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Chapter 7—Psychosocial Hazards
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Stressors may vary along which of the following dimensions?
a. duration, frequency, intensity, and type
b. duration, intensity, type, and predictability
c. frequency of occurrence, intensity, duration, and predictability
d. frequency of occurrence, duration, type, and environment
ANS: c
PTS: 1
REF: p. 170
BLM: Remember
ANS: d
PTS: 1
REF: p.170
BLM: Remember
ANS: a
PTS: 1
REF: p. 172
BLM: Remember
ANS: c
PTS: 1
REF: p. 174
BLM: Remember
ANS: b
PTS: 1
REF: p. 173–174
BLM: Remember
ANS: d
PTS: 1
REF: p. 175
BLM: Remember
7. Which of the following serious physical conditions is the most prominent outcome of stress?
a. ulcer
b. stroke
c. high blood pressure
d. coronary heart disease
ANS: d
PTS: 1
REF: p. 175
BLM: Higher order
8. According to the textbook, what is the main reason why stress is related to increased workplace
accidents in any job?
a. risky environment
b. impaired concentration
c. increased technological demands
d. work overload and fast pace of work
ANS: b
PTS: 1
REF: p. 177
BLM: Higher order
ANS: d
PTS: 1
REF: p. 179
BLM:
ANS: b
PTS: 1
REF: p. 179
BLM: Remember
12. Why have primary stress interventions not been widely implemented in Canada?
a. union resistance
b. employee resistance
c. supervisor resistance
d. senior manager resistance
ANS: d
PTS: 1
REF: p. 178
BLM: Higher order
13. What is experienced by an employee who feels that his salary is too low given his amount of Comment [LS1]: When each option contains a
responsibility and the long hours he works? list of terms, ensure the terms in the keyed option
don’t appear too frequently (see author manual p.
a. distributive injustice 39). The keyed terms “distributive” and “injustice”
b. procedural injustice appear two and three times, respectively. Please
revise so that each term appears the same number of
c. interactional injustice times.
d. distributive inequity
ANS: a
PTS: 1
REF: p. 180
BLM: Remember
ANS: b
PTS: 1
REF: p. 185
BLM: Higher order
15. What are the four components that researchers and practitioners of occupational health psychology Comment [LS2]: When each option contains a
focus on to reduce work-related psychosocial disorders? list of terms, ensure the terms in the keyed option
don’t appear too frequently (see author manual p.
a. organizational change, information, psychological health services, and surveillance 39). The keyed terms appear more often than the
b. organizational change, information, psychological health services, and violence in the distractor terms. Please revise so that all terms ap-
pear the same number of times.
workplace
c. information, stress moderators, surveillance, and violence in the workplace
d. stress moderators, negative affectivity, depression at work, and information
ANS: a
PTS: 1
REF: p. 173
BLM: Remember
16. Gianni’s manager has noticed that Gianni seems to be regularly engaging in presenteeism. What is
the most likely explanation for this behaviour?
a. Gianni has insomnia.
b. Gianni has negative affectivity.
c. Gianni is worried about his job.
d. Gianni is suffering from depression.
ANS: c
PTS: 1
REF: p. 168
BLM: Higher order
17. Who is responsible for publishing the new voluntary standard for psychological health and safety
in the workplace?
a. Canadian Standards Association
b. Canadian Community Health Association
c. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
d. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
ANS: a
PTS: 1
REF: p. 177–178
BLM: Remember
18. Based on the factors identified in the NIOSH model of workplace stressors, whose job has the
most potential to be stressful?
a. lower paid musician
ANS: d
PTS: 1
REF: p. 170–171
BLM: Higher order
19. What model would explain why Celeste is unaffected by a network outage, whereas Celine is
screaming loudly at the office’s network administrator?
a. socio-technical model
b. transactional model
c. NIOSH stressor model
d. general adaptation syndrome model
ANS: a
PTS: 1
REF: p. 173
BLM: Remember
20. Ergun works from a home office as a salesperson for a large drug company. How can his sales
manager determine whether working from home is a psychosocial hazard for Ergun?
a. monitor his inventory of drug samples
b. monitor his nervous mannerisms
c. monitor his email response time
d. monitor his sales activity and results
ANS: d
PTS: 1
REF: p. 177–178
BLM: Higher order
The life of a highly paid professional athlete would seem to be all positive, but evidence shows
that many elite athletes are exposed to a range of workplace stressors that are both similar to and
different from those experienced by those in more “typical” occupations. Many athletes experience
depression and other mental health issues both during and after their playing career.
NARREND
21. If there are 20 Canadian players on a National Hockey League team (the rest are American and
Europeans), according to Canadian statistics how many are likely to experience or be dealing with
a mental health problem?
a! 2
b! 4
c! 6
d! 8
22. Every athlete on a professional sport team is hired on a contract basis, with no guarantee of
permanent employment. What type of stressor is contract negotiation?
a. acute
b. daily
c. chronic
d. catastrophic
ANS: a
NAR: Scenario 7-1
PTS: 1
REF: p. 173
BLM: Higher order
23. What is a social moderator that could buffer athletes from experiencing negative effects of stress
due to recent losses to other teams?
a. money
b. positive affectivity
c. drugs and alcohol
d. locker room jokes and pranks
ANS: d
NAR: Scenario 7-1
PTS: 1
REF: p. 173–174
BLM: Higher order
24. If the team provides laptops with Skype for communicating with family and friends while the team
is on the road, what type of stress intervention would this be and what type of work-family conflict
could it help to reduce?
a. individual primary intervention; work-to-family conflict
b. individual secondary intervention; family-to-work conflict
c. organizational primary intervention; family-to-work conflict
d. organizational secondary intervention; work-to-family conflict
ANS: d
NAR: Scenario 7-1
PTS: 1
REF: p. 179
BLM: Higher order
25. Playing time is something that athletes on sports teams monitor very closely and being
“benched”—not allowed to play their regular shifts—can be very humiliating. However, if the
coach does not “bench” an underperformer, what type of injustice might the rest of the team
experience?
a. interactional injustice
ANS: a
NAR: Scenario 7-1
PTS: 1
REF: p.173
BLM: Higher order
TRUE/FALSE
1. Flexible hours that help workers who are looking after elderly parents take them to their doctor’s
appointments are a tangible form of social support.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: p. 174
2. Isolation that comes from working at home will produce psychological strain in teleworkers.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
REF: p. 172
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: p. 180
4. Ruby Lee is always late to meetings, and her typical excuse is “I just tried to get one more thing
done.” Javier Suarez is always on time and drums his fingers on the table while he waits for Ruby.
Ruby and Javier are both Type A personalities.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: p. 174
ANS: F
PTS: 1
REF: p. 174
6. Faculty members who talk negatively about “today’s students” are possibly suffering from
burnout.
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: p. 175
ANS: T
PTS: 1
REF: p. 176
9. A manager who has a subordinate who is depressed is likely to intervene when that person’s
productivity starts to go down.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
REF: p. 176
10. GPS tracking systems on company vehicles that show the company where their driver is at all
times and how fast they are going are an example of an acute stressor.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
REF: p. 170 & 183
SHORT ANSWER
1. Describe and distinguish between the concepts of stressor, stress, and strain. Provide an example
to support your answer.
ANS:
A stressor is an objectively verifiable event that occurs outside the individual and has the potential
to cause stress. A stressor is an event appraised by the individual as taxing, exceeding his or her
coping resources, and negatively affecting his or her health. Stress is an individual’s negative emo-
tional response to, or evaluation of, stressors. It occurs when the individual feels that he or she
does not have the ability to cope with the stressor. Stress is moderated by individual differences
(e.g., personality and social supports). Individuals perceive and respond differently to the same
stressors (e.g., as proposed by the general adaptive syndrome and the transactional model of
stress). Stress is the function of both the individual and the situation. Strain is the result of contin-
ued stress, and is classified into four categories of reactions: psychological, physical, behavioural,
and organizational. Psychological strain reactions include either a disturbance in affect (e.g.,
mood) or a disturbance in cognition (e.g., concentration). Disturbances in mood resulting from
stress can result in the experience of depression and anxiety. Experiencing physical strain can lead
Examples should follow the form of stressor–stress–strain. For instance: a boss who is always yell-
ing (chronic stressor)–leads to feelings of tension–manifested in feelings of anger or anxiety,
stomach ache, and nail biting.
PTS: 1
REF: p.169, 172, & 175
2. It is important for employers to detect mental health illness in order to help employees receive an
early medical referral and assessment. Describe the signs of organizational strain that could help
employers to detect and assess workplace mental illness after a traumatic event, such as the
premature death of the company’s CEO. Explain why primary stress intervention would not work
in that particular situation.
ANS:
Signs of organizational strain include increased absenteeism, decreased performance, disturbances
of interpersonal relationships at work, evidence of job search activity by current employees, and an
increase in workplace accidents.
Secondary and tertiary inteventions should be put into place to help employees deal with the stress
and/or strain they are feeling as a result of the loss. However, there is no way to eliminate the cata-
strophic stressor of someone important dying unexpectedly.
PTS: 1
REF: p. 177–180
3. Identify and describe four of the six major categories of workplace stressors identified in the
NIOSH model that would be found in the job of a restaurant dishwasher.
ANS:
The NIOSH model identifies the following major categories of workplace stressors:
1) workload and work pace: refers to the amount of work that must be completed and the speed at
which employees must work to complete their tasks.
2) role stressors: (conflict, ambiguity, inter-role conflict). Role conflict exists when individuals
face incompatibility from two or more sources. Role ambiguity reflects the uncertainty that em-
ployees experience about what is expected from them in their work. Inter-role conflict exists when
employees face incompatible demands from two or more roles.
3) career concerns: worries about job security, fear of job obsolescence, underpromotion, over-
promotion, and concerns about career progression.
4) work scheduling: working rotating shifts or permanent night shifts results in a disruption of
physiological circadian rhythms and a disruption of social activities.
5) interpersonal relations: poor interpersonal relations in the workplace are identified as a source
of stress. Having well-established sources of social support may reduce the effects of other work-
place stressors.
The most relevant stressors for a restaurant chef would be: workload and work pace, work sched-
uling, interpersonal relations, and job content and control. Potential arguments could also be made
for career concerns. However, because the role is very well defined and the incumbent is unlikely
to have multiple demands from different sources, role stressors are less likely to be an issue, unless
they have work–family problems.
PTS: 1
REF: p. 170–171
PROBLEM
1. How can an employer or human resource manager manage mental health illness in the workplace?
ANS:
Employers and HRMs can apply a preventive stress management framework. The basic principle
of this framework is that the health of an organization and the health of its employees are interde-
pendent. Strategies can be implemented at both the individual and the organizational levels. Ideal-
ly, stress management programs will include both organizational and individual interventions de-
signed to reduce exposure to stressors, reduce the experience of stress when stressors are unavoid-
able, and swiftly provide treatment options to those individuals who are experiencing the negative
consequences of stress. Primary interventions are the only truly preventative mechanism, but sec-
ondary and tertiary interventions can prevent stress and strain from getting worse.
Primary Interventions: involve reducing or removing the actual stressors and are highly effective
in reducing work-related stress and strain. The idea is that the removal of sources of stress from
the workplace should reduce employee stress and strain. (Individual Interventions: avoid taking on
an overload of work, take adequate leisure time, try to reduce Type A behaviour; Organizational
Interventions: redesign particularly demanding jobs, respect employees’ opinions in management
decision-making processes, provide flexible working conditions.)
Secondary Interventions: focus on minimizing negative outcomes once a person is feeling stress.
Techniques such as stress management and relaxation training help people identify the negative
health effects of stress. This approach often involves teaching effective coping strategies; appro-
priate strategies for managing stress can lessen the negative effects of stress on health. (Individual
Interventions: talk with friends and coworkers, make time to exercise, use relaxation techniques;
Organizational Interventions: provide comprehensive benefits programs, offer on-site fitness cen-
tres, ensure balanced nutrition on the cafeteria menu.)
Tertiary Interventions: include psychological therapy and medical attention strategies that are ap-
plied after the fact to help those individuals who have not been able to manage workplace stress
effectively and who are now experiencing symptoms of strain. In the event that stressors and stress
are not adequately dealt with via primary and secondary efforts, it is important to consider tertiary
interventions strategies that organizations and individuals can use to treat employees’ symptoms of
strain. (Individual Interventions: seek medical treatment, participate in psychological counselling;
PTS: 1
REF: p. 178–180
2. Imagine you are currently the human resource director for a small to medium-sized organization.
You are aware that perceived injustice in workplaces is a stressor and you would like to
minimize the extent to which your employees are exposed to this type of work stress. Give some
examples of how you might maximize employee-perceived distributive, procedural, and
interactional fairness. What outcomes would signal that employees are beginning to feel
that the workplace is unfair?
ANS:
An emerging employee stressor is injustice in the workplace, which is the concern that employees
who experience unfairness in their workplace also experience higher levels of workplace stress and
strain. As the human resource manager, you want to ensure that employees are managed equitably
by incorporating the following: interactional justice (fairness of interpersonal treatment),
distributive justice (fairness of outcomes), and procedural justice (fairness of processes). The
implementation of leadership training, performance management systems, continuous
employee feedback and participative decision-making processes maximize employee-
perceived interactional, distributive, and procedural fairness. Workplace practices that
increase employees’ perceived unfairness reduce employee commitment and retention, and
increase absenteeism.
PTS: 1
REF: p. 180–181
ANS:
More and more workers are facing childcare demands in dual-income households, resulting in
working parents being torn between work demands and their childcare responsibilities. Work–
family conflict is defined as a type of inter-role conflict in which the role pressures experienced in
the work and family domains are incompatible. Participation in one role is made more difficult by
virtue of participation in the other.
However, work–family conflict is bi-directional: work may interfere with a person’s ability to
meet family demands (work-to-family conflict), and family responsibilities may interfere with an
individual’s ability to keep pace with work demands (family-to-work conflict).
Several elements of work and family roles contribute to work–family conflict. One is the amount
of time a person spends in each role, or a person’s behavioural involvement in each role. Generally
speaking, the more time that is dedicated to one role means less time available to spend in the oth-
er role. A person’s psychological involvement, the degree to which a person identifies with a par-
ticular role and sees the role as central to his or her self-concept, can also be a predictor of work–
family conflict.
PTS: 1
REF: p. 182–185