po Naas Sua ion of light beam from a mirror in vector form, .¢ incident and re 6 Understanding Optics + Using flected beams and the unit Vector . Write the law of refles direction unit vectors 6, and © of thi r surface. n 4 sin 0) gi cos 0) ofthe outside normal to the mirror &, ~ unit veetor along the incident ray. unit veetor along the flected ray 4c0s 0 { ~ unit vector along tangential direction f= unit vector along outside normal Since, |é,| = we can write 6. =-cos 0 By putting the value of cos 0 in the equation (iii) we get. . [é, = é, — 2(¢,.)A ] The vector of law of refraction at irro i x. Two plane mirrors are combined to each other as such one is in (y - z) plane and other is in (x -z) plane. A ray of light along vector 1s) 13, 1¢ Rite jt+ak ind the unit vector i mae BB successive reflections through the mirrors the direction of emergence ray sf the first mirror, Sol. From observations of i \s of previous problem. In reflected . ray only direction of normal unit vector to the plane mirror changed other unit vector remaint 2 ‘whena light ray ged of it vector ained unchanj s ged. Hence, Lu isincidel : mi e to the (y-# s incident on the (y - z) plant mirror after reflection only sign of i , no’ y of i, normal plane mirror changes whil ‘s le other hers remain unchanged then, & ieee it Bre and finally after reflection thre rough the (x - z) it plane mirror,Reflection 7 A ray of light is i ident on the (y - z) plane mirror along a unit vector ¢, = 1; 14,15 ait fait Gy: Find the unit vector along the reflected ray. The normal unit vector to the (y-z) plane mirroris i.e. fi =] A Then, €, = unit vector along the reflected ray. a The relation between é, and &, : €, = €)-2(8,.A)A a ie 1. Le 2G (y-z) Plane Mirror 2 | 1; => 6 = -zi+~j+—k BTS Observation ; only the sign of normal unit vector changes, others remain unchanged. A light beam reflected from three mutually perpendicular plane mirrors in succession reverses its direction. We can assume three mutually perpendicular plane mirror Tothe (x-y) plane Normal unit vector is k (y-2) plane Normal unit vector is i (z-x) plane Normal unit vector is j & = ai +bj+ck isa unit vector incident on the first mirror after reflection through (x-- y) plane mirror the unit vector of reflected ray. &) = ai +bj—ck and this ray incidents on the mirror (y - 2) plane and reflected ray ¢, = -ai +bj—ck and finally this ray incidents on the mirror (z - x) plane after reflection é, = -ai — bj ck ie. 8,—8, This means, final ray reverses its direction. Prove that when incident ray suffers two successive reflection from two mutually perpendicular mirrors final ray is antiparallel to the original ray. | Fig. (a)From vector form of laws of reflection é, - 206, ))) ~2(8,j)-2,.i)i — ale, 7 or, €, =, — 26, é,=-é, Henee, é, is a tiparallel to é,. 1 1 3 , Hence, é, is antiparallel to é 3 1Ex. Sol. Sol. Ex, Reflection M1 5 A point source of light B is placed at a distance L in front of the centre of a mirror of width d hung vertically ona wall. A man walksin front of the mirror along a line parallel to the mirror at a distance 2L from it as shown. The greditest distance over which he can see the image of the light source in the mirror is (A) di2 (B)d (C24 ome Locate the position of image and by the help of shortcut method of locating field of view join the mirror through lines, and that region isthe field of view then, by the similar triangle concep tthe triangles IPQ and IMN are similar, ~ PQ 3L < => PQ=3d MN OL Q ‘The ray diagram is shown in figure (a) $- Find the minimum size of mirror required to see the full image of a wall behind a man Standing at the centre of room, where H is the height of wall, For solving question draw shortcut diagram * First locate the position of image of wall * Joint the eye (E) position of through the image of wall, * Theshaded portion is the minimum sizeof mimor required to see the full image ofa wall behind the man * Then apply the concept of similar triangles From Shortcut diagram : (From similar triangles concept) Hix H aX MM’=— Ans. wi MM = Ans 7 Achild is standing His father is standin, The height of fath minimum length of in front of a straight plane mirror, i behind him as shown in figure (1), er is double the child. What is the mirror required so that (a)The child father wishes to see his child image completely then find minimum size of mirror required, [Given that the height of father is 2H] Dg tote tae va deST 12__Understanding Optics Sol. (a) Ray diagram for the question of part (a) So 26 a Shortcut Solution : For solving question (a) draw the shortcut diagram * Locate the position of image of father Join the actual eye (E) of child position through the image of father * The shaded portion is the minimum size of mirror Fequired to see the full image father, The triangles A’B’E and MEN are similar A rom thn, SB ad MN d AB _2H_H MN “4 475 Ans. (b) Ray diagram of the question of part (b) Shortcut solution : For solving the question part (b) dray u gram. * Locate the position of image of child daw the shorter digram +Join the actual eye Position of father through th wal | image of child. ugh the L, | + Theshader region stherequired minimum length | of mirror to see full image of child by father h From the similar triangle concept : Sa SS H _4d a => mn-=3H MN 3d} Reflection 13 | EX.8 A person's eye level is 1.5 m. He stands in front ofa 0.3 m long plane mirror which is 0.8 m above the ground, The length of the image he sees of himself is \ (ism (B) 1.0m (€)0.8 m (D) 0.6m Sol. (D) Lite figure AB isthe length of imagerhe sees in the mirror: From the similar triangles FAB and EMN ic AB _2d MN od > AB = (2) MN = (2) (30) = 60 cm = 0.6 m aman of height 2m and M is a mirror of length 0.5 m and mass 0.1 kg. Initially M and A are at the same level and M starts falling freely always remaining vertical. If the level of the eyes of the man is 1.5 cm below, the time after which a = the man sees the reflection of his feet is y 4 M Sol. When the lowest part of the plane mirror ie. Y reaches g=10ms? B at Mas shown in the figure then the man sees the reflection of his fect From the similar triangle concepts mp ~ 18:5 — 99.95 cm 2 Then, YM = 200 — 50 — 99.25 = 50.75 cm Apply, s = at + at? = s=04+%x 10x08 |50.75 x 2x10 * = 50.75 * 10? J etoxe t = 0.318 sec. A Ex. 10 In the figure shown AB isa plane cm placed at a height 40 cm from ground, Theres a light source S at a point on the ground. minimum and maximum height of a man (eye height) required fo see the image of the source if he is . e y_,S__ standing ata point P on ground shown in figure. <——> — 20cm 40cm o 40 cm _40 cm ee14 Understanding Optics Sol. Fromthe similar triangle concept : AB _ 80 AB _ 89 _. AB = 160 cm (Minimum height 40°20 om ( ce gg AP 80, 4p = 320 cm (maximum height) 80 20 ‘20cm 2ocm'S 40cm’ ‘ Ex. 11 Two plane mirrors of length Lare separated by distance Land a man M, is standing at distance L from the connecting line of mirrors as shown in figure. A man M, is walking along a straight line at distance 2 L parallel to mirrors at speed u, then man M, at O will be able to see image of M, for total time: dus I. ye mt wot Mt r wy B) > oO" oO, | o'ten Sol. (C) When the man M, is in the region RP and QS, then man M, sees the image of M,. Fromthe similar triangle PQ _3L PIQ and XIX SO 3k p= a 1 3,77 SPQ=3L From the similar triangle, RS _3L RISandxiy, = BS . 3b = 1 yy = RS=9L Then RP + QS =RS~PQ=9L~3L=6L 6. Time = = u Ex. 12 A point source has been placed as shown in the figure. What is the length on the screen that will receive reflected light from the mirror 2 (A)2H he «(OH (D) None of these Sol. Here, PQisthe length of reflected light from the mirror. From the concept of similar tria ingles,Reflection 15 PMAandMxs’ =, PA_ Then, PA= 3 (XS’)= 3H And from the similar triangles concept QNA and xns’ 24 _ 2H XS’ 2H => QA=H = QA=H PQ = PA-QA=3H-H=2H Ex.13 A plane mirror of length 8 cm is present near a wall in situation as shown in figure. Then the size of spot S = source of light formed on the wall is TTT 8cm (A)8em (B)4cem (C) 16cm (D) None of these Sol. (C) Here, PA js the size of spot formed on the wall. From the similar triangle PS’Q and MS’N igs o MN d PQ=(2) MN=2 * 8= 16cm Ae Ex. 14 Figure shows a point object A and a plane mirror MN. Find my the position of image of object A, in mirror MN, by drawing a ray diagram. Indicate the region in which observer's eye must be present in order to view the image. (This region is called field of view). N Sol. See figure, consider any two rays emanating from the object. N, and N, are normals; i, = rand i,=r, The meeting point of reflected rays R, and R, is image A’. Though only two rays are considered it must be understood that all rays from A reflect from mirror such that their meeting point isA’. To obtain the region in which reflected rays are present, joinA” with the ends of mirror and extend.16 Understanding Optics The following figure shows this region as shaded. In the figure there are no reflected rays beyond the rays | and 2, therefore the observers P and Q cannot see the image because they do not receive any reflected ray.] oe Ex. 15 Find the region on Y axis in which reflected rays are present. Objects at A (2, 0) and MN is plane mirror, as shown. Sol. The image of point A, in the mirror is at A’(6, 0). Join A’M and extend to cut Y axis at M’ (Ray originating from A which strikes the mirror at M gets reflected.as the ray MM’ which appears to come fromA’), Join A’°N and extend to cut Y axis at N’( Ray originating from A which strikes the mirror at N gets reflected as the ray NN’ which | ™ appears to come from A’) From Geometry. M’ = (0,6) N’= (0, 9). M is the region on Y axis in which reflected rays are present. Ex. 16 See the following figure. Which of the object(s) shown in figure will not form its image in the mirror. 0. Par Mamma Ans. O, Ex. 17 Show that the minimum size of a ptane mirror, required to see the full image of an observer is half the size of that of the observer,sol. Note : That the height of the mirror is half - : Reflection 17 See the following figure. It is self explanatory if' you consider lengths ‘x" * and ‘y’ as shown in figure. { = Aliter : { } i i cro | ite x : ‘aot no " : 7 AE M,,M, and AE HF’ are similar, | MW the height of eye as shown in figure. Ex. 18 See the following figure. Which of the object(s) shown in figure Sol. will not form its image. The figure shows an object AB and a plane mirror MN placed parailel to the object. Indicate the o ‘ : 4 A mirror length required to see the image of the object if observer’s eye is at E. N Part CD is used to view the image.Ex. 19 Two mirrors are inclined by an angle 30°. An object is placed making 10° with the mirror M.,. Find the positions of the first two images formed by each mirror. Find the total number of images using (i) direct formula and (ii) counting the images.Reflection 19 Sol. Figure is self explanatory. Number of images 360° (i) Using direct formula : 12 (even number) 30° -. Mumber of images = 12—1= 11 (i) By counting . See the following table Image formed by Miror M - . Image formed by Mirror Nt (angles are measures trom the mictorM.) 7 __{angles are measured from the mitror M.) Stop because next age Stop because next angle willbe | ‘more than 180° 0° egal ‘more than 180° or eqal ‘To check whether the final images made by the two mirors coincide of not: add the last angles and the) langle between the mirrors. fit comes out to be exactly 36”, imps that the final images formed by the| {wo mirrors coincide. Here last angles made by the mirrors» the anale between the mirrors = 160" + 170° + '30°= 360". Therefore inthis case ine last images cor cioe Therefore the number ofimages = numer of maa +numberofimag Ex. 20 Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of 75° to each other. Find the total number of images formed when an object is placed as shown in figure. Sol. Iwill act as an object for mirror M, image of object P formed by the mirror M, |, = Image of object P formed by the mirror M,.. 1, =I, will act as an object for mirror M,. 1,,=1, will act as an object for mirror M,. and so on 1 + Note: all images and object lies in the same circle whose centre is the intersection point oftwo mirror.20 Understanding Optics = S| it solution : — = Image formed by Mirror M, iat eee en! {angles are measured from the mirror My, {angles are measured from the mirror M,.) ig! |, 45° 30° 752 120° 105° 75° Not formed stope since next Not formed stope since next angle will be more than 180° or equal angle will be more than 180° or equal Check the image coincides or not : 120+105+3 = 300. Which isnot 360. Then, images are not coinciding. Total images = 4 Ex. 21 Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of 70° to each other. Find the total number of. images formed when object is placed as a in figure. Total images = 5 \, ) Shortcut solution ; Image formed by Mirror M, me itor M, Image formed by Mi yy Mit (2ngles are measured from the miror M, ) (angles are measured from the mirror M )| 30” 40° 120° 100° 70° NNot formed stope since thi 170° angle is equal to 80" a ‘Therefore in this case last images not coinciding, Since (170 + 100 + 70)=340, which ‘not 360. Total ima, . ges = 5,- Reflection 24) x. 22)Find the number of images formed by three mirrors AB, BC and AC in situation as shown in figure. The object is at the centre of triangle. Solution : Combination Images of mirrors ESM AB and BC 1,2°.3'4 AC and BC I assis AB and AC 1,2, 3,4, 5 360 For the mirror AB and BC eo 6 Hence, number of images formed by the two plane mirrors AB and BC = 5. These images will lie on a circle. Three images () Sandi’, (ii)5’ and 5”, (ii) 1 and 1” will coincide hence the number of images formed by the three mirror AB, BC and AC = (5 x 3-3) = 12Ex. 23 Figure shows & point O ie. the object placed between two parallel mirrors. Its distance from M, is 2. cm and that from M, is Sem. Find the distance of images from 2om @em on mirror M, first. M, M, the two mirrors considering reflection 8cm d=10cm Since given that reflection on mirror M, first than i j Image formed by Mirror M, image formed by Mirror M, ‘Distance of images measured from mirror M,) (Distance of images measured from mirror M.) 2 fe} 2+10=12 12410 = 22 22 + 10 = 32Ex.24 An object moves with 5 m/s towards right while the mirror moves with 1m/s towards the left as shown. Find the velocity of image. Sone : Sol. Take —+ as + direction. v,-Vv, = v,.-v “Svs tis § v-CI= Cl)-5 cee v=-Tmls. => 7 mi/sand direction towards left. Ex.25 There is a Point object and a plane mirror. If the mirror is moved 10 cm away from. the object, find the distance by which the image will move aSol. We know that Xi 7 Xgy OF XX, Ax,- Ax, = Ax,,— Ax,. In this Q. A: = 10 cm. Therefore Ax, = 2Ax,, — Ax, = 20 cm. initial position x ofimage + final position x10 of image final position of mirror 2 +10) Ex. 26 An object is kept fixed in front of a plane mirror which is moved by 10 m/s away from the object, find the velocity of the image. sas Ans. 20 m/sin the direction of motion of mirror. wo : 10 mis s I Ex. 27 In thesituati In shown in figure, ae § ex es ee ee . 8 find the velocity of image. ° § Sol Along x direction, applying v—v,, = -(v,~v,) ¥, ~ Se0s 30°) = -(10 cos 60° (5 cos 30%), ¥,=-S 0+) ms Along y direction i= = 10 sin 60° = 5V3 mis -, Velocity of the image = - 5 ( 1+ )i+ 5v3 i ms.; Reflection 25 Ex. 29 Find the velocity of the image of a moving 20 mis object in situation as shown in figure : i 37° (0) 30 mis (Given velocity wrt. ground) Sol. For the perpendicular component : — ogi t (Mig) 208in37= 12 Wyo. 5 _ jg = 10+Mia)s . 2 (V,),=-52 ‘And, the parallel component (y) of velocity of image is same as that of object wrt. ground. Vig = ~S2i+12}” Ex. 30 Find the velocity of the image of a moving object in situation shown in figure. (Given velocity w.rt. ground) O40 mis Sol. For the perpendicular component — (Yom)i + Vig). ~ 10+ (Vig) (ygg,= Cows tMiads ., -39= toh, And, the parallel component of velocity of image is same as that of object w..t. ground. It does not depend on the velocity of mirror. Ex. 31 Two blocks each of mass m lie on a smooth table. They are attached to two other masses as shown in the figure. The pulleys and strings are light. An object 0 is kept at rest on the table. The sides AB & CD of the two blocks are made reflecting. The acceleration of the two images formed on those two reflecting surfaces w.rt. each other is : (A) 59/6 (B) 5g/3 (eg3 (D) 179/6Sol. For equation for the mirror A: T = ma,and 3mg —T = 3ma, Similarly, the force equation for the mirror C : T= ma, = 2mg-T=2ma, = For the perpendicular component : (a,,), = 20s 4 = Gwa). oH (a,,.), = Perpendicular component for acceleration of object w.r.t. to the plane mirror And parallel component, (ic). = og) ANd (yy), = oy) For the perpendicular component : ~ oc). + iG) ) @) 7 forthe acceleration of image formed by the mirror A : 3g OF (ay), . 3g aie ; Cu =), ~ F Uelt sid Similarly, for the acceleration of image formed by the mirror C. (a), * [right side] F 3g, 4g acceleration w.r.t. each other = —© 4. 3 to each other) Then relative (added since their direction ar oppositelight is incidenting at an angle of 40° to the mirror (m,). Find the total angle of deviation of the ray after the third successive reflection due to mirrors. 5 =1007 +1604 +140 4 = 1007+300 4 > 2004 = or 1600 Ex. 33 Two plane mirrors are inclined to each other as shown. A ray after the three successive reflection falls on the mirror (M,) and finally retraces its path. Calculate the angle between the two plane mirror. Sol. 2a=30 = a=15, then from triangle 75 + 0 + 90 = 180 => 6=I15Ans. &R Concept : The light ray retraces its path | only when it falls normally to the mirror.eae a ows a torch producing a straight light beam falling on a plane mirror at an Ex. 34: Figure sh angle of 60°. The reflected beam makes a spot Pon the screen along Y-axis. If at t=0, mirror starts rotating clockwise about the hinge A with an angular velocity Q = 1° per second. Find the speed of the spot on screen after time t = 15s. (aegaliveReflection 29 Sol. Concept : When incident ray is fixed the angular velocity of reflected ray becomes twice in the same senses that of reflected ray. After t= 15 sec, the mirror rotates 15° then reflected ray rotates 30° in the same sense. 3 cos 60° = =, = 1 degree per sec = a radi/sec. r= 6m Then, there are two components of velocity of spot on the screen, 2or (i) perpendicular component 1 t Qn V,, cos 60° = 20 => Vx = = 2x——x6 y =[2% 5 £08 om zt %6 = Vex [TG] ms | Gi) radial component which increases the length of ie. V, sin6t y= ' le fis Figure shows a plane mirror onto which a light ray is incidenting. If the incidenting light ray is turned by 10° and the mirror by 20°, as shown, find the angle turned by the reflected ray. Sol. (i) When the incident ray is fixed and mirror rotates through angle 20° clockwise then reflected ray rotates clockwise through 40° angle. (ii) When mirror (M) in fixed and incident ray rotates through angle 10° clockwise then reflected ray rotates through angle 10° anticlockwise. Total angle turned by the reflected ray = 40°) +109 => 30°) => 30°%(clockwise) Ex. 36 A light ray I is incidenting on a plane mirror M. The mirror is rotated in the direction as shown in the figure 9 by an arrow at the frequency — rev/sec. The light reflected by the mirror is received on the wall W that is ata distance 10 m from the axis of rotation. When the angle of incidence becomes 37°, find the speed of the spot (a point) on the wall _—=E Se30 Understanding Optics 7 - Sol. Concept : When the incident ray is fixed and if we rotate the mirror the angular velocity and reflected ray get rotated by angular velocity 2. 9 9 @= — rev/sec = —* 2% = 18 rad/sec. T T 10 > cos 53 = 7 Let Vg be the velocity of spot on the wall. Then there are two components of V, (i) Vg cos 53 = 2 wr (that is the transverse component) V, 3 xB = x1 => = 1000 m/s I . di wae Gi) Vg sin 53° = a [radial component which increases the length of r]36 Understanding Optics a 2. Array passing through or directed towards the =e i focus, after reflection from the mirror, became parallel to the principal axis. é a 4 Me 3. Array passing through or directed towards the centre ofcurvature, afte reflection from the mirror, retraces its path (as for it 7j =O and so /r =0), 4. Incident and reflected rays at the pole of a mirror are symmetrical about te principal axis, F D 1.22 RELATIONS FOR SPHERICAL MIRRORS wy st Relation between f and R for the spherical mirror pe For Marginal rays, In A ABC, AB = BC and AC = CD +DA = 2BC cos g => R=2BC cosg R BC=——_ = Pe st BP=PC-BC=R-—R_ 2cos6 Note : B isnot the focus; itis just a point where a marginal ray after reflection meets. 2. For paraxial rays (parallel to principal axis) (0 small so sing ~ 9, cos =I, tang = @). Hence BC= & and BP = © Thus, point 2 Bisthe midpoint ofPC (i. radius of curvature) and is defined as FOCUS so BP = f= © 2 (Definition : Paraxial rays that are parallel tothe Principal axi i mirror, meet the principal axis at focus) pal axis after reflection from theReflection 37 3, _ BPisthe focal length (f) 4, Paraxial rays (not parallel to principal axis) EE, Such rays after reflection meet at a point on the focal plane (F), such that F FF =tan0=8 = me = FF=fo FP An object is placed at a distance u from the pole ofa mirror and its image is formed at a distance v (from the pole) If angleisvery small: 0 fromACMO, B=a+8 = 8=B-a fromACMI, 7=B+8 = 9=y-B sowecanwriteB-a=y-B = 2B=y+a Taal gl maton Sign convention for object / image for spherical mirrors Real object u-ve Real image v-ve Virtual object utve Virtual Image vive Ex. 37 The focal length of a concave mirror is 30 cm. Find the position of the object in front of the mirror, so that the image is three times the size of the object. Sol. As the object is in front of the mirror itis real and for real object the magnified image formed by concave mirror can be inverted (ie., real) or erect (ie, virtual), so there are two possibilities. (a) Ifthe image is inverted (ce, real) M m=—— f-u mi => u=-40cem +——— 120 em: MW’ -30-u Object must be at a distance of 40 cm in front of the mirror ( in between C and F).38. Understanding OPUS (6) Ifthe image iserect (ie. virtual) m-a-=3 f-u -20cm Sue M Object must be at a distance of 20 cm in front of the mirror (in between F and P), 1.23 HOW TO LOCATE (Position of mirror (ii) Position of centre of curvature (ii Position of focus if the position of object and image is given w.rt. principal axis. For position of mirror : (d.>d,) Step-I : Draw a perpendicular line from object and image to the principle axis and cut equal distance d, and d, as shown in figure. Step-II : Join the line OT or I'O and extend it to the principle axis, it cuts at the point P. This point P is the position of mirror. (a7 d) (d,>d,) 9, (a>d)Ex. 38 The positions of the real object © and Sol. Reflection 39 FOR CENTRE OF CURVATURE: Step : Join object and image through a line, the point C where the line Ol cuts the principle axis, is the centre of curvature of curved mirror FOR FOCUS : Step-I : Draw a parallel line from the object w.rt principle axis to the spherical mirror where it cuts at point X on the mirror. Step-II : Extend the line XI, let it cut the Principle axis at point F. The point F isthe focal point of the spherical mirror. image I are given with respect to the principle axis then locate : (i) position of mirror (nature of mirror) (i) position of centre of curvature for, real object case (1) d, > d,, ease (2), d,>d, Step-I : Draw line perpendicular to the principle axis. Step-ll : Extend the line O1' and O'L Let itcutat point P to the principle axis. Then point Pis the pole it mirror. Step-IIT : Joint O and I througha line, extend itto the principle axis. i~ cur atpoint¢. Then Point C is the centre of curvature of the mirror. Ex. 39 The principal axis of a spherical mirror is shown by dotted line. O is the point object whose real image is 1. Find the distance of the pole and centre of curvature of the mirror from the object measured along the principal axis by drawing ray diagram.40 Understanding Optics Here C, i the position ofthe curved mirror. The triangles OCO" and C1 are similoe Th] Sol. For pole the triangles OOP and II'P are similar 4 10+%, 00° 10+x ieee > | x Then, the distance of pole from object = 30 cm 1.24 MAGNIFICATION ) Concept of Magnification : _. . __ size of image Magnification : ——————— size of object + For transverse magnification size means height and for longitudinal magnification size means length of object. + FOR 1 DIMENSION OBJECT There are two type of magnification (a) Transverse or Lateral magnification (b) Longitudinal magnification (a) Transverse or Lateral magnification : _ height of image _ hh, height of object h, m AABPandA’B'P are similar. So, @ t ofiprinciple axis, | (b) Longitudinal magnification : + [fone dimensional object is placed along the principle axis then linear magnification is called longitudinal magnification. length of object Uy - for small objects only : m9, = —% du By differentiation of mirror equation on both side with respect tou we get. dow due Length of image = (m) (length of object) (for only small object) + For small one dimension object J m >{ Transverse magnification) Ex. 40 \ U-shaped wire is placed before a concave “mirror having radius of curvature 20 em as shown in figure. Find the total length of the image. a _ ue G10)-- y= mus) 26 15)=-30 h, =m, = 4, For CD m= =O _ 1 Pou ©10)-(-20) v mu ()E HE 20)=-20 h,-mbh = 2 <> Totallength ofimage =2+ 10+ 4= loem Sol For AB m,Optics_——$ ty of image watt. ground. 4B Understanding, Ex? Find the veloci a. (rior is atest 5ms sree % 200m —>} Sol Forthe velocity’ ‘component along, the principle axis, => v=+60cm > m=~ 0 fu 30)-(20) v==mu=—()(-20)=+60 em Since mimoris a ret (given that): w--| 2) 66 4 vo = =-45 =20) 00 Sms => Vig = ViytVyg <> =-45+0=-459} Sol " sc image S the mitror with velocit Apply mi sa i 45 m/s E velocity of image w.rt. ground ity 45 mvs. | 7 >, f= 200m mat), - -u (-20)-(30) . a <= Bom HE minors a Forte win = ted vate given vel For the v along the principle ven v (nee ee vm = (=O fginge Since (V _).= 0] Forthe Component perpendicular to the , (Vy) =m, + ie " it = principle axis : 20) (Yu). = (2)(5)=— 10 m/s (sine s) 2 downer “10+ 0=_ 10 my 10 mis (movin}nn Reflection 4° Exa4 Find the velocity of image w.rt ground, mirror formula sol. Byapplying: (mirror is at rest) 30) : Tocity wrt ss F Given vel G0-—2. 7? > * Sground 60.) v =| ——| (10) =- 90 m‘ (yg) 7 7am) = (S)e ada dm di —_— (Vy), = (Von) +h = (= (but 0) fa x10700)| Te = (20x10 dm 2 _, 2M __ 3x 10° per sec. dt Then(Vjy),= (Vag), * Bo Ge => Vag. = 072 * LO oO ae Ver =(Vanyit Vail Vin = 901-63 = Vie = Voit Vac Vig =(-90i-6)) m/s Q.1_ Anobject 1 em high is placed at 10 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position, height and nature of the image. Sol. location =45 em h=3cm Ex.45. The image of a real object in a convex mirror is 4 cm from the mirror. If the mirror has a radius of curvature of 24 cm, find the position of object and magnification. (402) Sol. N = = =-6c1 ol. CW ep ata) 6cm The negative sign shows that the object is real and itis placed in front of the mirror. (4) 2 ‘The magnification, m= on 3 When an object is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a mirror, the magnification is m,, The object is moved 15 cm farther away with respect to the earlier position, Ex.46 m, and the magnification becomes m,. If [= 4, then calculate the focal length of the mirror.50 Understanding Optics mm, fed Sol. Since m, = 4, thereto F 25 tus fe 40-4 f+ 100 or 20m The negative sign SHOWS that the mirror is concave. mall plane mirror M, and 1 a large ¢ ‘ony ex Mi x47 Am abject 0s placed infront of 8S M Poca nth f- The distance petween Oand M, isx, al J ‘ . ind the \M, and Mis. The images of O formed byM, and M, pinciag tance hey, 7th ofthe miro: Norm as ths is conver: min E48 Find Tor. fis (+yve, he the velocity of hence magnitude of imaein situation ayy of f= own in the fi i igure, —n un—>Q2 Bx.49 ro (wR = G Reflection 51 ee V,, “Velocity of object ~ (95 Zyh's V,, ~ Velocity of mirror = _ 2im/s f =20__ | me py > 20-30) © For velocity component parallel to optical axis (V,.)=-m'(V,.) (V,,) =C2y ili =-44im/s For velocity component perpendicular to optical axis (Vin), =o), =-2012} = -24)m/s V, q. = Velocity of image w.ct. mirror =(¥, +.) = (-44\-24})m/s Also, V, = V, v. or V, = (-44i- 24})-21 = (-461 -24})m s Find the co-ordinates of the image of point object P formed after two successive reflections in a situation as shown in the figure considering first ; first reflection at a concave mirror and then ata convex mirror. — Went A point object located at a distance of 20 cm trom the pole of a concave mirror of focal length 30 cm with height 2 cm is moving with a velocity (V\c = 41 -5)) m/s and velocity of the mireur is (V,,, = -01-+10)) um/s as shown, Find the velocity of image woct. ground.52_Understanding Optics __ Sol. Ex.50 Sol. ity diagram of object w.r-t. mirror is From the veloci — 7 =3 = (V,,) = 10s, => ow = YS 60 om 60) (end > Yaw) (So ieee [sams ch ena I Per sec, dm [u(Vine—V(Vou as eee (20x10? dm ro 1 perse. = => (Vi = ho Ge tom) a) 2 107 x (—3 x 10°) + (3) (15) = -6-45=-Smis Van = Vaditmi = Vim = -90i-51j Vg =(-901-51]) +(-61+10}) =>». Vig =(-961-41}) mvs ‘Two concave mirrors, each having radius of curvature 40 cm are placed such thi| their principal axes are parallel to each other and at a distance of 1 cm to ead| other. Both the mirrors are at a distance of 100cm from , each other. Considering first reflection at M, and then at M,, find the coordinates of the image thus formed. Take the location - of the object as the origin. For the mirror M, m= -7—20_=20_ 60) Fu (© 20)-(-60)~ go ~~ = Y= -mu=— | ~5 |-60)= _ 300m 4, = (height of image from the principle axis of mirror M, ) 1 - =~ 9X1 = -0.5 cm I, = (-30,-0.5)em For the mirror M, a 2 2 f-u -5 > ¥=-mu=(_)| as x(—70)= —28em 3 2 23 h,=mb,=|-< = 2x3. 1,=mh, (-ZJa ~ 5p - Fem Position of final image is 28 cm from mirror M, and 3 ; em of below the principle axis o! mirror M..1, = (12, -2) yom.Neen nnn Ex.51 Sol. Ex.52 Sol. Ex.53 Reflection $3 A point object located at a distance of 15 em % from the pole of a concave mirror of focal Iength 10 cm on its principal axis is moving ox (i+ 11})omis (i+ 29) omis with a velocity (gi +11j)em/s and velocity of the mirror is (4; +2j}em/s as shown. If 7 is the velocity of the image. Then find the value . of |V| — (inems) ‘Apply mirror formula (For magnification) -10 -10 u (10)-(-15) 5 y= —mu=(~)(—2)(—15)= -30em For the parallel yonent of velocity of image to the principle axis: (Vy), = - OV) = — (2) A)= - 16 emis For the perpendicular component of velocity of image to the principle axis: =2 (Vim), =™ (Vom). *8, => (-2)(9)=-18em/s = (sinceh,=0) Vit = (Vom) 1+ (Vom)e3 => Van = 161-18] => Vig = Vin + Ving (— 161 -18}) + 4i- => -12i-16) => Ne =i Find the angle of incidence of a ray as it passes through the pole, given that MI|| CP. 2MIC=2CIP=0 = MI\\CP 2Mle= Cl=cP) =) ZCIP= ZCPI=0 In ACIP all angle are equal = 3= 180° => 6=60° IcP=0 Bs Find the distance CQ if incident light ray parallel to the principal axis is incidenting at an angle i. Also find the distance CQ iti 0,54 Understanding Optics ~~ _ R 2 Sol cosi= 56g oaai Ex54 Sol. Ex.55 Sol. Ex.56 Sol. ‘As i increases cos i decreases. Hence CQ increases. If is a small angle cos iz! CQ=R2 So, paraxial rays meet ata distance equal to R /2 fromcenter ofcurvature, which iscalled focus. i irror with its 2") Figure shows a spherical concave mirror with its“. pole at (0,0) and principal axis along x axis. There isa point object at (-40 em, lem), find the 2 id position of image. E00) According to sign convention, u=-40em = h=+Hom = f=-Sem. om = + Thepostonoiageis{ em Converging rays are incidenting on a convex spherical mirror such that thei extensions intersect 30 cm behind the mirror on the optical axis. The reflected rays form a diverging beam such that their extensions intersect the optical axis 1.2m from the mirror. Determine the focal length of the mirror. Inthis case en a u=+30 0 v=+120 7 : ee fov'u mo wim Find the position of the final image after three Successive reflections taking the first reflection on m,. 11 Ireflection : Focusofmiror =-10cm = u=~1Som 40cmQ3 Q4 Ex.S7 Sol. Ex.58 Sol. Reflection 55 Applying mirror formula : For If reflection on plane mirror : u=-10cm.. v= 10cm For Il reflection on curved mirror again : u=-50em == 10cm Applying mirror formula : = v=-125em. Find the position of the final image after three successive reflections taking the first reflection on m,. Ans. At the centre of curvature of curved mirror. Find the position of the final image after three successive reflections taking the first reflection onm,. Ans. Final image will be formed at distance 30 cm in front of ml. aan An extended object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis.of a coneave mirror of radius of curvature 20 em at a distance of 15 cm from pole. Find the lateral magnification produced. Aliter person looks into a spherical mirror. The size of the image of his face is twice the actual size of his face. If the face is at a distance 20 cm then find the nature of radius of curvature of the mirror. Person will soe his tace only when the image is virtual. Virtual image of real object is erect. Hence m=2Ex.59 Sol. Ex.60 Ex.61 Sol. Ate oo = 400m or R=80cm An image ofa candle on a screen is found to be double its size. When the candle shifted by a distance 5 cm then the image becomes triple its size. Find the natyy and ROC of the mirror. Since the image is formed on screen itis real. Real object and real image implies concay a} (Why u-5 2. why not u—5 : Ina concave mirror, are size of real image will increase, on! when the real object is brought closer to the mirror. In doing so, its x coordinate wi increase] From (1) &(2)we get f=-30em or R=60cm A coin is placed 10 cm in front of a concave mirror . The mirror produces a res image that has diameter 4 times that of the coin. What is the image distance? Ans. 40 cm. A small statue has a height of 1 cm and is placed in front of a spherical mirror. Th image of the statue is inverted and is 0.5cm tall and located 10 cm in front of th mirror. Find the focal length and nature of the mirror. 20 Ans. 3 cm. concave The focal length of a concave mirror is 30 em. Find the position of the object | front of the mirror. such that the image is three times the size of the object. As the object is in front of the mirror, it is real and fora real object the magnified imat formed by a concave mirror can be inverted (i.¢., real) or erect (i.¢, virtual), so there 4 two possibilities,(b) Ex.63 Sol. Ifthe image is inverted (i.e., real) i me feu 3-—u = u=-40cem =30-u Object must be at a distance of 40 cm in front of the mirror (in between C and F). Ifthe image is erect (i. virtual) object must be at a distance of 20 cm in front cof the mirror (in between F and P). A thin rod of length 5 is placed along the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal length f such that its image which is real and elongated, just touches the rod. What is magnification? Image is real and enlarged, the object must be between C and F. One end .V of the image coincides with the end A oftself, so A so it clear that the end A is at C f the length ofrod is 5 ~ distance ofthe other end B from is u, = 2 © ifthe distance of image of end B from P is v, thea > . the length of the image |vy\—|v |58 Understanding Optics Ex.64 A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm and concave mirror of focal length 15 ¢m are placed facing each other 40 cm apart. A point object is placed between the mirror on their common axis and 15 cm from the concave mirror. Find the position of image produced by the first reflection at concave mirror and then at convex mirror. Sol. ForM, mirror O act asa object, let its image is I, then, u=-1Sem,f=-l0em ty tL v -15 -10 Image, wll act asa object for mivorM, its dtnce rom mirror M, =~ (40-30) em=- 10m ttt atte dy ose you fv, 10 is! em =v=-30cm fH Boome So final image I, s formed ata distance 6 em behind the convex mirror and is virtua Ex.65 The sun subtends an angle @ radians at the pole ofa concave min mirror of focal length . Whatis the diameter of the image ofthe sun formed by the mirror? Sol. Since the suns at large distance very distant, vis very large andso “= 0 cee vu f The image of sun will be formed at the focus and will be real, inverted and diminished A’B’= height of image and Arc__A'BY 9 Radius FP d o=! d= ..