i year 2 units

myF -1
1.,yf;fzk;
,yf;fzk; vd;gJ goe;jkpo;r; nrhy;.,yf;F vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy;. mzk; vd;Dk; tpFjpg; ngw;W
,yf;fzk; vd Mapw;W. ,r;nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath; njhy;fhg;gpah; Mthh;. NkYk;
,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fk; cs;s cwit " ,yf;fpak; ,d;wp ,yf;fzk; ,d;Nw " vd;W
$wpAs;shh;.
njhy;fhg;gpak;
njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;gJ ,d;W fpilf;fg;ngWk; kpf %j;j jkpo; ,yf;fz E}yhFk;. ,/J ,yf;fpa
tbtpypUf;Fk; Xu; ,yf;fz E}yhFk;. ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpatu; njhy;fhg;gpau; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpag;
ghapuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg; gl;Ls;sJ. goq;fhyj;J E}yhf ,Ug;gpDk;> ,d;Wtiu jkpo; ,yf;fz
tpjpfSf;F mbg;gilahd E}y; ,Ug;gJ ,JNt MFk;. jkpopd; ,ay;Gk; Vw;wKk; ciuf;Fk; E}y;.
NkYk; njhy;fhg;gpak; jiyikr; rpwg;GilaJ. jha;ikg; gz;Gf; nfhz;lJ.jpUf;Fws; kf;fSf;F
caph; E}yhf tpsq;FtJ Nghy;> njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpOf;F caph; E}yhf tpsq;FfpwJ. jkpopd;
nrk;ik> goik ciug;gjw;Fk; njhy;fhg;gpaNk rhd;wpidj; jUfpwJ.
njhy; %d;W mjpfhuq;fSk;> xt;nthU mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; xd;gJ ,ay;fs; tPjk; 27 ,ay;Sk;> 1610
#j;jpuq;fSk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
vOj;J nrhy; nghUs;
E}y; kuG fpstpahf;fk; mfj;jpizapay;
nkhop kuG Ntw;Wikapy; Gwj;jpizapay;

gpwg;gpay; Ntw;Wik kaq;fpay; fstpay;
Gzhpay; tpsp kuG fw;gpay;
njhif kuG ngahpay; nghUspay;
cUgpay; tpidapay; nka;g;ghl;bay;
caph; kaq;fpay; ,ilapay; ctikapay;
Gs;sp kaq;fpay; chpapay; nra;Aspay;
Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupay; vr;rtpay; kugpay;
vOj;jjpfhuk;:
jkpopd; 30 capu;nka; vOj;Jf;fSk;> Fwpy;> neby;> ty;ypdk;> nky;ypdk;> ,ilapdk; Mfpa
,yf;fzq;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. NkYk; ,jpy; nrhy;ypd; KjYk; KbTk; vd;d vd;gJk;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.jkpopd; xsp tbtj;ijAk;> tup tbtj;ijAk; ,e;E}ypy; vLj;Jiuj;Js;shu;.
Fw;wpaYfuk;> xfuk;> vfuk; Nghd;wit Gs;sp ngUk; vd;fpwhu;.nrhy;ypd; epiy nkhop> tUnkhopapy;
tUk; Gzu;r;rpfis vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;. vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; njhy;fhg;gpau; gz;ila jkpo;ehl;by; toq;fpa
,ir ,yf;fzj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwhu;.
nrhy;yjpfhuk;:
ngau;fs; cau;jpiz> m/wpiz mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fpd vd;gij tpsf;fp> ,U jpizf;Fk;
cs;s Ie;J ghy; kw;Wk; ngau;fisAk; tpsf;fpdhu;. NkYk; nrhy; ,yf;fzk;> Ntw;Wik cUGfs;>
Ntw;Wik kaf;fk;> tpspNaw;Fk; kuG> tpspia Vw;fhj ngau;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk;
njspTgLj;jpAs;shu;.ngau;r;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;> ,ilr;nrhy;> tpidKw;W> tpid vr;rk;> njupepiy
tpidKw;W> Fwpg;G tpidKw;W> nganur;rk;> tpaq;Nfhs;> vjpu;kiw Kw;W Nghd;w Kw;WfSk;>
Ntw;Wikj; njhif> ctik njhif> tpidj;njhif Nghd;w njhiffSk;> ,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;>
jpirr;nrhy;> tlnrhy; Nghd;w ehy;tif nrhw;fSk; mjd; jd;ikfSk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nghUsjpfhuk;-
,e;j mjpfhuk; xU ,yf;fpaj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhd topKiwfis gw;wp $WfpwJ. mfk;> Gwk;
vd;w $Wfs; cs;sJ. ,J jkpopd; ftpij eilahFk;. jpiz mfj;jpiz kw;Wk; Gwj;jpiz vd
,uz;lhf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. mfj;jpiz VO> Gwj;jpiz gd;dpuz;L.
Gwj;jpiz vd;gJ tPuu;fspd; Nghu; Kiwia vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. mjid njhy;fhg;gpau; ntl;rpj;
jpizapy; $wpAs;shu;. mfj;jpiz vd;gJ jiytd; jiytpapd; fsT kw;Wk; fw;G Mfpatw;iw
vLj;Jiuf;Fk;.
njhy;fhg;gpah;
,jd; Mrphpah; njhy;fhg;gpah;. mfj;jpaupd; gd;dpuz;L khztu;fspy; xUtu; njhy;fhg;gpau;. fhg;gpa
Fb vd;Dk; Cupy; ,tu; gpwe;jjhy; ,tu; ,g;ngaiu ngw;Ws;shu; vd ,iwadhu; fsTiu fhyj;jpy;
nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
M) ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu

,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuf;F ,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; vd;Wk; miog;gh;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F
mLj;J ,aw;wg;gl;l E}y;. ,t;Tiuia kJiu Nrhk Re;juf; flTshd rptngUkhd; ,iwadhh; vd;w
ngahpy; vOjpAs;shh; vd;Wk; $Wth;. ef;fPudhUf;F fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;lth; vd;Wk; $Wth;.
nfhq;FNjh; tho;f;if vd;Dk; nra;Aisg; ghba ,iwadhh; vd;gtNu ,th; vd;Wk; $Wth;. 60
#j;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}y; fsT> fw;G vd;Dk; mfg;nghUs; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
,e;E}Yf;F ciu vOjpath; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; ,yf;fz E}y;. ,jd;
fhyk; vl;lhk; E}w;whz;lhFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; tUk; ciug;ghl;L kil vd;Dk; gFjpf;Fg; gpd;dh;
jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; ciu eil ,iwadh; fstpay; ciu MFk;.
fstpd; ,yf;fzj;ijAk;> fw;gpd; ,yf;fzj;ijAk; ciuf;Fk; ,jpy; fsTg; gphptpy; 33
E}w;ghf;fSk;> fw;G gphptpy; 27 E}w;ghf;fSk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}y; tha;nkhopahf fpl;lj;jl;l
vl;Lj; jiyKiwfSf;F $wg;gl;lJ. ,Wjpapy; ,ij Xiyapy; vOjp itj;jth; Krpwp ePyfz;ld;
vd;wf; fUj;Jk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
,e;E}ypd; ciu tuyhw;W ciuahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.ciuE}y;fSs; Kw;gl;lJ MFk;. ,jpy; ciu
ftpijg; Nghy; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
E}y; rpwg;ghYk;> ciu rpwg;ghYk; ngah; ngw;wJ ,J. Ie;jpizfspd; tuyhW> E}y; tuyhW>
Kjy; fU chpg; nghUs;fspd; tpsf;fk;> vl;L tifj; jpUkzk;> eag;G> td;Giw> cs;spl;l
nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk; kly; jpwk; $wy;> Njhopapd; gz;G eyd;fs;> mwj;NjhL epw;wy;>
fotpd; topNa fw;G> ,uTf;Fwp> gfw;Fwp>fsT ntspg;gLjy;> myh; J}w;wy;> Ntyidf; Nfl;ly;
cs;spl;lr; nra;jpfSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
,) ek;gpafg;nghUs;
njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuj;jpd; xU gFjpahf kl;Lk; mfg;nghUs; gw;wp $WfpwJ. Mdhy; 12k;
E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa ek;gpafg;nghUs; mfg;nghUs; ,yf;fzj;ij KOikahff; $WfpwJ. ,J xU
rhh;G E}y; MFk;. #j;jpu tbtpy; mike;j ,jid vOjpath; ehw;ftpuhr ek;gpahthh;. ,e;E}y;
njhy;fhg;gpa ,yf;fzj;ijAk;> rhd;Nwhhpd; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; jOtp ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. Mifahy;
E}w;ghf;fs; vspikahfTk;> nrk;ikAlDk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,e;E}y; mfj;jpizapay;(116)> fstpay;(54);> tiutpay;(59)> fw;gpay;(10)> xopgpay;(43); vd;Dk; Ie;J
,ay;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 252 E}w;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ ,e;E}y;. ,jpy; tUk; E]w;ghf;fs; fpstp>
njhif> tif> tphp vd;W gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; mfg;nghUs; tifg;ghLfshd iff;fpis>
ngUe;jpizf;fhd tiuaiw> FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy cs;spl;l Ie;jpizfSf;F
chpa Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs;> chpg;nghUs; gw;wpar; nra;jpfisf; $WfpwJ. ehw;ftpuhr ek;gp
,e;E}Yf;F mfg;nghUs; tpsf;fk; vd;W ngah; itj;Js;shh;. jkpohpd; fhjy; tho;f;ifAk;> ,y;yw
khz;gpidAk; ,e;E}y; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpauhd ehw;ftpuhrek;gp Gspaq;Fb vd;w Chpidr; Nrh;e;jth;. ca;ate;jhd; vd;gthpd;
kfd;. rkz rkaj;ij rhh;e;jth;. jkpo; tlnkhop ,uz;bYk; ty;yth;> MRftp> kJuftp> rpj;jpuf;ftp>
tpj;jhuf;ftp vd;Dk; ehy;tifg; ghf;fSk; GidAk; Mw;wy; ngw;wth;. ,jd; fhudkhfNt
ehw;ftpuhrd; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tupd; ,aw;ngah; ek;gp vd;gjhFk;.
<) Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy

Gwg;nghUSf;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk; E}y;. gd;dpU glyj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp vOjg;gl;l xU top E}y;. 361
E}w;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ntl;rp> fue;ij> tQ;rp> fhQ;rp> nehr;rp> copiQ> Jk;ig >thif>
ghlhz;> nghJtpay;> iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz cs;spl;l 12 jpizfisg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.
ntl;rp Kjy; thif tiu Nghh; epfo;rr ; pfisf; $WfpwJ. kPjKs;s ghlhz; - Mz;kfdpd; xOf;fk;
gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. nghJtpay; Nkw;$wpa vl:Lj;jpizfs; $whj nra;jpfisf; $WfpwJ. iff;fpis
XU jiyf; fhkj;ijg; gw;wpaJ> ,g;glyj;jpy; Kd;dh; Mz;ghw;$w;Wk;> gpd;dh; ngz;ghw; $w;Wk;
czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ngUe;jpiz nghUe;jhf; fhkj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. ,jd; Mrphpah; Iadhhpjdhhh;. ,th;
Nru kugpdh;.fhyk; 9-k; E}w;whz;L. Iadhhpjd; vd;gjw;F Iaq;fs; jPh;f;Fk; Mrphpah; vdg;nghUs;gLk;.
ntl;rp - Mepiuiaf; fth;jy;
( 19 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
fue;ij -Mepiuia kPl;ly;
( 13 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
tQ;rp -gifehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J nry;yy;
( 20 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
fhQ;rp - giftiuj; jLj;jy;
( 21 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
nehr;rp - kjpiy fhj;jy;
( 8 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
copiQ -Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;Wjy;
( 28 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
Jk;ig - ,UtUk; vjpnujph; NghhpLjy;
( 23 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
thif -ntw;wp ngWgth; thifG+itr; #Ljy;
( 32 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
ghlhd; - Mz;kfdpd; xOf;fk;
( 47 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
nghJtpay; -mfk;> Gwk; gw;wpaJ
( 37 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
iff;fpis – xUjiyf; fhkk; ( 19 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
ngUe;jpiz – nghUe;jhf;fhkk;( 36 Jiwfs; cilaJ)
c) ed;D}y;
ed;D}y; njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp vOjpajhy; ,jid rhh;G E}y; vd;W miog;gh;. fhyk; 13k;
E}w;whz;L MFk;. rPafq;fd; vd;Dk; kd;ddpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;f gtze;jp Kdpth; ed;D}iy
,aw;wpdhh;.
ed;D}y; vOj;J> nrhy; vd;Dk; ,uz;L mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 462 E}w;ghf;fis cilaJ.
,jd; ghaputpaypy; 56 E}w;ghf;fs; cs;sJ>
E}y; cUthf;Fk; Mrphpahpd; rpwg;G> E}y; itg;G Kiwg;gw;wp NgRtJ ghaputpay; MFk;.
vOj;jjpfhuk; vOj;J> gjk;> capHPw;Wg;Gzhpay;> nka;aPw;Wg;Gzhpay;> cUGg;Gzhpay; cs;spl;l Ie;J
,ay;fs; nfhz;lJ. nrhy;yjpfhuk; ngah;> tpid> ,il> nghJ> chpapay; vd;Dk; Ie;J ,ay;fs;
gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.
,e;E}ypd; Kd; rpwg;Gg; ghapuk; xd;W cs;sJ. ,jidaLj;J nghJg;ghapuk; cs;sJ.
,g;ghapuj;jpy; 56 E}w;ghf;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; rpy ,iwadhh; fstpay;> ,sk;G+uzh; ciuapy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gh;.
C) jz;bayq;fhuk;
jz;bayq;fhuj;jpd; Mrphpah; jz;b. tlnkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l fhtpa jhprk; vd;w E}ypidg;
gpd;gw;wp vOjg;gl;l E}y; jz;b MFk;. MapDk; ,e;E}y; rpwg;Gg; ghapuj;jpy; fhtpajh;rj;ijg; gw;wpf;
$whky; njhy;fhg;gpa newpfisAk;> guj ,yf;fzg; gz;GfisAk; $WfpwJ. myq;fhuk; vd;why;
moF vd;W nghUs;. jz;b Nrho ehl;bdh;.mk;gpfhgjpapd; mUikg; Gyth;. jz;b vd;Dk; ngah;
jkpo;ehl;by; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;Al;fs; gy mdghad; Nrhoidg; gw;wpaJ.
mdgha kd;ddpd; fhyk; 12 k; E}w;whz;L> Mifahy; jz;bapd; fhyKk; gd;dpnuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L
vd;gh;
%d;W ,ay;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 126 E}w;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1.nghJtzpapay; - 26 E}w;gh ( Fztpay; vd;w ngah; cz;L)
2. nrhy;yzpapay; - 35 E}w;gh ( vr;rtpay; vd;w ngah; cz;L)
3. nghUszpapay; 65 E}w;gh
nghJtzpapaypy; nra;As; tifg; gw;wpAk;> nghUszpapaypy; 35 mzpfs; gw;wpAk;>
nrhy;yzpapaypy; klf;F> rpj;jpuk; Mfpatw;wpd; ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ. ,e;E}Yf;F ciu vOjpath;
ahh; vd;gJ njhpatpy;iy.
v) ahg;ngUq;fyf;fhhpif
nra;Aspd; ,yf;fzk; $Wk; E}y;. ,e;E}Yf;F ahg;gUq;fy Gw eil vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.
ahg;gUq;fyj;jpid tpl vspikAk;> RUf;fKk; nfhz;lJ. ,jd; Mrphpah; mkph;j rhfuh;. 10 k;
E}w;whz;L. fhyk; ciuahrphpah; Fzrhfuh;. ahg;G> J}f;F> ghl;L> njhlh;> gh> ftpij vd;gd
nra;ASf;F toq;Fk; NtWngah;fs;. fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwahy; MdJ. ahg;G vd;gij nra;As;
vd;Wk;> mUq;fyk; vd;gJ mzpfyd; vd;Wk;> fhhpif vd;gJ ngz; vd;Wk; nghUs; nfhz;L jkpo;
vd;Dk; ngz;zpw;Fr; #l;lg;ngw;w ahg;G vd;Dk; mzpfyd;jhd; ahg;ngUq;fyf;fhhpif.
vOj;J> nra;As;> xopgpay; vd;w %d;W ,ay;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 44 fhhpiffisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis> mb> njhil> gh> ghtpdk;> Mfpatw;wpd; ,yf;fzj;ijf; $WfpwJ.
nra;Al;fspd; cWg;Gf;fs; MwidAk; $WtJ cWg;gpay;. Ie;Jtifg; ghf;fs; gw;wpAk;> mtw;wpd;
,dq;fs; gw;wpAk; tpsf;FtJ nra;Aspay;. ,t;tpuz;L ,ay;fspYk; $wg;glhj nra;j;fisg; gw;wpr;
nrhy;tJ xopgpay;.
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.,yf;fzk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; toq;fpath;------------
m) mfj;jpah; M) njhy;fhg;gpah; ,) ed;D}yhh; <) rhkpehjh;
2.njhy;fhg;gpah; vj;jidg; gphptpy; ,yf;fzq;fisf; $wpAs;shh;?
m) %d;W M) Ie;J ,) VO <) gj;J
3.njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ,ay;fs; vj;jid?
m) 27 M)29 ,) 26 <) 25
4.vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;igg; gw;wpf; $Wk; ,ay; vJ?
m) gpwg;gpay; M) Gzhpay; ,) nkhop kuG <) E}d;kuG
5.,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu vj;jidg; gphpTfs; cilaJ?
m) ,uz;L M) %d;W ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J
6.,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu vj;jid E}w;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ?
m) 60 M) 64 ,) 70 <) 80
8.,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuf;F toq;Fk; NtWngah;?
m) mfg;nghUs; M) ,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; ,) ,iwadhh; fsT <) ,iwadhh; tpsf;fk;
9.mfg;nghUs; ,yf;fzj;ijg; gw;wp $Wk; E}y;
m) ek;gpafg;nghUs; M) ,iwadhh; fstpay; ,) ed;D}y; <) njhy;fhg;gpak;
10.rhh;G E}y; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; E}y
11.Ie;jpizf;F chpa Kjw;> fU> chpg;nghUs; gw;wp $Wk; E}y;
12.ek;gpafg;nghUspd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) ehw;ftpuhr ek;gp M) njhy;fhg;gpah; ,) mfj;jpah; <) tPukh Kdpth;
13.Gwg;nghUs; ve;j E}iy gpd;gw;wp vOjg;gl;lJ?
m) njhy;fhg;gpak; M) gd;dpUglyk; ,) mfj;jpak; <) tPuNrhopak;
14.Gwg;nghUspy; ,lk;ngWk; jpizfs; vj;jid?
m) 14 M) 12 ,) 15 <) 16
15.kjpiyf;fhj;jy; vj;jpizf;FhpaJ?
m) copiQ M) fue;ij ,) nehr;rp <) ntl;rp
16.njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; rhh;G E}y;?
m) ed;D}y; M) tPuNrhopak; ,) ahg;G <) Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy
17.ed;D}ypd; Mrphpah; -----------------
m) gtze;jp Kdpth; M) njhy;fhg;gpah; ,) mfj;jpah; <) tPukh Kdpth;
;18.jz;bayq;fhuj;jpd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) gtze;jpahh; M) ed;D}yhh; ,) jz;b <) njhy;fhg;gpah;
19. jz;bapy; ,lk;ngWk; E}w;ghf;fs; vj;jid?
m) 125 M) 126 ,) 127 <) 128
20.nra;Aspd; ,yf;fzk; $Wk; E}y;?
m) ahg;ngUq;fyfhhpif M) njhy;fhg;gpak; ,) ed;D}y; <) jz;b
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;G tiuf
2.,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; E}y; Fwpg;G jUf.
3.ek;gpafg;nghUs; Fwpg;G tiuf.
4.Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy gw;wpa nra;jpfis vOJf
5.ed;D}y; Fwpg;G tiuf.
6. ahg;G – E}y; Fwpg;G jUf.
gj;J kjp;g;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;jpfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
2.jkpopy; ,lk;ngWk; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tbtpy; tpil vOJf.
ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;.

Kd;Diu
xU nkhopiar; nrk;ikahfg; NgRtjw;Fk;> vOJtjw;Fk; Jiz epw;gJ ,yf;fzk; MFk;. mtw;wpy;
ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lk; Fwpj;J ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;
,uz;L nrhw;fisr; Nrh;j;J vOJk; nghOJ Kjypy; epiynkhop tUk;. mLj;J tUnkhop te;J
,izAk; NghJ ,ilapy; f>r>j>g vd;Dk; ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jf;fs; te;jhy; mt;tplq;fspy; xw;W
kpFe;J fhzg;gLk;. mitNa
typkpFk; ,lkhFk;.
ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lj;jpw;fhd tpjpKiwfs;
1. epiynkhop <w;wpy; capnuOj;J epw;f> tUnkhop Kjypy; ty;ypdk; te;J NrUk; NghJ
kpFe;J xypf;Fk;.
gyh + gok; = gyhg;gok;
thio+ gok; = thiog;gok;
kio+fhyk; = kiof;fhyk;
2.m>, vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;Jf;fspd; gpd;Dk; v vd;Dk; tpdh vOj;jpw;Fg; gpd;Dk; typkpFk;.
m + Flk; = mf;Flk;
m + igad; = mg;igad;
v + Gj;jfk; = vg;Gj;jfk;
v + gf;fk; = vg;gf;fk;
, + nrb = ,r;nrb
3.me;j > ,e;j nrhw;fspd; gpd;Dk; typ kpFk;

me;j+ Fjpiu = me;jf; Fjpiu
,e;j + rl;il = ,e;jr; rl;il
ve;j+ Njhl;lk; = ve;jj;Njhl;lk;
,e;j + Foe;ij = ,e;jf;Foe;ij
4.mg;gb> ,g;gb> vg;gb vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; typ kpFk;.
mg;gb+ nra;jhd; = mg;gbr; nra;jhd;
vg;gb+ Ngrpdhd; = vg;gbg; Ngrpdhd;
,g;gb+ $wpdhd; = ,g;gbf; $wpdhd;
mg;gb + NgR = mg;gbg; NgR
,g;gb + nrhy; = ,g;gbr; nrhy;
vg;gb+ je;jha; = vg;gbj; je;jha;
5.Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; typ kpFk;. (fz;)
Fb +gpwe;jhh; = Fbg;gpwe;jhh;
top +nrd;whh; = topr;nrd;whh;.
fhl;bil + nrd;whs; = fhl;bilr; nrd;whs;
6.,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik tphpapy; typ kpFk; (I)
mtid + fz;Nld; = mtidf;fz;Nld;
E}iy + gb = E}iyg;gb
kuj;ij + ghHj;Njd; = kuj;ijg; ghHj;Njd;
G+idia + ghHj;jhd; = G+idiag; ghHj;jhd;
filf;F + Nghdhd; = filf;Fg; Nghdhd;
7.gz;Gj;njhifapy; typ kpFk;
ePyk;+ fly; = ePyf;fly;
tl;lk;+fy; = tl;lf;fy;
cz;ik+ nray; = cz;ikr; nray;
nts;is + jhs; = nts;isj;jhs;
nka;+ nghUs; ; = nka;g;nghUs;
9.ctikj; njhifapy; typ kpFk;
gtsk;+ nrt;tha; = gtsr;nrt;tha;
jhkiu+fz; = jhkiuf;fz;
nuhl;b + jiy = nuhl;bj;jiy
Kj;J + gy; = Kj;Jg;gy;
10.,U nganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhifapy; typ kpFk;
rhiu+ ghk;G = rhiug;ghk;G
khh;fop+ jpq;fs; = khh;fopj; jpq;fs;
ij+jpq;fs; = ijj;jpq;fs;
ky;ypif + G+ = ky;ypifg;G+
11.,dp> jdp vd;w nrhw;fSf;F Kd; typ kpFk;
,dp +fhz;Nghk; = ,dpf;fhz;Nghk;
jdp +jkpo; = jdpj;jkpo;
,dp +NgNrd;= ,dpg;NgNrd;
jdp+Fbir= jdpf;Fbir
12.rhy> jt vd;Dk; chpr;nrhy; Kd; tUk; ty;ypdk; kpFk;
rhy+rpwe;jJ = rhyr; rpwe;jJ
jt + nghpJ = jtg;nghpJ
13.XnuOj;J xU nkhopf;F gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;
G+ +njhLj;jhd; = G+j;njhLj;jhd;
ik+ fhR = ikf;fhR
if+ Foe;ij = iff;Foe;ij
gh+ Gide;jhd; = ghg;Gide;jhd;
jP +gpbj;jJ = jPg;gpbj;jJ
14.<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;

Xlh +Fjpiu = Xlhf;Fjpiu
mopah+ Gfo; = mopahg;Gfo;
mwpah+gps;is = mwpahg;gps;is
jPuh +Jd;gk; = jPuhj;Jd;gk;
fhzh +fhl;rp= fhzhf;fhl;rp
15.nkd;nwhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.

fd;W+ Fl;b = fd;Wf;Fl;b
gQ;R+nghjp = gQ;Rg;nghjp
gz;G+njhif = gz;Gj;njhif
16.td;nwhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.
gl;L+Nriy = gl;Lr;Nriy
vl;L+njhif = vl;Lj;njhif
gj;J+ghl;L = gj;Jg;ghl;L
fw;W +nfhLj;jhd; ;= fw;Wf;nfhLj;jhd;
nfhf;F +gwe;jJ = nfhf;Fg;gwe;jJ
vl;L +fl;Lfs; = vl;Lf;fl;Lfs;
17.Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.(mJ)
Fjpiu+fhy; = Fjpiuf;fhy;
my;yp+G+ = my;ypg;G+
FUtp +fhz;Nghk; = FUtpj;jiy
fpsp +$L = fpspf;$L
eha;+Fl;b = eha;fF; l;b
18.ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik tphpapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.(F)
NfhtpYf;F+nrd;Nwd; = NfhtpYf;Fr; nrd;Nwd;
mtDf;F+nfhLj;jhd; = mtDf;Ff;nfhLj;jhd;
19.cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.
rl;il+Jzp = rl;ilj;Jzp
mLg;G+Gif = mLg;Gg;Gif
jz;zPH+ghk;G = jz;zPHg;ghk;G
20.mftPw;W tpidnar;rj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.
Xl+nrhd;dhd; =Xlr;nrhd;dhd;
ed;whf+gbg;ghd; =ed;whfg;gbg;ghd;
KbTiu
,t;thwhf ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs; gw;wpAk; mjw;fhd tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
gw;wpAk;; tphpthfg; ghHj;Njhk;.
c)ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs;

Kd;Diu
xU nkhopiar; nrk;ikahfg; NgRtjw;Fk>; vOJtjw;Fk; Jiz epw;gJ ,yf;fzkhFk;. mtw;wpy;
ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs; Fwpj;J ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lk;

,uz;L; nrhw;fisr; Nrh;j;J vOJk; nghOJ tUnkhop Kjypy; f>r>j>g vd;Dk; ty;nyOj;Jf;fs;
te;jhy; mt;tplq;fspy; xw;W kpfhky; tUk;. mitNa typkpfh ,lq;fshFk;.
ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lj;jpw;fhd tpjpKiwfs;

1.ngah; Kd; tpid> tpid Kd; ngah;> tpid Kd; tpid vd tUk; NghJk; vOtha;j;njhlh;>
mLf;Fj; njhlh; tpspj;njhlh;> ck;ikj; njhif Mfpatw;wpYk; typkpfhJ. epiynkhop
cah;jpizahapDk; m. ;.wpizg; gd;ikahapDk; typ kpfhJ.
Gyp+gha;e;jJ = Gypgha;e;jJ
ghk;G+ghk;G = ghk;Gghk;G
Foyp+ghh; = Foyp ghh;
,uT+gfy; = ,uTk;gfYk;
mth;+Gfo; = mth; Gfo;
2.mJ> ,J> vd;Dk; Rl;Lfspd; gpd;Dk; vJ> ahJ vd;Dk; tpdhr; nrhw;fspd; gpd;Dk; ty;ypdk;
kpfhJ.
mJ+Gj;jfk; = mJ Gj;jfk;
,J+gwe;jJ = ,Jgwe;jJ
vJ+nra;jhd; = vJnra;jhd;
ahJ+nrhd;dhd; = ahJnrhd;dhd;
3.mj;jid> ,j;jid> vj;jid vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.

mj;jid+Gj;jfq;fs; = mj;jid Gj;jfq;fs;
,j;jid+goq;fsh = ,j;jid goq;fsh
vj;jid+Nfhtpy; = vj;jid Nfhtpy;
4.rpy> gy vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; Kd; typ kpFtjpy;iy.

gy+Fbirfs; = gy Fbirfs;
rpy+nrhw;fs; = rpy nrhw;fs;
5.tpdhit czHj;Jk; M>V>X> vd;Dk; tpdhntOj;Jf;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.
mtdh+Nghdhd; = mtdh Nghdhd;
mtsh+nfhLj;jhs; = mtsh nfhLj;jhs;
mtNdh+ Nghdhd; = mtNdh Nghdhd;
mtNd + Nfl;lhd; = mtNd Nfl;lhd;
6.tpspg;ngahpd; gpd;Dk;> tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;wpd; gpd;Dk; tUk; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

jk;gP+Ngh = jk;gP Ngh
tho;f+gy;yhz;L = tho;f gy;yhz;L
xopf+nfhLik = xopf nfhLik
7.vOtha; njhlhpy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

khL+nrd;wJ = khL nrd;wJ
nfhf;F+gwe;jJ = nfhf;F gwe;jJ
8.tpidj;njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

CW+fha; =CWfha;
RL+fhL =RLfhL
ML+ghk;G =MLghk;G
9.ck;ikj;njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ
jha;+je;ij = jha;je;ij
khHfop+ij = khHfopij
,uT+gfy; = ,uTgfy;
ahid+Fjpiu = ahidFjpiu
10.,uz;lhk;; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ
ghy;+Fbj;jhd;. = ghy;Fbj;jhd;
gok;+jpd;whd; =gok;jpd;whd;
11.<Wnfl;l vjpHkiwg; nganur;rk; > nganur;rq;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

;
thlhj+G+ = thlhj G+
gbj;j+ngz; = gbj;j ngz;
Xlh +Fjpiu = Xlh Fjpiu
12.Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

ts;StH+fUj;J = ts;StH fUj;J
xsit+nrhy; = xsit nrhy;
13.mit> ,it vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

mit+nrd;wd = mit nrd;wd
,it+nra;jd = ,it nra;jd
14.vl;Lk; gj;Jk; my;yhj vz;fspd; Kd; typkpfhJ.

,uz;L+fhR = ,uz;L fhR
%d;W+gb = %d;W gb
ehd;F+jtiz = ehd;F jtiz
Ie;J+rl;b = Ie;J rl;b
MW+gil = MW gil
15.,ul;ilf; fpstpapYk;> mLf;Fj; njhlhpYk; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ
ry+ry = ryry
ghk;G+ghk;G = ghk;Gghk;G
16.tpidKw;Wj; njhlhpy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ
te;jJ+fg;gy; = te;jJ fg;gy;
nrd;wd+Fjpiufs; = nrd;wd Fjpiufs;
17.gb vd;Dk; nrhy; tpidNahL NrHe;J tUkplj;jpy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ
tUk;gb+$wpdhs; = tUk;gb $wpdhs;
jUk;gb+Nfl;lhd; = jUk;gb Nfl;lhd;
18.tpidahyizAk;ngauhfNth njhopw; ngauhfNth te;jhy; typ kpFtjpy;iy.
khb+fhty; = khb fhty;
njhiy+Ngrp = njhiyNgrp
19.njhfhepiyj; njhlh;fspy; xw;W kpfhJ
epiy+NgW = epiyNgW
20.nebyPw;W tpid Kw;Wj; njhlhpy; kpfhJ
cz;zh +Fjpiu = cz;zhFjpiu
KbTiu
,t;thW ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs; gw;wpAk; mjw;fhd tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfisAk;
tphpthfg; ghHj;Njhk;.
<nuhw;W tUk; ,lq;fs;

xU nka; vOj;Jf;F mLj;J NtnwhU nka;vOj;J> capu;nka; vOj;Jld; tuhky; jdp nka;
vOj;jhfTk; tUtJ cz;L. mt;thW ,uz;L nka; vOj;Jfs; Nru;e;J tUtij <u;xw;W kaf;fk;
vd;W $Wtu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: Gfo;rr
; p
,jpy; ‘o;’ vd;Dk; nka; vOj;Jf;Fg; gpd; ‘r;’ vd;w nka; vOj;J te;Js;sJ. ,e;j ‘r;’ vd;Dk; vOj;J
capu;nka;Ald; Nru;e;J tuhky; jdp nka; vOj;jhfNt te;Js;sJ.
<u;xw;W kaf;fk; tUk; ,lq;fs;:

a;> u;> o; vd;Dk; %d;W nka; vOj;Jfis mLj;J> f;> q;> r;> Q;> j;> e;> g;> k; Mfpa nka; vOj;Jfs;
<u;xw;Wfshfr; Nru;e;J tUk;.
• ‘a;’ vd;Dk; vOj;Jld; <u;xw;W tUjy;
eha;ff ; hy; - f;
Nta;q;Foy; - q;
fha;r;ry; - r;
nka;Q;Qhdk; - Q;
Nka;j;jy; - j;
gha;e;jJ - e;
tha;g;G - g;
nra;k;kd (nra;Aspy; kl;LNk tUk;)
• ‘u;’ vd;Dk; vOj;Jld; <u;xw;W tUjy;
ghu;f;fpwhs;- f;
Mu;q;NfhL- (Mj;jpkuf;fpis) - q;
cau;r;rp- r;
Q;- tof;fj;jpy; ,y;iy.
ghu;j;jy;- j;
Cu;e;J- e;
jPu;g;G- g;
k;- tof;fj;jpy; ,y;iy.
‘o;’ vd;Dk; vOj;Jld; <u;xw;W tUjy;
tho;f;if- f;
gho;q;fpzW- q;
tPo;rr
; p- r;
Q;- tof;fj;jpy; ,y;iy
tho;j;J- j;
tho;e;J- e;
jho;g;ghs;- g;
k;- tof;fj;jpy; ,y;iy.
xU> Xu; tUk; ,lq;fs;

xU – capu;nka; vOj;ij Kjyhff; nfhz;L njhlq;Fk; nrhy;ypd; Kd;Nd tUk;.
rhd;W: xU tPL> xU rpq;fk;> xU fg;gy;> xU NfhL> xU khL>
Xu; – capu; vOj;ij Kjyhff; nfhz;L njhlq;Fk; nrhy;ypd; Kd;Nd tUk;.

rhd;W: Xu; Mrpupau;> Xu; ML. xH CH;> Xh; xl;lfk;> Xh; Vzp> Xh; ,iy
mJ> m/J tUk; ,lq;fs;
mJ vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fk;> m/J vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fk; nghUspy; NtWghL fpilahJ.
mJ – capu;nka; vOj;ij Kjyhff; nfhz;L njhlq;Fk; nrhy;ypd; Kd;Nd tUk;.(

f>r>j>g>Q>e>u>a>k>t>q)
rhd;W: mJ Gyp> mJ tz;b> mJ khl;L tz;b.
m/J – capu; vOj;ij Kjyhff; nfhz;L njhlq;Fk; nrhy;ypd; Kd;Nd tUk;.(m> M> ,> <> c>
C> v> V> I> x> X> xs)
rhd;W: m/J ,y;iy> m/J Mik> m/J Vzp
jhd; jhk; tUk; ,lq;fs;
jhd; vd;gJ xUikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. jhk; vd;gJ gd;ikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
jhd;> jd;id> jd;dhy;> jdf;F> jdJ Mfpatw;iw xUikj; njhlu;fspy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
rhd;W - khztd; jdJ ifahy; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;.
rhd;W - fd;W jdJ jiyia Ml;baJ.
jhk;> jk;ik> jk;khy;> jkf;F> jkJ Mfpatw;iwg; gd;ikj; njhlu;fspy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
rhd;W - jiytu; jkJ ifahy; gupR toq;fpdhu;.
rhd;W - khLfs; jkJ jiyia Ml;bd.
1. ty;ypd vOj;Jfis thpirg;gLj;Jf?
m) f>r>j>g M) f>j>r>g ,) f>g>j>r <) f>j>g>r
2.ty;nyOj;J kpFe;J tUjiy vt;thW $WNthk;
m) typkpFjy; M) ty;ypdk; kpFjy; ,) ty;nyOj;J kpFjy;
3.mg;gb> vg;gb vd;w nrhw;fspy; vq;F typ kpfhJ
m) Kd; M)gpd; ,) ,il <) Kd;>gpd;
4..gtsr;nrt;tha; ve;j njhif
m) ck;ik M) gz;G ,) ctik <) tpid
5.jhkiu+fz; = jhkiuf;fz; ve;j njhlh;
m) ck;ikj;njhif M) ctikj;njhif ,) nkd;njhlh; <) td;njhlh;
6.nre;jhkiu vt;tif njhlh;
m)gz;Gnjhif M)tpidj;njhif ,)Ntw;Wikj;njhif <)md;nkhopj;njhif
7.Xlhf;Fjpiu vt;tif thf;fpak;
m)tpidnar;rk; M)nganur;rk; ,)<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwnganur;rk;
<)vjph;kiw nganur;rk;
8.ve;j ,uz;L vz;fisj; jtpu kw;w vz;fspy; typ kpFk;
m)8>2 M)6>8 ,)8>10 <)7>4
9.gl;L+Nrhiy=gl;Lr;Nrhiy vd;d njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;
m)td;njhlh; M)nkd;njhlh; ,),ilj;njhlh; <)Fw;wpaYfutd;njhlh;
10..Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs; ahit?
m) m>,>c M) m>,>v ,) m>c>, <) M><>C
11..gygy vd;w nrhy;ypd; Kd; typ kpFkh?
m) kpFk; M) kpfhJ ,) kpFe;Jk; kpfhkYk; tUk; <) vJTkpy;iy
12.a; cld; ve;j vOj;Jf;fs; <nuhw;wha; tUk;?
m) l>z>j M) f>r>j ,) f>q>r>q>j>e>g>k <) ,tw;wpy; vJTkpy;iy
13.caph; vOj;ij Kjyhf nfhz;L tUtJ vJ>
m) xU M) Xh; ,) mJ <) ,/J
14.gd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gJ------------------
m) mJ M) ,J ,) jhd; <) jhk;
1. ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
2. <nuhw;W nka;kaf;fk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
3. jhd;>jhk;> mJ>m/;J tUk; ,lq;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lk; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
2. ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
2.rq;f ,yf;fpak;
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;
Kd;Diu
“ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif
Iq;FWE}W xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J
Xq;F ghpghly; fw;wwpe;jhh; Vj;Jk; fypNahL
mfk; Gwnkd ,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj;njhif”
vl;Lj;njhiff;F “vz;ngUe;njhif” vd;Wk; ngah; cz;L. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; ew;wpiz>
FWe;njhif> mfehD}W> Iq;FWE}W fypj;njhif Mfpa E}y;fs; mfg;nghUs; gw;wpad. ghpghly;
mfKk; GwKk; rhh;e;j E}y;. GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,uz;Lk; Gwg;nghUs; E}y;fs;. gz;ila
jkpoh;fspd; tho;f;ifia mfk;> Gwk; vd ,uz;L tifahf gphpj;jdh;. mfk; vd;gJ jiytDk;>
jiytpAk; cs;sj;jpy; mDgtpj;j ,d;gj;ij gpwUf;F $w KbahJ. Gwk; vd;gJ kd;ddpd; tPuk;>
ntw;wp> nfhil Kjypatw;iw Gfo;e;J ghLtJ.
mfg;nghUs; E}y;fs;
ew;wpiz
ey;+jpid = ew;wpiz. mjid ew;wpiz ehD}W vdTk; miog;gh;. ey; vd;w mil nkhopAld;
jpiz Nrh;e;J ew;wpiz vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 9 mb Kjy; 12 mb tiu mike;j 400 -
ghly;fis nfhz;lJ. 275 Gyth;fs; ghly;fis ghbAs;sdh;. ,e;E}iyj; njhFg;gpj;jth; ghz;bad;
khwd; tOjp. ew;wpiz mf;fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw> kd;dh;fspd; nfhil jd;ik Mfpatw;iw
rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. J}J vd;w ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ,e;E}y; topfhl;bahf mike;Js;sJ. fpsp>
ehiu Kjypatw;iw J}J tpLtjhfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
FWe;njhif
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; Kjypy; njhFf;fgl;lJ FWe;njhif. 4 mb Kjy; 8 mb nfhz;l 400 -
ghly;fis cilaJ. FWe;njhif ehD}W vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,e;E}iy njhFj;jth; “G+hpf;Nfh”.
205 Gyth;fs; ghbAs;sdh;. ,e;E}Yf;F er;rpdhh;fpdpah; ciu vOjpAs;shh;. filNaO ts;sy;fis
gw;wpAk;> rpw;wurh;fs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mrphpah; ngah; njhpahj ghly;fSf;Fr;
nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePuhh;> Fg;ig Nfhopahh;> fhf;ifg; ghbdpahh; vd;w ctikr; rpwg;ghy; ngah;
itj;Js;sdh;.
“epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W ePhpDk; Mustpd;Nw rhuy;
Iq;FWE}W
xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; 100 - ghly;fs; tPjk; 500 - ghly;fis cilaJ. 3 mb Kjy; 6 mb tiu
ghlg;gLtJ. njhFj;jth; $lY}h; fpohh;. njhFg;gpj;jth; Nruh; ,Uk;nghiw. ,e;E}ypy;
tpyq;F>gwitfis> fUg;nghUshf nfhz;L Fuq;F gj;J> fps;isg;gj;J> kapy;gj;J vd xt;nthU 10
ghl;bw;Fk; ngah; mikj;jdh;. jiytd;> guj;ijapd; ,y;yj;jpw;F nrd;W jpUk;gp tUk; nghOJ
jiytp mtdplk; Cly; nfhz;L thb ,Ug;gjhfNt ngUk;ghyhd ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd.
“eida fhQ;rpf; rpida
rpWkPd; ahzh; Cud;”
mfehD}W
mfk; vdTk; mfg;ghl;L vdTk;>neLe;njhif> ngUe;njhif ehD}W vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. 13 mb
Kjy; 31 mbfis cilaJ. 400 ghly;fis nfhz;lJ. ghba Gyth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 145 Ngh;.
,e;E}iy njhFj;jth; cUj;jpurd;kdhh.; njhFg;gpj;jth; ghz;bad; cf;fpu ngUtOjp> ,e;E}y;
fspw;W ahid epiu(1 -120)> kzpkpilg; gtsk;(121-300;)> epj;jpyf; Nfhit(301-400) vd ghFghL
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ghiyjpiz ghly;fNs kpFjpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ed;dd;> fhpfhyd;> ghz;ba
neLQ;nropad; Nghd;w ngUepy kd;dh;fis gw;wpAk; vopdp> Ml;ldj;jp> gioad; Nghd;w FWepy
kd;dh;fis gw;wpAk; ,e;E}y; $Wfpd;wJ.
fypj;njhif
juT> jhopir> jdpr;nrhy;> Rhpjfk; vd;w ,dpa Xirahy; mike;j 150 ghly;fis cilaJ. vdNt
,e;E}y; ,irg;ghl;L vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;. “fw;wwpe;jhh; Vj;Jk; fyp”vd;w rpwg;GilaJ.
FwpQ;rp - fgpyh; (29ghly;fs;)
kUjk; - ,sehfdhh; (17ghly;fs;)
Ky;iy - ey;cUj;jpud; (35ghly;fs;)
nea;jy; - ey;ye;Jtd; (33ghly;fs;)
ghiy - ngUq;fLq;Nfh(35ghly;fs;)
vd;W Ie;J epyj;jpw;Fk; Ie;J Gyth;fs; jdpj;jdpNa ghly;fs; ghbAs;sdh;. fypg;ghtpdhy; mike;j
xNu E}y;. kly; VWjy; ,e;E}ypy; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
GwE}y;fs;
GwehD}W
Gwk;> Gwk;ghl;L> Gwk;G ehD}W vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLk;. 400 ghly;fis nfhz;lJ. 4 mb Kjy; 40 mb
tiu ghlg;gLk;. 158 - Gyth;fs; ghly;fs; ghbAs;sdh;. ,e;E}y; kd;dh;fs;> FWepy kd;dh;fs;> Ntsph;
Nghh; ghly;> eLfy;> kfsph; jP gha;jy; vd;w Kiwapy; thpirg;gb mike;Js;sJ. xt;nthU ghl;bd;
,WjpapYk; jpiz> Jiw> ghbNdhh>; ghlg;gl;Nlhh;> #oy; Nghd;w Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Gwg;nghUis rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghLfpd;w ,e;E}ypd; thapyhf mf;fhy kf;fspd; murpay;> fy;tp> ehfhpfk;>
gz;ghL Nghd;w nra;jpfs; mwpayhk;. gjpw;Wg;gj;J mftw;ghthy; mike;j Gwg;nghUs; E}y;. gj;J
Nru Nte;jh;fs; gw;wp gj;J Gyth;fs; ghba 100 ghly;fspd; njhFg;G. Kjy; gj;Jk; ,Wjp gj;Jk;
fpilf;fg; ngwtpy;iy. ghlhz; jpizapy; mike;j ,e;E}ypy; xt;nthU ghlypd; ,WjpapYk; Jiw>
tz;zk;> J}f;F> ghlypd; ngah; Mfpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xt;nthU 10 - ghlypd;
,WjpapYk; murhpd; “nka;fPh;j;jp” xd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ.
mfg;Gw E}y; - ghpghly;
ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh> fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh Nghd;w gh tiffshy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ghpghly; 20 mb Kjy;
400 mb tiu ghlg;gLk;. 13 Gyth;fs; ,e;E}iy ghbAs;sdh;. mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL Mfpa
ehd;F cWjpg; nghUs;fSs; ,d;gj;ij kl;Lk; ghLtJ ,e;E}y;. xt;nthU ghlypd; ,WjpapYk;
mjw;Fhpa ,irapid tFj;jth; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpUkhypUe;jNrhiy>
jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; Nghd;w ,ltUzidfisAk;> kJiu khefh; gw;wpa tUzidfs; rpwg;ghf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
KbTiu
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspd; thapyhf kd;dh;fs; Gyth;fSld; nfhz;bUe;j md;G> mf;fhy kf;fspd;
tho;f;if Kiw> murpay; gz;ghL> r%f mikg;G Kjypatw;iw ed;F czu Kbfpd;wJ.
gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs;
Kd;Diu
gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; vd;gJ E}W my;yJ E}w;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l mbfis nfhz;l jdpj;jdp E}yhFk;.
midj;J ghly;fSNk mftw;ghthy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;E}y;fs; midj;Jk; mftw;ghthy; MdJ.
,e;E}y; KOikf;Fk; “er;rpdhh;fpdpah;” ciu vOjpAs;shh;. gz;ilj; jkpoh; tho;f;ifia cs;sgb
fhl;Lk; fhyf; fz;zhbahf ,e;E}y; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
“KUF nghUehW ghzpuz;L Ky;iy
ngUF ts kJiuf; fhQ;rp-kUtpdpa
Nfhy neLey;thil Nfhy; FwpQ;rpg;
gl;bdg; ghiy flhj;njhLk; gj;J”
vd;w gok;ghly;>gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; vit vd;gij kpfj; njspthff; fhl;LfpwJ. ghba Gyth;fs;
vl;Lg;Ngh;. ghlg;gl;l murh;fSk; vl;Lg;Ngh;.
ts;sy;fis ehbr; nry;Yk; ghzh;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf ,e;E}y;fs; mike;Js;sd.
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil kl;Lk; tPL NgW ngw;w xUtd; tPLNgW ngwtpUk;Gk; xUtid ,iwtdplk;
Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
1.jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil:
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ef;fPuh;. ,e;E}y; nkhj;jk; 317 mbfis cilaJ. ,jd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd;
KUfd;. tPLNgW mile;j ,utyd; xUtd; kw;nwhU ,utyid KUfdplk; Mw;Wg;gLj;JtJ
“jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil” MFk;.KUF> Gytuhw;Wg;gil vd NtW ngah;fs; cs;sd. KUfdpd;
jyq;fshd jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> jpUrPuiytha;> jpUNtufk;> jpUthtpd;Fb> Fd;WNjhuhly;> goKjph;
Nrhiy Nghd;w mWgil jyq;fs; rpwg;gpj;J ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,iwtid mila md;G newp>mwpT
newp vd ,uz;L cz;L mtw;wpy; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil md;G newpiaNa typAWj;jp $Wfpd;wJ.
,e;E}y; irt jpUKiwapy; 11 Mk; jpUKiwahf Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2.nghUeh; Mw;Wg;gil
,e;E}y; 248 mbfis cilaJ. ,e;E}ypd; Mrpahpah; “Klj;jhk fz;zpahh;” ghl;Lilj; jiytd;
fhpfhyd;. ,tUila nfhil rpwg;ig gw;wp E}y; KOtJk; rpwg;gpj;J ghlg;gLfpwJ. ghprpy; ngw;w
nghUeh; ghprpy; ngw tpWk;Gk; nghUeid Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.
nghUeh; Vh;fsk; ghLNthh>; Nghh;f;fsk; ghLNthh>; guzp ghLNthh; vd gytif gLth;. ,q;F nghUeh;
vd;gJ Nghh;f;fsk; ghLNthiu Fwpf;Fk;.
3.rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
,e;E}y; ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh; “ey;ypaf;Nfhlid”ghbaJ. ,jd; mbfs; 269. ,e;E}ypy; %Nte;jh;fis
gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk;> filNaO ts;sy;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpAk;> kd;ddpd; tPuk;> nfhil> ntw;wp
rpwg;G> tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;G Kjypait rpwg;ghf vLj;J ciuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jidr;
“rpwg;Gilj;jhd rpWghzhw;Wg;gil” - vd;gh;. gz;ghLNthh; ghzuhth;. ,irg;ghzh;> aho;g;ghzh>;
gpr;ir vLj;J thOk; kz;ilg;ghzh; vd %tifg;gLth;. rpwpa ahio thrpg;gth; rpWghzh; vd;Wk;>
nghpa ahio thrpg;gth; ngUk;ghzh; vd;Wk; ghFgLj;Jth;.
4.ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
,e;E}Yf;F “ghzhW” vd;Wk; ngah; toq;Fth;. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;.
ghl;Lilj;jiytd; njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad;. 500 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ. ahopd; tUzid> ghiy
epy vapdh; FbapUg;G>fhQ;rp khefhpy; ele;j tpohf;fs;> Ie;epyj;jhh; xOf;fhWfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
,e;E}y; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. Kay; Ntl;ilahLjy;>gR tsh;j;jy;> gz;lkhw;W Kiw Mfpa
nra;jpfSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
5.kiygLflhk; (m) $j;juhw;Wg;gil
ghprpy; ngw;w $j;jd; xUtd; ghprpy; ngw fUjpa $j;jid Mw;Wg;gLj;JtJ. ed;dd; Nra; ed;did
ngUk; nfsrpfdhh; ghbaJ. ,e;E}ypy; ehl;bd; ,aw;if tsk;> Ntlh;> Fwth;> ,ilah; tho;f;if
Kiw rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;E}y; 583 mbfis cilaJ. Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fspy;
kpfg;nghpaJ.
mfg;nghUs; E}y;fs;
6.FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
,e;E}y; 261 mbfis cilaJ. fgpyh; Mhpa murd; gpufjj;jDf;Fj; jkpopd; ngUik
$Wtjw;fhff; ,g;ghliyg; ghbdhh;. ,J Nehpir Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpw;Fhpa
Kjy;> chp> fUg;nghUl;fs; rpwg;gpj;J $wg;gl;Ls;sd. FwpQ;rp epyj;jpd; 99 - tif kyh;fSk;
tUzid nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. er;rpdhh;f;fpdpaUk;> ghpNkyofUk; ,jid “ngUq;FwpQ;rp” vd;W
miog;gh;.jiytpapd; cly; nkypit fz;l nrtpypf;F Njhop mwj;NjhL epd;wjhf ,e;E}y;
mike;Js;sJ.
7.Ky;iyg;ghl;L (m) neQ;rhw;Wg;gil
gj;Jg;ghl;by; kpfr;rpwpaJ. ,e;E}y; 103 mbfis cilaJ. Nehpir Mrphpag; ghthy; MdJ. Ky;iy
jpizf;F chpa ,Uj;jy; xOf;fk; rpwg;gpj;J $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrphpah; eg;G+jdhh.; NghUf;F nrd;w
jiytd; ntw;wpAld; jpUk;gp tUk; tiu Mw;wp ,Ug;gjhf ,e;E}y; mike;Js;sJ. jiytp “neQ;ir
Mw;Wg;gLj;jp ,Ug;gjhy;” neQ;rhw;Wg; gil vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. Kjy; gFjpapy; jiytpapd; gphpT
Jd;gKk; KJ ngz;Bh; tphpr;rp Nfl;lYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ilg;gFjpapy; jiytdpd; ghriw
mikg;G> tPuh;fs; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. gpd;gFjp jiytdpd; ntw;wp rpwg;igf; $WfpwJ. atdh;>
ngU%jhsh;> ehopif fzf;fh;> ghit tpsf;F gw;wpa nra;jpfs; moFwf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.
8.gl;bdg;ghiy (m) tQ;rp neLk;ghl;L
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh.; 361-mbfis cilaJ. ghl;Lilj; jiytd; fhpfhyd;.
,e;E}y; “nghUs; itapd; gphpa fUjpa jiytd; jd; gazj;ij iftply;” vd;w Jiwia
rhh;e;jJ. ghiy jpiziaAk;> fhtphpg; G+k;gl;bdj;jpd; tsj;ijAk; ghLtjhy; gl;bdg;ghiy
vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ. ,J “tQ;rpneLk;ghl;L”>“ghiyg;ghl;L” vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.Nrho ehl;bd; nry;tr;
nropg;G ,e;E}ypy; tphpthf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. gujth;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw> fhtphpg; G+k;gl;bdj;jpd;
tsk;> kd;ddpd; tPuk;> Neh;ik jpwk; Nghd;wtw;iw ,e;E}y; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
Gwg;nghUs; E}y;fs;
9.neLey; thil
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah ef;fPuh>; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ghz;ba neLQ;nropad;. 188 mbfis cilaJ.
neLik + ed;ik+ thil= neLey;thil vdg; nghUs;gLk;. jiytpiag; gphpe;J NghUf;F nrd;w
jiytd; ntw;wp ngw;wjhy; mtDf;F ey;thil. Mdhy; jiytidg; gphpe;J ,Ue;j jiytpf;F
jiytd; tu fhyjhkjk; Mdjhy; ePz;l thilahfTk; neLey;thil fhzg;gLfpwJ. Ky;iy
jpizf;Fhpa chpg;nghUs; tputp te;Js;sJ. ghriw mikg;G> me;jg;Guj;jpd; moF> khiyapy;
ngz;fs; nra;j topghL> jiytpd; Jauk;> ghriwapy; kd;dd; tPuh;fis fz;L MWjy; $wpa
nra;jpfSk; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
10.kJiufhQ;rp
gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fspNyNa 782 - mbfis cila kpfg; nghpa E}y;. gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSs;
Gwj;jpid ngauhy; mike;j E}y; ,J xd;Nw MFk;.“$lw;wkpo;”>“fhQ;rpg;ghl;L” vdTk; ,e;E}y;
miof;fg;gLk;. Mrphpah; khq;Fb kUjdhh;. ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ghz;ba neLQ;nropad;.
kd;dDf;F ,sik> ahf;if> nry;tk; Nghd;wit epiyapy;yhjJ vd;gij czh;j;j ,e;E}ypid
Mrphpah; ghbdhh.; goe;jkpo; ehl;bd; thzpgk;> nry;tk;> rkak;> rKjhak;> ehfhpfk;> rpw;gk;> fl;blk;
Nghd;w fiyfis gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s ,e;E}y; cjTfpwJ. NkYk; Gyth;> ghzh;> nghUeh;> $j;jh;
MfpNahh;fis kd;dd; Mjhpj;J fhj;jik njhpa tUfpwJ. ,e;E}y; KOikf;Fk; er;rpdhhf;fpdpah;
ciu vOjpAs;shh;.
KbTiu
gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fspd; thapyhf kd;dh;fspd; nfhilj; jpwk;> tPuk;> ntw;wp kw;Wk; rq;ffhy kf;fspd;
gz;ghL> tho;f;if Kiw> rKjha ,y;yw mikg;G Kjypatw;iw ed;F czuyhk;.
xU kjp;g;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1.vl;Lj;njhifapy; ,lk;ngWk; mfE}y;fs; vj;jid?
m) 5 M) 6 ,) 7 <) 8
2.vl;Lj;njhifapy; fhyj;jhy; gpe;jpaJ>
m) mfehD}W M) GwehD}W ,) fypj;njhif <) ew;wpiz
3.mfKk; GwKk; fye;j E}y;
m) ghpg;ghly;; M)mfehD}W ,) fypj;njhif <) ew;wpiz
4.FWe;njhifiaj; njhFj;jth; ahh;?
m) G+hpf;Nfh M) khwd; tOjp ,) cg;G+hpf;Fbfpohh; <) cUj;jpurd;kh;
5.Iq;FW E}W ghlypd; rpw;nwy;iy----------------------
m) 4 M) 6 ,) 3 <) 5
6. Nrukd;dh;fisg; gw;wpf;$Wk; E}y; vJ?
m) gjpw;Wg;gj;J M) ghpghly; ,) FWe;njhif <) mfehD}W
7.jkpopd; Kjy; ,irg;ghly; -----------------------
8.fypg;ghthy; Md vl;Lj;njhif E}y; vJ?
9.1-120 tiu ghly;fs; cs;s gFjp vJ?
m) fspw;wpahid epiu M) kzpkpilgtsk; ,) epj;jpyf;Nfhiy <) mfehD}W
10.gj;Jg;ghl;by; ,lk;ngWk; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; vj;jid?
m) 5 M) 7 ,)3 <) 4
11.jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) ef;fPuh; M) Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh; ,) ej;jj;jdhh; <) kUjdhh;
12.nghUeuhw;Wg;gilapd; mbtiuaiw vj;jid?
m) 260 M) 248 ,) 256 <) 244
13.ey;ypaf;Nfhlid rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghba Mw;Wg;gil E}y; vJ?
m) ngUghzhw;Wg;gil M) rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ,) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil <) nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
14.Ky;iyg;ghl;bd; mbtiuaiw vt;tsT?
m) 104 M) 105 ,) 103 <) 106
15.gj;Jg;ghl;by; kpfg;nghpa mbtiuaiw nfhz;l E}y; vJ?
m) kJiuf;fhQ;rp M) Ky;iyg;ghl;L ,) neLey;thil <) gl;bdg;ghiy
16.FwpQ;rpg;ghl;bd; Mrphpah; ahh;>
m) fgpyh; M) eg;G+jdhh; ,) ey;yj;jdhh; <) Kljhkf;fz;zpahh;

1.vl;Lj;njhifapy; ,lk;ngWk; mfE}y;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
2.vl;Lj;njhifapy; ,lk;ngWk; GwE}y;fs; Fwp;j;J vOJf
3. Mw;Wg;gilE}y;fs; Fwpg;Gj; jUf.
1.vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
2. gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; Fwpj;J tpthpj;J vOJf.
3.mw ,yf;fpak;
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;
Kd;Diu
ePjp E}y;fs; Njhd;wpa rq;fk; kUtpa fhy fl;lj;ij “,Uz;l fhyk;” vd;W ,yf;fpa ty;Yeh;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. Vnddpy; ,f;fhyj;jpy; ehl;by; NghUk; G+rYk; epiwe;jpUe;jJ. ,jdhy;
Nghpyf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wtpy;iy vd;whYk;> ePjpia kf;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jk; tz;zk;> rkzUk;>
ngsj;jUk; ePjp E}y;fis ,aw;wpdh;. ,e;E}y;fisg; gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
ePjp E}y;fs; (m) mw E}y;fs; -11
1.jpUf;Fws;
ePjp E}y;fSs; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; jpUts;Sth;> nja;tg;Gyth;> ngUehtyh;>
nre;ehNghjh;> ehd;Kfdhh>; vd;w NtW ngah;fSk; ,tUf;F cz;L. 133 mjpfhuq;fspy; 1330
Fwl;ghf;fspy; kdpj tho;f;iff;F Njitahd midj;J mwpTiufisAk; ,e;E}y; toq;FfpwJ.
mwj;Jg;ghy;>nghUl;ghy;> fhkj;Jg;ghy; vd;w Kg;ghy;fisAk; cilaJ. ,e;E}Yf;F gj;J Ngh; ciu
vOjpAs;sdh;. mtw;Ws; ghpNkyofhpd; ciuNa Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. cj;jpu Ntjk;> ngha;ahnkhop>
thAiw tho;j;J> jkpo; kiw> cyf nghJkiw vd;w NtW ngah;fSk; ,e;E}Yf;F cz;L.
2.ehybahh;
ehd;fb ntz;ghf;fshy; Md ,e;E}y; Mh; tpFjp ngw;W ehybahh; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. jpUf;Fwspd;
tpsf;fkhf tpsq;Fk; ,e;E}ypw;F ehyb ehD}W> Ntshz; Ntjk; vd;W NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.
flTs; tho;j;J ePq;fyhf 40 mjpfhuq;fSk; 12 ,ay;fSk; 400 ntz;ghf;fSk; cs;sd. rkz
Kdpth;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F ciu vOjpath; jUkh;. vf;fUj;ijAk; cs;sj;jpy; gjpAkhW
vLj;Jiug;gJ ehybahhpd; jdpr;rpwg;G fy;tpapd; rpwg;G gw;wp ehybahh; $Wk; tpsf;fk; mUikahdJ.
3.ehd;kzpf;fbif
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; tpsk;gpehfdhh; itzt rkaj;ij rhh;e;jth;. fhyk; fp.gp. 4-Mk; E}w;whz;L.
ee;ehd;F kzpfs; gjpf;fg;ngw;w fbif (tisay;) moFld; jpfo;tij Nghy ehd;F rpwe;j
mwf;fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wk; fhuzj;jhy; ehd;kzpf;fbif vd;W ngah; ngw;wJ. flTs; tho;j;J
cl;gl 104 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd.“mk;ik” vd;w tdg;ig cilaJ.
4.,dpait ehw;gJ
Mrphpah; G+jQ;Nre;jdhh.; 41 ghly;fis cilaJ. xt;nthU ghlYk; ,it ,it ,dpait vd;W
$wg;gLfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; ,J ,dpait ehw;gJ vd;W ngah; ngw;wJ. fhyk; fp.gp. 5-Mk; E}w;whz;L
“Cidj;jpd;W Cidg; ngUf;fhik Kd; ,dpNj”
“Fotp gzp ,d;wp tho;jy; ,dpNj”
“fw;whh;Kd; fy;tp ciuj;jy; kpf,dpNj”
vd;gd ,e;E}yhy; mwpag;gLk; rpy ,dpaitfshFk;.
5.,d;dh ehw;gJ
Mrphpah; fgpyh;. fhyk; fp.gp. 4-Mk; E}w;whz;L. flTs; tho;j;J cl;gl 41 ntz;ghf;fis cilaJ.
mk;ik vd;w tdg;gpy; mike;j Xt;nthU ghlYk; ,it ,it ,d;dhjit vd tw;GWj;Jtjhy;
,g;ngah; ngw;wJ vdyhk;. rptd;> gyuhkd;> jpUkhy;> KUfd; Mfpa ehd;F flTsiuAk; gw;wp
ghLtjhy; ,e;E}y; rka rhh;gw;wJ vd;gij mwpayhk;. fs; cz;zhik> Gyhy; cz;zhik
,e;E}ypy; typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ.
“ge;jk; ,y;yhj kidtpapd; tdg;G ,d;dh”
“cz;zhJ itf;Fk; ngUk; nghUs; itg;G ,d;dh”
“Mw;wy; ,y;yhjhd; gpbj;j gil ,d;dh”
“ehw;wkpy;yhj kyhpd; moF ,d;dh”
vd;gd rpwe;j mwpTiufshf mike;Js;sd.
6.jphpfLfk;
Mrphpah; ey;yhjdhh;> Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp Mfpa %d;Wk; cly; Nehia jdpg;gJ Nghy>
jphpfLfj;jpYs;s xt;nthUg; ghlypYk; cs;s %d;W fUj;Jf;fSk; kdpj kdj;jpd; ,Uis ePf;fp
xsp Cl;Ltd. fhyk; fp.gp. 5Mk; E}w;whz;L 100 ghly;fis cilaJ.
7.Mrhuf;Nfhit
Mrphpah; - ngUthapd; Ks;spahh;. fhyk; 5- Mk; E}w;whz;L. irt rkaj;ij rhh;e;jth;. Mrhuk;
vd;why; xOf;fk;. kdpjd; Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;ba xOf;f Kiwfis gw;wp $Wtjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.
,jpy; 100 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. ePuhly;> cz;Zjy;>JapYk; tpjk; Nghd;wit gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
8.gonkhop
Mrphpah; Kd;Wiu miuadhh;. fhyk; fp.gp-5 Mk; E}w;whz;L. 400 ghf;fs; mlq;fpAs;sikahy; ,J
“gonkhop ehD}W” vd;Wk;toq;fg;gLfpwJ. “KJnrhy;”>“KJnkhop”vd njhy;fhg;gpah; ,jid
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ghly; NjhWk; xU gonkhopNahL xU fijiaNah> tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpiaNah Rl;b
mwj;ij typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ghhp> Ngfd;> kDePjp Nrhod;> fhpfhyd; Nghd;w kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gk; ,e;E}ypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
9.rpWgQ;r%yk;
Mrphpah; fhhpahrhd;. fhyk; 5 – Mk; E}w;whz;L fz;lq;fj;jphp> rpWtOJiz> rpWky;yp> ngUky;yp>
neUQ;rp Mfpa Ie;J Nth;fSk; clw;gpzpia ePq;FtJ Nghy ,e;E}ypy; cs;s Ie;J fUj;Jf;fs;
kdpjdpd; mwpahikia ePf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ. 102 ghly;fs; cilaJ.
10.KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp
Mrphpah; $lY}h;f; fpohh;. Ntshz; kuigr; Nrh;e;jth;. ,e;E}y; 10 mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;lJ.
mjpfhuj;jpw;F 10 ghly;fs; tPjk; 100 ghly;fis nfhz;lJ. xt;nthU gj;Jk; rpwe;j gj;J>
mwpTgj;J vd gj;J vd;W KbAk; gb ngah; mike;Js;sJ. epiyahik gw;wp $Wk; fhQ;rp
jpizAs; mlq;fpaJ.
11.Vyhjp
Mrphpah; fzpNkjhtpahh;. fp.gp. 5k; E}w;whz;L. Vyk;> ,ytq;fg;gl;il> rpWehtw;G+> Rf;F> kpsF>
jpg;gpyp Mfpa MWk; Nrh;e;j kUe;J cly;eyk; jUtJ Nghd;W> ,jd; xt;nthU ghlypYk; $wg;gl;l
MW fUj;JfSk; kf;fspd; cs;sg;gpzpiaj; jPh;f;f $bajyhy; ,J Vyhjp vdg;gl;lJ. 80 -
ghly;fs; cs;sd.
mfg;nghUs; E}y;fs; - 6
12.fhh;ehw;gJ
Mrphpah; - kJiuf; fz;zq;$j;jdhh;. fhyk; fp.gp. 4 Mk; E}w;whz;L fhh;fhyj;ij rpwg;gpf;Fk; 40
ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;likahy; ,e;E}y; fh;hehw;gJ vd;W ngah; ngw;wJ. fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy;
,JNt rpwpa E}y;. Ky;iy epyj;jpd; Kjy;> fU> chpg;nghUl;fs; ,jpy; moFwg; Gidag;
ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,e;E}ypd; ghly;fs; jiytd;> jiytp> Njhop> ghq;fd; $w;whfNt cs;sJ. gphpe;J
nrd;w jiytd; jpUk;gp tuhjij vz;zp tUe;Jk; jiytpapd; epiyia ,e;E}y; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
13.jpiznkhop Ik;gJ
Mrphpah; - fz;zQ; Nre;jdhh;. Ie;jpizf;F gj;Jg; ghly;fs; tPjk; 50 ghly;fis cilajhy;
jpiznkhop Ik;gJ vDk; ngah; ngw;wJ. FwpQ;rp> ghiy> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy; vd jpiz
itg;G Kiw mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ.
14.jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ
Mrphpah; - fzpNkjhtpahh;. Vyhjpia ,aw;wpatUk; ,tNu.xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; 30 ghly;fs; tPjk;
150 ghly;fs; cilaJ. mfg;nghUs; E}y;fSs; kpfg;nghpa E}y; ,J.
15.Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ
Mrphpah; - khwd; nghiwadhh.; fp.gp. 4k; E}w;whz;L. FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy vd;w
Ie;J jpizfSf;Fk; gj;J ghly;fs; tPjk; 50 ghly;fis cilaJ.
16.Ie;jpiz vOgJ
Mrphpah; - %thjpahh;. fhyk; 5-k; E}w;whz;L xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; 14 ghly;fs; cl;gl vOgJ
ghly;fs; mike;Js;sJ. ,g;NghJ 66 ghly;fs; kl;LNk fpilj;Js;sJ. rpwe;j mfg;nghUs;
fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;E}ypy; cs;sJ. ngz;fSf;F ,lf;fz; Jbj;jy;> Jk;Kjy; Mfpait
ew;rFzq;fshfFwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
17.ife;epiy
Mrphpah; Gy;yq;fhldhh.; fp.gp.5k; E}w;whz;L. jpizf;F 12 ntz;ghf;fs; vd;w Kiwapy; 60
ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. mfxOf;fk; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}yhjypd; ,e;E}y; ife;epiy vdg;gl;lJ.
,d;dpiy
Mrphpah; ngha;ifahh;. ,/J xU ePjp E}y;. mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;. tPL Mfpatw;wpd; ,dpa
epiyfisf; $Wtjhy; ,d;dpiy vdg;gl;lJ. 45 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. Gwg;nghUs; E}y;
Gwg;nghUs; E}y; - 1
18.fstop ehw;gJ
Mrphpah; - ngha;ifahh;. Nghh;fsj;J epfo;rr ; pfisg; ghLk; 40 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;ljhy; ,e;E}y;
fstop ehw;gJ vdg;gl;lJ. fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; Gwk; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;. ahidia gw;wpa
fw;gidfs; kpFjpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa guzp ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ,e;E}Ny
topfhl;b vdyhk; xt;nthU ghlypd; ,WjpapYk; ml;lf;fsj;J vd;w nrhy; gapd;W tUfpwJ. Nrud;
fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiw Nrhod; nrq;fzhd; cld; fOkyk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Nghhpl;L Njhw;Wg;
Nghdhd;. mtid rpiwapypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;fhfg; ngha;ifahh; ghbaJ.
KbTiu
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; ,Uz;l fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;W $wg;gl;lhYk; kf;fspd;
tho;f;iff;F Njitahd mwf;fUj;Jf;fis eak;gl vLj;Jf;$wp xsp Cl;LtjhfNt mike;Js;sJ.
1.Ntshd; Ntjk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; E}y; vJ?
m) ehybahh; M) jpUf;Fws; ,) ,d;dh ehw;gJ <) ,dpait ehw;gJ
2.ehd;kzpf;fbifapd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) rkz Kdpth; M) fgpyh; ,) tpsk;gpehfdhh; <) guzh;
3. tho;tpy; Jd;gk; jUk; nray;fisg; gw;wpf; $WtJ?
m) ehybahh; M) jpUf;Fws; ,) ,d;dh ehw;gJ <) ,dpait ehw;gJ
4.,dpait ehw;gjpd; fhyk;-----------------------
m) fp.gp.5 M) fp.gp. 6 ,) fp.gp. 7 <) fp.gp 8
5.fstop; ehw;gjpd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) ngha;ifahh; M) guzh; ,) fgpyh; <) rkz Kdpth;
6.khwd; nghiwadhh; vOjpa E}y; vJ?
m) jpiznkhop Ik;gJ M) Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ ,) fhh;ehw;gJ <) Ie;jpiz vOgJ
7.jpUf;Fwspy; ,lk;ngWk; mjpfhuq;fs; vj;jid?
m) 133 M) 130 ,) 140 <) 143
8.Kg;ghy; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; E}y; vJ?
m) ehybahh; M) jpUf;Fws; ,) ,dpait ehw;gJ <) ,d;dh ehw;gJ
9.Mrhuk; vd;wr; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; vJ?
m) xOf;fk; M) tPuk; ,) Gfo; <) tWik
10. gonkhop vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) $lY}h; fpohh; M) Kd;Wiu miuadhh; ,) fgpyh; <) tpsk;gpehfdhh;

1.ePjp E}y;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
2.mfE}y;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
1.gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;jpfs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
4.fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;
Ik;ngUk;fhg;gpaq;fs;
xU nkhopapd; tsh;e;j epiyia vLj;Jiug;gJ mk;nkhopapy; Njhd;wpa fhg;gpaq;fNs MFk;.
fhg;gpak; rq;fk; kUtpa fhy fl;lj;jpd; gpw;gFjpahd fp.gp 2 k; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpaJ vdyhk;.
ekf;F fpilf;f $ba Kjd;ik fhg;gpak; rpyg;gjpfhuk;. ,J fathF kd;dd; fhykhd fp.gp. 2 –
Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;. kzpNkfiyAk; ,Nj fhyfl;lj;jpy; vOe;j fhg;gpakhFk;. jkpo; fhg;gpa
tuyhw;wpy; nghw;fhykhf fUjg;gLtJ Nrhoh;fSila Ml;rpf;fhyk;. ,r;Nrhoh; Ml;rpf;fhyk; jkpof
tuyhw;wpy; fiyj;JiwapYk;> ,yf;fpaj; JiwapYk;> gz;ghl;bYk; xU nghw;fhykhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.
vdNt Nrhoh; Ml;rp fhyj;ij fhg;gpa fhyk; vd;W $WtJ kpfTk; nghUj;jKilajhFk;.
fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk;.
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;Dk; ehd;F cWjpg;nghUisAk; ,izj;J ghlg;gLtJ
ngUq;fhg;gpakhFk;. ,tw;wpy; xd;Nwh> rpyNth> Fiwe;Jthpd; mJ rpWfhg;gpakhff; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
fhg;gpa ,yf;fzkhf jz;bayq;fhuk;> ehL> efh; tUzid> R+hpa cjak;> re;jpu cjak;> Gdy;
tpisahl;L> J}J> ke;jpuMNyhrid> NghpLjy;> ntw;wpg; ngWjy;> jpUkzk;> gps;isNgW> Kf;jp
ngWjy; Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jiufpd;wJ.
1.rpyg;gjpfhuk;
,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; Mrphpah; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;. ,e;E}ypy; fathF vd;Dk; ,yq;if Nte;jd;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gjhy;> rpyk;gpd; fhyk; fathF kd;dd; ,yq;ifapy; Ml;rpGhpe;j fp.gp. 2 Mk;
E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.
E}yikg;G:
Gfhh; fhz;lk; - 10 fhijfs;
kJiuf; fhz;lk; - 13 fhijfs;
tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; - 7 fhijfs;
vd %d;W fhz;lq;fisAk;> 30 fhijfisAk; ,e;E}y; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

E}ypd; rpwg;G:
1. ,e;E}y; Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;> ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr;nra;As;> Gul;rpf;fhg;gpak;> Fbkf;fs;
fhg;gpak;> %Nte;jh;fhg;gpak;> tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak; vd;nwy;yhk; gythW Nghw;wpf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;tbtk; ,lk; ngw;w Kjy; fhg;gpakhFk;.
3. rq;f fhyk; Kjy; nja;tj;ijNah> kd;didNah Nghw;wpg;ghLk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,e;E}y;
rhjhuz Fbkf;fshd Nfhtyd;> fz;zfpia fijj; jiyth;fshf nfhz;Ls;sJ.
4. ngz;zpd; ngUikia Kjd;Kjyhff; fhg;gpa tbtpy; cyfpw;F czh;j;jpa ngUik
,f;fhg;gpaj;ijNa rhUk;.
5. Nrho> ghz;ba> Nru Nte;jh;fspd; rpwg;ig ,f;fhg;gpak; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. %Nte;jh;fspd;
ehLfSk;> %Nte;jh;fSk; Vw;wj; jho;tpd;wp ,jpy; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;.
E}y; tuyhW:
Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; kiy moF fhzg; Nghpahw;wq;fiu te;jNghJ rPj;jiy rhj;jdhh; %yk;
fz;zfpapd; tuyhw;wpid mwpe;J nfhz;lhh;. mg;nghOJ ,sq;NfhtbfSk; cldpUe;jhh;. Nrud;
nrq;Fl;Ltd; fz;zfpf;F fw;Nfhapiy vOg;Gtjhff; $wpdhh;.
“miurpay; gpioj;Njhh;f;F mwq; $w;whtJ}k;
ciurhy; gj;jpdpf;F cah;e;Njhh; Vj;jYk;
Co;tpid cUj;J te;J}l;Lk; vd;gJ}k;
#o;tpid rpyk;G fhuzkhfr;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;Dk; ngauhy;
ehl;LJk; ahNkhh; ghl;Lilr; nra;As;”
vd;w nrhw;fSf;fpzq;f ,sq;Nfhtbfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij gilj;jhh;.
gy rpwg;Gf;fis xU Nrug; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; ghujpahh; ,jid> ‘neQ;iras;Sk;
rpyg;gjpfhunkd;Nwhh; kzpahuk; gilj;j jkpo;ehL’ vd;W Gfo;fpd;whh;. nrhw;Rit> nghUl;Rit rpwe;J
tpsq;Fk; ,e;E}y; mf;fhy murpay;> rkak;> njhopy;> kf;fspd; epiy Mfpatw;iw njspthf
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
1. kzpNkfiy
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa ,uz;lhtJ fhg;gpak; kw;Wk; Kjw; rkaf;fhg;gpak;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ,Wjpapy;
“kzpNkfiy Nky; ciunghUs; Kw;wp rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kw;Wk;’ vdf; $wg;gLtjhy; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd;
njhlh;r;rpahf kzpNkfiyia nfhs;syhk;. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;. fhyk; fp.gp. 2 –
Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuk; Nghd;W 30 fhijfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}Yf;F kzpNkfiy
JwT vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L. ,J ngsj;j rkaf; fhg;gpakhFk;.
E}ypd; rpwg;G
1. fijj; jiytpapd; ngauhy; ngah;ngw;w Kjw;fhg;gpak;.
2. guj;ijj; njhopypy; <Lgl;bUe;j rpj;uhgjpapd; kfs; khjtpf;F gpwe;j kzpNkfiy fijj;
jiytpahf cah;T ngWfpwhs;. guj;ij Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtshapDk;>
‘khngUk; gj;jpdp kfs; kzpNkfiy
mUe;jtg; gLj;jy; my;yJ ahtJk;
jpUe;jhr; nra;if jPj; njhopy; glhTs;’
gj;jpdpapd; kfshfNt cah;j;jgLfpwhs;.
2. guj;ij xopg;G> rpiw xopg;G> rhjp xopg;G Nghd;w rKjha rPh;j;jpUj;j fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;E}ypy;
,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
3. Gj;jkj fUj;Jf;fs; jkpopy; ngah;j;J jug;gl;Ls;sd
4. gpwe;jth; ,wg;gJk;> ,we;jth; gpwg;gJk; ,t;Tyfj;J ,aw;if vd;gijf; njspthf;Ffpd;wJ.
‘cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNuh’ vd;w cahpa nfhs;if typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,ul;ilf; fhg;gpq;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy ,uz;Lk; ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
1. ,sq;NfhtbfSk;> rhj;jdUk; rkf;fhyj;jtuhth;.
2. jkpod;idia myq;fhpf;Fk; vopy;kpF mzpfshf mzpfspd; ngah; nfhz;ldthf ,t;tpU
fhg;gpaq;fSk; jpfo;fpd;wd.
3. ,U ,yf;fpaq;fSk; Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpakhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
4. rhjhuzf; Fbkf;fisf; fhg;gpaj; jiytpfshf mikj;Js;sdh;. ngz;fs; Vw;wk; $wg;
ngz;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.
5. ,U fhg;gpaq;fSk; Kw;gpwg;G ek;gpf;ifAilitahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
6. ,U fhg;gpaq;fSk; mftNyhirAld; $ba Mrphpag;ghtpy; mike;jit.
7. ,U E}y;fspYk; 30 fhijfs; ngw;W jpfo;fpd;wd.
8. ,U fhg;gpaq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;w nrhy;yhl;rp xg;GikAk;> njhlh; xg;GikfSk;
,t;tpU fhg;gpaq;fSk; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak; vdf; $wj; jFk; rpwg;Gilad.
rPtf rpe;jhkzp
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; jpUj;jf;f Njth;. ,th; rkzrka Jwtp Mthh;. fhyk; fp.gp. 9 – Mk; E}w;whz;L
vd;gh;. ,jd; fij tlnkhopapy; cs;s re;jpu #lhkzp> rj;jpa rpe;jhkzp> = Guhzk; Mfpa
E}y;fis jOtpaJ> jpUj;jf;f Njtiu jkpo;f; ftpQUs; murh; vd;W Gfo;th;. ,th; ehptpUj;jk;
vd;Dk; E}y; xd;iwAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
E}y; mikg;G
,e;E}y; 13 ,yk;gq;fisAk;> 3000 – f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nra;As;fisAk; cilaJ. ,e;E}Yf;F
‘kzE}y;’ vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L.
E}ypd; rpwg;G
1. tpUj;jg;ghthy; mike;j Kjw;fhg;gpak;.
2. Jwtp xUth; ,y;yw tho;f;ifapd; ,dpikia ghbaJ tpag;ghFk;.
3. gioa ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz ciufspd; ciuahrphpah;fshy; Nkw;Nfhshf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
E}y;fSs; xd;W.
4. rpe;jhkzp vd;w ngaUs;s NtW rpy E}y;fSk; jkpopy; ,Uj;jyhy; mtw;wpdpd;Wk;
NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjd; nghUl;L rPtfrpe;jhkzp vd ,e;E}y; toq;fyhapw;W.
fijaikg;G
Vkhq;fj ehl;il rr;re;jd; vd;w kd;dd; Mz;L te;jhd;. mth; kidtp tpria. murhl;rp kPJ
Mir nfhz;l mikr;rdhd fl;baq;fhud; #o;rr ; pahy; rr;re;jd; nfhiy nra;agLfpd;whd;.
muz;kidapypUe;J jg;gpa tpria RLfhl;by; rPtfid ngw;nwLf;fpd;whs;. mf;Foe;ijia tzpfd;
xUtd; tsh;j;J Mshf;Ffpd;whd;. thypg gUtk; mile;j rPtfd; vl;L ngz;fis kze;J
fl;baq;fhuid Nghhpy; ntd;W> ,oe;j ehl;il jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;fpwhd;. ,Wjpapy; JwT G+z;L Kf;jp
milfpwhd;.
tisahgjp
,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahnud;W njhpatpy;iy. ,jd; fij ‘itrpa Guhzj;jhy;’ mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
NkYk; mbahh;f;F ey;yhh;> ,sk;g+uzh;> ghpNkyofh; Mfpa ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciuapYk;
rpyg;gjpfhu E}ypYk;> ,e;E}ypd; ghly;fs; Nkw;Nfhshf fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ekf;F fpilf;ff; $ba
nkhj;j ghly;fs; 72. “xl;lf;$j;jh;> ftpaoF Ntz;b tisahgjpia epidj;jhh;’ vd;W
$WtjpypUe;J ,e;E}ypd; rpwg;ig mwpayhk;. ,J xU rkz fhg;gpak;. jpUf;Fws; fUj;Jfs;
ngUkstpy; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.fsthy; tUk; nghUis ifg;gw;whik> nfhiyNahL $ba
mwq;fis Nkw;nfhs;shik> gpwd;kid eathik Nghd;w mwq;fis $Wk; ePjp E}yhf jpfo;fpwJ.
“fs;sd;kpd; fsT Mapd ahitAk;
nfhs;sd;kpd; nfhiy $btUk; mwk;
vs;sd;kpd; ,yh; vd;W vz;zp ahiuAk;
es;sd;kpd;: gpwh; ngz;NzhL ez;zd;kpd;”
Fz;lyNfrp
Fz;lyNfrp vd;gjw;F RUz;l $e;jiy cilats; vd;gJ ngUs;. ,J xU ngsj;j rka
fhg;gpak;> Mrphpah; ehjFj;jdhh;. Fz;lyNfrp tpUj;jk; vd;gJ ,jd; NtWngah;. ,e;E}ypd; fij
ngsj;j fijahfpa Njhp fijapy; 46 – Mk; fhijahf mike;Js;sJ. Fz;lyNfrpapd; tuyhw;iw
ePyNfrpapd; ciuapy; fhzyhk;.
,J jUf;f E}yhf jpfo;tNjhL gpw rka fUj;Jf;fisAk;> jhf;FfpwJ> tho;f;ifapd;
epiyahikia>
“ghisahk; jd;ik nrj;Jk; ghydhk; jd;ik nrj;Jk;
fhisahk; jd;ik nrj;Jk; fhKWk; ,sik nrj;Jk;
kPSk; ,t;tpay;Gk; ,d;Nd Nky;tUk; %g;Gkhfp
ehSk; ehs; rhfpNwkhy;: ekf;F ehk; mohjnjd;dh?
vd;w ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.
fijaikg;G
gj;jpiu vd;w tzpfdpd; kfs; (Fz;lyNfrp) rj;Jtd; vd;w fs;tid tpUk;Gfpwhs;. rpiwapy;
,Uf;Fk; mtid je;ijapd; cjtpNahL kPl;L kze;J nfhs;fpwhs;. xU ehs; Nfhgj;jpy; rj;Jtid
‘jpUld;’ vd;W $w> mjdhy; tQ;rk; nfhz;ltd; Fz;lyNfrpia kiy cr;rpf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W
mtis nfhy;y epidf;fpd;whd;. fztdpd; #o;rr ; pia czh;e;j Fz;lyNfrp mtid %d;W Kiw
tyk; tUtjhf $wp %d;whk; Kiw kiyapy; ,Ue;J js;sp nfhd;W tpLfpwhs;. gpwF Gj;j
rkaj;jpy; Nrh;e;J Jwtpahfpwhs;.
KbTiu
ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSf;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fs; midj;Jk; nghUe;jp tuhtpbYk; Nkw;fz;l Ie;J
E}y;fSk; Ik;ngUfhg;gpaq;fshf jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs;
mwpKfk;
IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; vDk; tof;F gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ. ed;D}y; Mrphpah; kapiyehjh;
,t;tof;fpid gad;Lj;jpAs;shh;. IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fshtd>
1. #shkzp
2. aNrhju fhtpak;
3. cjaz Fkhu fhtpak;
4. ePyNfrp
5. ehfFkhu fhtpak;
,e;j 5 E}y;fSk; rkz rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ.
#shkzp – Njhyh nkhopj; Njth;
kfhGuhzj;jpy; tUk; fijia jOtpNa ,f;fhg;gpak; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. = th;j;jkhd NjtNu Njhyh
nkhopj; Njth; vdf; $Wth;. ,tuJ ngahpd; nghUs; “nty;Yk; nrhy; ty;yhh;”.
,e;E}y; rPtf rpe;jhkzp Nghd;w rpwg;gpid cilaJ. #lhkzp vd;gjd; jphpNg #shkzp MFk;.
,J jkpod;idf;F jiyazpahf mike;Js;sJ. nrhy;yhl;rp nghUl;rpwg;G Mfpatw;why; ,e;E}y;
jiyNky; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gh;. tpUj;jg;ghthy; Md ,f;fhg;gpak; 12 fhz;lq;fisAk;> 2331
ghly;fisAk; cilaJ. ,f;fhg;gpaj; jiytd; “Jsq;fhJ cah;e;J cyfpd; Kbf;Nfhh; #shkzp
Mdhh;” vdg; ghuhl;lg; ngw;wjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.
RiuikehL – gahgjp(murd;)
(kfd;fs;)
tpirad;> jptpl;ld;
mRtf;fz;ld; vd;w Njth;(giftd;)
jptpl;ldpd; kPJ khar;rpq;fj;ij VTjy;
khar;rpq;fk; jptpl;lid fz;Lgae;J xLjy;
cz;ikahd rpq;fk; FifapypUe;J ntspg;gLjy;
jptpl;ld; rpq;fj;ij nfhs;Sjy;
jptpl;ld; mRtf; fz;lDld; Nghhpl;L ntw;wp ngWjy;
Rak;gpuig kzj;jy;
Nrhjpkhiy vd;w kfs; gpwj;jy;
Jwtpid Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
,f;fij ghftjGuhzk; Nghy; tpsq;FfpwJ. gyuhkd; fpU\;zdDk; Nghy tpiraDk;> jptpl;lDk;
tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis rutzngyFyhf; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. cyf
tho;tpd; epiyahikia ,g;ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
“Mid Jug;g muTiu Mo;Fop
eh etpw; gw;WG ehDk; xUtd; Mh;
Njdpd; mop Jsp ef;Fk; jpwj;jJ
khDlh; ,d;gk; kjpj;jidf; nfhs;eP”
aNrhju fhtpak;
Gl;gjj;jh; tlnkhopapy; vOjpa aNrhju rhpjj;jpd; jOtNy ,f;fhg;gpak; MFk;. ,jd; Mrphpah;
ntz;zhtY}@ilahh; vd;gJ jtpu NtW ve;j Fwpg;Gk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. 5 rUf;fq;fisAk;> 320
ghly;fisAk; cila ,e;E}y; tpUj;jg;ghthy; MdJ.
fij mikg;G
aNrhjud;> mkpo;jkjp murhl;rp nra;J tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; ahid ghfd; ghba ,irapy; murp kzk;
kaq;Ffpwhs;. jdJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F jilahf ,Uf;Fk; aNrhjuDf;Fk>; mtdJ jha; re;jpukjpf;Fk;
cztpy; eQ;rpidf; fye;J nfhiy Ghpfpwhs;.
mjw;F gpd;G aNrhjud; kfd; aNrhjukjp murhdhfp Ntl;ilf;F nry;Yk;NghJ rkz Kdptiu
fhz;fpwhd;. mtuJ nrhw;fspd; %yk; jdf;F gpwe;jpUf;Fk; ,ul;ilah;fs; (mgakjp> mgaUrp) jd;
je;ijAk;> ghl;bAk; vd mwpe;J nfhs;fpwhd;. ,e;j ,ul;ilah;fs; khhpjj;jd; vd;w kd;ddhy;
,iwg;gyp ,Ltjw;fhf nfhz;L tug;gl;lth;fs;. ,th;fs; epiyahik> caph;gyp Fw;wk; vd;gij
vLj;Jf; $w Kbtpy; murd; Jwtpid Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;.
“mQ;Rjy; mjdpd; vd;id
gad;ekf;F mJTk; md;wp
mQ;Rjy; Jd;ge;jhNd”
vDk; ,g;ghly; ,ul;ilah;fis ,iwg;gyp ,Lk;NghJ ghLtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
Eypd; fUj;Jf;fs;:
1. caph;f; nfhiyia fz;bj;jy;

2. ,irf; fhkj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd czh;j;Jjy;
3. fUkj;jpd; gaid tw;GWj;jTk;> ePjpia Gfl;lTk; vOe;jJ ,e;E}y;.
cjazFkhu fhtpak;
cjazd; fijiaf; $Wk; ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. nfhq;F Ntsphpd;
ngUq;fijf; $Wk; cjazid gw;wpNa ,e;E}y; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ,e;E}ypy; cQ;ir fhz;lk;>
,yhtz fhz;lk;> kfj fhz;lk;> tj;jt fhz;lk;> euthz fhz;lk;> JwT fhz;lk; vd MW
fhz;lq;fisAk;> 367 nra;Al;fisAk; cilaJ. ,J rkzrka fhg;gpak; MFk;.
fij mikg;G
tj;jt ehl;bd; murd; cjazd;
mte;jpehl;L murd; gpur;Nrhjdd;
gpur;Nrhjdd;> cjazd; kPJ kha ahidia Vtp rpiwgpbj;jy;
cjazd; gpur;Nrhjdd; kfs; thrtjj;ijf;F aho; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;
A+fpapd;cjtpahy;thrtj;ijiakze;Jcjazd;rpiwapypUe;Jntspg;gLjy;
euthzd; vd;w kfd; gpwj;jy;
,Wjpapy; cjazd; Jwtpid Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

,f;fhg;gpaj; jiytd; #hpa cjaj;jpy; gpwe;jjhy; cjazd; vd;w ngah; Vw;gl;lJ.
ePyNfrp
Nfrp vd;Dk; ngahpy; KbAk; E}y;fs; rka thjj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lit. 10

rUf;fq;fisAk;> 895 nra;As;fisAk; nfhz;l ,e;E}y; Fz;lyNfrpf;F kWg;ghf vOjg;gl;l rkz
E}y;. ,jd; fhyj;ijf; fp.gp. 10 – Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.
IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fSs; ,J jh;f;fE}yhFk;> ePyk;> ePyNfrpj; jpul;L vd;w NtW ngah;fSk;

,e;E}Yf;F cz;L. ePyNfrp vd;why; fUj;j ePz;l $e;jiy cilats; vd;W nghUs;.
“khQ;Nrhiyg; nghq;fp kUjq;fpsp gps;is fs;tha;f;
jPQ;rhW xopfd; jpizapd; dzpjq;fp Xq;Fk;
jhz;rhy tho;ehl spwpDd; jifah; cz;Nlh?
vd;w ghlypd; %yk; ePyNfrpapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s ehl;L rpwg;gpidf; fhzyhk;.

fij mikg;G
ghQ;rhy ehl;by; cs;s RLfhl;by; fhspf;F ,lg;gLk; caph;f;nfhiyia Kdpr;re;jpuh; vDk; rkz
Kdpth; jd; jt typikahy; jLj;jhh;. mjdhy; rpdk; nfhz;l RLfhl;Lf; fhsp> gioaD}h; ePyp
vDk; Nga; murpia Kdpthpd; jtj;ij rPh;f;Fiyf;f VtpaJ. ,UtUf;Fk; ele;j thjj;jpy; Njhw;w
ePyNfrp Kdpthpd; khztpahfp rkz rka fUj;Jfis gug;gpdhh;. rka jpthfuk; thkd Kdpth;
vd;gth; ,e;E}Yf;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;.
ehfFkhu fhtpak;
ehfg;gQ;rkpf; fijia mbnahl;b vOj;jg;gl;l E}yhFk;. KOf;f KOf;f Nghf

,d;gj;ijNa $Wk; E}y; ,J. fhtpaj; jiytdhd ehfFkhud; gy;yhz;L murhl;rp Ghpe;jhd;. gpd;G
tho;f;ifapy; gpbg;G ,y;yhky; Ngha; tpuf;jpaile;J JwT nfhs;s vz;zpj;jtk; nra;J Kf;jp
milAk; fijapid 120 tpUj;jg;ghthy; ghbAs;shh; Gyth;. Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. ,e;E}ypd;
fhyk; fp.gp. 16 – Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.
KbTiu:
IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; Fwpj;Jk;> mjd; tuyhW Fwpj;Jk; > mjpy; ,lk;ngWk; fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fs;

Fwpj;Jk; ,g;gFjpapd; thapyhf ehk; mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
,)rkaf; fhg;gpaq;fs;
Kd;Diu:
jkpo;nkhopapy; irtk;> itztk; rhh;e;j E}y;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp gpw rkaq;fis rhh;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fSk;
vOjg;gl;ld. mtw;wpy; ,Ryhk; kw;Wk; fpwpj;Jt rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;j xU rpy gilg;Gfs; Fwpj;J
,g;gFjpapy; fhz;Nghk;.
,Ryhk;
rPwhg;Guhzk;:
khypf;fhG+hpd; gilnaLg;gpdhy; jkpofj;jpy; gutpa kjk; ,Ryhk;. ,jpy; kpfg;nghpa fhg;apa E}yhf
tpsq;FtJ rPwhg;Guhzk;. ,jd; Mrphpah; ckWg;Gyth;. ,tiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy;fs; rPjfhjp kw;Wk;
mGy;fhrpk; kiuf;fhah;. rPwhg;Guhzk; vd;w ,e;j E}y; KfkJ egpapd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwf; $Wk;
Gdpj E}yhFk;. ,jpy; %d;W fhz;lk;> 92 glyq;fs;> 5027 tpUj;jg;ghf;fs; cs;sJ.
Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG:

Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjh; nyg;ig vd;Dk; ,aw;ngah; nfhz;l ,th; ghba ghly;fs; Fzq;Fb
k];jhd; rhfpG ghly;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. guhguf;fz;zp> vf;fhyf; fz;zp> Mde;jf; fspg;G>
cs;spl;lg; ghly;fs; ghbAs;shh;. ,Ryhk; kjj;jpd; jhAkhdth; vd;W miof;fg;gLgth; Fzq;Fb
k];jhd;. ,thpd; ghly;fs; rkurk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;lit.
tz;zf;fsQ;rpag; Gyth;
tz;zk; ghLtjpy; ty;yth; Mifahy; ,g;ngah; ngw;whh;. ,aw;ngah; `kPJ ,g;uhfPk;. KifjPd;
Guhzk;> ,uhrehafk;> jPd; tpsf;fk; cs;spl;l E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
Nrfdhg;Gyth;
,aw;ngah; nra;F mg;Jy; fhjph; neapdhh; Fzq;Fb k];jhdpd; gs;spj;Njhoh;. rpj;jpuf;ftpg;

ghLtjpy; ty;yth;.
fhrpk; Gyth;
mUzfphpehjh; ghba jpUg;Gfopd; kPJ kpFe;j <LghL nfhz;lth;. ,th; fdtpy; KfkJ egpfs;
Njhd;wp gfUk; vd;W mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLf;f egpfs; kPJ jpUg;Gfo; ghbath;. ,Ryhk; kJuftp>
kJuftpuhrd; vd;Wg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.
rt;thJ Gyth;
,aw;ngah; KifjPd;. tirghLtjpy; fhsNkfj;ij xj;jth;. ,th; ehiff; fyk;gfk;> KifjPd;

Mz;lth; gps;isj;jkpo;> VR jpUg;Gfo; cs;spl;l ghly;fs; ghbAs;shh;.
nra;Fj; jk;gpg; ghtyh;
rpPwhg;Guhzj;jpw;F ciu vOjpath;. ,th; xNu Neuj;jpy; E}W nray;fisr; nra;Ak; jpwikahy;
rjhtjhdp vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;. Nfhl;lhw;Wg; gjpw;Wg;gj;J> mofg;gf; Nfhit> ehiff; Nfhit>
Nfhl;lhw;Wg; gps;isj;jkpo; cs;spl;l gilg;Gfis vOjpAs;shh;.
fpwpj;Jtk;
thzpgk; nra;Ak; Nehf;NfhL te;j Mq;fpNyah;fs; jq;fspd; rhJhpakhd jpwikahy; ,e;jpahit

ifg;gw;wpf;nfhz;ldh;. mth;fs; fpwpj;Jt ghjphp khh;fis mioj;J te;J jk; rkaj;ijg; gug;g
vz;zpdh;. mt;thW te;j ghjphpkhh;fs; jkpo; nkhopapidg; gapd;W jd;idNa kwe;J jkpo; kPJ
nfhz;l gw;why; jkpo; E}y;fs; gy ,aw;wpdh;. mJ Fwpj;J ,g;gFjpapy; fhz;Nghk;.
tPukh Kdpth;
kJiuj;jkpo;r; rq;fjhuhy; ijhpa ehjh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l tPukh Kdpth; ,j;jhyp ehl;ilr;
rhh;e;jth;. ,th; fpl;lj;jl;l 37 Mz;Lfs; jkpo; njhz;lhw;wpdhh;. fhd;];lhz;ild; N[hrg; ng];fp
vd;w jd; ngaiu tPukhKdpth; vd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. Ntjpah; xOf;fk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;>
rJufuhjp> Njk;ghtzp> gukhh;j;j FUfij cs;spl;;l E}y;fs; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
[p.A+.Nghg;
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,th; jdJ 19tJ tajpy; jkpo;ehL te;jhh;. jpUf;Fws;> ehybahh;>
jpUthrfk; Mfpatw;iw nkhopg;ngah;j;jhh;. ,tUf;F jkpo; fw;gpj;;jth; ,uhkD[ftpuhah; Mthh;. jd;
fy;yiwapy; 'xU jkpo; khztd;" vd;W nghwpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;.
fhy;Lnty;
mah;yhe;J ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,th; jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; vd;w E}ypid vOjpdhh;. jkpo;>
njYq;F cs;spl;l nkhopfSf;F jpuhtpl nkhopfs; vd;W ngahpl;;lth;. tlnkhop Jizapd;wp
jdpj;jpaq;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ jkpo;nkhop vd;Wf; $wpath;. jkpo; nkhop Ma;Tf;F tpj;jpl;lth;.
rPfd; ghy;F
n[h;kd; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,th; juq;fk;ghbapy; rkag;gzp nra;jhh;. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mr;Rf;$lk;
epWtpath; ,tNu. iggpisj; jkpopy; Kjypy; nkhopg;ngah;j ; ;jth; ,tNu. jkpo; Gj;jfq;fis
mr;rpl;lth; ,tNu.
,th;fs; ,d;wp jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j fpwpj;Jth;fSk; jkpo;j; njhz;lhw;wpdh;. mth;fspy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; Ntjehafk; gps;is> Ntjehaf rh];jphp> fpU\;zg;gps;is> Kj;Jrhkpg;;gps;is>
Mgpufhk; gz;bjh; Mth;.
KbTiu:
,g;gFjpapy; jkpo; E}y;fspy; ,Ryhk; kw;Wk; fpwpj;Jt kjj;ijr; rhh;e;j E}y;fs; Fwpj;Jk;>
Mrphpah;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mwpe;Jnfhz;Nlhk;.
1.jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjw;fhg;gpak; vJ?
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) rPtf rpe;jhkzp ,) kzpNkfiy <) tisahgjp
2.rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; M) jpUj;jf;f Njth; ,) ,sq;Nfhtbfs; <) Nruyhjd;
3.kzpNkfiy Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh; M) jpUj;jf;f Njth; ,) ,sq;Nfhtbfs; <) Nruyhjd;
4. kzpNkfiy Kjypy; ahhplk; gpr;irg; ngw;whs;?
m) Mjpiu M) fharz;bif ,) khjtp <) fz;zfp
5.rr;re;jid jd; #o;rr ; pahy; tPo;j;jpatd; ahh;?
m) rPtfd; M) fe;Jf;fld; ,) fl;baq;fhud; <) ty;ytd;
6.kzE}y; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; E}y; vJ?
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) rPtf rpe;jhkzp ,) kzpNkfiy <) tisahgjp
7.tisahgjpapd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) njhpatpy;iy M) jpUj;jf;f Njth; ,) ,sq;Nfhtbfs; <) Nruyhjd;
8.tisahgjpapy; tzq;ff; $ba flTs; ahh;?
m) KUfd; M) mUfd; ,) rptd; <) tp\;Z
9.Fz;lyNfrp vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
m) ePz;l $e;jy; M) RUz;l $e;jy; ,) tise;j $e;jy; <) neba $e;jy;
10.Fz;lyNfrp vk;kjj;ij rhh;e;j fhg;gpak;?
m) ngsj;jk; M) rkzk; ,) itztk; <) irtk;
11. #shkzpapd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
m) Njhyhnkhopj;Njth; M) jpUj;jf;fj;Njth; ,) ef;fuP h; <) njhpatpy;iy
12.#shkzp ve;E}ypd; jOty;
m) itrpaGuhzk; M) #lhkzp ,) kfhGuhzk; <) rpe;jhkzp
13.. #shkzpapd; fhz;lq;fs; vj;jid?
m) 14 M) 12 ,) 16 <) 18
14.. fiuik ehl;bd; murd;
m) gahgjp M) fahgjp ,) jahgjp <) rghgjp 15.aNrhju fhtpaj;jpd; Mrphpah;
m)Gl;gjj;jjh; M)ntz;zhtYilahh; ,)cUj;jpurd;kh; <) cUj;jpuf;fz;zdhh;
16.aNrhjud; ve;ehl;bd; murd;
m)mkpo;jkjp M) kfpo;kjp ,) may;kjp <) fay;kjp
17.aNrhjudpd; kfd; ngah;
m) mgakjp M) mgaUrp ,)aNrhjukjp <)kNfe;jpugjp
18.. cjaz Fkhu fhtpaj;jpy; cs;s fhz;lq;fs; vj;jid?
m) 6 M) 8 ,) 10 <) 4
19.tj;jt ehl;bd; murd;
m) cjazd; M) jptpl;ld; ,) gpur;Nrhjdd; <) tpirad;
20.gpur;Nrhjdd; cjazd; kPJ vij Vtp tpl;lhd;
m) rpq;fk; M) ahid ,) Gyp <) Fjpiu
21. cjazdpd; ez;gd; ngah; vd;d?
m) A+fp M) thR ,) rhtp <) khJ
22.caphf;nfhiy jPJ vdf; $Wk; E}y;
m) #shkzp M) ePyNfrp ,) ehfFkhu fhtpak; <) cjazFkhu fhtpak;
23.IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fspy; jh;f;f E}y;
24.ePyk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; E}y;
m) ePyNfrp M) aNrhju fhtpak; ,) ehfFkhu fhtpak; <) #shkzp
25.Fz;lyNfrpf;F vjpuhf vOe;j fhg;gpak;
26.ehfgQ;rkpf; fijia xl;b vOe;j fhg;gpak;
27.ehfFkhu fhtpaj;jpw;F toq;Fk; NtW ngah;
m) ehfgQ;rkp fij M) ngsj;j fhg;gpak; ,) rkzfhg;gpak;
<) ePyNfrp fhtpak;
28. ehfgQ;rkp tpujk; vj;jid ehl;fs; ,Ug;gh;
m) 5 M) 6 ,) 7 <) 8
29.,Ryhk; rkaj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa fhg;gpa E}y;?
m) rPwhg;Guhzk; M) guhguf;fz;zp ,) vf;fhyf;fz;zp <),uhr ehafk;
30. tirg;ghLtjpy; fhsNkfj;ij xj;jth; ahh;?
m) ckWg;Gyth; M) rPjfhjp ,) rt;thJ Gyth; <) nra;Fj;jk;gp
31.rjhtjhdp vd;wiof;fg;gLgth; ahh;?
m) ckWg;Gyth; M) rPjfhjp ,) rt;thJ Gyth; <) nra;Fj;jk;gp
32.jd; fy;yiwap;y; xU jkpo; khztd; vd;W vOjr; nrhd;dth;?
m) fhy;L nty; M) Nghg; ,) tPukh Kdpth; <) rPfd; ghy;F
33.ijhpaehjh; vd;wiof;fg;gLgth; ahh;?
34.jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; vd;w E}ypid vOjpath; ahh;?
1.Ik;ngUk;fhg;gpaq;fspy; ngsj;j fhg;gpaq;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
2.Ik;ngUk;fhg;gpaq;fspy; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
3.fpwpj;Jth;fs; jkpOf;F nra;j njhz;bif vOJf.
4.IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; Fwpg;G jUf.
1.Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
2. IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
3.rkaf;fhg;gpaq;fs; Fwpj;J tpthpj;J vOJf.
5.gf;jp ,yf;fpak;
gd;dpU jpUKiwfs; (irtk;)
Kd;Diu
rptngUkhid KOKjw; flTshff; nfhz;L topgl;l mbath;fs; ehad;khh;fs;. ,th;fspd; rkak;
irtk; MFk;. irt rkaj;ij jiof;fr; nra;jth;fs; rkaf; Futh; ehy;th; Mth;. rk;ge;jh;>
ehTf;furh;> Re;juh;> khzpf;fthrfh; Mfpa ehy;tUk; cs;sj;jpy; irtrkak; rpije;jpUf;Fk; vd;gh;.
,t;tbath;fs; ghba gf;jpg; ghly;fs; Njthuk;> jpUthrfk; vDk; jpUg;ngah; ngw;wd. ,it cyfpd;
ve;j nkhopapYk; fhzg;glhj msT czh;thYk; msthYk; jkpopy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd. irt
E}y;fspd; njhFg;Ng gd;dpU jpUKiw vdg;gLk;.
gd;dpU jpUKiwfs;
jpUKiwfs; Mrphpah;fs; E}y;fs;

xd;W> ,uz;L> %d;W jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; Njthuk;(jpUf;filf; fhg;G)
ehd;F> Ie;J> MW jpUehTf;furh; Njthuk;
VO Re;juh; Njthuk; (jpUg;ghl;L)
vl;L khzpf;fthrfh; jpUthrfk;>jpUNfhitahh;
xd;gJ xd;gjpd;kh; jpUtpirg;gh>jpUg;gy;yhz;L
gj;J jpU%yh; jpUke;jpuk;
gjpndhd;W gd;dpUth; ghbaJ gf;jpr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
gz;zpz;Lu Nrf;fpohh; nghpaGuhzk;

jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;:
Ch; : Nrho ehl;by; rPh;fhopapy; gpwe;jth;>
jha;> je;ij ngah; : rptghj ,Ujah; - gftjpahh;>
Fyk; : me;jzh; Fyk;
,aw; ngah; :MSila gps;is
rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; : NjhLila nrtpad;> fhopts;sy;> jpuhtpl rpR>
,d;jkpo; VRehjh; vd gy ngah; ngw;whh;.
Kjy; gjpfq;fs; : 16>000 gjpfq;fSs; 383 gjpfq;fNs fpilj;Js;sd.
jpUKiwfs; :Kjy; 3 jpUKiwfs; (jpUf;filf; fhg;G)
ghly;fs; : 4213 ghly;fs;
nra;j mw;Gjq;fs; : 1.jpUkiwf;fhl;L %ba Nfhtpy; fjitj; jpwf;fr; nra;jhh;>
2.jpUkUfy; ghk;G jPz;ba tzpfdpd; tplk; ePf;fpdhh>;
3.jpUNthj;J}hpy; Mz;gidiag; ngz;gid Mf;fpdhh.;
4.$d;ghz;badpd; ntg;G Neha; jPh;j;jJ.
rpwg;Gfs;
jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; 3- tajhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Nfhtpy; Fsf;fiuapy; tpl;L tpl;L rptghjh; Fsj;jpy;
%o;fNt je;ijiaf; fhzhJ mOjhh;. mg;NghJ mk;ikahh; fhl;rp je;J ghNyhL Qhdj;ijAk;
fye;J}l;b kiwe;jdh;. ifapy; fpz;zKk;> thapy; ghy; tbaTk; fz;l je;ij ahh; nfhLf;f ghy;
cz;lha; vd;W mjl;lNt NjhLilar; nrtpad; vdg; ghbdhh;. ghYz;l gpwNf Qhdk; ngw;wjhy;
Qhd rk;ge;jh; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ehSk; ,d;dpirahy; jkpioAk;> irtj;ijAk; gug;gpa
ngUikf;Fhpath;. fphpia vDk; rj;Gj;jpu khh;ff
; j;jpdh;. gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;NdhbahfTk;> jkpo;j;
jj;Jt- nja;tf
P g; Gul;rp Ghpe;jtuhfTk; Ngrg;gLfpwhh;. 16-k; tajpy; jpUg;ngUkz ey;Y}hpy; jpUkz
Nfhyj;jpy; ,iwtdb Nrh;e;jhh;. ,tuJ fhyk; Vohk; E}w;whz;bd; ,ilapy; tho;e;jth;.
NtAW Njhspgq;fd; tplKz;l fz;ld;
kpf ey;y tPizjltp”
NkYk; rpy ghly;fspy; jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fSk; ,lk; ngWtJz;L.
jpUehTf;furh;:
Ch; : jpUKidg;ghb ehl;by; jpUth%hpy; gpwe;jth;.
jha;> je;ij ngah; : Gfodhh; - khjpdpahh;>
jkf;if : jpyftjpahh;>
Fyk; : Ntshz; Fb>
,aw; ngah; :kUs; ePf;fpahh;>
rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; : mg;gh;> thfPrh;> jUkNrdh;> jhz;lf Nte;jh;>MSil muR vd rpwg;Gg;
ngah;fisg; ngw;wth;.
Kjy; gjpfq;fs; : 4900 gjpfq;fSs; 313 gjpfq;fNs fpilj;Js;sd.
jpUKiwfs; :4>5>6 jpUKiwfs; (Njthuk;)
nra;j mw;Gjq;fs; : vd;fld; gzpnra;J fplg;gJNt – vd;w nfhs;ifAilath;>
kNfe;jputh;k gy;ytidr; irtdhf;fpdhh;>
ghk;G jPz;b ,we;j mg;g+jpabfspd; kfid caph; ngw;W
vor; nra;jth;
kiwf;fhl;Lf; fjtpid jpwe;jhh;.
rpwg;Gfs;
ehTf;furh; rkzj;jpy; Nrh;e;J rkzj; JwtpfSf;F jiyik jhq;fpjhy; jUkNrdh; vd
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. rptngUkhdpd; jpUtUshy; jUkNrdUf;F ‘#iyNeha;’ vDk; tapw;Wtyp cz;lhf>
rkzh;fshy; Fzg;gLj;j Kbahj me;Nehapid mtuJ jkf;if jpytjpahh; rptngUkhid tzq;fp
jpUePW mzpe;J Neha; jPh;e;J eyk; ngw;whh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp. Mwhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpAk;
Vohk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpAk; MFk;. 81- MtJ mfitapy; jpUg;GfY}hpy; rpj;jpiuj; jpq;fs; rja
ehspy; ,iwtNdhL ,uz;lwf; fye;jhh;. rk;ge;jiu tpl %j;jth; Mthh;. ePz;l fhyk; tho;e;jth;.
,th; rhpia my;yJ jhr khh;ff
; j;jth;.
Re;juh;
Ch; : njhz;il ehl;by; jpUehtY}hpy; gpwe;jth;>
jha;> je;ij ngah; : riladhh;- ,irQhdpahh;>
kidtpah; : guitah;>rq;fpyp ehr;rpahh;(fkypdp> mdpe;jpij)
Fyk; : me;jzh; Fyk;
,aw; ngah; : ek;gp M&uhh;>
rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; : td; njhz;lh;>jk;gpuhd; Njhoh;> jpUehtY}uhh;>
Nrukhd; Njhoh;> vd gy ngah; ngw;whh;.
Kjy; gjpfq;fs; : 38000 gjpfq;fSs; 100 gjpfq;fNs fpilj;Js;sd.
jpUKiwfs; : 7 Mk; jpUKiw (jpUg;ghl;L)
nra;j mw;Gjq;fs; : mtpehrpapy; KjiyAz;l ghyid caph;g;gpj;J vor; nra;jth;.
jpUg;GfY}hpy; jiyf;F itj;j nrq;fy; jq;ff; fy;yhf khwpaij
fz;L tpae;jhh;
tho;ehs; KOtJk; jpUkzf;Nfhyj;JlNdNa tho;e;jth;>
,U fz; ghh;it ,oe;J fhQ;rpapYk;> jpUth&hpYk; jd; fz;fis
ngw;wth;
Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhNuhL nts;is ahid kPjkh;e;J fapiy
nrd;wdh;.
rpwg;Gfs;
rfkhh;f;fk; vd;Dk; Nahf newpiaf; nfhz;lth;. fhyk; fp.gp. 8-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpAk; fp.gp 9-Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; KjYk; MFk;. 81- MtJ tajpy; Mbr; Rthjp ehspy; ,iwtNdhL fye;jhh;. ,th;
ghly;fs; vspik> eifr;Rit> ,aw;if moF> tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs;> gonkhopfs; epuk;gpait.
,thpd; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifNa nghpa Guhzj;jpw;F mbg;gilahFk;.;. Kw;$wpa mg;gh;> rk;ge;jh;
MfpNahNuhL ,tiuAk; Nrh;j;J Njthu %th;> rkaf;Futh; %th;> %th; Kjypfs;> %th; vd;wiof;fg;
ngWth;. VO> vl;L kw;Wk; vl;lhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tho;e;jth;fs;. ,th;fs; ghbadNt Njthuk;
vdg;ngWk;.
khzpf;fthrfh;
Ch; : ghz;ba ehl;by; jpUthjT+h;
jha;> je;ij ngah; : rk;G ghjrhhpahh;- rptQhdtjpahh;>
Fyk; : me;jzh; Fyk;
,aw; ngah; :thjT+uh;> ngw;Nwhhpl;l ngah; njhpatpy;iy
rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; : njd;dtd; gpuk;kuhad;> MSil Nte;J vd ngah; ngw;whh;.
Kjy; gjpfq;fs; : 51 gjpfq;fs;
jpUKiwfs; : 8 Mk; jpUKiw (jpUthrfk;> jpUNfhitahh;)
ghly;fs; : 656ghly;fs;
nra;j mw;Gjq;fs; :
mhpkh;j;jd ghz;badpd; mikr;ruitapy; gzp Ghpe;jhh;>
ehpiag; ghpahf khw;wpdhh;>
te;jpf; fpotpf;fhf gpl;Lf;F kz; Rke;jth;.
Cikg;ngz;iz Ngr itj;jh;
rpwg;Gfs;
mhpkh;j;jdg; ghz;badplk; mikr;ruhfapUe;J jpUg;ngUe;Jiwapy; FUe;j kuj;jbapy; ,iwtdplk;
Qhd cgNjrk; ngw;W rptdbahh; Mdhh;. ,th; gy mw;Gjq;fis epfo;j;jp jpy;iyf;F te;jhh;.
mg;NghJ ,iwtd; Kd; Njhd;wp ghz;ba ehl;Lg; gjpfspy; ghba ghly;fis kPz;Lk; ghLkhW
gzpe;jhh;. mtw;iwj; jk; fuj;jhNyNa vOjp itj;Jf; nfhz;lhh; ,iwth;. mg;ghly;fs; khzpf;fk;
Nghy; ,Ue;jjhy; ,iwtd; ,tUf;F ‘khzpf;fthrfh;’ vdg; ngahpl;lhh;.
‘jkpo;Ntjk;’ vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; nja;tj; jd;ik kpf;f jpUthrfk;> ,iwtidj; jiytdhfTk;>
capiu jiytpahfTk; nfhz;L ghlg; ngw;w jpUf;Nfhitahh; Mfpa ,uz;bidAk; mUspdhh;.
,itapuz;Lk; vl;lhk; jpUKiwahf fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ‘jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhh; xU thrfj;jpw;Fk;
cUfhh;’ vd;Dk; gonkhop toq;fg;gLtjhapw;W. rptngUkhNd kdpj tbtpy; te;J jpUtrhfk;
KOtijAk; vOjpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,tuJ jpUf;Nfhitahh; Nfhit E}y;fspNy rpwe;jjhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid ‘jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhitahh;’ vdTk; toq;Fth;. khzpf;fthrfh; ,iwtid
Qhdkhh;ff
; newpapy; ghb topgl;Ls;shh;. ehy;thpy; jdpr;rpwg;Gf;Fhpath;. ehTf;furh;> rk;ge;jh;> Re;juh;>
khzpf;fthrfh; Mfpa ehy;tUk; irt rkaf; Futh; ehy;th; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
9-k; jpUKiw -xd;gjpd;kh;
jpUkhspifj; Njth;> fUT+h;j;Njth;>Nre;jdhh; G+e;JUj;jp> fhlt ek;gp> fz;luhjpj;jh;>
Ntzhl;lbfs;> jpUthypaKjdhh;> GUNlhj;jk ek;gp> Nrjpuhah;> Kjyhf xd;gJ Ngh; mUspa
ghly;fs; 9-Mk; jpUKiwahf njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L vd
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Kjy; gjpfq;fs; : 29 gjpfq;fs;
jpUKiwfs; :9 Mk; jpUKiw (jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L)
nra;j mw;Gjq;fs; :
jpUkhspifj; Njth;: gpzj;ij elf;fr; nra;jth;. NghfKdpthpd; khzth;.
jpy;iyapy; XlhjpUe;j Njiu tlkpd;wp Xlr; nra;jhh;
fUT+h;j;Njth;: ,iwtp topghL cilath;
jQ;ir ngUTilahh; Nfhapypy; ,ypq;fk; epWtg;gLtjpy; ,d;dy; Neh;e;j
NghJ ,tuJ gf;jpapd; fhuzkhf rptypq;fk; rhpahf epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
,J Nghd;w gy mw;Gjq;fis nra;jth;fs; xd;gjpkh;fs; Mth;.
jpU%yh;
Ch; : tl ehL
rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; : Nahfp vd ngah; ngw;whh;.
je;jpuq;fs; : 9 je;jpuq;fs;
jpUKiwfs; :10 Mk; jpUKiw (jpUke;jpuk;)
ghly;fs; : 3000ghly;fs;
nra;j mw;Gjq;fs; :
$Ltpl;Lf; $LghAk; jd;ik cilath;.
Guhzq;fs;> topghl;L newpfis cilath;.
rpwg;Gfs;
jpUkiwfspy; kpfTk; goik tha;e;jJ jpUke;jpuk; MFk>; ,jw;F jpUke;jpukhiy> jkpo;
%thapuk; vd;Dk; NtW ngah;fs; cz;L. rptNahfp xUth;> ,we;J Nghd %yd; vd;w ,iladpd;
clypy; GFe;jpUe;J jpUthLJiw mur kuj;jbapy; Nahf epiy Nkw;nfhz;L Mz;bw;F xU ghly;
tPjk; %thapuk; ke;jpuq;fis vOjp tPLNgW mile;jjhff; $Wth;. ,th; mUspa jpUke;jpuNk
gj;jhk; jpUKiwahFk;. 9 je;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. epiyahik> nfhy;yhik> md;G> fy;tp Kjyhd
mwq;fis typAWj;JtjhfTk;> Nahfg; gapw;rp ke;jpuq;fs;> irt rpj;jhe;jk;> rpt rf;jp topghL>
mbahh; ngUik> Kf;jp Nghd;wit Fwpj;J tpsf;FtjhfTk; ,g;ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd.
11-k; jpUKiw – gd;dpUth;
fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh;> jpUthythAilahh;> fy;yhl Njtehadhh;> fgpy Njtehadhh;> guz
Njtehadhh;> mjpuh mbfs;> ef;fPuh;> Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; cl;gl gd;dpUth; ghba E}y;fspd;
njhFjpNa gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwahFk;. ,jDs; 40 E}y;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,it midj;Jk;
gf;jpr; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fshFk;. 11 – k; jpUKiwapy; 1430 – ghly;fs; mlq;fpa 40 E}y;fspd; njhFg;G
,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
Nrf;fpohh;- 12- Mk; jpUKiw
Ch; : njhz;il ehl;bYs;s GypA+h;f; Nfhl;lj;jpy; Fd;wj;J}h;
Fyk; : Nrf;fpohh;
,aw; ngah; :mUz;nkhopj; Njth;> ,uhk Njth;
rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; : ‘njhz;lh;rhP ; guTthh;’‘gf;jpr; Rit edp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghba ftptyt’ ,
cj;jkNrhog; gy;ytd;> nja;tg; Gyth; vd ngah; ngw;whh;.
jpUKiwfs; :12Mk; jpUKiw (ngupaGuhzk;)
nra;j mw;Gjq;fs; :
mbahh;fspd; ngUik kpf;f tuyhw;iwf; ghbath;.
jdpabahh;fs; 63> njhifabahh;fs; 9 Ngh;fisAk; ghbath;.
rpwg;Gfs;
,tH megha Nrhodpd; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;. rptdbahh;fspd; tuyhWfisj;
njhFj;J ‘nghpa Guhzkhfg; ghbdhh;.
nghpa GuhzNk 12-k; jpUKiwahFk;. 2 fhz;lq;fs;> 13 rUf;fq;fisAk; cilaJ. NkYk;
kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isath;fs; Nrf;fpohiu njhz;lh;rhP ; guTthh;’ vdg;
ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;. ,aw;if tUzidapYk; gpw GidTfspYk; $lg; gf;jpr; Ritia ntspg;gLj;Jk;
ghq;F nghpaGuhzj;jpy; cz;L.
KbTiu:
ngUikf;Fhpa mbahh;fspd; ngUik kpf;f tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}y; nghpaGuhzk;. rkzj;jpd;
ghy; <LghL nfhz;l kd;ddpd; kdj;ijr; irtj;jpd; kPJ jpUg;gNt Nrf;fpohh; jpUnjhz;lh; Guhzk;
ghbdhh;. ,JNt ,d;W ngupa Guhzk; vd;W ngah; toq;fp tUfpwJ.
ehyhapu jpt;ag; gpuge;jk; (itztk;)
Kd;Diu
irtj;ijj; jiof;fr; nra;jth;fs; rkaf; Futh;fs; vd;Wk;> ehad;khh;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

itztj;ijj; jiof;fr; nra;jth;fs; Mo;thh;fs; vd;Wk; Mr;rhh;ah;fs; vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;ldh;.
jpUkhypd; fy;ahz Fzq;fspy; <Lgl;L Mo;e;J fple;jth;fs; Mo;thh;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fSf;Fg;
gpd; Njhd;wp ,th;fsJ nrhy;iyAk; nraiyAk; gpd;gw;wp itztj;ij tsh;j;jth;fs; Mr;rhh;ah;fs;
vdg;gl;ldh;. Mr;rhh;ah;fspd; jiytuhf tpsq;fpath; ehjKdpfs; Mthh;. Mo;thh;fs; nkhj;jk;
gd;dpUth; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,t;tho;thh;fs; ghb itj;j ghly;fisr; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy;
ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk; vd;Dk; njhifE}yhfj; njhFj;jdh;. ,g;gzpiar; nra;J Kbj;jth;
ehjKdpfs; Mth;. ,th; tPu ehuhazGuk; vd;w fhl;L kd;dhh; Nfhapiyr; Nrh;e;jth;. ek;kho;thh;
ehjKdpfs; ehyhapuj;ijj; njhLj;jhh; vd;gh;. Mo;thh;fs; fhyk; 9-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;lJ
vd;gh;.
ehyhapu jpt;ag; gpuge;jk;
Mo;thh;fs; E}y;fs; ghly;fs;
ngha;ifaho;th; Kjy; jpUte;jhjp - 100 ghly;fs;
G+jj;jho;thh;> ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp - 100 ghly;fs;
Ngaho;thh; %d;whk; jpUte;jhjp -100 ghly;fs;
jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk;> ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjp
jpUkopir Mo;thh; - 196
ek;kho;thh; jpUMrphpak;> jpUtha;nkhop> jpUtpUj;jk;>
nghpajpUte;jhjp - 1296
kJuftp Mo;thh; fz;zpEz; rpWjhk;G - 11
FyNrfu Mo;thh; ngUkhs; jpUnkhop -105
nghpaho;thh; nghpaho;thh;jpUnkhop jpUg;gy;yhz;L
Mz;lhs; ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop> jpUg;ghit - 143
jpUg;ghz; Mo;thh; mkydhjpgpuhd; gjpfk; 10
njhz;lubg;nghb Mo;thh; jpUkiy> jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp - 155
jpUkq;ifMo;thh; nghpajpUnkhop>jpUf;FWe;jhz;lfk;>
jpUneLe;jhz;lfk;> rpwpa jpUkly;> nghpa
jpUkly; - 1137
ehyhapuj;ij ehjKdpfs; ,aw;gh> ,irg;gh vd ,uz;lhfg; gFj;jhh;. ehyhapuj;jpy;

,zw;gh 593 ghRuk; xU gFjpfshfTk;> vQ;rpa ghRuq;fs; Kjyhapuk;> nghpa jpUnkhop>
jpUtha;nkhop vd 3 gFjpfshf gphpj;jhh;.
gpuge;jj;jpw;F toq;Fk; NtW ngah;fs;
gpuge;jk; vd;gjw;F ed;whff; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd;gJ nghUs;. ehyhapug; gpuge;jj;jpw;F “mUspr;
nray;” vd;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp> “ehyhapuk;”> “nra;a jkpo; khiyfs;”> re;jkpF jkpo;kiw” vd;w NtW
ngah;fSk; cs;sd.
ngha;ifaho;thh;
,th; jpUkhypd; jpUrq;fhd ghQ;rrd;dpaj;jpd; mtjhuk; vd;gh;. ,tuJ Ch; fhQ;rp.
fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; ngha;if xd;wpy; jhkiu kyhpy; mtjhpj;jjhff; $Wth;. ngha;ifapy; mtjhpj;jjhy;
ngha;ifahh; vdg;gl;lhh;. fhyk; fp.gp.Mwhk; E}w;whz;L. rpyh;; vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L vd;Wk; $Wth;. ,th;
100 ghly;fis ghbAs;shh;. ,tuJ ghly;fs; Kjyhk; jpUte;jhjpahff; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
G+jj;jho;thh;
khky;yGuk; vd;Dk; jpUf;fly; ky;iyapy; FUf;fj;jp (khjtp) kyhpy; gpwe;jth;. ,th;

jpUkhypd; fjhAjj;jpd; mtjhukhff; $Wth;. G+jk; vd;w nrhy; ghly;fspy; tUkhW ghba
fhuzj;jhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah; te;jJ vd;gh;. fhyk; fp.gp.Mwhk; E}w;whz;L. rpyh;; vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L
vd;Wk; $Wth;. ,aw;if vopiyg; ghLtjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;. ,tuJ ghly;fs; ,uz;lhk;
jpUte;jhjpahff; $wg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; ,jpy; me;jhjpj; njhilahf 100 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd.
Ngaho;thh;
nrd;idapYs;s kapyhg;G+hpy; nrt;ty;ypg; G+tpy; gpwe;jth;. ,th; jpUkhypd; ee;jfk; vd;Dk;

thspd; mtjhukhff; $Wth;. gf;jpg; gutrj;jhy; neQ;rQ; Nrhh;e;J> fz; Rod;W> mOJ rphpj;J>
Mbg;ghb Nga; gpbj;jhw;Nghy; ,iwtidj; njhOJ kfpo;e;jjhy; Ngahh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th;
100 ghly;fis ghbAs;shh;.,tuJ ghly;fs; 3-k; jpUte;jhjp MFk;.
Kjyho;thh; %th;
jpUf;NfhapY}hpy; xU ehs; ,utpy; xU tPl;bd; ,ilfopapy; ngha;if Mo;thh; kiof;F
xJq;fpdhh;. Gpd; te;j G+jj;jho;thh; ,lk; Nfl;lhh;. “xUth; gLf;fyhk;> ,Uth; ,Uf;fyhk;” vdf; Fuy;
te;jJ. G+jj;jho;thh; cs;Ns nrd;whh;. gpd; Ngaho;thh; te;J ,lk; Nfl;lhh;. “xUth; gLf;fyhk;>
,Uth; ,Uf;fyhk;> %th; epw;fyhk; vdf; Fuy; te;jJ. mtUk; cl;nrd;W %tUkhf epd;wdh;.
mg;NghJ %tiuAk; eLepd;W Xh; cUtk; neUf;fpaJ. %tUk; ahh; eP vd;W Nfl;f jpUkhy;
fhl;rpaspj;jhh;. mg;NghJ %tUk; MSf;nfhU 100 ntz;ghf;fisg; ghb ,iwtid topgl;ldh;.
mit me;jhjpj; njhilapy; mike;jpUe;jjhy; jpUte;jhjp vdg;gl;ld. ,th; %tUk; Kjyho;thh;
%th; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
jpUkopir Mo;thh;
njhz;il ehl;bYs;s jpUkopir vDk; Chpy; gpwe;jhh;. je;ij – ghh;f;ft Kdpth;. ‘gf;jprhuh’;
vd;Wk; ,th; miof;fg;gLthh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp.6-k; E}w;whz;lhFk;. ngw;Nwhh; ,y;yhjjhy;
jpUthsd; vd;Dk; jho;e;j Fyj;jtuhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;. jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy; neLq;fhyk;
jtj;jpypUe;jhh;. gpw rkaq;fspypUe;J ,Wjpapy; itztNk rpwe;jnjd;gJzh;e;J itztuhdth;.
,th; Rjh;rd rf;fuj;jpd; mtjhukhff; fUjg;gLfpwhh;.gpwrka thjpfSld; thjpl;L ntd;wth;. kwe;Jk;
Gwe;njhohj kdj;jpdh;. ,th; jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk;> ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjp Nghd;w E}y;fis
vOjpAs;shh;. jd; ghly;fspYk; gpwrkaj;jpdiu ,th; fz;bg;gijf; fhzyhk;
,tuJ rPlh; fzpfz;zd;. ,th; xUKiw Nfhapypy; gzpGhpe;j %jhl;bia ,sk;gUtj;jpdshf;f>
mJ fz;l kd;dd; jdf;Fk; ,sik ey;FkhW Ntz;bdh;. fzpfz;zd; kWf;fNt rPw;wk; nfhz;l
kd;dd; mtiu ehL flj;jpdhd;. fzpfz;zd; jd; Mrhdhfpa jpUkopirahhplk; ,r;nra;jpiaf; $w
jpUkopirahh; khztDld; jhDk; tUtjhff; $wp> NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtdplk; $w>
,iwtDk; jd; ghk;Gg; gLf;ifiar; Rw;wpf; nfhz;L ,th;fSld; Gwg;gl;ljhfTk;> mjdhy; Ch;
nghyptpoe;J fhzg;gl> cz;ik mwpe;j kd;dd; Gythplk; kd;dpg;G Nfl;L kPz;Lk; ehl;bw;F tUk;gb
Ntz;bdhd;.
nghpaho;thh;njd;ghz;b ehl;L =tpy;ypGj;J}hpy; me;jz kugpy; Njhd;wpath;. =ty;ygd; vDk;
ghz;bad; fhyj;jth; vdf; nfhz;L ,tuJ fhyj;ij 8- Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjp vd;Wk; 9-k;
E}w;whz;L Kw;gFjp vd epWTth;. ,tiug; nghpa jpUtb vdg;gLk; fUlho;thhpd; mtjhukhff;
fUJth;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngah; tp\;Z rpj;jh;> gl;lh;gpuhd; vd;Wk; GJit kd;dd;> Ntah;(me;jzh;)
Fyj;jpy; cjpj;j tp\;Z rpj;jd; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;ngWth;. =tpy;ypg;Gj;J}hpy; xU ee;jtdk; mikj;Jg;
G+khiy fl;b ,iwtDf;fzptpj;J topghL nra;J te;jhh;. G+khiyNahL ghkhiy fl;LtjpYk;
ngUtpUg;gpduhfp> jpUg;gy;yhz;L> nghpaho;thh; jpUnkhop Mfpa ,U E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
jdJ ee;jtdj;jpy; Jsrpr; nrbaUNf xU ngz; kfitf; fz;nlLj;Jf; Nfhij vdg; ngah; #l;b
md;Gld; tsh;j;J te;jhh;. ,k;kfNs Mz;lhs; vd miof;fg;gLk; mbatuhthh;.
fz;zidf; Foe;ijahf vz;zpj; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fs; gy ghbAs;shh;. jhyhl;Lg;

ghly;fspy; Kjd; Kjyhfj; Njhd;wpaJ ,tuJ fz;zd; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fNs MFk;. ,JNt
gpw;fhyj;jpy; gps;isj;jkpo; vd;W ngUtof;Fg; ngw;w rpW gpuge;j tsh;rr
; pf;Fj; Njhw;Wthahf
mike;jJ. vdNt ,tiug; gps;isj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb vd;gh;.
“khzpf;fk; fl;b tapuk; ,ilfl;b
Mzpg;nghd;dhy; nra;jtz;zr; rpWnjhl;by;
Ngzp cdf;Fg; gpukd; tpLje;jhd;
khzpf; FwsNd jhNyNyh!
itak; mse;jhNd jhNyNyh!! ”
vdtUk; ghly;fs; kpf ,dpik tha;e;jit. mk;Gypg; gUtj;jpy; rhk> jhd> Ngj> jz;lk; vd;w
Kiwapy; ghb mk;Gypiag; ghl;Lilj; jiytDld; tpisahl miof;Fk; khia ,tNu njhlq;fp
itj;jhh; vd;gh;.
Mz;lhs;
nghpaho;thhpd; jpUee;jtdj;jpy; Jsrpr; nrbfSf;F ,ilapypUe;J nghpaho;thuhy; fz;nlLj;J

tsh;f;fg;gl;l nja;tf; Foe;ij. Nfhij vd;W md;Gld; miof;fg;gl;l ,th; jpUkhYf;F
fl;bitj;jpUe;j khiyiaj; jhd; mzpe;J moF ghh;j;Jg; gpd;G ,iwtDf;Ff; nfhLj;jDg;gp
te;jhh;. xUehs; khiyapy; $e;jypio xd;W ,Uf;ff; fz;L cz;ikia mwpe;J kdk; tUe;jpa
nghpaho;thh; NtWkhiyfl;b ,iwtDf;F mzptpj;j NghJ ,iwtd; Nfhij#ba khiyNa jdf;F
kfpo;tspg;gJ vd;W $wpdhh;. ,t;thW ,iwtidNa Mz;Lnfhz;ljhy; ‘Mz;lhs;’ vd;Wk;> jhd;
#ba khiyia ,iwtDf;Ff; nfhLj;jjhy; #bf;nfhLj;j ehr;rpahh; vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;.
khjtid kzg;gjhff; fdTfz;L ,th; ghba ghly;fs; kpf;f eaKilad. Mz;lhspd; tuyhw;iwf;
fpU\;zNjtuhah; njYq;fpy; “MKf;j khy;ajh” vd;w fhg;gpakhf tbj;Js;shh;. Mz;lhisg; G+kp
Njtpapd; mtjhuk; vd;gh;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp.8-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp vd;gh;.
Mz;lhs; ,aw;wpa ghRuq;fs; jpUg;ghitAk;> ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhopAkhFk;. Kg;gJ ghRuq;fisf;

nfhz;L tpsq;Fk; jpUg;ghit E}y;> ghit E}y;fspy; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
muq;fdplk; ,th; nfhz;l mstw;w fhjiyg; Gyg;gLj;Jk;> ,ay;ghd mDgt czh;NthL
mfj;Jiw nka;g;ghL Njhd;w jpUkhypd; ifapYs;s ntz;rq;ifg; ghh;j;Jf;>
“ fUg;G+uk; ehWNkh fkyg;G+ ehWNkh
jpUg;gtsr; nrt;tha;jhd; jpj;jpj; jpUf;FNkh
kUg;ngh rpj;jkhjtd;jd; tha;rR

; itAk; ehw;wKk;
tpUg;Gw;Wf; Nfl;fpd;Nwd; nrhy;yhop ntz;rq;Nf! ”
vd;W Nfl;gJ Ngijg; ngz;zpd; fhjy; cs;sj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ. jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
Nrho kz;lyj;jpy;> jpUthyp ehl;by;> jpUf;FiwaY}hpy; fs;sh; kugpy; ePyd; vd;gtdpd; kfdhfj;
Njhd;wpdhh;. jpUkhy; tpy;ypd; mtjhukhfj; Njhd;wpath;. khtPuuhfj; jpfo;e;j ,th;> jpUthyp ehl;bd;
kd;ddhfTk;> NrhoDf;Fg; gilj; jiytdhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngah; - fypad;. ,th;
fypehld;> kq;ifah;Nfhd;> Fiwayhsp> kq;ifNte;jd;> mUs;khhp> gufhyd;> fypfd;wp Nghd;w gy
ngah;fshy; mwpag;gl;lhh;. guk itzt Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j FKjty;yp vDk; ngz;iz kze;J
kjKk; kdKk; khwp> kidtpapd; tpUg;gg;gb> ehs;NjhWk; 1008 mbath;f;F mKJ gilj;J te;jhh;.
,jdhy; NrhoDf;Ff; fl;Lk; jpiwapidAk; itzth;f;Fr; nrytpl;lhh;. gpd; Nrhokd;ddhy;
rpiwitf;fg;gl;lhh;. jpUkhy; mUshy; nghUs; ngw;Wr; NrhoDf;F mspj;jhh;. Mdhy; mbahh;f;F
mKJ gilf;fg; nghUspd;wp topg;gwpapy; <Lgl;lhh;. xUehs; topapy; te;j kzkf;fsplk;
mzpfyd;fis gwpj;J %l;ilahff; fl;bj; J}f;Fk; NghJ mtuhy; J}f;f Kbatpy;iy.
kzkf;fshf te;j jpUkhYk;> jpUkfSk; fhl;rpaspj;jdh;. vl;nlOj;J ke;jpuj;ij czh;e;jhh;. ghly;
GidAk; Mw;wiyAk; ngw;whh;.
,th; ghba nghpa jpUnkhop> jpUf;FWe;jhz;lfk;> jpUneLe;jhz;lfk;> rpwpa jpUkly;> nghpa

jpUkly;> jpUntO$w;wpUf;if vd;gd. ,it MWk; ek;kho;thh; ghba jkpo; Ntjkhd
jpUtha;nkhopapd; MW mq;fq;fnsdg; ghuhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh;
Nrho ehl;by; jpUkz;lq;Fbapy; tdkhiy mk;rkha; Nrhopa gpuhkzh; Fyj;jpy; Njhd;wpath;.
tpg;uehuhazh; vd;gJ ,aw;ngah;. nghpaho;thiug; NghyNt jpUtuq;fj;jpy; ee;jtdk; mikj;Jj;
jpUkhiy fl;br; rhh;j;jp kyh;j; njhz;lhw;wp te;jhh;. NjtNjtp vd;Dk; guj;ijapd; ikaYf;F
Ml;gl;Lg; gpd; jpUkhyhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;lhh; vd;gh;. jpUkhypd; mbatuha; khwpj; jd; ngaiuAk;
njhz;lubg;nghb vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. ,th; mUspa E}y;fs; jpUkhiy> jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp vd;gd.
,th; ,aw;wpa jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp> khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp Nghd;W ftpij eaKk;>
,aw;if vopYk; epiwe;jjhFk;.
jpUg;ghzho;thh;
Nrhoehl;by; ciwA+hpy; ghzh; Fyj;jpy; Njhd;wpath;. fhyk; 9- Mk; E}w;whz;L. = tj;rk; vd;Dk;
jpUkhypd; kWtpd; mk;rkhfj; Njhd;wpath; vd;gh;. ,irapy; ty;ytuhd ,th; ifapy; ahNoe;jpj;
jpUkhy; Gfiof; fy;Yk; fiue;JUfg; ghb te;jhh;. jho;e;j Fyj;jtuhjyhy; muq;fj;jpDs; Eioa
mQ;rpf; fhtphpapd; njd;fiuapypUe;Nj muq;fid topgl;L te;jhh;.muq;fDf;F ePh; nfhz;L nrd;w
Nyhfrhuq;fh; vDk; me;jzh; jiyth; ,tiu tpyfpr; nry;yf; $wpAk;> tpyfhjjhy;> cld;
te;jth;fs; ,th; kPJ fy;nywpe;J fhag;gLj;jpdh;. ,jdhy; tUe;jpa ,iwtd; Nyhfrhuq;fhpd; fdtpy;
Njhd;wp> ghziuj; Njhspy; Rke;J tUkhW gzpj;jhh;. muq;fdpd; Mizia Vw;w me;jzUk;>
ghziuj; (jpUg;ghzho;thiuj;) Njhspy; Rke;J nrd;W muq;fdpd; jpUKd;dh;r; Nrh;j;jhh;. Mo;thUk;
muq;fdpd; moiff; fz;Fspuf; fz;L ‘mkydhjpg;gpuhd;’ (Fw;wk; Nghf;fpatd;) vdj; njhlq;Fk; 10
ghRuq;fisg; ghbdhh;. ,J cs;sq;fth; mofdhd muq;fehjh; kPJ kq;if xUj;jp fhjy;
nfhz;ljhfg; ghlg;gl;l gf;jpr; Rit nghUe;jpa E}yhFk;. ,jpy; vspikiaAk;> Mokhd czh;r;rpg;
ngUf;ifAk; fhzyhk;.
“nfhz;ly; tz;zidf; Nfhty dha;ntz;nza;
cz;l thad;vd; cs;sk; fth;e;jhid
mz;lh;Nfhd; mzp muq;fd;vd; mKjpidf;
fz;l fz;fs;kw; nwhd;wpidf; fhzhNt”
vd;w thpfspd; %yk; ,iwtd; Nky; nfhz;l gf;jpapid mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
FyNrfu Mo;thh;
jpUtQ;irf; fsk; vDk; Chpy; gpwe;jth;. fhyk; 9- Mk; E}w;whz;L. nfsj;Jtkzpapd;

mtjhuk; vd;gh;. Nru ehl;il Ml;rp Ghpe;jth;. jpUkhyplj;Jf; nfhz;l gf;jpapdhy;>‘fk;gkjahidf;
fOj;jfj;jpd; kPjpUe;J ,d;gkUk; nry;tKk; ,t;tuRk; ahd; Ntz;Nld;’– vd;W muirj; Jwe;J
mbatuhdth;. ,th; jk;ikf; nfhy;ypf; fhtyd;> $ly; ehafd;> Nfhopf;Nfhd; vd;W $wpf;
nfhs;tjhy; ghz;ba> Nrho ehl;Lf;Fk;> jiytuha; ,Ue;jhh; vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.jkpopYk;>
tlnkhopapYk; Gyik kpf;fth;. jkpopy; ngUkhs; jpUnkhopAk;> tlnkhopapy; KFe;jkhiyAk;
ghbAs;shh;. 105 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ ,tuJ ngUkhs; jpUnkhop MFk;.,uhkhtjhuf; fijapy;
nghpJk; <LghL nfhz;lth;. xUKiw ,uhkhazf; fijiag; ngsuhzpfh; $wf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j
nghOJ> fuJ}lzh; gjpdhapuk; NridfSld; ,uhk yf;FtUld; NghUf;Fg; Gwg;gl;ldh; vd;W
$wf;Nfl;L> jhNd ,uhkDf;Fj; Jizahfg; gilfSld; Gwg;gl;lhh; vDk; fijf; Fwpg;G ,tuJ
,uhk gf;jpia tpsf;Fk;. ,tuJ ,uhftd; jhyhl;L rpwg;Gila xd;whFk;.Ntq;fl kiyapy;>
vk;ngUkhd; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; fUtiwf;F mz;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; gb “FyNrfug;gb” vd;Wk;
toq;ff; fhzyhk;.
ek;kho;thh;
; th; Mo;thh; jpUefhp vdg;gLk; jpUf;FU$hpy; Ntshsh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. fhyk; 8-Mk; E}w;whz;L.
,
,tuJ je;ij – khwd;fhhp(guhe;jfd; neLQ;nropadpd; mikr;rh;) jha; - cila eq;if. gpwe;jJ
KjNy Nahfj;jpy; ,Ue;jth;. ek;kho;thUf;F epoy; je;J fhj;j Gspakuj;ij itzth;fs; ‘jpUg;Gsp
Mo;thh;’ vd;W miog;gh;. ,g;Gspakuk; MjpNrldpd; mtjhuk; vd;gh;. ,tUf;Ff; fhhpkhwd;>
tFshguzd;> guhq;Frd;> FUiff; fhtyd;> jkpo;khwd; vDk; NtW ngah;fSk;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.tlehl;bypUe;J kJuftpaho;thh; ek;kho;thhpd; ngUikiaf; Nfs;tpg;gl;Lj;
njd;dhl;bw;F te;J ek;kho;thiuj; jhprpj;J> mtuJ Nahfepiy fz;L ,tUf;F %r;Rk;> Ngr;Rk;
csNjh> vd;wwpa xU rpW fy;iy vLj;J mtuUfpy; Nghl Xir Nfl;Lf; fz;tpopj;j Mo;thhplj;jpy;>
“nrj;jjd; tapw;wpy; rpwpaJ gpwe;jhy;
vj;ijj;jpd; Wvq;qNd fplf;Fk;
vd;W Nfl;f ek;kho;thUk;>
mj;ijjpd;W mq;qNd fplf;Fk; ”
vd;W kWnkhop $wpdhh;. mJ Nfl;L kfpo;e;j kJuftpahh; ek;kho;thiuNa jd; FUthff; nfhz;L
mq;NfNa jq;fp Nrit nra;J Mo;thh; ghba jpUtha;nkhopia Xiyr; Rtbapy; vOjp itj;jhh;.
,th; ghba jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUthrphpak;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp> jpUtha;nkhop Mfpa ehd;F E}y;fSk;>
itzth;fshy; KiwNa ,Uf;F> aRh;> rhk> mjh;tz Ntj E}y;fshfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,tuJ
jpUtha;nkhopNa jpuhtpl Ntjk;> jpuhtpl Ntjrhuk;> nre;jkpo; Ntjk;> Md;w jkpo;k iwfs; 1000
vd;nwy;yhk; Gfog;gLfpd;wJ. ,th; jpUthrphpak;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp> jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUtha;nkhop
Mfpa E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
Mo;thh;fspNyNa ,th;jhd; jiyikahdtuhff; fUjg;gLfpd;whh;. mjdhy; ek;kho;thh; ‘mtatp’

vd;Wk; kw;iwa Mo;thh;fs; ‘mtatk;’ vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. irtj;jpw;F khzpf;fthrfh;
Nghd;W itztj;jpw;F ek;kho;thh; Mthh;.
kJuftpaho;thh;
ghz;b ehl;Lj; jpUf;NfhShpy; me;jz kugpy; mtjhpj;jth;. ek;kho;thh; fhyj;jth;. tlf;Nf

mNahj;jp tiu nrd;W gy itztj; jyq;fisAk; jhprpj;jth;. ek;kho;thhpd; mtjhuk; gw;wpf;
Nfs;tpAw;Wj; njd;dhL mile;J ek;kho;thhpd; rPluhf mkh;e;J mth; nkhope;j Ntjkhd
jpUtha;nkhopia Xiyr;Rtbapy; vOjpj; je;jth;. ek;kho;thh; ,iwtdb Nrh;e;jJk;> mtuJ nja;tj;
jpUTUtpidj; jpUf;FU$hpy; epWtp topgl;lhh;.
jpUkhybatUs; xUtuhff; fUjg;gl;lNghJk; ,th; jpUkhiyg; ghlhJ> ek;kho;thiuNa fz;fz;l

flTshfTk;> mj;jdhfTk;> md;idahfTk; fz;Lfspj;Jg; ghbAs;shh;. irt rkaj;jpy;
ehTf;furiuj; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wp tzq;fpa mg;G+jpabfisg; Nghy> itztj;jpy; ek;kho;thiuj;
nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wp tzq;fpath; kJuftpaho;thh;.
KbTiu:
jpUkhypd; <Lghl;by; Mo;e;J fple;jth;fs; Mo;thh;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;. Mo;thh;fs; nkhj;jk;
gd;dpUth; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wdh;. rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF rkz> ngsj;j rkaq;fshy; eypTw;w
jpUkhy; topghL Mo;thh;fshy; kPz;Lk; kWkyh;r;rp va;jpw;W. mjd; rpwg;Ng ehyhapu jpt;ag; gpuge;jk;
MFk;.
5.gFj;jwpT ,yf;fpak;
rpj;jh; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Kd;Diu
NahfKk;> QhdKk; tha;f;fg; ngw;wth;fs; rpj;jh;fs;. ,th;fs; mdpkh> kfpkh> fhpkh> yfpkh> g;uhg;jp>
gpufhkpak;> <]j;Jtk;> trpj;Jtk; Kjypa ml;lkh rpj;jpfis va;Jjypd; rpj;jh;fs; vd ngah;
ngw;wdh;. rpe;J ghly;fis Njhw;Wtpj;J ghbath;fs;> vdTk; (rpe;J+mh;) $Wth;. 60-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
rpj;jh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. ,th;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; gjpndz; rpj;jh;fs; Mthh;fs;.
rpj;jh;fs; - tpsf;fk;
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; Nahfk; gapd;W mwpT epuk;gpath;fs; rpj;jh;fs; flTisf; fhz

Kay;fpd;wth;fisg; gf;jh;fs; vd;Wk; fz;L njspe;jth;fis rpj;jh;fs; vd;Wk; Njthuk; gphpj;Jf;
$Wk;. rpj;jh;fs; rhjp rka NtWghLfisf; fle;jth;fs;. rlq;FfisAk;> rlq;FfNshL njhlh;Gila
topghLfisAk; Nghw;whjth;fs;. J}aew; rpe;jidahsh;fs;. jd; tho;f;if mDgtq;fshy; fz;lwpe;j
cz;ikfis kl;LNk njspthf vLj;Jr; nrhy;tNj ,th;fspd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mDG+jpQhdk;
ngw;wth;fis kp];bf;]; (Mystics) vd;Dk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy; Fwpf;Fk;> rpj;jh; vd;Dk; nrhy;
mg;nghUs; nfhz;L jkpopy; toq;ff; fhz;fpNwhk;. Rpj;jh;fs; NahfE}y;>
kUj;JtE}y;>ke;jpuE}y;>QhdE}y;> ,urthjE}y; Nghd;w E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;sdh;.
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;
rpj;jh;fs; rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbfs;. xU tifapy; mth;fis mf;fhy mwptpay; mwpQh;fs;>

,aw;if epGzh;fs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. rpj;jh;fs;
topapy;tsh;e;jkUj;Jtf; fiy rpj;j kUj;Jtk; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. rpj;j kUj;Jtk; jkpoh;f;F
,iae;j kUj;Jtk; MFk;.
fhyk;
tlnkhopapy; gjQ;ryp Nahf #j;jpuk;> kfhahd ngsj;jk; Njhw;Wtpj;j ehfhr;Rdh;> jkpopy;

jpUke;jpuk; ,aw;wpa jpU%yUk; Kjy; rpj;juhf fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. gpd;dh; 11-Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlq;fp
,d;W tiu vj;jidNah rpj;jh;fs; Njhd;wpa tz;zk; cs;sdh;. “jpz;bww; rpj;jh;fNs
filf;$ior; nrk;kPd;fs;” vd khzpf;fthrfh; $Wfpd;whh;. rpj;jh;fs; fp.gp.10-k; E}w;whz;il xl;b
tho;e;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fh.R.gps;is mth;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.
gjpndz; rpj;jh;fs;
rpj;jh;fs; kUj;Jtk;> ke;jpuk;> ,urthjk;> Nahfk;> Qhdk; vdg; gy nghUl;fs; gw;wp E}y;
,aw;wpAs;shh;. Rpj;jh;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhh; irth; vdpDk; ,th;fs; rkaql fle;jth;fs;. rkur
rd;khh;f;f newp epw;gth;fs;. ,j;jifa rpj;jh;fshf gjpndl;Lg; Ngiuf; Fwpf;fpd;wdh;. rpj;jh;fspy;
jiyikr; rpj;jh; mfj;jpah; vd;Wk; rpwe;jth; jpU%yh; vd;Wk; fUJfpd;wdh;.
1.mfj;jpah; 7. Nghfh; 13. jd;te;jphp
2.Gyj;jpah; 8. nfhq;fzh; 14. Njiuah;

3.fhfGRz;lh; 9. cNuhkKdp 15. gpz;zhf;fPrh;
4.ee;jp 10. rl;ilKdp 16. Nfhuf;fh;
5.jpU%yh; 11. kr;rKdp 17. NahfKdp
6.fhyhq;fpehjh; 12. f&T+uhh; 18. ,ilf;fhlh;
,th;fisj; jtpu ,d;W rpj;jh; ghly;fs; vd;w E}ypy; Gypg;ghzpr; rpj;jh;> ghk;ghl;br;
rpj;jh;> mfg;Nga;r; rpj;jh;> Fjk;igr; rpj;jh;> mOfzpr; rpj;jh;> fLntspr;rpj;jh;> rptthf;fpah; Nghd;w
gy ngah;fisf; fhz KbfpwJ.
rpj;jh;fspd; nray;fs;
rpj;jh;fspd; nray;fshf rpj;J Ntiyfs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ePhpd; Nky; elj;jy;> kz;Zf;Fs;

Gije;J nfhs;sy;> fhw;wpy; gwj;jy;> caph;tpl;L caph; gha;jy;> $Ltpl;L $L gha;jy;> ,we;j
clYf;Fs; GFe;J caph; ngwr; nra;jy;> ke;jpuk; nra;jy; vd ml;lkh rpj;Jf;fisr; nra;jdh;.
rpj;jh; ghly;fs;
rpj;jh; ghly;fs; vy;yhk; cyf epiyahik> %lek;gpf;if xopg;G> rlq;F Mrhuq;fis ntWj;jy;
vdg; Gul;rpahd rPh;jpUj;jg; ghijapy; nry;tdthFk;. cyf tof;Fr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; kugpy; ghLtJ ,th;fs; kuG. mjdhy;nghJ kf;fspilNa ,it nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wd. ,tw;wpy; Nkk;Nghf;fhd nghUs; xd;whfTk;> cl;nghUs; xd;whfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. rpj;jh;
ghly;fs; Njhd;wpa fhyk; 15 Mk; E}w;whz;L vdg;gLfpwJ. njhFf;fg;ngw;wJ 18-19 k; Mz;bd;
Kw;gFjp MFk;.
rpj;jh; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;
jpU%yh; ,aw;wpaJ jpUke;jpuk;.
“Mir mWkpd; Mir mWkpd;
<rNdh lhapDk; Mir mWkpd;”

gl;bdj;jhh;
gl;bdj;jbfs; > jpUntz;fhlh; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ,th; fhtphp G+k;gl;bzj;jpy; ngUk;

nry;tKila tzpfh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. ,tuJ je;ij rptNrdh;. jha; Qhdffiy. kidtp
rptfiy. kfd; kUjgpuhd; . ,tuJ ghly;fs; ,dpikAk;> vspikAk;> nrhy;yoFk;> nghUsoFk;>
cilait. gpj;jiug; Nghy; mOJ jpupe;j gl;bdj;jhh;> jk;ik <d;w jhahh;> ,we;j nghOJ mOJ
Gyk;gpag;gb ghly;fs; ghbAs;shh;.
“Kd;id ,l;l jP Kg;Guj;jpNy

gpd;id ,l;l jP> njd;,yq;ifapNy
ahDk; ,l;l jP %o;fNt”
,th; ghba ghly;fshf Nfhapy; jpUmfty;> fr;rpj;jpUmfty;> jpU Vfk;gkhiy> Kjy;td; KiwaPL>
mUl;Gyk;gy;> G+uzkhiy> neQ;NrhL kfpo;jy;> clw;$w;W tz;zk; Kjypatw;iw gl;bdj;jhh;
ghbAs;shh;.
Fjk;igr; rpj;jh;
Fjk;ig vd;gJ fhjzp MFk;. vdNt fhjzp mzpe;j ngz;iz Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp ghly;fis
,aw;wpajhy; ,tUf;F Fjk;igr; rpj;jh; vd;W ngah; Vw;gl;lJ
“khq;fha;g; ghYz;L kiyNghy; ,Ug;ghh;f;Fj;
Njq;fha;g;ghy; VJf;fb – Fjk;gha;
Njq;fha;g;ghy; VJf;fb”;
vd;gJ ,tuJ Gfo;tha;e;j ghly; MFk;.
gj;jpufphpahh;
,th; JSt ehl;bidr; Nrh;e;j kd;dh; Mthh;. ,thpd; nka;Qhdg; Gyk;gy;fs; kdpj neQ;rj;ij
<h;j;J ,iwaUspd; ,d;g nts;sj;jpy; %o;fbf;fpd;wd.
“ Nga;Nghy jphpe;J gpzk; Nghy fple;J> ngz;izj;
jha;Nghy epidj;J jtk; Kbg;gJ vf;fhyk;?
kd;Dapiuf; nfhd;W tijj;J cz;L co
jd;Daph; Nghy; vz;zpj; jtk; Kbg;gJ vf;fhyk;
ePhpy; FkpopNghy; epiyaw;w tho;it tpl;Lg;
Nghpy; fUiz nts;sk; ngUf;nfLg;gJ vf;fhyk; ”
rptthf;fpah;
,th; cUt topghl;il ,fo;fpd;wth;. gpw rkaq;fis ntWf;fhjth;. rptNd guk;nghUs; vd;gth;.
flTs; caphpdpd;Wk; NtWgl;lth; vd;Wk; flTsd;wp caphpy;iy vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whh;. 520 ghly;fis
ghbAs;shh;. ,th; ghly;fspy; tlnrhw;fs; kpFjp.
“el;l fy;iyr; Rw;wp te;J ehYGl;gk; rhj;jpNa
Rw;wpte;J nkhznkh nzd;W nrhy;Y ke;jpuk; Vjlh?
el;l fy;Yk; NgRNkh ehjd; cs;spUf;ifapy;
Rl;l rl;b rl;Ltk; fhpr;Rit mwpANkh ” vd;w ghly; vspik jd;ik
tha;e;jjhf mikfpd;wJ.
fLntspr; rpj;jh;
fLntsp vd;gJ Rj;jntsp. mjhtJ gpukk;> ,e;jr; rpj;jh; gpugQ;rj;ijf; fLntspnad;W fz;L jd;
Md;k mDgtj;ijg; gpwUk; mwpa Ntz;Lnkdg; ghly;fs; ,aw;wpa fhuzj;jhy; fLntspr; rpj;jh;
vdg; ngah; ngw;whh;.
“ ee;j tdj;jpNyhh; Mz;b – mtd;
ehyhW khjkha;f; Fatid Ntz;b
nfhz;L te;jhndhU Njhz;b – nkj;jf;
$j;jhbf; $j;jhbg; Nghl;Lilj;jhz;b ”
vdTk; ghbAs;shh;. ,t;thW rpj;jh;fs; kUj;Jtg; gzpNahL jkpOf;Fk; njhz;lhw;wpAs;sdh;.
mOfzpr; rpj;jh;
moF-mzp-mOfzp. ,tuJ ghly;fs; moFk; mzpeaKk; kpFe;J fhzg;gLtjhy; ,tUf;F
,g;ngah; Vw;gl;lJ.
“igA+hpNy ,Ue;J ghOhpNy gpwe;J
nka;A+hpy; Nghtjw;F Ntjhe;j tPlwpNad;”
nfhq;fzr; rpj;jh;
nfhq;F ehlilr; Nrh;e;jtuhjyhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah;. ,th; ,uthjk;> Nahfk;> kUj; Jtk; gw;wp
E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;.
“fz;lJk; Nfl;lJk; nrhy;yhNj fz;zpy;
fhzhj cj;juk; tps;shNj”
rl;ilKdp
rl;il Kdp Mapuj;J ,UE}W> jpupfhz;lk;> ruf;F itg;G Kjypa E}y;fis ghbAs;shh;.
jaf;fj;jpdhy; tUk; jPikfis gw;wp vr;rhpf;fpd;whh;.
“jaq;fpdhh; fyfj;jpy; Nfhb Ngh;fs;
rhtJk; gpwg;gJTk; fhtb Nghy; Mr;R”
Nghfh;
jpU%yhpd; khztuhd fhyq;fpehjhpd; khzth; Nghfh;. ,th; Nghfh; Vohapuk;>Nghfh;
jpUke;jpuk; vd gy E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;.
cNuhkKdp
,tuJ clnyq;Fk; cNuhkk; kpFe;jpUe;jjhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah; vd;gh; cNuhkKdp
Qhdk;> cNuhkKdp E}W vd gy E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;.
fUT+h;r; rpj;jh;
fUT+hpy; gpwe;jtuhjyhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah;. jQ;irapy; fl;ba Nfhapypd; rptypq;fj;ij
epWtpdhh; vd;gh;. jQ;irapy; fUT+uhUf;Fr; rpiy cs;sJ. G+ir nra;tjw;F chap tpjpKiwfisg;
ghbAs;shh;.
Njiuah;
kd;ddpd; jiyf;Fs; ,Ue;j Njiuia mfw;wpajhy; ,tUf;F ,g;ngah;. Neha; mZfhtpjp> gjhh;j;j
Fzrpe;jhkzp> itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp> fiyQhdk; Kjyhd E}y;fis ,aw;wp cs;shh;.
KbTiu
,t;thwhf Kw;fhyj;jpy; rpj;jh;fs; vOjpAs;s E}y;fspd; thapyhf flTs; ek;gpf;if>
epiyahik fUj;Jf;fs;> %lek;gpf;iffis ntWj;jy; kw;Wk; kUj;Jtk; njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs;
,d;iwa fhyf; fl;lj;jpw;Fgpujpgydhf cs;sJ.
,uhtz fhtpak; - Gyth; Foe;ij

Kd;Diu
,uhtz fhtpak; vd;w E}ypid vOjpath; Gyth; Foe;ij Mthh;. fk;guhkhazj;jpy;
Kuz;gl;l fjhg;ghj;jpukhf milahsk; fhzg;gl;l ,uhtzidf; fijj; jiytdhff; nfhz;L
cUthdJ ,e;E}yhFk; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; cUthd kpfr;rpwe;j fhg;gpa E}y; ,J. 5
fhz;lq;fs;> 2828 ghly;fs;> 56 glyq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,uhtzfhg;gpaj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ,uhkid
tPo;j;Jtjpy;iy. jkpoiuAk; jkpo;nkhopiaAk; cah;j;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w vd;dNk MFk;.
Gyth; Foe;ij <NuhL mUNf cs;s Xy tyR vd;Dk; rpw;W}iur; Nrh;e;jth;. 1906 #iy khjk;
gpwe;jhh;. Mrphpauhf 37 Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpdhh;. 1946 k; Mz;L Ntshz; vd;Dk; ,jioj;
njhlq;fpdhh;. ,thpd; gilg;ghd ,uhtz fhtpak; 1948 y; ntspahdJ.
,uhtz fhtpak; gbg;Nghu; ,uhtzidAk; mtidr; rhu;e;NjhiuAk; Nghw;Wk;gbAk;> ,uhk>
,yf;Ftu;fisAk; kw;wtu;fisAk; ntWf;Fk;gbAk; Gytu; Foe;ij jpwk;gl ghbAs;shu;.
,f;fhtpaj;ij thy;kPfp> fk;gu;> Jsrpjhru; ,d;Dk; gyu; vOjpa ,uhkhazq;fspy; cs;s
nra;jpfisNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ,uhtzidj; jkpo;f; fjhehafdhfr; rpj;jpupf;fpwJ.
,uhtzdpd; ,y;ywk;
,uz;lhk; fly;NfhSf;Fg; gpd;du;j; Njhd;wpa ,yq;ifapy; tpr;rputhT vd;w kd;du;> Mz;Lte;jhu;.
mtUila kidtpapd; ngau; Nffrp. ,tu;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; ,uhtzd;> Fk;gfd;dd;> tpgPlzd; vd
%d;W Mz; Foe;ijfSk;> #u;g;gdif vd;w ngz; gps;isAk; gpwe;jdu;. tpr;rputhtpd; kuzj;jpw;F
gpwF ,uhtzd; Mz;lhu;. Ky;iy ehl;L kd;dd; khNahdpd; kfs; tz;lhu; Foypia ,uhtzd;
fhjypj;Jj; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;lhu;. ,UtUf;Fk; NrNahd; vd;w kfd; gpwe;jhd;.
Mupau; tUif
tlehl;by; ,Ue;J jkpofj;jpd; tlf;Fg;gFjpapy; Mupau;fs; FbNawpdhu;fs;. mq;Ff; Nfhrpfd;
(tpRthkpj;jpuu;) Nghd;w Kdptu;fs; capu;gyp nfhLj;J ahfk; nra;jhu;fs;. mjidj; jLg;gjw;fhf
,ilts ehl;il Mz;L te;j jkpourpahd jhlif vd;gtu; ,uhtzDf;Ff; Nfhupf;if itj;jhu;.
mjid Vw;W ,uhtzd; RthF vd;Dk; gilj;jiytDld; jd; Nridia mDg;gpdhu;. nfsrpf
Kdptupd; ahfk; jilg;ngw;wJ.
,uhk rNfhjuu;fspd; nfhiyfs;

Nts;tp jilg;gl;ljhy; nfsrpf Kdptu; (tpRthkpj;jpuu;) mNahj;jp nrd;W ,uhk ,yf;Ftid
mioj;J te;J kPz;Lk; ahfk; nra;jhu;. mjidj; jLj;j jhlif> RthF> khuPrd; %tUk; ,uhk
rNfhjuu;fshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;fs;. gilj;jiytd; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhy; ,uhtzd; jd;Dila
jq;ifiag; ghJfhf;f fud; vDk; gilj;jiytid tpe;jf ehl;Lf;F mDg;gp itj;jhu;.
rPijia ,uhtzd; ftu;jy;
gilj;jiytDk;>jq;ifAk; nfhy;yg;gl;l nra;jpiaj; J}ju;fs; %yk; mwpe;j ,uhtzd;> tpe;jfk;
te;jhu;. mq;Nf jq;if tsu;j;j khid mDg;gp ,uhk rNfhju;fisr; rPijaplkpUe;J gpupj;jhu;. gpd;G
rPijiaf; ftu;e;J nrd;W ,yq;ifapy; jd; jq;ifahfg; Nghw;wpdhu;.
gPlzd; ntspNawy;
,uhtzd; muritapy; ,uhkid vjpu;j;J Nghu;GuptJ vd;W jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;F gPlzd;
vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jhu;. rPij ,uhkdplk; mDg;gpitj;J gifapd;wp tho;tJ vd;whu;. gPlzdpd;
fUj;jpid Vw;fhky; ,uhtzd; mtiu ntspNaw;wpdhu;. mjdhy; gPlzd; jd; gilfSld;
,uhkdplk; Nru;e;jhu;. ,yq;ifia vspjpy; nty;Yk; topfis ,uhkDf;F $wpdhu;.
Fk;gfd;dd;> NrNahd;> ,uhtzd; tPu kuzk;

,uhkDf;Fk; ,uhtZf;Fk; ,ilNa Nghu; %z;lJ. Fk;gfd;dd; Nghupy; tPu kuzkile;jhu;. mjidf;
Nfs;tpAw;W tUj;jkile;jpUe;j ,uhtzd; mtUila kfd; NrNahd; Njw;wpdhu;. mjd; gpd;
NrNahDk; Nghupy; <Lgl;L tPukuzk; mile;jhu;. jkaDk;> kfDk; ,we;jij mLj;J ,uhtzd;
Nghupy; <Lgl;lhu;.
,uhkdhy; ,uhtzdpd; Nju;g;ghfd; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;> gPlzdhy; ,uhtzdpd; Nju;f; Fjpiufs;

nfhy;yg;gl;ld. khjyp vd;gtu; nfhLj;j mk;gpid ,uhkd; va;jhu;. mjd; %yk; ,uhtzDk;
tPukuzk; mile;jhu;.
KbTiu:
,f;fhtpaj;jpd; %yk; ,uhtzdpd; rpwg;Gk;>gz;Gk; mtdpd; nray;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mwpe;J
nfhz;Nlhk;.,f;fhtpak; %yk; Gyth; Foe;ij ,uhtzdp;d; khz;gpid mofhf vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shh;.
1. jpUQhdrk;ge;jhpd; ,aw;ngah;
m)ehTf;furh; M)MSilg;gps;is ,)M&uh; <)kUs;ePf;fpahh;
2. “NjhLilr; nrtpad;” vdg; ghbath;
m)Re;juh; M)khzpf;fthrfh; ,)jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; <)jpUehTf;furh;
3. jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ghba gjpfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m)15000 M)16000 ,)17000 <)18000
4. ehSk; ,d;dpirahy; jkpOk; irtKk; gug;gpath;
m)Re;juh; M)khzpf;fthrfh; ,)jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; <)jpUehTf;furh;
5. jpUQhdrk;ge;jhpd; ngw;Nwhh; ngah;
m)Gfodhh;- khjpdpahh; M)riladhh;- ,irQhdpahh;
,)rptghj ,Ujah;- gftjpmk;ikahh; <)ghjrhhpahh;- rptQhdpahh;
6. cikahsplk; Qhdg;ghiy cz;lth;
m)ehTf;furh; M)khzpf;fthrfh; ,)jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; <)jpU%yh;
7. kJiuapy; rkziug; Gdy;thjj;jpYk;> mdy; thjj;jpYk; ntd;W
ghz;baidr; irtuhf;fpath;
m)Nrf;fpohh; M)rptQhdKdp ,)jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; <)jpU%yh;
8. gurkaf;Nfhshp vd;W miof;fg;gLgth;
m)Nrf;fpohh; M)mg;gh; ,)jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; <)thfPrh;
9. Kjy; VO jpUKiwfs; …………. vdg;gLk;
m)jhz;lfk; M)Njthuk; ,)njhif <)ghl;L
10.irth;fspd; jkpo; Ntjk;
m)gpuge;jk; M)rq;f ,yf;fpak; ,)rpw;wpyf;fpak; <)gd;dpUjpUKiw
11.rkaf;Futh; ……….. Mthh;
m)%th; M)ehy;th; ,)Ith; <),Uth;
12.%th; Kjypfs; vdg;gLgth;
m)Qhdrk;ge;jh;> ehTf;furh;> khzpf;fthrfh;
M)Qhdrk;ge;jh;> ehTf;furh;> Re;juh;
,)Nrf;fpohh;> ehTf;furh;> jpU%yh;
<) jpU%yh;> Nrf;fpohh;> khzpf;fthrfh;
13.jpUKiwfisg; ghbath;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m)28 M)27 ,)30 <)31
14.gf;jp ,yf;fpaf; fhyk;
m)Nrhoh;fhyk; M)ghz;bah;fhyk; ,)gy;yth;fhyk; <)ehaf;fh;fhyk;
15.ghk;G jPz;ba tzpfdpd; tplk; jPh;j;j ,lk;
m)jpUNthj;J}h; M)jpUkapiy ,)jpUf;flT+h; <)jpUkUfy;
16.jpuhtpl rpR vd;W miof;fg;gl;lth;
m)Nrf;fpohh; M)Re;juh; ,)jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; <)jpU%yh;
17.Qhdrk;ge;jiu jpuhtplrpR vd;W $wpath;
m)Nrf;fpohh; M)ekr;rptha Njrpfh; ,)itahGhpg;gps;is <)Mjprq;fuh;
18.“ehSk; ,d;dpirahy; jkpo; gug;Gk; Qhdrk;ge;jd;” vd;W $wpath;
19. “Ntjnewp jioj;Njhq;f kpFirtj;Jiw tpsq;f Njhd;wpath;
20.“gps;isghjp> Guhzk; ghjp”-,jpy ;gps;is vd;gJ ahiuf;
Fwpf;fpwJ
21.jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; ………vd;Dk; rj;Gj;u khh;f;fj;jpdh;
m)fphpia M)rhpia ,)NahfKiw <)rfkhh;ff
; k;
22.Mz;gidiag; ngz; kidahf;fpa ,lk;
m)jpUNthj;J}h; M)jpUkapiy ,)jpUf;flT+h; <)jpUkUfy;
23.jpUehTf;furUf;F “mg;gh;” vd;w ngaiu toq;fpath;
24.Njthuj;jpd; Kjy; E}iyg; ghbath;
25.irth;fs;……….flTis tzq;fpath;fs;
m)jpUkhy; M)gpuk;kd; ,)rptd; <)mUfd;
26.ehad;khh;fs;……….
m)mWgj;J%th; M)mWgj;J ehy;th; ,)mWgJ <)mWgj;JMW
27.irtg; nghpNahh;fs; ghba ghf;fs;
m)gpuge;jk; M)rq;f,yf;fpak; ,)jpUKiw <)jhz;lfk;
28.jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jth;
m)mWgj;J%th; M)ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp ,)<rhzpNjrpfh; <)Nrf;fpohh;
29.Kjy; %d;W jpUKiwfisg; ghbath;
m)Nrf;fpohh; M)mg;gh; ,)jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; <)thfPrh;
30.ehTf;furhpd; ,aw;ngah;
m)mg;gh; M)thfPrh; ,)MSilg;gps;is <)Re;juh;
31.ehTf;furUf;F toq;Fk; ngah;fs;
m)thfPrh; M)mg;gh; ,)jUkNrdh; <),it midj;Jk;
32.epUehTf;furhpd; jkf;if ngah;
m)Gdpjtjp M)fyhtjp ,)jpyftjp <)Qhdtjpahh;
33.jpUehTf;furh; gpwe;j Ch;
m)jpy;iy M)jpUth%h; ,)thjT+h; <)jpUehtY}h;
34.ehTf;furh; “Ml;njhz;L nra;J cah;e;jjhy; ………….vdg;gl;lhh;.
m)jUkNrdh; M)MSilmuR ,)thfPrh; <)mg;gh;
35.ehTf;furh;“jhz;lfk;”vd;Dk; nra;Aspy;ghly;fis
ghbajhy;………vdg;gl;lhh;
m)jUkNrdh; M)MSilmuR ,)thfPrh; <)jhz;lfNte;jh;
36.jUkNrdh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lth;
m)Nrf;fpohh; M)Re;juh; ,)jpUehTf;furh; <)jpU%yh;
37.jpUehTf;furh; Kjypy;……….rkaj;ijj; jOtpdhh;
m)irtk; M)itztk; ,)rkzk; <)ngsj;jk;
38.mg;gh; rkz rkaj;jpypUe;J ………..rkaj;jpw;F khwpdhh;
m)irtk; M)itztk; ,)rkzk; <)ngsj;jk;
39.ehTf;furh; rkz rkaj;jpypUe;J irt rkaj;jpw;F khwf; fhuzkhdth;
m)md;id M)je;ij ,),iwtd; <)jkf;if
40.jpUehTf;furiu topgl;lth;
m)mg;G+jpafbs; M)mg;gh; ,)rptthf;fpahh; <)mUs;thf;fpahh;
41.jpUehTf;furh;……..vd;Dk; jhrkhh;ff
; j;jpdh;
m)rhpia M)fphpia ,)Nahfk; <)Qhdk;
42.ehTf;furh; ghba Njthuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m)1>2>3 M)4>5>6 ,)7>8>9 <),it VJkpy;iy
43.ehTf;furh;………tajpy; ,iwtdb Nrh;e;jhh;
m)81 M)82 ,)83 <)84
44.gjpfj;njhil ghbaikahy; ………..vfg;gl;lhh;
m)Nrf;fpohh; M)Re;juh; ,)jpUehTf;furh; <)jpU%yh;
45.Re;juh; gpwe;j Ch;
m)jpUehtY}h; M)jpUth&h; ,)jpUth%h; <)jpUf;fUfhT+h;
46.Re;juh; ngw;Nwhh;
,)rptghj ,Ujah;- gftjpmk;ikahh; <)ghjrhhpahh;- rptQhdpahh;
47.Re;juh; ,aw;ngah;
m)ehTf;furh; M)MSilg;gps;is ,)M&uh; <)kUs;ePf;fpahh;
48.,iwtid kidtpaplk; J}jhf mDg;gpath;
m)ehTf;furh; M)MSilg;gps;is ,)Re;juh; <)kUs;ePf;fpahh;
49.Re;juh; ,iwtid kidtpaplk; J}jhf mDg;gpajhy;.………vdg;gl;lhh;
m)Re;juh; M)MyhyRe;judhh; ,)td;njhz;lh; <)jk;gpuhd;Njhod;
50.jk;gpuhd; vd;gJ ………..flTSf;F toq;Fk; NtWngah;
m)gpuk;kd; M)mhp ,)rptd; <)mUfd;
51.Re;juiu ,iwtd; Ml;nfhz;l ,lk;
m)fhQ;rp m)jpUth%h; ,)jpUf;fapiy <)jpUntz;nza;ey;Y}h;
52.Re;juh; ,iwtDf;F Njhod; vd;gjhy;……….vdg;gl;lhh;.
m)Re;juh; M)MyhyRe;judhh; ,)td;njhz;lh; <)jk;gpuhd;Njhod;
53.Re;juh; NahfKiw vd;w………khh;ff
; j;ij cilath;
m)jhrkhh;ff
; k; M)rj;Gj;u khh;ff
; k; ,)rf khh;ff
; k; <)Nahfkhh;ff
; k;
54.khzpf;fthrfh; ngw;Nwhh; ngah;
,)rptghj ,Ujah;- gftjpmk;ikahh; <)rk;G ghjrhhpahh;- rptQhdptjp
55. “mOJ mbaile;j md;gh;”- vd;W miof;fg;gl;lth;
m)Nrf;fpohh; M)mg;gh; ,)khzpf;fthrfh; <)thfPrh;
56. “njd;dtd; gpuk;kuhad;” gl;lk; ngw;wth;
57.khzpf;fthrfh; ghbaJ
m)jpUg;ghit M)jpUf;Nfhitahh;> jpUthrfk; ,)nghpaGuhzk;
<)ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;
58.mUs;thrfh;> kzptrfh; vd;iwy;yhk; miof;fg;gl;lth;
59.mhpkh;j;jd ghz;badpd; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;
60.jpUntk;ghitia ,aw;wpath;
61.jpUntk;ghit khh;fop khjj;jpy;………….My; ghlg;gLfpwJ.
m)irth; M)itzth; ,)Gj;jh; <)vJTkpy;iy
62.irth;fs; topghl;bd; NghJ ghLtJ
m)rptGuhzk; M)Nghw;wpj;jpUtfty; ,)G+ty;yp <)Jk;gp
63.jpUf;Nfhitahh; ……….E}y;
m)mfk; M)Gwk; ,)mfKk;>GwKk; <)vJTkpy;iy
64.jpUntk;ghitapy;…….ghly;fs; cs;sd.
m)20 M)30 ,)40 <)50
65.,iwtd; “ghit ghbajhy; Nfhit ghLf” vd $w khzpf;fthrfh;
$baJ
m)rptGuhzk; M)Nghw;wpj;jpUtfty; ,)jpUf;Nfhitahh; <)Jk;gp
66.Muzk;> Vuzk;> fhkE}y; vOj;J vd;nwy;yh; $wg;gLtJ
m)rptGuhzk; M)Nghw;wpj;jpUtfty; ,)jpUf;Nfhitahh; <)Jk;gp
67.irt Ntjk; vdg;gLtJ
m)jpUf;Nfhitahh; M)jpUthrfk; ,)rptGuhzk; <)Nghw;wpj;jpUtfty;
68.[p.A.Nghg; mth;fshy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;j;j E}y;
m)jpUf;Nfhitahh; M)jpUthrfk; ,)rptGuhzk; <)Nghw;wpj;jpUtfty;
69.khzpf;fthrfh; ……….khh;ff
; j;ij gpd;gw;wpath;
m)jhrkhh;ff
; k; M)rj;Gj;u khh;f;fk; ,)rf khh;f;fk; <)Qhdkhh;f;fk;
70.xd;gjhk; jpUKiwf;F…………vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.
m)jpUthrfk; m)jpUg;gy;yhz;L ,)jpUtpirg;gh <)jpUKiw
71.xd;gjhk; jpUKiwia ghbath;fspd; vz;zf;if
m)8 M)9 ,)10 <)11
72.jpUke;jpuk;…… Mk; jpUKiwahfj; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m)8 M)9 ,)10 <)11
73.jpUke;jpuj;jpd; Mrphpah;………
m)ehTf;furh; M)MSilg;gps;is ,)jpU%yh; <)kUs;ePf;fpahh;
74.jpU%yh; xU……….
m)mwpQh; M)Gj;jh; ,)rpj;jh; <)vOj;jh;
75.%yd; vd;gtd;………
m),ilad; M)Fwtd; ,)kwtd; <)tPud;
76.jpUke;jpuj;jpw;F Mrphpah; ,l;lngah;
m)ts;Stkhiy M)jpUts;Stkhiy ,)jpUke;jpukhiy <)ke;jpukhiy
77.jpUke;jpuj;jpw;F toq;Fk; NtW ngah;
m)jkpo; %thapuk;; M)jpUts;Stkhiy ,)jpUke;jpukhiy <)ke;jpukhiy
78.Nahfnewpiaf; $Wk; jkpodpd; xNu E}y;
m)jpUke;jpuk; M)NahfE}y; ,)Nahfke;jpuk; <)ke;jpukhiy
79.irtrpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fs; Njhd;w fhuzkhf ,Ue;j E}y;
80.jpU%yh;…………Mz;Lfs; tho;;e;jhh; vd;W $Wth;
m)4000 M)3000 ,)2000 <)5000
81.gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwf;F……….vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.
m)jpUKiw M)gpuge;jk; ,)gpuge;jkhiy <)%thapuk;
123.gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwiag; ghbath;fs;……..
m)11 M)12 ,)13 <)14
82.gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwapy; nkhj;jk;……E}y;fs; cs;sd
m)40 M)41 ,)42 <)43
83.“xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;” vd;w mbfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y;
84.“ehd; ngw;w ,d;gk; ngWf ,t;itafk;” vd;w mbfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s
E}y;
85.gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiwahf ,lk;ngw;w E}y;
m)jpUke;jpuk; M)nghpaGuhzk; ,)gd;dpUjpUKiw <)fe;jGuhzk;
86.Nrf;fpohhpd; ,aw;ngah;
m)mUz;nkhopj;Njth; M)MSilg;gps;is ,)M&uh; <)kUs;ePf;fpahh;
87.Nrf;fpohh; gpwe;j Ch;
m)jpUNthj;J}h; M)jpUkapiy ,)Fd;wj;J}h; <)jpUkUfy;
88.Nrf;fpohh;…………kd;ddplk; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhh;.
m)meghagy;ytd; M)eurpk;k gy;ytd; ,)FNyhj;Jq;fd; <)ee;jpth;kd;
89.nghpaGuhzj;jpw;F Nrf;fpohh; ,l;lngah;…………..
m)njhz;lh;Guhzk; M)jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; ,)Guhzk;
<)nghpaGuhzk;
90.“njhz;lh; rPh; guTthh;” vd miof;fg;gLgth;
m)Nrf;fpohh; M)MSilg;gps;is ,)M&uh; <)kUs;ePf;fpahh;
91.jpUj;njhz;lh; khf;fij vd miof;fg;gLk; E}y;
m)nghpaGuhzk; M)fe;jGuhzk; ,)jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; <)Guhzk;
92.jkpopy; Kjy; fsMa;T E}y;
m)nghpaGuhzk; M)fe;jGuhzk; ,)jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; <)Guhzk;
93.,uz;lhtJ Njrpa fhg;gpak; vd miof;fg;gLk; E}y;
m)nghpaGuhzk; M)jpUthrfk; ,)jpUf;Nfhitahh; <)Njthuk;
ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jk;
94.ehyhapu jpt;ag;gpuge;jj;ij njhFj;jth;……….
m)ehjKdp M)ek;gpahz;lhh;ek;gp ,)Kjyho;thh;fs; <)Mo;thh;fs;
95.Mo;thh;fs; nkhj;jk;……..
m)12 M)13 ,)14 <)63
96.Md;w jkpo; kiw> jpuhtpl rhfuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; E}y;
m)gpuge;jk; M)ehyhapu jpt;ag;gpuge;jk; ,)jpUg;ghit <)jpUf;Nfhit
97.rq;fpd; mk;rkhfj; Njhd;wpath;
m)G+jj;jho;thh; M)ngha;ifaho;thh; ,)Ngaho;thh; <)Mz;lhs;
98.ngha;ifaho;thh; ghbaJ
m)me;jhjp M)Kjyhk; jpUte;jhjp ,),uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp
<)%d;whk; jpUte;jhjp
99.Kjd;Kjypy; jpUkhypd; gj;J mtjhuq;fisg; gw;wp ghbath;
m)G+jj;jho;thh; M)ngha;ifaho;thh; ,)Ngaho;thh; <)nghpaho;thh;
100.fjhAjj;jpd; mk;rkhfg; gpwe;jth;
101.G+jj;jho;thh; ghbaJ
m)me;jhjp M)Kjyhk; jpUte;jhjp ,),uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp
<)%d;whk; jpUte;jhjp
102.ngUe;jkpod; vd;W jd;idj; jhNd $wpf;nfhs;Sk; Mo;thh;
103.Ngaho;thh;……..d; mtjhukhfj; Njhd;wpath;
m)rq;F M)fjhAjk; ,)ths; <)jhkiu
104.Kjyho;thh;fs; %tUk; re;jpj;J nfhz;l ,lk;
m)jpUehtY}h; M)jpUf;NfhtpY}h; ,)jpUth%h; <)jpUf;fUfhT+h;
105.jhkiuapy; mtjhpj;jth;………
106.FUf;fj;jp kyhpy; mtjhpj;jth;
107.nrt;ty;ypapy; mtjhpj;jth;
108.rf;fuj;jpd; mk;rkhfj; Njhd;wpath;
m)Mz;lhs; M)ek;kho;thh; ,)jpUkspir Mo;thh; <)ngha;ifaho;thh;
109.rf;fuj;jho;thh;> gf;jprhfuh; vd;W miof;fg;gLgth;
110.jpUkopir Mo;thhpd; rPld;………
m)G+q;Fd;wd; M)fzpfz;zd; ,)fzpad; <)gf;jprhfuh;
111.nrhd;d tz;zk; nra;j ngUkhs; ,Uf;Fkplk;
m)jQ;ir M)fhQ;rp ,)kJiu <)rpjk;guk;\
112.fUlho;thhpd; mk;rkhfg; gpwe;jth;
113.nghpaho;thhpd; ,aw;ngah;……..
m)fhypq;fh; M)Nghjpjh;kh; ,)tp\;Zrpj;jh; <)Nghfh;
114.fz;zidf; Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;Jg; ghbath;
115.gps;isj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb
116.#bf;nfhLj;j Rlh;nfhb – ahUf;F toq;Fk; ngah;
117.Mz;lhSf;F Nfhij vd;W ngah; #l;bath;
m)Mz;lhs; M)ek;kho;thh; ,)jpUkspir Mo;thh; <)nghpaho;thh;
118.Mz;lhs; ,iwtDf;F kidtpahdjhy;………..vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;
m)Nfhij M)ehr;rpahh; ,)Rlh;nfhb <)Mz;lhs;
119.,iwtDf;Fk;> Mz;lhSf;Fk; jpUkzkhd ,lk;
m)jpUehtY}h; M)jpUtuq;fk; ,)jpUth%h; <)jpUf;fUfhT+h;

1.rkaf; Futh; ehy;th; Fwpg;G jUf.
2. Kjy; %d;W Mo;thh;fs; Fwpg;G jUf.
3. ek;kho;thh;> kJuftpaho;thh; Fwpg;G tiuf.
4.gjpnzd; rpj;jh;fs; Fwpg;G tiuf.
5.,uhtzdpd; rpwg;ig vOJf.
1. gd;dpU jpUKiwfs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
2. Ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
3. rpj;jh; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
4. ,uhtz fhtpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;jpfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
myF - 2
m)ew;wpiz
Kd;Diu:
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; xd;W ew;wpiz ,e;E}y; ew;wpiz ehD}W vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gLk;.400mftw;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ey; vd;w milnkhopapid ngw;W ew;wpiz vd;W
,e;E}y; miof;fg;gLfpwJ ,e;E}iy njhFj;jtu; gz;ghL je;j ghz;bad; khwd;tOjp njhFg;gpj;j tu;
ngau; njupatpy;iy .175 Gytu;fs; ,e;E}iy ghbAs;sdu.; ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhupd; jpUkhy;
gw;wpa ghly; ,e;E}ypd; flTs; tho;j;J ghlyhf mike;Js;sJ. vl;Lj;njhifapy; Kjw;fz; itj;J
vz;zg;gLtJ ,e;E}y; MFk;. ,e;E}Yf;F Kjypy; ciu vOjpatu; gpd;dj;J}u; ehuhazrhkp Iau;
Mthu.; jdpkfdhu; Nja;Gup goq;fapw;wpadhu; tpopf;fz; Ngijg; ngUq;fz;zdhu; Nghd;w Gytu;fs;
ew;wpizapy; vOjpa ghlypd; njhluhy; ngau; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
jpiz: FwpQ;rpj; jpiz

Mrpupau;: fgpyu;
$w;W: gpupT czu;j;jpa Njhopf;F jiytp $wpaJ
$w;W tpsf;fk;: jiytd; gpupe;J nry;y vz;Zfpwhd; vd;W $wpa Njhopf;F jiytp jiytdpd;
gz;Gfisg; gw;wp Gfo;e;J $Wfpwhs;.
jiytdpd; ew;Fzq;fs;:
epd;w nrhy;yu;; ePLNjhd;W ,dpau;;

vd;Wk; vd; Njhs; gpupG mwpayNu'
jhkiuj; jz; jhJ Cjp> kPkpirr;
rhe;jpy; njhLj;j jPk; Njd; Nghy>
Giua kd;w> GiuNahu; Nfz;ik;
ePu; ,d;W mikah cyfk; Nghyj;
jk; ,d;W mikah ek; eae;jUsp>
eW Ejy; grj;jy; mQ;rpr;
rpWik cWgNth? nra;G mwpayNu!
Njhop! ek; fhjyu; vg;NghJk; cz;ikia kl;Lk; Ngrf; $batu;. vf;fhyj;jpYk;
,dpikahdtu.; vg;NghJk; vd; Njhs;fisg; gpupe;J nry;Yk; vz;zk; ,y;yhjtu; NjdpahdJ jhkiu
kyupy; cs;s Fspu;e;j NjidAk; cau;e;J epw;fpd;w re;jd kuj;jpd; NjidAk; re;jd kuj;jpd;
cr;rpapy; nfhz;L Nru;j;J Njdil itf;Fk;. mt;thW itj;j Njdil vg;gb cWjpahdNjh
cau;thdNjh mJ Nghy jhd; jiytd; vd; kPJ itj;Js;s md;Gk; cWjpahdJ. jz;zPu;
,y;yhky; ,t;Tyfk; ,aq;fhJ mJNghy jiytd; ,y;yhky; vd;dhy; tho ,ayhJ vd;gij
mtUk; mwpthu;. vd; kPJ kpfTk; tpUg;gk; nfhz;ltu.; jiytid gpupe;jhy; griy Nehahy; ehd;
Jd;GWNtd; mt;thW griyg;gLtjw;F mQ;rp vd;id tpl;L mtu; gpupa khl;lhu; vd;W jiytp
Njhopf;F vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whs;.;.
jiytDila cs;sk; jhkiu kyupy; cs;s Njid Nghd;wJ vd;Wk; jiytpapd; cs;sk;
re;jd kyupy; cs;s Njid Nghd;wJ vd;Wk; re;jd kuj;jpd; cr;rpapy; Njdil itj;jJ Nghy
jhd; jiytd; jiytpaplk; md;G itj;Js;shd; vd;Wk; Mrpupau; ,g;ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
KbTiu:
,g;ghly; jiytp; jiytdpd; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s md;gpd; cau;it vLj;Jiug;gjhf
mike;Js;sJ. mj;jifa md;Gila jiytd; vd;id tpl;L gpupa khl;lhd; vd;gJ jiytpapd;
fUj;jhFk;
M) FWe;njhif
Kd;Diu:
rq;f fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa njhif E}y;fspy; xd;whfpa FWe;njhif ehD}W mftw;ghthy; mike;j
Xh; mfg;nghUs; E}yhFk;. ,e;E}ypd; ghly;fs; ehd;fbr; rpw;nwy;iyiaAk; vl;lbg; Ngnuy;iyiaAk;
cilait . ‘ey;y FWe;njhif’ vd;w milnkhopAld; ,e;E}y; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhif E}y;fspy; Kjyhtjhfj; njhFf;fg;ngw;wJ. ,e;E}ypd; ghly;fs; gy;NtW

ciuahrphpah;fshy; gy;NtW ciufspy; Nkw;Nfhshf fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. flTs; tho;j;J ePq;fyhf
,e;E}ypy; 401 ghly;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,j;njhif E}iyj; njhFj;jth; G+hpf;Nfh. njhFg;gpj;jth;
ngah; njhpatpy;iy. ghbNahh; 205 Ngh;. ,e;E}Yf;Fg; NguhrphpaUk;> er;rpdhh;f;fpdpaUk; ciu
tFj;Js;sdh;
md;whl tho;f;if epfo;rr
; pfis vspikAk;> ,dpikAk; fye;j nrhw;fshy; mDgt czh;NthL
ciuahf;fg;gl;L ek; cs;sj;NjhL Xl;b cwthLk; ,ay;Gila ghly;fis ,e;E}ypy; fhzyhk;.
jpiz – FwpQ;rp
ghbatu; – NjtFyj;jhu;
Jiw - jiykfd; rpiwg;Gwkhf> mtd; tiue;J nfhs;tJ Ntz;b> Njhop ,aw;gopj;jtop> jiykfs;
,aw;gl nkhope;jJ.
Jiw tpsf;fk; – jiytd; jiytp tPl;bd; mUNf te;J epd;whd;. jiytpia mtd; kze;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf mtd; ,ay;Gfis ,fo;e;J $Wfpd;whs; Njhop. mijf; Nfl;l
jiytp> jiytdpd; ,ay;Gfisg; Gfo;e;J $Wfpd;whs;.
epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W

ePupDk ;Mu; mstpd;Nw- rhuy;
fUq;Nfhy; FwpQ;rpg;G+f; nfhz;L>
ngUe;Njd; ,iof;Fk; ehlndhL el;Ng.
jiytdpd; el;gpd; rpwg;G:
“vk; NjhopNa! $upa nfhk;Gfspy; G+j;Jf; FYq;Ffpd;w FwpQ;rpg; G+f;fspy; cs;s Njid
vLj;J> kiyapy; cs;s cau;e;j kuq;fspy; Njdilfisr; Nrfupj;J itf;fpd;w kiyehl;by;
tho;fpd;wtd; vk; jiytd;. mtNdhL ehd; nfhz;l el;G> epyj;ij tplg; ngupaJ> thdj;ij tpl
cau;e;jJ. fliytpl MokhdJ” vd;W jiytp Njhopf;Ff; $Wfpd;whs;.
KbTiu:
,g;ghly; jiytp; jiytdpd; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s md;gpd; cau;it vLj;Jiug;gjhf
mike;Js;sJ.
,)Iq;FWE}W
Kd;Diu:
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; xd;W Iq;FWE}W xU jpizf;F 100 ghly;fs; tpjk; Ie;J

jpizf;Fk; 500 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ghly;fs; %d;W mb rpw;nwy;iyAk; Mwb NguiyAk;
nfhz;lit .FWfpa mbfisf; nfhz;ljhy; xU jpizf;F 100 ghly;fs; nfhz;ljhYk; ,e;E}y;
Iq;FWE}W vd ngau; ngw;wJ.kUjj; jpizia Xuk; NghfpahUk; nea;jiy mk;KtdhUk;
FwpQ;rpia fgpyUk; Ky;iyia NgadhWk; ghiyia xjyhe;ijahUk; ghbAs;sdu;.xt;nthU
E}Wk; gj;J gj;J gFjp cilaJ .Mjyhy; cl;gpupTfs; 10 vd;W ngaiu ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ
,e;E}y; ghly;fs; njhy;fhg;gpak; ek;gpafg; nghUs; Nghd;w ,yf;fz E}y;fSf;F

Nkw;Nfhshf fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;E}iy lhf;lu; Rthkpehj Iau; gjpg;gpj;Js;shu.; Jiurhkp mtu;fs;
,e;E}Yf;F ciu vOjpAs;shu.; ,e;E}iy njhFj;jtu; Gyj;Jiw Kw;wpa; $lY}u; fpohu; . ,e;E}iyj;
njhFg;gpj;jtu; ahidf; fl;Nra; khe;jue;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw .
Ntl;ifg; gj;J
Njhop $w;W:
jiytd; guj;ijAld; $ba neLehs; xOfpdhd; gpd; ,J jfhJ vd;W vz;zp jpUk;gp
te;J jiytpAld; Nru;e;J tho;jhd;. mg;NghJ mtd; Njhopiag; ghu;j;J ehd; gpupe;j fhyj;jpy;
ePq;fs; epidj;jJ ahJ vd Nfl;lhd; mijf; Nfl;l Njhop jiytpapd; epiyf;Fwpj;J $Wtjhf
mike;Js;sJ ,g;ghly;.
thop Mjd; thop mtpdp

ney; gy nghypf nghd; ngupJ rpwf;f
vd Ntl;NlhNs ahNa ahNk
eida fhQ;rpr; rpida rpW kPd;
ahzu; Cud; tho;f
ghzDk; tho;f vd Ntl;NlNk.
new;gy nghypf!
ehL fhty; nghUl;L Mjd; vd;ghd; tho;f!. mtdJ Fbapy; Njhd;wpa mtpdp tho;f!
ehl;L taypy; ney; kpFe;J tpisf! nghd;kpPf cz;lhFf vd;W jiytp ,y;ywj;ij vz;zp
xOfpdhy; ehq;fNsh kyu;fis cila Cud; tho;f! mtDf;F J}jha; tUk; ghlYk; tho;f! vd;W
tpUk;gp ,Ue;Njhk; .kPd;fs; fhQ;rp kuf;fpisfspy; Js;sp tpisahLfpd;w ahzh; Cud; tho;f! fhQ;rp
kuk; jiytidAk; kPd;fs; gwj;ijaiuAk; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
KbTiu:
,t;thW fsTf; fhyj;jpy; NjhopAk; jiytpAk; vz;zpapUe;jijj; Njhop jiytdplk;
$wpdhs;.
<) fypj;njhif
Kd;Diu:
rq;ffhyj; jkpopyf;fpaj; njhFjpahd vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; MwhtJ E}yhFk;. Gy Gytu;fspd;

ghly;fs; mlq;fpa njhFg;G E}yhd fypj;njhifapy; Xir ,dpikAk;> juT> jhopir> jdpr;nrhy;>
Rupjfk; vd;Dk; rpwg;ghd mikg;Gfshy; mike;j fypg;ghtpdhy; rptidg; gw;wpa flTs; tho;j;Jg;
ghly; xd;W cl;gl ghlg;gl;l 150 ghly;fs;cs;sd. mg;ghly;fis mb vy;iy Nehf;fpy; MuhAk;
NghJ Fiwe;j mb vy;iyahf 11 mbfs; nfhz;l ghly;fSk; cau;e;j mb vy;iyahf 80 mbfs;
nfhz;l ghly;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mfg;nghUs; Jiwghl Vw;w ahg;G tbtq;fshf fypg;ghitAk;
gupghliyAk; njhy;fhg;gpau; $Wfpwhu;.
Js;sNyhirahy; ghlg;gl;L ghtifahy; ngau; ngw;w E}y; fypj;njhif MFk;. Gpw mfj;jpiz
E}y;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fhj iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz> klNyWjy; Mfpait fypj;njhifapy; kl;LNk
,lk; ngWfpd;wd. fypj;njhif fhjyu; jk; mfj;njhif vdTk; $wyhk;. ,g;ghly;fspd; %yk;
gz;ilf;fhy xOf;f tof;fq;fs; epfo;rr; pfs; kuGfs; fhyj;jpd; jd;ik> ey;ytu;> jPatu; gz;Gfs;>
tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfs;> kuq;fs;> nrbnfhbfspd;> ,ay;Gfs; Mfpadtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
fypj;njhif: FwpQ;rp fyp

$w;W : jiytp $w;W
ghbatu; : fgpyu;
jpiz : FwpQ;rp
Rlu;j;njhB,! Nfsha;! njUtpy; ehk; MLk;

kzw; rpw;wpy; fhypd; rpijah> milr;rpa
Nfhij gupe;J> tup ge;J nfhz;L Xb>
Neh jf;f nra;Ak; rpW> gl;b> Nky; Xu; ehs;>
md;idAk; ahDk; ,Ue;Njkh> ‘,y;ypNu!
cz;Z ePu; Ntl;Nld;' vd te;jhw;F> md;id>
mlu; nghw; rpufj;jhy; thf;fp> Rlupoha;!
cz;Z ePu; Cl;b th’ vd;whs;: vd> ahDk;
jd;id mwpahJ nrd;Nwd;; kw;W vd;id
jiytp jiytidg; gw;wp $Wjy; :
jiytp jd; Njhopaplk; nrhy;fpwhs;.RlUk; tisay; mzpe;jtNs Nfs;.md;W xUehs; ehk; njUtpy;
kzy;tPL fl;b tpisahbNdhk;.mg;NghJ> mq;F xUtd; te;jhd;.jd; fhyhy; ek; kzy;tPl;ilf;
fiyj;jhd;.ehk; R+bapUe;j khiyfisg; gupj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;.
ek; ge;JfisAk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Xbdhd;.,g;gbnay;yhk; ekf;Fj; Jd;gk; cz;lhf;fpatd;
mtd;.FWk;G nra;Ak; gl;bf; fhis Nghd;wtd; mtd;>
gpd;du; xUehs; te;jhd;.vd; jhAk; ehDk; tPl;by; ,Ue;Njhk;.“jz;zPu; jhfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ” vd;whd;.
vd; jha; mlu;e;j nghd; fpz;zj;jpy; jz;zPu; nkhz;Lnfhz;L te;jhs;.
tis Kd;if gw;wp eypa> njUke;jpl;L>
md;dha;! ,tndhUtd; nra;jJ fhz;’ vd;Nwdh>
md;id mywpg; glu;ju> jd;id ahd;>
cz;Z ePu; tpf;fpdhd;’ vd;Nwdh> md;idAk;
jd;idg; Gwk;G mopj;J ePt> kw;W vd;idf;
filf;fz;zhy; nfhy;thd; Nghy; Nehf;fp> eiff; $l;lk;
nra;jhd;> mf; fs;td; kfd;
jiytp mr;rg;gLjy;:
RlUk; mzpfyd; G+z;ltNs!mtd; ePu; cz;Zk;gbr; nra;Jtpl;L th -
vd;whs;.ehDk; Kd;G FWk;G nra;j mtd; vd;W mwpahky; nrd;Nwd;.mtd; tisayzpe;j vd;
ifiag; gw;wp ,Oj;Jj; Jd;GWj;jpdhd;.ehd; kUz;LNghNdd;.“md;dha;> ,td; xUtd; nra;tijg;
ghu;” vd;W $r;rypl;Nld;.vd; jha; mywpf;nfhz;L Xbte;jhs;.“cz;Zk; jz;zPu; tpf;fpdhd;” vd;Nwd;.
md;id mtd; gplupia ePtpdhs;.mtNdh vd;idf; filf;fz;zhy; ghu;j;jhd;.nfhy;gtd; Nghyg;
ghu;j;jhd;.mtDk; ehDk; rpupj;Jf;nfhz;Nlhk;mtd; jpUld; kfd;.fhjy; jpUld;.
KbTiu:
fypj;njhifapy; ,lk; ngw;w ,g;ghlyhdJ fsT fhyj;jpy; jiytpapd; epiyapidAk;
mtsJ fw;gpd; jpwidAk; czHj;JfpwJ.
c)GwehD}W
.Kd;Diu:
Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpa 400 ghly;fspd; njhFg;ghFk; ,J Gwk; Gwg;ghl;L GwehD}W vdTk; ngau;
ngUk; ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhu; ,e;E}Yf;F flTs; tho;j;J ghbAs;shu; ,e;E}iy njhFj;jtu;
njhFg;gpj;jtu; ngau; njupatpy;iy.E}yhdJ ehd;fb 40 mb NguisAk; nfhz;lJ.
gz;ila jkpofj;jpd; murpay; tuyhw;iwAk; r%f tuyhw;iwAk; fhw;Wk; mupa fUT+ykhf
,d;ndhU jpfo;fpwJ Nguuru;fs; rpw;wuru;fs; NtsPu;fs; filapy; ts;sy;fspd; Ml;rp rpwg;G gw;wpAk;
gy r%f gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; fhy fz;zhbahf ,d;Dk; jpfo;fpwJ.
ghbatu;: ef;fuP dhu;
jpiz: nghJtpay;
jpiz tpsf;fk;: ntw;wp Kjy; ghlk; jpiu tiuAs;s xd;gJ jpizfSf;Fk; nghJtha;
cs;sdtw;iw $WtJ nghJtpay;
Jiw: nghUz;nkhopf;fhQ;rp
Jiw tpsf;fk;: capUf;F ,k;ik kWikfspy; cWjp jUfpd;w nghUis xUtDf;F Kdptu;fs;
rhd;Nwhu;fs; vLj;Jf;$Wjy;.
"njz;fly; tshfk; nghJik ,d;wp
ntz;Fil epow;wpa xUikNahu;fF ; k;.
eLehs; ahkj;Jk; gfYk; JQ;rhd;
fLkhg; ghu;f;Fk; fy;yh xUtw;Fk;>
cz;gJ ehop; cLg;git ,uz;Nl;
gpwTk; vy;yhk; Xnuhf; FNk;
mjdhy;> nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy;;
Ja;g;Ngk; vdpNd> jg;Ge NghyNt! "
njspe;j ePuhy; R+og;gl;l cyfk; KOtijAk; xUtdhf Ml;rp nra;J ngz; Nghw;wf;
Filahy; vd;d nra;j murUf;Fk; ebif mku;j;Jk; ez;gu;fSk; cwq;fhj tpiue;J nry;Yk;
tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahb jpupaf;$ba fy;tp ,y;yhj tupatd; xUtDf;Fk; cz;zg;gLk; nghUs;
ehsp jhdpakhFk; xLf;fg;gLgit ,ilapy; mzpAk; Mil Nkyhil vd ,uz;L MFk; ,it
Nghy gpw cly; cs;s NjitfSk; xd;W NghyNt ,Uf;Fk; nry;tj;ij ngUk; gadhtJ gpwUf;F
nfhLj;J cjTtjhFk; nry;tj;ij jhNk ngWNthk; vd fUjpdhy; mwk; nghUs; ,d;gj;jpYk; gad;
fpilf;fhJ tUe;Jtu; ,jpy; murd; MdhYk; Mz;bahf Mz;bahf ,Ue;jhYk; cz;gJk; cLg;gJk;
xd;Nw MFk; Mdhy; xUtd; ngw;w nry;tj;jpd; gad; mLj;jtUf;F nfhLj;J kfpo;tpNj MFk;
vd;gij ,J typAWj;JfpwJ vdNt nghUs; cilatu;fs; midtUf;Fk; nfhLj;J kfpo;e;J
mwj;jpd; gaid milAq;fs; vd;gij ,g;ghly; typAWj;JfpwJ.
KbTiu:
fsT fhyj;jpy; jiytpapd; epiyapidAk; mtsJ fw;gpd; jpwidAk; czHj;JfpwJ.
c)Ky;iyg; ghl;L
Kd;Diu:
gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSs; xd;W Ky;iyg; ghl;L gj;Jg;ghl;by; kpff; Fiwe;j mbfSilaJ.
Ky;iyg;ghl;L 103 mbfisAilaJ ,e;E}y; Ky;iyj;jpizf;Fhpa ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk;
rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghLfpd;wJ. tpidNky; nrd;w jiytd; jpUk;gp tUk; tiuf;Fk; jiytp Mw;wpapUg;gJ
,y;ywk; elj;jpa rpwg;gpidj; vLj;J $WtJ ,e;E}y;. mjd; Mrphpah; eg;G+jdhh; ,e;E}ypy;
jiytpapd; gphpTj; Jah; murdpd; ghriw mikg;G> atdh;> kpNyr;rh; Nghd;wth;fs; ghriwiag;
ghJfhj;j nra;jp Kjypait moFw vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jiytp Mw;wpapUe;j fhuzj;jhy;
neQ;rhw;Wg;gil vd;w NtW ngaUk; ,e;E}Yf;F cz;L.
fhh;fhyk;:
Ky;iy epyj;jpw;F chpa fhyk; fhh;fhyk;> nghOJ khiyg; nghOJ nja;tk; jpUkhy; ,k; %d;Wk;
fhh;fhy tUifia rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;gLfpd;wd. miyfs; xypf;fpd;w flypy; ,Ue;j> ePh; Mtpahf
Nky; vOe;J kiykPJ Nkfkhfj; jq;fp ngUk; kioiag; nghopfpd;w fhh;fhyk; te;jJ. mf;fhyj;jpy;
fztidg; gphpj;jpUe;j khiyf;fhyKk; te;jJ. Nkfk; kiog;nghope;j fhl;rpahdJ rq;Fk;> rf;fuKk;
Ve;jpa iffisAila jpUkhy; kfhgyp kd;ddplk; %d;wb epyk; Nfl;f> kd;dd; jz;zPuhy;
jhdk; nra;J nfhlj;jTld; tpz;iz Kl;Lk; msT jpUkhy; cah;e;J epd;wijg; Nghy; ,Ue;jJ.
thdj;ijAk; G+kpiaAk; ,izg;gJ Nghy kiog; nghope;jJ.
tphpr;rp Nfl;ly;:
NghUf;F nrd;w jiytd; ntw;wpAld; jpUk;gp tUthdh vd;gij njhpe;J nfhs;tjw;F tajhd
ngz;fs; fl;Lf;fhty; epiwe;j CUf;F ntsp;apYs;s NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W gbapy; ney;ypid itj;J
Ky;iyg; G+f;fisAk; J}tp nja;tj;ij ew;nrhy; Nfl;L tzq;fpdh;.
“mUq;fb %J}h; kUq;fpy; Nghfp
aho;,ir apdtz; lhh;g;g ney;NyhL
ehop nfhz;l eWtP Ky;iy
MWjy; nkhopfs;:
Nfhapypy; tajhd ngz;fs; tphpr;rp Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Neuj;jpy; jha;g;gRitf; fhzhky;
tUe;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j fd;iwg; ghh;j;j ,ilah; Fyg; ngz; xUj;jp Fsph;jhq;fhky; jd; iffisf;
FWf;fhff; fl;bf; nfhz;L mt;tplj;jpw;F mUfpy; epd;W nfhz;bUe;jhs;. mts; fd;iwg; ghh;j;J
tUe;jhNj ,ilah;fs; tpiutpy; cd; jhahiu Xl;bf; nfhz;L te;J tpLth; vd;W MWjy;
$wpdhs;. mjid mk; KJngz;bh;fs; Nfl;fNt muz;kidf;Fr; nrd;W jiytpaplk; jhq;fs; Nfl;l
ew;nrhy;iyf; $wp tpiutpy; jiytd; giftiu ntd;W mth;fs; nfhLf;Fk; jpiug;nghUSld;
jpUk;gp tUthd; vd;W MWjy; $wpdh;. mjidf; Nfl;Lk; jiytp mWjy; nfhs;shky; jd;
G+g;Nghd;w fz;zp;y; ,Ue;J Kj;Jg; Nghd;w fz;zPh;r; rpe;j mOJ nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhs;.
ghriwapd; mikg;G:
NghUf;F nrd;wpUe;j jiytd; fhl;by; ghriw mikj;Jj; jq;fpapUe;jhd;. fhl;lhW #o;e;j nghpa
fhl;bYs;s gpltk;> FWe;jhW Nghd;w nrbfis ntl;b mopj;Jk; Ntlh;fspd; ,Ug;gplj;ij
mopj;Jk;>fly; Nghd;w nghpa ghriw tPuh;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ ghriwiar; Rw;wp ,LKl;fis
Ntypahf mikj;J ,Ue;jdh;.
“,LKl; Ghpir Na Kw tis,g;
ePh;g; gzhpapd; gue;j ghb”
ahid ghfh; nray;:
ehd;F njUf;fs; $Lk; Kw;wj;jpy; ahidfisf; fhtYf;F epWj;jpapUe;jdh;.
me;j ahidfs; cz;Ztjw;F fUk;G> ney;> fl;L mjpkJujiy Nghd;witfis mjd; Kd;ghf
itj;jpUe;jdh;. ahidfs; me;j cztpid cz;zhky; fUk;G> new;fjpuhy; jd; new;wpapy;
,Uf;Fk; <f;fis tpul;bf; nfhz;bUe;jd. mj;jifa ahidfisf; fy;yhj ,isQh;fs; ifapy;
cs;s fitf;Nfhyhy; Fj;jp Nrhw;Wf; ftsj;ij jpd;Dk;gb tlnkhopapy; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
gbg;gwptpy;yhj ahidg;ghfh;fs; ahidfisg; gof;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;
“fitKl; fUtpapd; tlnkhop gapw;wp
fy;yh tpisQh; ftdq; ifg;g”
tPuh;fs; jq;;Fkplk;
Kf;Nfhypd; kPJ fhtp cilapidg; Nghl;L itj;jhw; Nghy tPuh;fs; mk;gpid epyj;jpy; Cd;wp
mk;guhj; J}zpia mk;gpy; khl;b ghriwiar; Rw;wp Ntypahf mikj;J ,Ue;jdh;. typikahd
Cd;WNfhiy el;L fapw;why; .,Oj;J $lhuj;ij mikj;jpUe;jdh;. $lhuj;ijr; Rw;wp G+f;fisAila
Fj;Jf; Nfhy;fs;> Nflak;> ths; Nghd;wtw;iw ghJfhg;gpw;fhf mike;jpUe;jdh;.
kd;ddpd; ghriw mikg;G:
ePz;l Nfhiy Cd;wp nghpjhf mikj;jpUe;j kd;ddpd; ghriwapy; tisay; mzpe;j ePz;l $e;jy;
jtOk; mofpa KJfpidAila ngz;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. ,g;ngz;fs; ,ilapy; this nrhUfp
itj;jpUe;jdh;. kd;ddpd; miwapy; ,Us; #ohjthW FLitapy; ,Ue;j nea;apid ghit tpsf;fpy;
xspf;FiwAk; nghOnjy;yhk; Cw;wpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jdh;.
“,uT gfy; nra;Ae; jpz;gpb nahs;ths;
tpuTthpf; fr;rpw; G+z;l kq;ifah;”
nka;fhg;ghsh;:
kzpNahir mlq;fpa eL ,utpy; $e;jiy Kbe;J mjd; Nky; nts;is jiy ghfpid mzpe;j
atdh;fs; cwq;fpf; nfhz;L ,Ue;jdh;. fhl;by; cs;s ky;ypif kior; rhuYf;F MLtijg; Nghy
mth;fSk;>mth;fs; mzpe;jpUe; rl;ilAk; Mbf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jd. ,t;thW atdh;fs; fhtypd;
NghJ J}q;fpf; nfhz;L ,Ue;jdh;.
ehopif tl;by;:
Neuj;ijr; rhpahff; fzpj;Jf; $Wk; fzf;fh;fs; kd;did tho;j;jptpl;L ehopif tl;bypy; ePh;tpl;L
xOFk; jz;zPiu mse;J Neuj;ijf; fzpj;J $wpdh;.
atdh;fs;:
,uz;L miwfisAila murdpd; ghriwapy; atdh;fs; fhty; Ghpe;J nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ghriw
Gypr;rq;fpypahy; myq;fhuk; nra;ag;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. atdh;fs; tha;Ngr Kbahj Cikfshf
,Ue;jdh;. mth;fs; ,Uf;fkhf mzpe;jpUe;j cil clypd; kbg;gpid vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjhf ,Ue;jJ.
me;jj; Njhw;wk; ghh;gth;fSf;F mr;rj;ijj; jUtjhf fhzg;gl;lJ. ,ilapy; Fjpiuapd; rTf;iff;
fl;bapUe;j atdh;fs; ghriapy; ,Ue;j kzptpsf;if vhpa itj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. atdh;fs;
typikahdtHfshf ,Ue;jdh;. murh;fs; ,ufrpaj;ijf; fhf;Fk; nghUl;L Cik atdh;fisj;
jq;fSila nka;f;fhg;ghsh;fshf itj;jpUj;jdh;.
“nka;g;ig Gf;f ntUtUe; Njhw;wj;J
typGzh; ahf;iftd;fz; atdh;”
murdpd; epiy:
midtUk; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;j es;sputpy; murd; kl;Lk; cwq;fhky; ,Ue;jhd;. xU ifapid
gLf;ifapd; Nky; itj;Jk; kw;nwhU ifia jd; jiyiaj; jhq;fpf; nfhz;L Nghh;fsj;jpy; ele;j
epfo;rr
; pfis vz;zpf; nfhz;L ,Ue;jhd;. Nty; gha;e;jhy; ngz;ahidia ke;J tUe;jpf;
nfhz;bUe;j Mz;ahidiag; gw;wpAk; nrQ;Nrhw;Wf; flDf;fhf Nghh;fsj;jpy; tPuKld; Nghh; nra;J
khz;L Nghd tPuh;fisg; gw;wpAk; fhJfisj; Njhyhy; %lg;gl;bUe;Jk; mjidj; Jisj;Jf; nfhz;L
mk;Gfs; gha;e;jjhy; tUe;Jk; FjpiufisAk; gw;wpAk; vz;zpf;nfhz;L midtUk; cwq;Fk;
es;sputpYk; kd;dd; cwq;fhky; ftiyNahL ,Ue;jhd;.
“NrhW tha;j;J Xope;Njhh; cs;spAk;
cz;zhJ za;Fk; kh rpe;jpj;Jk;
xUif gs;sp xw;wp xUif
KbnahL flfk; Nrh;j;jp nebJ epidj;J”
,t;thW Kd;dpuT ftiyAld; ,Ue;j kd;dd; kWehs; giftiu ntd;W ntw;wpAld;; jd; ehl;b;Fj;
jpUk;gpr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mjid mwpahj jiytp muz;kidapy; jiytid vz;zp
tUj;jKw;wpUe;jhs;.
jiytpapd; epiy:
jiytp VO khlq;fs; cs;s muz;kidapy; VohtJ khlj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;jhs;. me;j miwapy;
kiog;nga;tjhy; mbj;j rhuy; mUtpNghy Xbf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. ghittpsf;Ffs; vhpe;J
nfhz;bUe;jd. kioNahirf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ. jiyidg; gphpe;j jiytp Mw;wpapUg;gJ
jhd; cz;ikahd fw;G. mJ ed;F njhpe;jpUe;Jk; Jd;gj;ijj; jhq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbahj jiytp
kaq;fpAk; mbf;fb ngU%r;R tpl;Lf; nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jhs;. foz;W tpOk;gb ,Ue;j tisay;fisAk;
mzpfd;fisAk; jpUj;jpdhs;;. jiytd; ntw;wp ngw;W kPz;L tUtij vjph;Nehf;fpf; fhj;jpUe;jhs;.
jiytd; jd; ehl;bw;F tuy;:
jiytd; gifth;fis ntd;W ntw;wpAld; rq;Ffs;> nfhk;Gfs; Koq;f Njhpy; jpUk;gp te;J
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. tUk; topapy; fhh;fhyj;jpw;F chpa kyh;fs; kyh;e;jpUg;gijf; fz;L jiytpia
vz;zpf; nfhs;fpwhd;. Fq;Fkk; Nghd;w fhahkyh;>ntz;fhe;js;> nrq;fhe;js;> G+f;fs;
kyh;j;jpUg;gijAk; tuFk; tpisj;jpUg;gijAk; jiytd; fz;lhd;. NkYk;> KWf;fpa nfhk;Gila
Mz;>ngz;khd;fs; Js;sp tpisahLtijAk; fhz;fpd;whd;. ,itnay;yhk; fhh;fhyj;ij mtDf;F
epidT+l;lNt jiytpia clNdf; fhz Ntz;Lnkd;W vz;zp tpiuthfr; nry;Yk; Fjpiufis
NkYk; tpiuthfr; nrYj;jpdhd;. me;jf; Fjpiufs; fidf;Fk; Xiriaf; Nfl;lj; jiytp
,d;dpirapidf; Nfl;lts;Nghy kpFe;j kfpo;rr
; pAld; jiytdpd; tuit vjph;Nehf;fpf;
fhj;jpUe;jhs;.
“tprak; nty;nfhb AahptyNdh;G
tapUk; tisA Mh;gg ; ”
KbTiu:
jiytpiag; gphpe;J Nghh;Ghpa nrd;w Ky;iy epyj;jiytd; jhd; jpUk;gp tUTjhff; $wpr; nrd;w
fhh;fhyk; te;ejJk; jiytpiaf; fhz te;jhd;.
tpdhtq;fp
1.jiytd; jiytpapd;kPJ nfhz;l tpUg;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf vt;thW elg;ghd;?
m) nghWikahf M) fUizNahL ,) nghwhikahf <) tPukhf
2.tz;L jhkiug; G+tpypUe;J vtw;iw Jisj;J vLj;jJ?
m) ,jo;fis M) jz;il ,) kfue;j jhij <) ,iyfis
3.jiytd; ahUila Njhs;fis tpl;L vd;Wk; gpupahjtd;?
m) je;ijapd; M) jhapd; ,) Njhodpd; <) jiytpapd;
4.tz;L> re;jd kuj;jpd; cr;rpapy; nfhz;LNgha; Nru;j;j ,dpa Njid Nghd;wJ jiytdpd; ------ ?
m) Ngr;R M) el;G ,) tPuk; <) ew;Fzk;
5.vJ ,d;wp ,t;Tyfk; rpwf;f ,ayhJ?
m) ePu; M) fhw;W ,) neUg;G <) <if
6.nrhy;ypa nrhy;ypypUe;J khWglhjtu; ahu;?
m) kd;dd; M) mikr;rd; ,)jiytd; <) gilj;jiytd;
7.FWe;njhif vt;tif ,yf;fpak;?
m) mfk; M) Gwk; ,) mwk; <) iff;fpis
8.FWe;njhifia njhFj;jtu; ahu;?
m) ey;Ntl;ld; M) fgpyu; ,) guzu; <) cg;G+upFbfpohu;
9.ciuahrpupau;fshy; mjpfkhf Nkw;Nfhshf vLj;jhsg;gl;l E}y; vJ?
m) FWe;njhif M) ew;wpiz ,) GwehD}W <) mfehD}W
10.FWe;njhifia ghba Gytu;fs;?
m) 205 M) 300 ,) 400 <) 5
11.ahAk; QhAk; vd;Dk; ghly; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ,yf;fpak; vJ?
m) FWe;njhif M) mfehD}W ,) GwehD}W <) fypj;njhif
12.epyj;jpYk; ngupJ---------cau;e;jd;W?
m) thdpYk; M) epytpDk; ,) kuj;jpDk; <) kiyapDk;
13.FWe;njhif gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L?
m) 1914 M) 1915 ,) 1916 <) 1917
14.kpFjpahd ------- ngw;W jiytd; rpwg;ghf tho;f vd;W NjhopAk; jiytpAk; tpUk;gpdu;?
m) ney;tsk; M) kPd;tsk; ,) nry;t tsk; <) ePu; tsk;
15.Nru murdJ ehl;by; ney; kpFjpahf tpisal;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpaJ ahu;?
m) jiytpapd; jha; M) Njhop ,) ehl;L kf;fs; <) nrtpypj;jha;
16.aha; vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
m)jha; M) nrtpypj;jha; ,) rNfhjup <) jq;if
17.vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; mfk; fye;j E}y;fs; vj;jid?
m) 7 M) 6 ,) 5 <) 4
18.jiytpiag; ghu;j;J jiytd; ele;J nfhz;l tpjk; ahJ?
m) rpupj;jy; M) mOjy; ,) nespjy; <) XLjy;
19.fs;td; kfd; vd;W jiytp ahiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhs;?
m) ghzd; M) ghu;g;gdd; ,) jiytd; <) rNfhjud;
20.FwpQ;rpj;jpizg; ghLtjpy; ty;ytu; ahu;?
m) fgpyu; M) kUjepy ehfdhu; ,) G+jQ;Nre;jdhu; <) Ngadhu;
21.fw;wwpe;Njhu; Nghw;Wk; E}y; vJ?
m) Ky;iyg;ghl;L M) gl;bdg;ghiy ,) gupghly; <) fypj;njhif
22.fypj;njhifapy; xt;nthU ghlYk; vt;tikg;ig rhu;e;jjhf fhzg;gLk;?
m) ciueil M) kuGf; ftpij ,) Xuq;f ehlfk; <) GJf;ftpij
23.eL ehs; vd;why; vd;d?
m) es;spuT M) mjpfhiy ,) gfw;nghOJ <) tpbaw;fhiy
24.nry;tj;jpd; gad;ghL vd;d?
m) nrytopg;gJ M) tPLf;fl;LtJ ,) Njhl;lk; thq;FtJ <) <if mspg;gJ 25.tho;tjw;Fupa
jFjpahd epyk; vJ?
m) nropg;ghd epyk; M) ePUs;s ,lk; ,)kiyf;fhLfs; <)ey;yMz;fs;,Uf;Fk; ,lk;
26.fPo;fhZk; Gytu;fspy; ngz;ghw; Gytu; ahu;?
m) thy;kPfp M) fgpyu; ,) xsitahu; <) ef;fPuu;
27.ntz;Fil vd;gjpd; nghUs; ahJ?
m)ntz;ikahd Fil M) ntw;wp Fil ,) kio Fil <) Jwtpay; Fil
28.Njhd;wpg; G+f;fs; vd;d epwj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ?
m) FUjp M) kQ;rs; ,) nts;is <) gr;ir
29.Ky;iy epyj;Jf;Fupa rpWk;nghOJ vd;d?
m) itfiw M) khiy ,) fhiy <) vw;ghL
30.Ky;iy epyj;jpw;Fupa ngUk;nghOJ vd;d?
m) ,sNtdpy; M) KJNtdpy; ,) fhu;fhyk; <) Kd;gdpf;fhyk;
31.muz;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
m) 4 M) 6 ,) 5 <) 2
32.murDf;F nka;f;fhty; GupNthiu vt;thW miog;gu;?
m) fhtyhsp M) tPuu; ,) jsgjp <) ngU%jhsu;
33.murd; mUfpy; ghJfhtYf;fhf epd;wtu;fs; ahu;?
m) kpNyr;ru;fs; M) atzu;fs; ,) nka;f;fhg;ghsu; <) ngha;ah kf;fs;
34.fpLF vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ?
m) Nflak; M) <l;b ,) mk;G <) fj;jp
35.Kf;Nfhy; cilatd; ahu;?
m) Kdptd; M) me;jzd; ,) Ntld; <) Nahfp
36.ahidg;ghfu; vijj; jpd;d Ntz;b ahidiaf; Fj;jpdu;?
m) mjpkJuk; M) fUk;G ,) Gy; <) ftsk;
37.mk;G ijj;j kapy; Nghy; eLq;fp epd;wts; ahu;?
m) Njhop M) nrtpypj;jha; ,) ew;wha; <) jiytp
38.jiytd; NghUf;Fr; nry;Yk; Kd; $wpaJ vd;d?
m) Mw;wpUg;ghahf M) fhj;jpUg;ghahf ,) epidj;jpUg;ghahf <) jdpj;jpUg;ghahf 39.Mw;Wg;gil
E}y;fs; vj;jid?
m) ehd;F M) Ie;J ,) vl;L <) MW
40.Ky;iy epyj;jpd; nja;tk; ahu;?
m) KUfd; M) jpUkhy; ,) tUzd; <) gpuk;kd;
1.jiytdpd; el;G vj;jifaJ? ew;wpiz top tpsf;Ff?
2.'eidaf;fhQ;rpr; rpida rpWkPd;' vd;Dk; kUjj; jpiz ghliy tpsf;Ff?
3.filf; fz;zhy; nfhy;thd; Nghy; Nehf;fpa fs;td; kfd; ahu;?
4.cz;Z ePu; tpf;fpdhd; ahu;?
5.jiytp Njhopaplk; jiytdpd; nray;fisf; $Wk; jpwj;jpid tpsf;Ff?
6.fgpyu; FwpQ;rpf;fypapy; ghba ghly; nghUis tpsf;fp tiuf?
7.nghJik gw;wp ef;fPudhu; ghLk; tpjk; Fwpj;J vOJf?
8.xsitapd; mUq;fUj;J Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff?
9.nghJikg; gz;ig tpsf;Fk; ef;fPuu; ghliy njhFj;Jiuf;f?
10.Ky;iyg;ghl;L $Wk; ghriw epfo;rr ; pfis tptupf;f?
11.Ky;iyg;ghl;L neQ;rhw;Wg;gil vd miof;fg;gl fhuzk; vd;d?
1.FWe;njhifapy; FwpQ;rpj; jpizg; ghlyhy; mwpayhFk; nra;jpfis vOJf?
2.jiytpf; $w;wpy; mike;j fgpyu; ghlypy; jiytp Njhopaplk; ahJ $wpdhs;?
3.md;dha; ,td; xUtd; nra;jJ fhz; vd;W $wpaJ ahu;?
4.jiytpapd; kd czu;tpid vLj;Jiug;gjhf mike;j fypj;njhif ghlypidg; tptupf;f?
5.murd; tho;Tk; Ntld; tho;Tk; xd;Nw vd GwehD}W $Wk; nghJikia fl;Liu tiuf?
6.ghriwg; gil tPLfspd; mikg;gpid Ky;iyg;ghl;L top epd;W tpsf;Ff?
7.Ky;iyg;ghl;bd; rpwg;Gfis fl;Liu tiuf?
8.ey;Nyhu; tpupr;rp Nfl;L jiytpia Mw;Wtpj;j nra;jpia tpsf;Ff?

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myF -1

nkhop kuG Ntw;Wikapy; Gwj;jpizapay;

M) ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu

<) Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy

ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fs;.

3.me;j > ,e;j nrhw;fspd; gpd;Dk; typ kpFk;

14.<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;

15.nkd;nwhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpFk;.

c)ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fs;

ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lk;

ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lj;jpw;fhd tpjpKiwfs;

3.mj;jid> ,j;jid> vj;jid vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.

4.rpy> gy vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; Kd; typ kpFtjpy;iy.

6.tpspg;ngahpd; gpd;Dk;> tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;wpd; gpd;Dk; tUk; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

7.vOtha; njhlhpy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

8.tpidj;njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

11.<Wnfl;l vjpHkiwg; nganur;rk; > nganur;rq;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

12.Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

13.mit> ,it vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ

14.vl;Lk; gj;Jk; my;yhj vz;fspd; Kd; typkpfhJ.

<nuhw;W tUk; ,lq;fs;

<u;xw;W kaf;fk; tUk; ,lq;fs;:

• ‘a;’ vd;Dk; vOj;Jld; <u;xw;W tUjy;

xU> Xu; tUk; ,lq;fs;

Xu; – capu; vOj;ij Kjyhff; nfhz;L njhlq;Fk; nrhy;ypd; Kd;Nd tUk;.

mJ vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fk;> m/J vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fk; nghUspy; NtWghL fpilahJ.

mJ – capu;nka; vOj;ij Kjyhff; nfhz;L njhlq;Fk; nrhy;ypd; Kd;Nd tUk;.(

jhd; jhk; tUk; ,lq;fs;

jhd; vd;gJ xUikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. jhk; vd;gJ gd;ikiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

kJiuf; fhz;lk; - 13 fhijfs;

tQ;rpf; fhz;lk; - 7 fhijfs;

vd %d;W fhz;lq;fisAk;> 30 fhijfisAk; ,e;E}y; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

jptpl;ldpd; kPJ khar;rpq;fj;ij VTjy;

khar;rpq;fk; jptpl;lid fz;Lgae;J xLjy;

cz;ikahd rpq;fk; FifapypUe;J ntspg;gLjy;

jptpl;ld; rpq;fj;ij nfhs;Sjy;

jptpl;ld; mRtf; fz;lDld; Nghhpl;L ntw;wp ngWjy;

Nrhjpkhiy vd;w kfs; gpwj;jy;

vDk; ,g;ghly; ,ul;ilah;fis ,iwg;gyp ,Lk;NghJ ghLtjhf mike;Js;sJ.

1. caph;f; nfhiyia fz;bj;jy;

tj;jt ehl;bd; murd; cjazd;

mte;jpehl;L murd; gpur;Nrhjdd;

gpur;Nrhjdd;> cjazd; kPJ kha ahidia Vtp rpiwgpbj;jy;

cjazd; gpur;Nrhjdd; kfs; thrtjj;ijf;F aho; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;

euthzd; vd;w kfd; gpwj;jy;

,Wjpapy; cjazd; Jwtpid Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

Nfrp vd;Dk; ngahpy; KbAk; E}y;fs; rka thjj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lit. 10

IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fSs; ,J jh;f;fE}yhFk;> ePyk;> ePyNfrpj; jpul;L vd;w NtW ngah;fSk;

vd;w ghlypd; %yk; ePyNfrpapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s ehl;L rpwg;gpidf; fhzyhk;.

ehfg;gQ;rkpf; fijia mbnahl;b vOj;jg;gl;l E}yhFk;. KOf;f KOf;f Nghf

IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs; Fwpj;Jk;> mjd; tuyhW Fwpj;Jk; > mjpy; ,lk;ngWk; fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fs;

Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG:

,aw;ngah; nra;F mg;Jy; fhjph; neapdhh; Fzq;Fb k];jhdpd; gs;spj;Njhoh;. rpj;jpuf;ftpg;

,aw;ngah; KifjPd;. tirghLtjpy; fhsNkfj;ij xj;jth;. ,th; ehiff; fyk;gfk;> KifjPd;

nra;Fj; jk;gpg; ghtyh;

thzpgk; nra;Ak; Nehf;NfhL te;j Mq;fpNyah;fs; jq;fspd; rhJhpakhd jpwikahy; ,e;jpahit

,th;fs; ,d;wp jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j fpwpj;Jth;fSk; jkpo;j; njhz;lhw;wpdh;. mth;fspy;

jpUKiwfs; Mrphpah;fs; E}y;fs;

ehd;F> Ie;J> MW jpUehTf;furh; Njthuk;

VO Re;juh; Njthuk; (jpUg;ghl;L)

vl;L khzpf;fthrfh; jpUthrfk;>jpUNfhitahh;

xd;gJ xd;gjpd;kh; jpUtpirg;gh>jpUg;gy;yhz;L