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caie-as-level-mathematics-9709-pure-1-v6
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ORG
CAIE AS LEVEL
MATHEMATICS
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE PURE 1 SYLLABUS
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHEMATICS
1. Quadratics
1.1. Completing the Square
The equation y = ax 2 + bx + c written in the form of
y = p(x + q)2
+ r is called the complete square form
The vertex is (−q, r) .
Example Example
Express 3x 2 + 9x + 5 in the form of p(x + q)2 + r , where If kx 2 + 4kx + 3k = 0 , find the inequality in terms of k for
p, q and r are constants and find its vertex which the equation has distinct real roots.
Solution: Solution:
Apply b2 − 4ac > 0 for the equation to have two distinct real
3x 2 + 9x + 5 roots:
= 3(x 2 + 3x) + 5 (4k)2 − 4(k)(3k) > 0
3 2 3 2
= 3 ((x + ) − ( ) ) + 5 ⟹ 16k 2 − 12k 2 > 0
2 2
⟹ 4k 2 > 0
3 2 7
= 3 (x + ) − ⟹ k < 0 and k > 0
2 4
b2 − 4ac
Example
If b2 − 4ac = 0 , real and equal (repeated) roots
If b2 − 4ac < 0 , no real roots x 2 + 6x + 8 < 0
If b2 − 4ac > 0 , real and distinct roots factorize: x 2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 4)(x + 2)
find roots:
x = -4
x = -2
sketch parabola which touches the x-axis at -4 and -2
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as x = u → x = u2
∴ x = 19
2. Functions
2.1. Terms
Function: is a relation that uniquely associates one set of
values to another set
Domain: is the set of values that are the inputs of the
function
Range: is the set of values that are the outputs of the
function
Inverse Function: The function which maps the Range back
into its Domain.
Mapping:
the blue region represents the section of the parabola where
It takes a value from the domain and links it to the
the value of the quadratic is < 0
range
therefore, the answer of x 2 + 6x + 8 < 0 is: −4 < x <
they can be:
−2 one-to-many
many-to-one
1.5. Solving Equations in Quadratic one-to-one
or many-to-many
Form
in cases like x 4 − 5x 2 + 4 = 0 and 6x + x − 1 = 0,
they are not quadratic equations but can be converted
into quadratic equations in some function of x
Example
Solve the equation x 4 − 5x 2 + 4 = 0
Solution:
We let u = x 2 , this gives us: u 2 − 5u + 4 = 0 , which is a
quadratic equation and can be solved
(u − 4)(u − 1) = 0
u = 4, 1
as x 2 = u → x = ± u
∴ x = ±2 or ±1
Example
Solve the equation 6x + x − 1 = 0
Solution:
We let u = x , this gives us 6u 2 + u −
1 = 0 , which is a Notations
quadratic equation and can be solved
Functions can be either written as f(x), g(x), etc. (e.g.
(3u − 1)(2u + 1) = 0 f(x) = 2x + 5 )
1 1 Or they can be written as f : x ↦ 2x + 5
u= ,−
3 2
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Example:
2.2. Find Range
f (x ) = 3x + 4
Find the highest possible y -value and lowest possible y -
value based on the domain y = 3x + 4
For Quadratic functions, such as f (x ) = 3x 2 + 5x − 6 ,
complete the square first to find the vertex and use it to y − 4 = 3x
find its range.
y−4
If coefficient of x 2 is positive, vertex is minimum x=
3
No indices
If the function is not one-to-one, restrict the function in a
domain such that the function is one-to-one under that
domain.
Only one-to-one functions are invertible.
x2 + 1, x ≤ 0 and x2 + 1, 0 ≤ x
2.5. Finding Inverse
Definition: An inverse function shows what the input is
based on the output, e.g. if f(3 ) = 5 , then f −1 (5 ) = 3 .
In other words, it reverses the process. The graph of y =
f (x ) and y = f −1 (x ) is symmetrical by the line y = x .
An inverse function has a property such that:
ff −1 (x ) = f −1 f (x ) = x
Write f (x ) as y
Make x the subject
Swap every single x with y . By now, you should have y as
the subject
Replace y withf −1 (x ) . Read as “The f the inverse of x ”
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4 [(x − 3 ) − 3 2 ] + 11
2
4 (x − 3 )2 − 25
Part (ii)
Observe given domain, x ≤ 1 .
Substitute highest value of x
g (x ) = 4 (1 − 3 )2 − 25 = −9
∴ g (x ) ≥ −9
Part (iii)
Let y = g(x), make x the subject
y = 4 (x − 3 )2 − 25
y + 25 2
= (x − 3 )
4
y + 25
x=3+
4
1
x=3± y + 25
2
Inverse 1
∴x=3− y + 25
2
Domain of g −1 (x ) = Range of g (x ) ∴ x ≥ −9
{W12-P11} Question 10:
f (x ) = 4x 2 − 24x + 11, for x∈ R
g (x ) = 4x 2 − 24x + 11, for x ≤ 1 2.7. Translation
Solution:
Part (i) Shift along x-axis by a units to the right: f (x − a)
First pull out constant, 4 , from x related terms:
4 (x 2 − 6x ) + 11
n 2 n 2
(x − ) −( )
2 2
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y = f(x − (−1)) + 3
y = f(x + 1) + 3
y = (x + 1)2 + 3(x + 1) + 2 + 3
y = x 2 + 2x + 1 + 3x + 3 + 2 + 3
∴y = x 2 + 5x + 9
2.8. Stretch
Stretches the graph sideways:f(ax)
Example
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y = 2(5x 2 + 2) 25 = a2 + 9
∴y = 10x 2 + 4 a2 = 16
∴a =4
Example
the graph of y = x 2 + 3x + 2 is stretched by a factor of 1 3.2. Midpoint of a Line Segment
3
x 1 + x 2 y1 + y2
y = f(3x) ( , )
2 2
y = (3x)2 + 3(3x) + 2
Example
∴y = 9x 2 + 9x + 2
A line segment joining points P (2, −3) and Q(4, a) has a
2.9. Reflections midpoint M (b, −2) . Find the values of a and b.
Answer:
For reflection of the equation y = f(x) in the x-axis, the
x 1 + x 2 y1 + y2
resulting equation is y = −f(x) M =( , )
2 2
y1 + y2
Example −2 =
2
−3 + a
Find the reflection of the graph equation y = 2x 2 + 3x + 2 −2 =
2
∴ y = 2x 2 − 3x + 2 2
2
y = −1(2x + 3 − x + 2)
∴b =3
∴ y = −2x 2 − 3x − 2
3.3. Equation of a Straight Line
3. Coordinate Geometry
Straight line equations are linear equations in the form of
y = mx + c
3.1. Length of a line segment m is the gradient
and c is the y -intercept
The distance between two points (x 1 , y1 ) and (x 2 , y2 ) is
m(x − x 1 )
Example
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2
passes through the point (1,6). Perpendicular general equation:
Solution:
3
y= x+c
A(1, 6)m = 3 2
∴y = 3x + 3 2y = 3x + 9
y2 − y1 1−3
m= = x = 3, y = 9
x2 − x1 −4 − (−5)
2 2
The gradient at any point on a curve is the gradient of the Radius =( a2 ) + ( 2b ) − c 2
tangent to the curve at that point Note: if eqn. of circle is in general form, it’s highly
The gradient of a tangent at the vertex of a curve is equal recommended to convert it into its standard form by
to zero – stationary point completing square to easily find center and radius
Tangents on a circle are always perpendicular to its
{S13-P12} Question 7: radius
Point R is a reflection of the point (−1, 3 ) in the line If a right-angled triangle is inscribed in a circle, its
3y + 2x = 33 . hypotenuse is the diameter of the circle
Find by calculation the coordinates of R
Solution:
Example
Find the equation of line perpendicular to 3y + 2x = 33
intersecting point (−1, 3 ) The equation of a circle: x 2
+ y2 + 4x + 2y − 20 = 0 The
2 line L has the equation 7x + y = 10 intersects the circle at
3y + 2x = 33 ⇔ y = 11 − x point A and B . The x -coordinate of A is less than the x -
3
coordinate of B .
2
m=−
3
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Solution:
Example
i. Rearrange the equation to standard form by using
completing square: convert 3π
4 radians into degrees and 45° into radians
2 2
x + 4x + y + 2y = 20 Answer:
3π 180
(x + 2 )2 − 4 + (y + 1 )2 − 1 = 20 = ×
4
π
⇒ (x + 2 )2 + (y + 1 )2 = 25 3 × 180
=
4
2
(y + 1 ) = 25 .
4.2. Arc length
(x + 2 )2 + (−7x + 11 )2 = 25
Arc length = rθ ( θ is in radians)
Find x
∴ Arc Length = π
Put x values back into y = −7x + 10 to find y value:
∴ A (1, 3 ) B (2, −4 )
4.3. Area of a Sector
1 2
A= r θ In Radians
4. Circular Measure 2
{S11-P11} Question 9:
4.1. Radians
Radians is an angle measurement (just like degrees)
defined in which the arc length is the same as the radius
is an angle of 1 radian at the center
Solution:
Part (i)
Use trigonometric ratios to form the following:
AS = r tan θ
π radians is equal to 180° and 2π radians is equal to 360° Find the area of triangle OAS:
to change from radians to degrees, multiply by 180
π
π
to change from degrees to radians, multiply by 180
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r tan θ × r 1
OAS = = r 2 tan θ 5.1.
2 2
1 2
OPS = r θ
2
Solution:
Multiply final by 2 because BST is the same and shaded is
ASP and BST Draw the graph of y = cos(x)
1 2
Area = 2 × r (tan θ − θ ) = r 2 (tan θ − θ )
2
Part (ii)
Use trigonometric ratios to get the following:
π 6
cos ( ) =
3 AO
∴ AO = 12
Finding AP:
AP = AO − r = 12 − 6 = 6
Finding AS:
π
AS = 6 tan ( ) = 6 3
3
Arc PS = rθ
π
PS = 6 × = 2π
3
2 × Pe 1 = 12 + 12 3 + 4π
5. Trigonometry
opposite
sin(θ) = hypotenuse
adjacent
cos(θ) = hypotenuse
opposite
tan(θ) = adjacent
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As you can see there are also other points on the graph
5.5. Exact values of Trigonometric which intersect with the horizontal line, these are also
additional solutions
Functions
In the question, a range might be given and you would
have to find all the solutions in that given range.
In this case, to find the other point A we can do 2π − π6 ,
5.8. Identities
5.6. When sin, cos and tan are positive sin θ
tan θ ≡
cos θ
sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1
Example
cos2 (x)−sin 2 (x) 1
Prove the identity cos(x)
+ cos(x)
≡ 2 cos(x)
Solution:
sin2 (x) can be written as 1 − cos2 (x) so we obtain
5.7. Finding other Angles from the = cos2 (x)−(1−cos2 (x)) 1
+ cos(x)
cos(x)
Principal Angle
2 2
cos (x)−1+cos (x)) 1
= cos(x) + cos(x)
2 cos2 (x)−1 1
= + cos(x)
In case of cos(x) = 23 , we know using a calculator or by cos(x)
2
2 cos (x)−1+1
principle angle and there are many more solutions to this. 2 cos2 (x)
= cos(x)
= 2 cos(x)
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Example
6. Series
Find the value of x
Solution:
in this question, we are given two angles and one of the sides,
6.1. Binomial Expansion
where we have to find the length of the other side.
a b A neat way of expanding terms with high powers.
So we know we should use the sine rule sin(A) = sin(B) =
c
(x + y)n = ( )x n + ( )x n−1 y + ( )x n−2 y2 + … +
sin(C)
n n n
8 x
we can write this as sin(30) = 0 1 2
sin(60)
r
8 × 23 = 12 x
n
8 3=x
In summation : (a + b)n = ∑ ( )an−k bk
n
∴x = 8 3
k
k=0
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This only works when n is a positive integer make it to the power of 3 and thus, r should be 3
Patterns: thus, the term would be 8 C 3 ⋅ (1)8−3 ⋅ (2x)3
n
C0 = n Cn = 1
= 56 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 8x 3
nC = nC
1
n−1 = n
∴ coefficient of x 3 = 448
nC = nC
r
n−r
Sn = 12 n[2a + (n − 1)d] or Sn = n2 (a + l)
r is the position of the value from the left (starting 𝑙 = the last term of a finite sequence
from 0)
Example
Example
Find the 120th term of the arithmetic sequence which follows
Expand the expression (a + b)5 the following pattern: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 …
Solution: Answer:
Using the binomial theorem, we get: the first term gives us the value for a =2
the common difference is d = 2
5 5 5 5thus5−4 5 5−5 −5 1)2
(a + b)5 = a5 + ( )a5−1 b + ( )a5−2 b2 + ( )a5−3 b3 + ( )a u 120 + 2(+)(120
b4 = a b
1 2 3 4= 2 + 238 5
(a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4 b + 10a3 b2 + 10a2 b3 + 5a1 b4 + 1a0 b5 ∴ the 120th term of the arithmetic sequence is = 240
4 4 4 u 8 = 28
4 = 7 + (8 − 1)d
(3x + 2)4 = (3x)4 + ( )(3x)4−1 (2) + ( )(3x)4−2 (2)2 + ( )(3x)4−3 (2)3 + ( )(3x)4−4 (2)4
1 2 3 4
28 − 7
d=
4 4 3 2 7
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dx du dx
{W05-P01} Question 6:
(f (g (x ))) ′ = f′ (g (x )) × g′ (x )
A small trading company made a profit of 250000 dollars in
the year 2000 . The company considered two different plans,
plan A and plan B , for increasing its profits. Under plan A, Example
the annual profit would increase each year by 5% of its value 5
in the preceding year. Under plan B , the annual profit would Differentiate y = (x + x 3 )
increase each year by a constant amount of D Solution:
Let u = x + x 3 , then find du
dx
= × = (1 + 3x 2 ) × 5 (x + x 3 )
Part (ii) dx du dx
d2 y -1
2nd Derivative = dx2 = f′′ (x )
When you know the gradient of the tangent or normal to a
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Example
Find the gradient of the tangent of the curve y = 3x 2 at point
x = 2 and the gradient of the normal to that point
Answer:
dy
dx = 6x
gradient = 6(2) = 12
∴ gradient of tangent = 12
1
∴ gradient of normal = − 12
Example
A graph is plotted for the equation y = x 3 + 3x 2 − 9x + 4 ,
find the values of x for which the graph is an increasing ∴ Gradient is increasing for x< −3 and x > 1 , and
function and values of x for which the graph is a decreasing gradient is decreasing for −3 < x < 1
function
Answer: 7.5. Nature of Stationary Point
find the derivative first
d2 y
dy Find second derivative dx2
= 3x 2 + 6x − 9
dx
d2 y
values of x for which it gives us a positive value. To do this we If value –ve → max. point dx2 <0
find the roots of the derivative
3x 2 + 6x − 9 = 0
x = 1 and x = −3
dy
Now for the values where dx is positive, knowing that it is a U
Example
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Solution: dy 4
We first find its first derivative =
dx 3
dx Part (ii)
Make it equal to 0 to find the stationary points Rate of increase in time can be written as:
dx
3x 2 + 6x = 0
dt
The stationary points are (−2, 4) and (0, 0) , find the second dy dy dx
= ÷
derivative now dx dt dt
2
d y
dx2 = 6x + 6 Rearranging the formula, we get:
d2 y
for x = −2 ,
= 6(−2) + 6 = −6
dx2 dx dy dy
negative
d2 y Substitute values into the formula
For x = 0, dx2 = 6(0) + 6 = 6
∴ The minimum stationary point is (0, 0) , as the value is dx 4
positive = 0.02 ÷
dt 3
dx 3
7.6. Connected Rates of Change = 0.02 × = 0.015
dt 4
dy dy dx dy dy dt
= / or = ×
dx dt dt
dx dt dx
8. Integration
{W05-P01} Question 6:
The equation of a curve is given by the formula: ax n+1
∫ ax n dx = +c
n+1
6
y=
5 − 2x (ax + b)
n+1
∫ (ax + b) dx =
n
+c
a (n + 1 )
Solution:
Indefinite Integrals: Integrals without limits of integration
Part (i) (the numbers by the integral sign), don’t forget to include
Differentiate given equation
+c
Definite Integrals: Integrals with limits of integration, no
6 (5 − 2x )−1
need of putting +c
dy Use coordinates of a point on the curve to find c when
= 6 (5 − 2x )−2 × −2 × −1 integrating a derivative to find equation of the curve.
dx
= 12 (5 − 2x )−2
8.1. Example
Now we substitute the given x value:
Find the equation of y in terms of x which passes through the
point (1, 3) , given that dx
dy
= 6x 2
d
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y= +c 2
2+1
4
y = 2x 3 + c 3x 4 4x 3 2x 2
=[ − + + 5x ]
4 3 2
2
substitute the coordinates the graph passes through to find
the value of c Now substitute the limits and subtract those values
c=3−2
256 32
c=1 = [192 − + 16 + 20 ] − [12 − + 4 + 10 ]
3 3
∴y = 2x 3 + 1 428 46
=[ ]−[ ]
3 3
2
Make y the subject in the equation then input it into
your integral
8.3. Area Between Two Curves
b
∫ y dx
Area between two curves with respect to x
a Just like finding the area under a curve, this time you
subtract the first curve by the second curve
Use dx
Make sure both equations have y as the subject
b b b
∫ y1 − y2 dx or ∫ y1 dx − ∫ y2 dx
a a a
a a a
Example
4
Find the value of ∫ (3x 3 − 4x 2 + 2x + 5) dx
2
Answer:
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8x − 16
3 =0
(4x + 1 ) 2
⇒ 8x − 16 = 0
⇒x=2
{S19-P01} Question 11: Putting the x -value back to the equation of the curve will give
us:
9
4 (2 ) + 1 + =6
4 (2 ) + 1
∴M (2, 6 )
The diagram shows part of the curve: iii. The line passing through M is parallel to the x -axis which
9
y= 4x + 1 +
4x+1
and the minimum point M .
means its equation is simply:
dy
1. Find expressions for dx and ∫ y dx y=6
2. Find the coordinates of M
3. The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the y -axis We know that: 1. This is an area between two curves 2. It
and the line through M parallel to the x -axis. Find, ranges from x = 0 to x = 2 which means our integral will
showing all necessary working, the area of the shaded be:
region. 2
9
∫ 4x + 1 + − 6 dx
Solution: 4x + 1
0
[ 4x + 1 − 6x ]
dx dx 4x + 1 (4x + 1 ) 2 9
+
6 2
dx
3 2
[ 4x + 1 − 6x ] =
(4x + 1 ) 2 9
4
dy 2 18 +
= − 6 2 3
3
dx 4x + 1 (4x + 1 ) 2
4
Integrate the equation: ∴ The area is
3
9
∫ y dx = ∫ 4x + 1 + dx Note: You can integrate the two equations separately and
4x + 1
then subtract the area, you will still get the same answer
With respect to x
Use dx
Don’t forget to include +c
Make y the subject of the equation of the curve then
2
3
input πy in the integral
(4x + 1 ) 2 9
∫ y dx =
+ 4x + 1 +c
6 2
b
∫ πy2 dx
(4x + 1 ) 2
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b b b
π ∫ x 21 − x 22 dy
or ∫ πx 21 dy − ∫ πx 22 dy
a a a
With respect to y 1
Use dy
The diagram shows part of the curve y = 2 (3x − 1 ) 3
2
input πx 2 in the integral 3 intersect at the Point A.
a
Using the formula for Volume of Revolution:
b
∫ πy2 dx
We will get:
3 2
∫ π (2 (3x − 1 ) ) dx
− 13
2
3
3
=∫ π (4 (3x − 1 ) ) dx
− 23
2
3
Integrate it:
3
[4π (3x − 1 ) 3 ] 2 = 4
1
8.5. Volume of Revolution Between 2
3
Curves
8.6. Improper Integrals
With respect to x
Just like a normal Volume of Revolution, this time we It is when the one or both the limits of a definite integral
subtract two volumes off each other are:
Use dx Positive or negative infinity
Make sure that y is the subject of the equations of the Undefined on the graph
two curves e.g.
2
b b b ∫ 1
x dx
π ∫ y12 − y22 dx or ∫ πy12 dx − ∫ πy22 dx
0
a a a ∞
1
∫
x dx
4
To calculate these kind of questions, you would have to
consider what would happen when the limits reach near
the actual value (like how it would be if it reaches close to
infinity, meaning a very high number, or how low the value
With respect to y would be if the limit is 0 and how you should think of
Use dy putting a very small value near zero for it)
Make x the subject of the equations of the two curves e.g. if you think about it, for x1 if the limit was 0, then we
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x dx
=2 2
0
Example Example
2 ∞
1 1
Find the value of ∫ x dx Find the value of ∫ 4 x dx
0
2
Solution: Solution:
We know this is an improper integral as the expression is
∞
undefined at the limit 0, so instead of 0 lets take another
1
x− 2
∫
2
2
∞
= ∫ x − 2 dx
1 1
=[ ]
x − 2 +1
4(− 12 + 1)
a
2
1 2 ∞
=[ 1 ]
x − 2 +1
=[ ]
x
−2 + 1 2 2
a
2 As the value of x reaches infinity, the value of
= [2x 2 ]
1
x
2 would be close to infinity too, so at the limit ∞, the value
0
x 2
substitute the value 2 into 2 to give us 2 now when we
1
2(2) = 2 2
2
2
subtract both values we get ∞ − 2 ,
1
The value of 2x 2 when limit approaches a or zero would be
∞
1
1
would be 2(a) 2 = 0 , as a is a very small number close to 0
∴ ∫
4 x dx =∞
2
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