerated at tremendous speed, and was lost at an altitude
of several hundred miles."
"I thought we had better radar than that," I said. "The satellite
program—"
"No such specialized equipment was available," Smale said. "An
intensive investigation turned up the fact that two strangers—possibly
Americans—had visited the site only a few hours before the—ah—
visitation."
I nodded. I was thinking about the close call I'd had when I went back
to see about putting a bomb down the shaft to obliterate the beacon
station. There were plain-clothes men all over the place, like old
maids at a movie star's funeral. It was just as well; they never found
it. The rocket blasts had collapsed the tunnel, and apparently the
whole underground installation was made of nonmetallic substances
that didn't show up on detecting equipment. I had an idea metal was
passé where Foster came from.
"Some months later," Smale went on, "a series of rather curious short
films went on exhibition in the United States. They showed scenes
representing conditions on other planets, as well as ancient and
prehistoric incidents here on Earth. They were prefaced with
explanations that they merely represented the opinions of science as
to what was likely to be found on distant worlds. They attracted wide
interest, and with few exceptions, scientists praised their
verisimilitude."
"I admire a clever fake," I said. "With a topical subject like space
travel—"
"One item which was commented on as a surprising inaccuracy, in
view of the technical excellence of the other films," Smale said, "was
the view of our planet from space, showing the Earth against a
backdrop of stars. A study of the constellations by astronomers
quickly indicated a 'date' of approximately 7000 B.C. for the scene.
Oddly, the north polar cap was shown centered on Hudson's Bay. No
South Polar cap was in evidence. The continent of Antarctica
appeared to be at a latitude of some 30°, entirely free of ice."
I looked at him and waited.
"How, studies made since that time indicate that nine thousand years
ago, the North Pole was indeed centered on Hudson's Bay," Smale
said. "And Antarctica was in fact ice-free."
"That idea's been around a long time," I said. "There was a theory—"
"Then there was the matter of the views of Mars," the general said.
"The aerial shots of the 'canals' were regarded as very cleverly done."
He turned to Pruffy, who opened his briefcase and handed a couple
of photos across.
"This is a scene taken from the film," Smale said. It was an 8 × 10
color shot, showing a row of mounds drifted with pinkish dust, against
a blue-black horizon.
Smale placed another photo beside the first. "This one," he said, "was
taken by automatic cameras in the successful Mars probe of last
year."
I looked. The second shot was fuzzy, and the color was shifted badly
toward the blue, but there was no mistaking the scene. The mounds
were drifted a little deeper, and the angle was different, but they were
the same mounds.
"In the meantime," Smale bored on relentlessly, "a number of novel
products appeared on the market. Chemists and physicists alike were
dumfounded at the theoretical base implied by the techniques
involved. One of the products—a type of pigment—embodied a
completely new concept in crystallography."
"Progress," I said. "Why, when I was a boy—"
"It was an extremely tortuous trail we followed," Smale said. "But we
found that all these curious observations making up the 'Martians' file
had only one factor in common—you, Mr. Legion."
CHAPTER IX
It was a few minutes after sunrise, and Smale and I were back on the
terrace toying with the remains of ham steaks and honeydew.
"Beer for breakfast;" I said. "A little unusual, maybe, but it goes swell
with ham and eggs. That's one advantage of being in jail in your own
house—the food's good."
"I can understand your feelings," Smale said. "It was my hope that
you'd see fit to co-operate voluntarily."
"Take your army and sail off into the sunrise, General," I said. "Then
maybe I'll be in a position to do something voluntary."
"Your patriotism alone—"
"My patriotism keeps telling me that where I come from a citizen has
certain legal rights," I said.
"This is a matter that transcends legal technicalities," Smale said. "I'll
tell you quite frankly, the presence of the task force here only
received ex post facto approval by the Peruvian government. They
were faced with the fait accompli. I mention this only to indicate just
how strongly the government feels in this matter."
"Seeing you hit the beach with a platoon of infantry was enough of a
hint for me," I said. "You're lucky I didn't wipe you out with my
disintegrator rays."
Smale choked on a bit of melon.
"Just kidding," I said. "But I haven't given you any trouble. Why the
reinforcements?"
Smale stared at me. "What reinforcements?"
I pointed with a fork. He turned, gazed out to sea. A conning tower
was breaking the surface, leaving a white wake behind. It rose higher,
water streaming off the deck. A hatch popped open, and men poured
out, lining up. Smale got to his feet, his napkin falling to the floor.
"Sargeant!" he yelled. I sat, open-mouthed, as Smale jumped to the
stair, went down it three steps at a time. I heard him bellowing, the
shouts of men and the clatter of rifles being unstacked, feet pounding.
The Marines were forming up on the lawn.
Smale bounded back up the stairs. "You're my prime responsibility,
Legion," he barked. "I want you in the cellar for maximum security."
"What's this all about?" I asked. "Interservice rivalry? You afraid the
sailors are going to steal the glory?"
"That's a nuclear-powered sub," Smale barked. "Gagarin class; it
belongs to the Soviet Navy."
I stood there with my mouth open trying hard to think fast. I hadn't
been too startled when the Marines showed up; I had gone over the
legal aspects of my situation months before, with a platoon of high-
priced legal talent; I knew that sooner or later somebody would come
around to hit me for tax evasion, draft dodging, or overtime parking;
but I was in the clear. The government might resent my knowing a lot
of things it didn't, but no one could ever prove I'd swiped them from
Uncle Sam. In the end, they'd have to let me go—and my account in
a Swiss bank would last me, even if they managed to suppress any
new developments from my fabulous lab. In a way, I was glad the
show-down had come.
But I'd forgotten about the Russians. Naturally, they'd be interested,
and their spies were at least as good as the intrepid agents of the US
Secret Service. I should have realized that sooner or later, they'd pay
a call—and the legal niceties wouldn't slow them down. They'd slap
me into a brain laundry, and sweat every last secret out of me as
casually as I'd squeeze a lemon.
The sub was fully surfaced now, and I was looking down the barrels
of half a dozen five-inch rifles, any one of which could blast Smale's
navy out of the water with one salvo. There were a couple of hundred
men, I estimated, putting landing boats over the side and spilling into
them. Down on the lawn, the sergeant was snapping orders, and the
men were double-timing off to positions that must have been spotted
in advance. It looked like the Russians weren't entirely unexpected.
This was a game the big boys were playing, and I was just a pawn,
caught in the middle. My rosy picture of me confounding the
bureaucrats was fading fast. My island was about to become a
battlefield, and whichever way it turned out, I'd be the loser. I had one
slim possibility; to get lost in the shuffle.
"Sorry, General," I said and slammed a hard right to his stomach and
a left to the jaw. He dropped. I jumped over him, plunged through the
french doors, and took the spiral glass stairway four at a time,
whirled, and slammed the strong-room door behind me. The armored
walls would stand anything short of a direct hit with a good sized
artillery shell, and the boys down below were unlikely to use any
heavy stuff for fear of damaging the goods they'd been sent out to
collect. I was safe for a little while.
Now I had to do some fast, accurate thinking. I couldn't carry much

with me—when and if I made it off the island. A few briefing rods,
maybe; what was left of the movies.
I rummaged through odds and ends, stuffing small items into my
pockets. I came across a dull silvery cylinder, three inches long,
striped in black and gold—a memory-trace. It reminded me of
something....
That was an idea. I still had the U-shaped plastic head-piece that
Foster had used to acquire a background knowledge of his old home-
world. I had tried it once—for a moment. It had given me a headache
in two seconds flat, just pressed against my temple. It had been lying
here ever since. But maybe now was the time to try it again. Half the
items I had here in my strong-room were mysteries, like the silver
cylinder in my hand, but I knew exactly what the plastic headband
could give me. It contained all anyone needed to know about Vallon
and the Two Worlds, and all the marvels they possessed.
I glanced out the armor-glass window. Smale's Marines were trotting
across the lawn; the Russians were fanning out along the water's
edge. It looked like business all right. It would take them a while to
get warmed up—and more time still to decide to blast me out of my
fort. It had taken an hour or so for Foster to soak up the briefing;
maybe I wouldn't be much longer at it.
I tossed the cylinder aside, tried a couple of drawers, found the
inconspicuous strip of plastic that encompassed a whole civilization. I
carried it across to a chair, settled myself, then hesitated. This thing
had been designed for an alien brain. Suppose it burnt out my wiring,
left me here gibbering, for Smale or the Russkis to work over?
But the alternative was to leave my island virtually empty-handed.
No, I wouldn't go back to poverty without a struggle. What I could
carry in my head would give me independence—even immunity from
the greed of nations. I could barter my knowledge for my freedom.
There were plenty of things wrong with the picture, but it was the best
I could do on short notice. Gingerly I fitted the U-shaped band to my
head. There was a feeling of pressure, then a sensation like warm
water rising about me. Panic tried to rise, faded. A voice seemed to
reassure me. I was among friends, I was safe, all was well....
CHAPTER X
I lay in the dark, the memory of towers and trumpets and fountains of
fire in my mind. I put up my hand, felt a coarse garment. Had I but
dreamed...? I stirred. Light blazed in a widening band above my face.
Through narrowed eyes I saw a room, a mean chamber, dusty,
littered with ill-assorted rubbish. In a wall there was a window. I went
to it, stared out upon a green sward, a path that curved downward to
a white strand. It was a strange scene, and yet—
A wave of vertigo swept over me, faded. I tried to remember.
I reached up, felt something clamped over my head. I pulled it off and
it fell to the floor with a faint clatter: a broad-spectrum briefing device,
of the type used to indoctrinate unidentified citizens who had
undergone a Change unprepared....
Suddenly, like water pouring down a drain, the picture in my mind
faded, left me standing in my old familiar junk room, with a humming
in my head and a throb in my temples. I had been about to try the
briefing gimmick, and had wondered if it would work. It had—with a
vengeance. For a minute there I had stumbled around the room like a
stranger, yearning for dear old Vallon. I could remember the feeling—
but it was gone now. I was just me, in trouble as usual.
A rattle of gunfire outside brought me to the window in a jump. It was
the same view as a few moments before, but it made more sense
now. There was the still-smoking wreckage of the PT boat, sunk in
ten feet of water a few yards from the end of the jetty. Somebody
must have tried to make a run for it. The Russian sub was nowhere in
sight; probably it had landed the men and backed out of danger from
any unexpected quarter. Two or three corpses lay in view, down by
the water's edge. From where I stood I couldn't say if they were good
guys or bad.
There were more shots, coming from somewhere off to the left. It
looked like the boys were fighting it out old style: hand to hand, with
small arms. It figured; after all, what they wanted was me and all my
clever ideas, intact, not a smoking ruin.
I don't know whether it was my romantic streak or my cynical one that
had made me drive the architect nuts putting secret passages in the
walls of my chateau and tunnels under the lawn, but I was glad now I
had them. There was a narrow door in the west wall of the strong-
room that gave onto a tight spiral stair. From there, I could take my
choice: the boathouse, the edge of the woods behind the house, or
the beach a hundred yards north of the jetty. All I had to do was—
The house trembled a split second ahead of a terrific blast that

slammed me to the floor. I felt blood start from my nose. Head
ringing, I scrambled to my feet, groped through the dust to my escape
hatch. Somebody outside was getting impatient.
My fingers were on the sensitive pressure areas that worked the
concealed door. I took a last glance around the room, where the dust
was just settling from the last blast. My eyes fell on the cylinder, lying
where I had tossed it. In one jump I was across the room and had
grabbed it up. I had found it aboard the life boat, concealed among
the bones of the man with the bear-tooth necklace. Now I, with my
Vallonian memories banked in my mind, could appreciate just how
precious an object it was. It was Foster's memory. It would be only a
copy, undoubtedly; still, I couldn't leave it behind.
A blast heavier than the last one rocked the house. Snorting and
coughing from the dust, I got back to the emergency door, went
through it, and started down.
The fight was going on, as near as I could judge, to the south of the
house and behind it. Probably the woods were full of skirmishers,
taking advantage of the cover. The best bet was the boathouse,
direct. With a little luck I'd find my boat intact.
The tunnel was dark but that didn't bother me. It ran dead straight to
the boathouse. I came to the wooden slat door and stood for a

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For Thought 6. Note α = 180◦ − (16◦ + 121◦ ) = 43◦ .

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we have 12. Note β = 180◦ − (39.7◦ + 91.6◦ ) = 48.7◦ .

Since 14. Draw angle β = 28.6◦ and let h be the height.

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40.7 sin 28.6◦ C

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18. Draw angle γ = 128.6◦ . So γ2 = 180◦ − (45.1◦ + 32.7◦ ) = 102.2◦ .

20. Draw angle α = 30◦ and let h be the height.

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Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

C `` d2s + 39502 = 39602

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Then The remaining angles are β = 153.435◦

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37. Let t be the number of seconds it takes the fox

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Apply the sine law as follows: 45. a) Odd b) Even

3.5(t + 1) 6.5t c) Even d) Even

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h 6. By the cosine law, we get

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8. By the cosine law, we obtain 12. By the cosine law,

So γ = 180◦ − (30.2◦ + 130.3◦ ) = 19.5◦ So α = 180◦ − (60.6◦ + 65.5◦ ) = 53.9◦ .

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Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Recall, a central angle α in a circle

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α = cos−1 (0.2) 41. The pentagon consists of 5 chords each of

AB 2 + 5.32 − 7.62 ...........

1.0172 = .1332 + .8942 − 2(.133)(.894) cos α

So θ2 = 180◦ − 89.4◦ = 90.6◦ .

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By the sine law, we find c) Yes, even in perfect alignment a total

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1. Using the cosine law, we find or equivalently

3. The triangle inequality fails since a = 6 plus 60

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19.7 sin 74.2◦

By the sine law, we obtain Note γ = 180◦ − (42.3◦ + 62.1◦ ) = 75.6◦ .

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1 11. Note, the area of the triangle below is

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15. Note, 23. Since two sides and an included angle

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Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

and β = 180 − (21◦ + 36◦ + 62◦ ) = 61◦ . By the 1

A ≈ 72, 337.6 ft.2

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Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Note, γ is an acute angle. By the sine law, we

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.