Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • MANGO

    Uploaded by

    ferdinand
    4 views88 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    4 views88 pages

    MANGO

    Uploaded by

    ferdinand

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 88
    | Mention of trade names, manufacturers, and distributors is only to provide specific information and for the convenience of growers. It does not imply endorsement, or that other products not mentioned are less effective. The re commended methods, pesticides, or procedures are based on research and the best information available, In recommending certain treatments or activities, however, no liability shall be attached either in the event of injury to the commodity or to the operator. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENT SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION CULTIVARS, SOIL AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS PROPAGATION Selection of stock Growing the stock Selection and preparation of scion Cleft grafting After care of graft PLANTING IRRIGATION FERTILIZATION FLOWER FORCING ‘Smudging Chemical induction Flower and fruit abs CONTROL OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES INSECT PESTS Mango hoppers Mango tip borer Mango twig borer Fruit flies Scale insects and mealybugs Red-banded thrips DISEASES Anthracnose ‘Scab Diplodia stem-end-rot Sooty mold Pink disease Aspergillus rot Pestalotia rot SPRAYING CALENDAR HARVESTING, HANDLING, STORAGE AND GRADING PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION MARKETING AND EXPORTING COST AND RETURN REFERENCES PAGES LIST OF TABLES PEN exon 9. 10. ". 12. 13. Quantity and value of exported mangoes Mango production in the Philippines Provinces with distinct wet and dry seasons Rainfall and temperature (1951-1971) in come provinces suitable for mango growing ‘Commercial mango production areas in the Philippines General fertilization guide for mango Suggested guide for chemical control of mango diseases Suggested guide for chemical control of insect pests in mango Suggested guide for control of fruit flies with cover sprays Average retait price of mangoes in major trading centers Average wholesale price of mangoes in different regions Annual average retail price of mangoes in major trading centers as a percent of national average, 1970-1972. Average monthly retail price of mangoes in major trading centers, 1972 LIST OF APPENDIXES Conversion factors for common weights and measures Addresses of manufacturers and distributors Glossary How to acquire KNO3 Fumigation, marking, packing, and inspection of mangoes for export to Japan Guidelines for proper use of pesticides Recipes tor the preservation of mango Guidelines for loans under the special financing program for mango production LIST OF FIGURES 10. 1. 12, Moesens Growing a mango stock A balled mango plant Balled mango seedlings ‘Smudging a mango tree to induce off season flowering ‘A mango tree induced to flower with KNO3 Large scale spraying of mango trees with boom type or power sprayers Hand operated equipment for spraying KNO3 to induce off season flowering of mango Hand operated “spray gun” used to induce off season mango flowering with KNO3 Mango tip borer in the inflorescence of mango Mango tip borer in new flush (leaves) of mango Mango twig borer Mango fruit fly (same as Oriental fruit fly) 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 21. 22. 23. 24. Mango fruits wrapped with newsprint paper for protection against fruit fly and other pests Mango fruits are wrapped individually for protection against fruit fly and other pests ‘The wrapping or bagging operation is done using ladders or fixed bamboo material Mango tree infested with scale insects Controlling scale insects by coating the trunk with grease Anthracnose disease in mango leaves Immature mango fruits infected with anthracnose disease Ripe mango fruits heavily infected with anthracnose disease Diplodia rot or stem-end rot Mango black tip Latex burns Packing mango fruits in bamboo baskets FOREWORD The main objective of the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research is to harness the full force of research in agriculture, forestry and fisheries for develop- ment, To help do this, a mechanism has been developed to gather and put together the latest and most relevant research findings into “packaged” technology so that it could be more easily used to improve production and subsequently, the live- lihood of our people. PCAR continues to work under the philosophy that research is of little use until it is applied for production purposes. The information presented in this publication is the latest that is available. For some subject matter, there is substantial research data on which recommenda- tions can be made, In many cases, however, there may only be scanty empirical data available. Worse, there are instances when there are no research data available and one, therefore, must resort to whatever is practiced at the moment which seems to work. The knowledge that information on certain activity areas is lacking, however, makes it easier for PCAR to encourage scientists to research on these areas and give them high priority. PCAR will update the Philippines Recommends Series every year. The best ilable expertise in the country form the technical editing committees that rigidly screen éach publication, The publication is printed in such @ way as to make it easy to remove any outdated portion and replace it with the latest recommendations. Standard methods, recent advances in mango production, and other opera- tions modified to suit local conditions are incorporated in these recommendations. Research and farm experience with these practices have shown that mango can be grown more profitably. It is hoped that this guide will help growers and traders produce, handle, transport, and market mangoes properly. Lastly, PCAR acknowledges with thanks the generous support given this undertaking by the many scientists and research agencies who contributed their much-needed knowledge. It is to these individuals and agencies that we owe this publication. We trust that this close linkage between research and extension will greatly benefit our people. oy JOSEPH C. MADAMBA Director General ACKNOWLEDGMENT For the permission to reproduce parts of their publications we are grateful to: the Chairman, Department of Development Communication, U.P. at Los Bafios; the Agrix Publishing Corporation, Quezon City; Bernardo S. Castillo, Director, Bureau of Plant Industry, Mani jolito A. Custodio, Bureau of Plant Industry; Domingo F. Panganiban, Executive Director, National Food and Agri- culture Council, Quezon City; the Cotton Committee; and Romeo S. Rejesus, Assistant Professor, U.P. at Los Bafios. Acknowledgment is also due the Firearms and Explosives Unit, Camp Crame, Quezon City for the procedure in acquiring potassium nitrate; Alex Garsula for providing figure 7 and Ramon V. Valmayor for figures 2-7, 9-14, and 16-24; the Chancellor, U.P. at Los Bafios and Director, Bureau of Plant Industry for granting the respective members permission to serve in the committee, and the Director General, Philippine Council for Agricultural Research for entrusting the preparation of the recommendations. The Mango Committee July 1975, Prepared by Hilario T. Bergonia, B.Sc. Supervising Plant Pathologist Bureau of Plant Industry San Andres, Manila Nestor D. Bondad, M.Sc. Subject Matter Specialist Philippine Council for Agricultural Research Los Bafios, Laguna Restituto D. Bugante, Jr., B.Sc. Instructor University of the Philippines at Los Bafios College, Laguna Roberto E. Coronel, Ph.D. Assistant Professor University of the Philippines at Los Bafios Cecilio C. Diloy, B.Sc. Supervising Plant Entomologist Bureau of Plant Industry Feliciano C. Manuel, M.Sc. Assistant Pr-*essor University <* the Philippines at Los Bafios Ernesto B. Pantastico, Ph.D. Associate Professor University ef the Philippines at Los Bafios Assisted by Ramon V. Valmayor, Ph.D. Associate Professor University of the Philippines at Los Bafios and concurrently, Deputy Director General Philippine Council for Agricultural Research MANGO Symbols and Abbreviations ai. active ingredient BPI Bureau of Plant Industry re degree(s) Celsius ca circa (about) cm, centimetre(s) om3 cubic centimetre(s) CO carbon dioxide cssH Central Scientific Supply House d day(s) dm? cubic decimetre(s) ec. emulsifiable concentrate EDB ethylene dibromide eg. exempli gratia (for example) et al. et alli (and others) etc. et cetera (and so forth) Fig. Figure ft foot, feet 9 gram(s) gal gallon(s) h hour(s) ha hectare(s) ie. id est (that is) in inch(es) K potassium Kel potassium chloride, muriate of potash kg kilograrn(s) km kilometre(s) KNO3 potassium nitrate K 0 potassium oxide Ib pound(s) m, metre(s) m2 square metre(s) mm cubic metre(s) man.d man day(s) mg milligram(s) min minute(s) mi millilitre(s) mm millimetre(s) mo month(s) N nitrogen naa. not available sodium nitrate oxygen ounce(s) phosphorus Philippine Council for Agricultural Research such as, by or in itself pint(s) phosphorus pentoxide quart(s) soluble powder species tonne(s) = 1000 kg teaspoon(s) University of the Philippines at Los Bafios week(s) wettable powder yard(s) square yard(s) year(s) MANGO INTRODUCTION The Philippines is one of the largest exporters of fresh mangoes but is only averaging about 4 101 tonnes per year (table 1) shipped almost exclusively to Hong Kong, Japan, which has lifted the ban on mango importation from the Philippines, is a new major export outlet. The demand for mangoes in Japan is estimated at 191300 tonnes per year. Previous yearly production (table 2) indicates that we can: not fill the Japanese market, However, advances in the technology of mango production, particularly fruit fly control and flower induction, have shown con siderable promise in increasing our present low yields to levels that may permit exportation to Japan. One of the most important breakthroughs in Philippine agriculture was the discovery that certain chemicals can effectively induce the flowering of mango. Thus with KNO3, for example, it is now possible to produce more and off season fruits. In.due ‘time, production is expected to increase and with surplus fruits available and the ban lifted, mango exportation will soon be a major activity. Table 1. Quantity and value of exported mangoes. Year Quantity Value (t) (U.S.$1,000) 1961 4 092 1 247.0 1962 3 370 579.0 1963 3 668 636.2 1964 2 614 459.0 1965 2 085 561.7 1966 3 478 542.6 1967 2 108 376.4 1968 3 542 596.7 1969 5 804 918.8 1970 7174 1 072.4 1971 5 378 763.0 1972 5 903 854.6 Total 49 216 8 607.4 - Average 4 101 717.28 182.71 @Mango products other than fresh fruit may be included in these shipments as the prices are not comparable to those for years with exprts of only fresh fruit. Reprinted from Alar, T.E., R.D. Torres, and E.P. Mariano, 1973. Some aspects of exporting Philippine mangoes, by permission of the Executive Director, National Food and Agriculture Council, Quezon City. MANGO Table 2. Mango production in the Phi Total production Yield Yield Year (t/ha) (kg/tree) 1960 57 566.6 11 40 1961 59 334.8 1.4 40 1962 66 146.8 1.6 50 1963 92 262.8 19 50 1964 95 086.5 19 60 1965 129 401.3 25 80 1966 131 489.0 27 80 1967 134 090.6 29 90 1968 126 458.3 28 90 1969 140 644.1 3.0 100 1970 151 666.5 33 100 1971 137 506.3 3.4 90 1972 139 137.3 3.4 100 1973 187 600.0 47 - 1974 191 508.0 44 95 Updated from Alar, T.E., R.D. Torres, and E.P. Mariano. 1973, Some aspects of exporting Philippine mangoes. National Food and Agriculture Council, Quezon City. CULTIVARS Several cultivars are grown in the Philippines but the most important are the ‘Carabao'! and the ‘Pico’, dis: tinguished by the fruit descriptions below. ‘Carabao’ is recommended both for local and export markets. “Carabao’: Fruit size medium to large, about 240 g, shape oblong, with blunt apex and rounded base, slightly flattened but with full cheeks; beak rather indistinct and variable, some- times coinciding with the apex; skin smooth, yellow and thin; flesh yellow, very tender and melting; flavor very delicate, aromatic and spicy, fiber medium coarse but short and confined almost entirely to the edge of the seed. Eating quality excellent. 4 “ieo’: Fruit size medium to large, ‘bout 230 grams, shape oblong, asym- + frretrical, with rounded apex and base, fore distinctly flattened than the ‘Carabao'; beak distinct; skin smooth, light orange-yellow, thick and tough; flesh rich orange-yellow, tender, richer and. sweeter than the ‘Carabao’ but not melting and lacks the spicy delicate aroma that distinguishes the ‘Caraba mango; fiber fine and short, confined almost entirely to the edge of the seed. Eating quality good. ("Recently named “Manila Super Mango” for trade purposes. MANGO SOIL AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS The ideal conditions for mango are: Table 3 shows the provinces with distinct wet and dry (below 60 mm 1) distinct wet and dry seasons, rainfall) seasons. Provinces which most 2) at lesst 5 months dry period, nearly meet the 5 month dry period 3) elevations below 600 m (although requirement of mango are given in mangoes are known to thrive table 4, Prospective growers should in the Cavite highlands), consult the weather station in their 4) well-drained, deep loamy soil locality for other provinces not consi: and dered. Commercial production areas 5)'pH range of 6 to 8. are listed in table 5. Table 3. Provinces with distinct wet and dry seasons. 1. Abra 16. Laguna, Western 2. Aklan, Western 17. La Union 3. Antique 18. Mt. Province, Western 4. Bataen 19, Negros Occidental, Western 5. Batangas, Western 20. Negros Oriental, Western 6. Benguet 21, Nueva Ecija, Western 7. Bulacan, Western 22. Nueva Viscaya, Western 8. Capiz, Western 23. Occidental Mindoro 9. Cavite 24, Palawan, Western 10. Guimaras 25. Pampanga 11, tfugao, Western 26. Pangasinan 12. Mlocos Norte 27. Rizal, Western 13, Mocos Sur 28. Tarlac 14. Iloilo, Western 29. Zambales 15. Kalinga-Apayao, Western Most of these provinces now fall under Type A of the new climatological classification (Yambot, 1973). MANGO “EL6L) 1oqueA Wo14 ve ovo € O8 BOL OL 92 982 OSL eq sarequiez, ors gue 2 $98 ve £8 OF Zu BPO uednéeq ueurseBueg = eee 2 ole yh 9 Ye bes ELSE Ang uemered oz gigs | O6€ O@ £9 ey V6E POE LAr uemeuegeg ety enany, vee sess | 966 LEE 00% Oz S56 Orel AND ONION noir vee vsee 2 61 bk LL 60 OL SOP eb, ang S020} 897 goss 2 “el SZ 80 tb BLL 0'0S_— Att Geoe =~ ari0N $090) - 9969 1 SEE SL Zot vez Sse gesL — SuoInquiy seBueveg (9p) eimesoduioy tenuuy dy eA —segsuep—=ioaq «AON woneis _@ouinoig tenuuy (way reue “Bumou6 oBuew 403 ajqedins soutnosd awos UI (LZ61-LG6L) aMesadwor pur He;UIEY “p 91g), MANGO Table 5. Commercial mango production areas in the Philippines, Location Area planted (ha) Muntinlupa, Rizal Dasmarifias, Cavite Dasmarifias, Cavite Antipolo, Rizal Lubao, Pampanga Jaen, Nueva Ecija San Dionisio, Pampanga Dinalupihan, Bataan Negros Occidental Negros Occidential Mati, Davao Pangasinan Guimaras South Cotabato Digos, Davao Hocos Norte Bulacan Noilo Cebu Zambales 800 350 100 50 200 467 50 50 40 50 60 696 50 50 60 497 1161 1224 330 803 Modified from Alar et al. (1974). PROPAGATION. Mango may be propagated both sexually (seed) and asexually (vegeta- tive). The latter is preferred since trees grown from seeds (1) take a longer time to bear, (2) grow excessively large, and (3) are difficult to manage. Although there are many ways of vegetative propagation cleft grafting is most successful and popular under local conditions. Selection of Stock Preferably use "Carabao’, ‘Pico,’ or ‘Pahutan.’ If not available, any other seedling will be suitable as stock, Growing the Stock Extracted seeds from ripe fruit easily lose their viabili- ty and should be sown immediately. Husking (removal of fibrous covering), besides being laborious and expensive, offers little advantage, and is not re- commended. Seeds should be sown in nursery beds about 10 cm apart and 1.3 cm deep, with concave side 7 MANGO down (Fig. 1). Sowing the seeds flat may cause crooked stems and roots, The seedbeds should be raised (10 to 15 cm above ground level), well drain- ed, partly shaded and made up of sandy loam soil, Seeds will germinate 1 to 4 wk after sowing, with about 80% germinating on the 25th d, With polyembryanic cultivars, several seed- lings will usually grow from a seed. The seedbed should be watered as needed. When seedlings begin to have dark green flush, they may be trans- planted. Cc aN Fig. 1. Growing # mango stock. Above, seed properly oriented for sowing; below, young seedling in container. Adopt- ed from Soule, J, and F, Lawrence, (undated). Seedlings are usually transplanted in nursery rows when the 2nd or 3rd teaf has turned dark green, Seedlings fare very sensitive to shock at this stage so that they should be handled with great care. Properly balled plant and seedlings are shown in Fig, 2 and 3. The seedlings should be spaced 30 to 60cm apart for proper development and to facilitate watering, grafting, and other operations. When the stems are pencil size or larger, they may be nad BB Tas iy wr i ts “ay ve at at ig. 3. Balled mango seedlings Seedlings may aso be transplanted in pots, cans, or polyethylene bags but this is laborious and expensive and the growth of seedlings is less vigorous ‘than those planted in nursery beds, Typical containers measure 15 to 20 cm in diameter and 20 to 25 cm deep. They should be adequately per- forated for good drainage. Young ‘mango stocks may be maintained in these containers for about a year with- out being seriously potbound. A good sowing medium consists of one third sand, one thirc soii, and one third compost (or wel! rotted manure). Seed lings should be watered regularly and fertilized with a soluble fertilizer after ‘the first 2 months. Shade should be provided at the start with gradual moving of the seedlings for exposure to full sunlight. Hardening may be started after the 2nd flush of leaves turns dark green. Stocks will reach graftable size when the stem diameter is roughly 1 cm or when seedlings are 6 to 10 months. Selection and preparation of scion. ‘The source of scion should be a regular bearer of large and thin seeded fruits. Prepare the budstick by cutting the leaves at the petiole with care not to injure the bud, one to two weeks before the scion is needed. Mango budwoods should be wrapped in moist Paper towels or sphagnum moss and kept in polyethylene bags in a cool shady place. Cleft grafting The steps in cleft grafting should be as follows: 1. Any soil or debris adhering to the stem of the stock should be wiped away. 2. The stock should be cut back to the point where there is active growth or where the bark easily separates from the wood. MANGO 3. A scionas bigas the stock should be chosen. 4. The scion should be out to a length of 8 to 12 cm’ 5. The base should be shaped into a short wedge (about 4 to 6 cm) 6. The stock should be split down the center deep enough to hold the wedge. 7. The scion should be fitted to the stock with care to line up the junction between bark and wood of the two. 8. The region of the scion and stock should be wrapped snuggly with a strip of polyethylene film in an upward spiral manner with each turn overlapping about two thirds the width of the preceed- ing one. 9. The scion should be covered with polyethylene plastic. To obtain a successiul graft, the following points should be remem: bered: 1. Stock must be in vigorous active stage of growth 2. Buds on scion must be plump and dormant but ready to burst into growth, 3. Union between scion and stock takes place principally between bark and wood, hence itis ne- essary to line these up carefully. 4, Cuts on the stock and scion must be straight, smooth and free of fibers, 5. Firm contact between scion and stock is essential, and 6. The scion must be securely tied, too little pressure will result in ‘the wrap falling or the scion shifting, but too much pressure will crush the tissues. MANGO After care of graft Watering of the stock should be done regularly. If the graft union is successful, new growth in the scion will begin in 2 to 3 weeks. The cover should be removed if it interferes with growth but the graft must be protected from sudden exposure to the sun until it is fully established. PLANTING Transplanting should be done during the rainy season. Watering may be necessary during the first 3 days if inadequate moisture is present in the soil, The recommended distance of planting with the fertilization schedule given here is 14 x 14m, IRRIGATION The tong, dry season in an ideal mango area are critical periods for young, newly established trees. During the first dry season, the trees should be watered as frequently as needed. The mango develops a deep taproot system and no longer requires irriga- tion in subsequent dry seasons. Al- though irrigation is not required for the plants to survive the dry spells, it is believed greatly beneficial to mature ‘mango trees if applied after the bloom- ing period. Irrigation during this time induces heavy fruit set and an early vegetative flush which is very im- Portant for the next season’s flowering and yield. FERTILIZATION Table 6 gives a general fertilization guide for mango. The fertilizer should be applied following a circular outline drawn by the canopy. Following the circular outline, 4 to 5 holes should be bored on the ground or a conti- uous narrow strip should be dugged about 2 to 3 cm deep; the fertilizer should then be placed then covered with soil to prevent volatilization and reduce run off in case of heavy rains. Table 6. General fertilization guide for mango. Age of Tree Rate/Grade Method/Time of Application Seedlings 200-300 gm/tree of Apply 3 in. below roots and 14-14-14 or 12-24-12 Young trees Bearing trees 300-500 gm/tree of 14-14-14 or 12-24-12 plus 200-300 gm/tree of Urea (45-0-0) 1.5-2.5 kg/tree of 14-14- 14 or 12-24-12 5 in. to side of seedling at planting. Mix and apply in two equal doses in 4 to 5 holes around tree: Ist at start of rainy season; 2nd before end of rainy season. Apply in two equal doses in 6 to 8 holes around tree: Ist at start of rainy season; 2nd in Sept. or Oct. Adopted from Valmayor et al. (1968). 10 FLOWER FORCING ‘Smudging Flowering of ‘Pico! and ‘Carabao’ trees is highly seasonal (Jan to Apr) and bienniat — profuse in one year and sparse, if any, the next year. To improve and induce earlier flowering, growers build smoky fires generally below the trees and allow the dense smoke to pass through the foliage (Fig. 4). This practice, known as smudging, induces off season flowering. Smudging is carried out by first making fire and putting on the top green grass, rice hulls, sawdust, and other materials to produce a heavy smoke. The fire and smudge may continue for several days but it should be stopped if no flower appears within two weeks, A mango tree ready for smudging has prominent, well developed buds and brittle, dull green, greenish-brown or copper-colored leaves. Smudging is a laborious, expensive and uncertain method of flower forcing hence che- mical sprays should be used. Chemical induction Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phos- phonic acid] was the first chemical successfully demonstrated to induce off season flowering. At 1 ml a.i./ litre, ethephon promotes flowering but it causes severe defoliation too. A concentration of 0.5 ml a.i,/litre causes little or no defoliation but the degree of flowering is much less than at 1 ml aiv/litre, A weekly or twice monthly application of 0.1 to 0.3 mi ai,/litre ethephon has been recommended but the flowering observed is not con- sistent. Application of KNQ3 is a much MANGO Fig. 4. Smudging @ mango tree to inducs off season flowering Fig.5. A mango trea induced to flower with KNO3 more reliable method of inducing off season flowering (Fig. 5). Besides be- ing more effective, KNOg 1) forces mango trees to flower uniformly, 2) allows a systematic spraying of pestis cides, and 3) is cheaper and easier to use. The spray solution is prepared by W MANGO dissolving 10 g KNOgilitre water or 200 g KNOg/kerosene can water. Add 4 drops of sticker per kerosene can, Salitre is a generally available formu- lation of KNOg but the KNQg | (and perhaps NaNOg) contant of this pro- duct is uncertain, It is therefore not advisable to use satitre unless one is aware of its purity. Suitable trees should be chosen fotlowing the criteria used in selecting trees for smudging, then the leaves and the terminals of branches should be sprayed thoroughly. or about 35 to 50 litres/tree should be applied. For large seale spraying, boom type or power sprayers are needed (Fig. 6) but for small scale operations, ple spray equipment (Fig. 7,8) are suitable, Sprayed trees should flo: wer in 7 ta 11 days, Fig. 7. Hand operated equipment for spraying KNO3 to induce off season flowering of mango Fig. 6. Large scale spraying of mango trees with boom type or power sprayers Military permission is required in using KNO (see appendix 4). If the permit is not obtained the following commercial preparations of KNO. may ‘be suitable: Flower-Kem, Manggrow, 12 Fig, 8. Hand operated “spray gun” used to induce off season mango flowering with KNO3 Flower Set, Agriblum, Hormudge, and ‘other related preparations. Flower and fruit abscission ‘The excessive dropping of flowers and young fruits is a major cause of low productivity. Strang wind, exces- sive rain, heat, lack of moisture and nutrients are commonly associated with the blackening, drying (sooty mold), and eventual dropping of flowers and fruits, but their effect is only indirect. The micro-organisms causing the diseases anthracnose and powderly mildew are largely respon- ible. When rain falls, or the environ- ment becomes damp, the anthracnose and powdery mildew fungi grow rapid- ly and destroy the flowers and fruits. Measures to control these diseases are MANGO given under “Control of major pests and diseases.” Rain also prevents pollination by insects resulting to a heavy drop of flowers. Some fruits are set but fail to develop; these are those small, abortive fruits usually found scattered under mango trees. The pressure due to heavy rains and strong wind may also CONTROL OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES Fruit production is considerably reduced by the damage caused by in- sect pests and diseases. From the seed- ling to fruit bearing stages, the trees are attacked on the root system, shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits. With- out an effective pest and disease con- trol program, few, if any, good quality fruits can be produced A good pest and disease control program should include not only mea- sures to destroy the pests and diseases but also sound cultural practices in mango orchards where fruit trees can grow vigorously at all times. Among such good practices are: 1, Planting only sound seeds and vigorous transplants; 2. Proper land preparation; 3. Clean culture; 4. Application of balanced fer- tilizer; 5. Application of irrigation water when needed; 6. Proper spacing of trees for better aeration and for convenience in bring about excessive shedding of flowers and fruits. Pest control operation in the orchard, maintaining economic plant density per unit area; 7. Cultivation of the soil; for better aeration 8. Proper soil drainage to avoid water-logged condition, etc. An adequate knowledge of the pests or diseases minimizes costs of protec: ion inputs. Some pests and diseases are prevalent at a certain time or season of the year or at a certain stage of growth of the tree. For example, anthracnose and mango hop- pers, usually occur seriously during flushes of leaves and flowers and early development of the fruits. High relative humidity especially favors the out. break of anthracnose. Other pests like fruitflies, although their infestation is usually economically tolerable, are the causes of the ban of the mango impor. tation from the Philippines to Japan. Insecticides and fungicides are used to minimize damage caused by pests and diseases, respectively. Necessarily to be effective, insecticides are applied B@ MANGO directly to the portion of the tree to be protected and at the weakest stage of the pests or diseases as the case may be. Therefore, control measures should be applied at the time when maximum control and profit are expected. Pesticides are recommended at op- timum dosage, otherwise, they are either ineffective or toxic to the trees or even to the operators and consumers. It is important to follow the recom- mended dosage. Reading the labels and ‘observing precautionary measures be- fore using pesticides will also prevent mishandling and fatal accidents. Insect Pests 1, Mango hoppers (/doscopus clypealis Leth.,Chunroceros nieveos- parsus Leth , Typhlocyba nigrobilines- ta Mel, Homoptera. These pests are serious on mango in the Philippines. ‘The aduits are brown, wedged-shaped, only about 1/6 to 1/8 of an inch big but very destructive. They are most severe on the tender shoots, inflores- cence, and on very young mustard seed-like fruits which eventually wither and die. The insects secrete a sweet, sticky substance (honey dew) on the leaves, twigs, inflorescence, and fruits ‘on which sooty mold develope so that the entire foliage of the tree looks blackish towards the end of the crop season, The insects have tubular suc- king mouth parts with which they puncture the tender plant tissue of flowers, fruits, and shoots, and then suck the sap. The female lays from 100 to 200 eggs which are deposited singly with their ovipositors on the tender plant tissues on midribs of young leaves, rachis of inflorescence, or calyx of flower buds. The eggs hatch into nymphs in 4-10 days and undergo 3 moltings befcre they become adults. The complete life cycle ranges from 14-19 days. One main characteristic of mango hoppers is that in all stages of their development, they shun sun- light so that they are found in partial shady corners and in crowded orchards. Control. - Insect infestation can be controlled by spraying the trees with any one of the following insecticides: Sevin, Hytox, Diazinon 20 EC, Mala thion, Gusathion or EPN 300. The spray should be directed towards the under surface of the leaves, panicles, and young fruits. Spraying schedules in the attached spraying calendar should be followed. 2. Mango Tip Borer (Chfumetia transversa Wik.) Lepidoptera - This pest is likewise destructive because it destroys the fruiting twigs and panicles (Fig. 9, 10). The moth is grayish black, 8-10 mm. tong, with a wing spread of about 16--18 mm. The forewings are crossed by wavy black lines at the basal, sub-basal, medial, and distal parts, and have a row of linear black spots on the margin, The male and female are alike in body characters except that the male has a black crest on the abdominal segments. The insect larvae attack the mango by boring into or near the tip of young shoots and then, tunneling their way down to the basal parts, thereby causing the tops to shrivel and dry up. The female moth lays eggs on the flower stem and young shoots. The creamy white ellip- soidal eggs hatch 3-7 days. The newly hatched larvae feed on the soft, tender tissues before they bore into the pani- cle or shaots. These spend the greater parts of their lives inside the tender terminal growth and come out only when they attack fresh growth. The larval period lasts for 8—12 days, then, the larvae enter the soil to pupate, The life cycle from eggs to adult is 26.5 days on the average, 3, Mango Twig Borer (Wiphonocies albata Newm. and I. capito Pasc.) Coleoptera - They attack the twigs and cause drying up of the affected twigs (Fig. 11), The adult borer is light gray and is about 2 cm long. Mishonoclea capito has two white spots at the back, The third segment of the antenna is also white, The adult borer nips the stem of mango shoot half-way and then turns around to make another cut just as deep but slightly lower than the first cut. As a result the shoot withers and eventually dies, Fig.9, Mango tip borer in the inflorescence of manga 0. Mango tip borer in new flush (leaves) of mango a, 11, Mango twig borer 6 MANGO Control (Tip and Twig Borers). Cut off affected shoots and twigs and des- troy them by burning before spraying the tree with any of the following insecticides: Molathion, Sevin, Diaz- non, or EPN—300, Spraying should be applied once or twice a month depen- ding on the degree of infestation, 4, Fruit Flies (Oacus dorsalis Hendl, D. cucurbitae Coq.) Diptera - locally, these insects are considered of minor importance because the fruits are prac- tically harvested before the files can lay their eggs on them. Normally, only ‘over-ripe and injured fruits are infes- ted. However, because mangoes are exported the control of these insects becomes very important especially if ‘the export is to infested-free countries. ‘The adult female lays its eggs beneath ‘the skin of the fruits (Fig. 12) and the eggs hatch within 24-28 hours, The larval stage lasts for 7-8 days in the Fig. 12. Mango fruit fly (same as Oriental fruit fly) 16 fruits and- the pupae, 9-11 days in the soil. Control. a} Bait sprays —Spray the ‘trees with bait sprays such as dipterex, sevin or Malathion mixed with Protein Hydrolysate. The proportion is 10 tablespoonfuls of the toxicant to 15 tbsp. protein hydrolysate in 5 gallons of water, Bait spraying of the whole tree is not necessary since both male and female flies are attracted, The application can be done at intervals of 1-2 weeks for at least 2 to 3 sprayings at the late stage of the fruit depending ‘on the degree of infestation. To check further the population build up of the fies in mango areas, sustained disper- sal of fiber boards impregnated with methy} eugenol - and cue-lure insecti- cide (ie, Malathion, dipterex, naled, etc,) should be done. This is done all year round to be effective, Fig, 13. Mango fruits wrapped with newsprint paper for protec- st fruit fly and tion agai other pests bb) Wrapping or bagging - A practice successfully done in the Island of Cebu is to wrap individual fruits with news- print paper (Fig. 13, 14, 15). The wrap provides a physical barrier that pre- vents fruit flies, as well as other insects, fram coming in contact with the fruits. ‘¢) Sanitation - collect fallen fruits and properly dispose of them Into 2 deep pit and/or spray with Malathion and then cover them with soil or burn them with the aid of gasoline or dry leaves. Fig. 14. Mango fruits are wrapped in: dividually for protection against fruit fly and other pests Fig. 15. The wrapping or bagging ope- ration is done using ladders or fixed bamboo material 7 MANGO 5. Seale Insect and Mealybugs, These’ insects feed by sucking sap from the tree, resulting in the reduction of tree vitality. They are found on the roots, trunks, terminal shoots, leaves, inflorescence and fruits. Following severe infestation (Fig. 16) the tree blackens due to the fungal growth (sooty molds) on the honey dew secreted by the insects, Like the manga ‘hoppers, the presence of sooty mold ‘on the tree gives a strong indication of heavy infestation of the insects, These insects are attended, fostered and spread by ants, Adult scale insects and mealybugs are generally more difficult to contrat than the nymphs because the pro- tective parts of the former are well developed. A method of control is shown in Fig. 17, 16. Mango tree infested with ‘scale insects Fig. 17. Controlling scale insects by coating ‘the trunk with grease The scale insects found on the mango are: Coconut scale (Aspidiotus destructor Sign); green scale (Coccus viridis Green); shield scales (Pulvinaria polygonata Cock. and P. psidii Mask); Wax scale ( Vinsonia stillifera West W. other scales (Aonidiella inonata Me- kenzie, A. orientalis Newst, Coccus mangiferae Green, Lepidosaphes sp. Phenacaspis inday Banks, Tachardié minuta Merr., Icerya seychellarum West). The male scale insect undergoes moltings in the larval stage and pupal stage until it finally emerges into a winged insect. The female on the other hand, passes through several stages of ecdysis but not beyond the larval stage; it is usually stationary for most part of its life. The female and the egg are protected by scales gene- rally characteristic of the species which are formed from exudation of the body or due to hardening of the dorsal skin, In certain species, the larvae hatch out of the eggs in the body of the female, a process known as ovo- viviparity. The species of mealybugs found on mango are: Gray mealybug (Ferrisiana vircata Cock); cottony cushion mealy- bug (Pseudococcus lilacinus Cock. tortois shell mealybug (Puto spinosus Rob and P. mangiferae Green). The mealy bugs are afforded certain protection by a waxy exudation which often is flaky. Generally, the eggs are deposited in cottony fibers secreted for the pur- pose. However, some species do not deposit eggs, but give birth to young mealybugs. From the eggs, the young larvae are hatched, craw! about but, MANGO unlike the scale insects, they remain mobile until after the female begins laying eggs and the male reaches the Pupal stage. The young are very much like the adult female but are smaller. The females undergo three molis and the males, like the scale insects, pass a total of four molts and ally emerge as winged insects. Control. The insect can be con- trolled by Malathion and other phos- phatic insecticide (see spray calendar). Spraying to kill the ants which rear the insects helps somewhat to slow the movement and population build up of the insect. 6. Red-banded thrips (Selenothrips rubrocentus Giard). This pest is parti- ularly very serious in nurseries and orchards. It causes severe defoliation when infestation is heavy. The young thrips are yellowish with a bright red band near the middle of the body. The adults are dark brown with dusty wings and are about 1/24 inch long. The adults, young and eggs are usually found at the lower surface of the leaves. The excreta is a reddish fluid which hardens and turns rusty brown to black. The infested leaves are stained with black dots which may curl, shrivel and fall off as a result of insect feeding. The fruits are likewise attacked. The skin is discolored and may crack and shrivel. Trees severely attacked a short time before normal blooming, fail to bloom and set fruits. Control. The insecticides recom- mended in the spray calendar also con- trol thrips in the bearing trees. In the nurseries, dieldrin, DDT or the other Chlorinated hydrocarbons are recom: mended. However, these chemicals should not be applied on bearing trees. 10 MANGO Diseases 1, Anthracnose —_(Cotletotrichum glocosporivides Penz,) is 2 serious dis- ease of mango, The young leaves, flowers, and developing fruits are at- tacked under (Fig, 18, 19) a. condition of high relative humidity as a result of jong rainy days. The presence of shot: hole spots on the matured leaves and black sunken spots on the fruits are typical symptoms. Flowers and small fruits are sometimes blighted and then fall off. ‘The disease also results in fruit rot when the fruits are turning yellow with black sunken spots (Fig, 20). When the spots are still small, infection is superficial, the affected tissues can easily be separated and the remaining normal tissues, eaten, To the descriminating consumers, how: ever, the affected fruits are worthless. Control. The chemicals recom: mended for the protection of flowers, leaves and young developing fruits are Maneb, Zineb, Capten, Benomy!, Thi bendezole, mancozeb, and Copper Oxy: chloride. For proper application of the fungicides, refer to the attached spray calendar. When trees are forced to flower ‘during off season, spraying with flower: inducing chemicals should be done following at least 1 to 2 dry months to avoid the disease. Trees should be adequately spaced to avoid overcrowding and to have good aeration within the plantation. This reduces the relative humidity of the environment, which also reduces infection. Studies in the BP! showed that hot water treatment can free ripe fruits from the dreaded black spots without Fig. 18. Anthracnose disease in mango leaves Fig. 19. Immature mango fruits infec- ‘ted with anthracnose disease Fig. 20, Ripe mango fruits heavily in- fected with anthracnose disease impairing their quality. This is done by dipping freshly harvested fruits into heated water at 55°C for 5 to 10 minutes, A ‘minute heating is es- pecially recommended for more serious infections, For ahot water treatment, a dipping tank with heating elements is needed, A stirring apparatus and a thermo- meter are important accessories in or- der to heat the water uniformly and to measure the temperature of water, respectively. A wire basket is also needed to hold the fruits during the dipping process and to facilitate instant withdrawal at the end of treatment period, After treatment, the heated fruits should be exposed in a well ven- tilated room or immersed in tap water for 2 hours to coal them down to nor- mal temperature, before keeping them in @ closed container 10 avoid injury due to heat. 2. Scab (Elsinoe mongiferae Bit, and Jenkins). It is @ fungus disease which causes blemishes on the fruits. At the early stages of infection, the lesion assumes a grayish brown spot with dark irregular margins. As the spots enlarge, the centers crack form: ing a corky appearance, Generally, the eiiect is only skin-deep but the nu- Fig. 21. Diplodia rot or stem-end rot MANGO merous spots lower the market value of the fruits, Large spots, however, sometimes involve the inner tissues. Uncier moist weather, velvety grayish brown masses of spor: re produced (on the spots, in contrast to the pinkish masses of spores produced by anthrac- nose under similar conditions, Similar- ly the fungus also attacks the leaves, pedicels and twigs but the spots are smaller. Control. The spraying schedule for the control of anthracnose js also re- mended for scab. 3. Diplodia Stem-end rat. The dis: ease is caused by Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans. Spoilage usually starts at the stem end of the fruit (Fig. 21) Infection may also start on any injured parts of the fruit which are usually inereased during harvesting and hand- ling, Poor ventilation and warm and moist storage favor the development of the disease, ‘The symptom is characterized by disintegration of the inner tissues which are soft and watery. At first the lesion is violet then becomes light brown, and finally twrns black as infection advances. 21 MANGO Control. The use of copper fungi: jes suspended in water used in wash- ing the fruits, seem to prevent the dis- ase. Some studies conducted at the UPLB showed that the disease was prevented by a hot water treatment at 53°C for 10 minutes or by dipping the fruits in 600-1000 ppm benomy! plus 0.05 per cent Tween 40 for 10 minutes before storage and ripening. Banana leaves should not be used as cushion because they have been found to be infected with a similar fungus capable of infecting the fruits. Old newspaper or excelsor make better cushions. 4, Sooty mold. The disease is caused by Capnodium mangiferum Cooke and Brome. The growth of the fungus depends solely on the presence of “honey dew" excreted by some in- sects (i.e. hoppers, aphids and scale in- sects) on the twigs, leaves, panicles, and fruits. One misconception of some farmers is that, crop failure is caused by the appearance of the sooty molds. However, the crop failure is usually due to heavy infestation of hoppers as indicated by the presence of sooty molds. The fungus does not take its nutrients from the tree. The effect if any, is only indirect — an interference in the normal function of the leaves. Due to the thick growth of the fungus which covers the surface of the leaves, the necessary light needed for photo- synthesis is correspondingly reduced. The disease is spread by means of the airborne spores. Control. To check the appearance of the disease, the insects that excrete 22 the “honey dew’ should be destroyed with the insecticide in the spraying calendar. 5. Pink Disease. The disease is caused by a fungus, Corticium salmo- nicolor. ‘The fungus attacks the trunks and branches of the tree. The disease is favored by a very high relative hu dity. Other fruit trees are also attacked by the disease. Fresh injuries are best avenues of infection. At first, minute cracks with pinkish fungal growth are ble on the bark. As disease ad- vances, a pink coating covers the bark. At this stage, the bark or even the wood portion is already rotted. In serious cases, the diseases girdles the limbs or trunk, which eventually wither and die. Control. Infected branches should be properly pruned off and the cut surface swabbed with household bleach (1 clorox: 5 parts water) with 70 per cent of alcohol or with 1:1000 solu- tion of mercuric chloride. After the exposed wood has dried up it should be finally painted with asphalt-varnish ‘or outside-type house paint and the trees sprayed with copper fungicide. A big branch or trunk whose cir- cumference is not yet affected halfway should have the rotten tissues including iscolored brown bark and wood scraped off smoothly, to save the tree. ‘The wound is likewise dressed as in the cut branches above. All prunings should be destroyed by burning. When the disease persists in the plantation, the less important branches are pruned off for better aeration and lower relative humidity. 6. Aspergillus Rot, This disease is due to Aspergillus niger van Tiegh. It is mainly a storage rot. It attacks the pedicel attachment or any injured por- tion of the fruit, At first, the affected area becomes water-soaked yellow and then turns brown. In the advanced stage, the lesion is somewhat depressed and the mesocarp is soft. On the lesions, brown structures, hyphae and fruiting tadies, may be observed and later on white to light brown, roundish sclero- tial bodies appear on the decaying tissues. MANGO. Control, The fruits should be han- dled with extra care to avoid bruises which are avenues of infection, 7, Pestalotia Rot. It is a fungus disease (Pestalocia mangiferae P. Henn). Usually, the infection starts at the apex of the fruits which is brown and becomes olivaceous black as the dis: ease advances. The lesions shrink and subsequently the tip rots. The whole of the fruit may be affected. The dis: ease is known to be a wat'nd parasite attacking only the leaves and the fruits. Control. There is no known control measures of the disease. Fig. 22. Mango black tip 23 MANGO “sepronpasuy s9yio ayn yum paxius sous “Burnes 1ynuy 108 pue pauado ase s1aMo}) ay Jo AUofew ayn 210}9q 1nq qeDs pue asoUDeDYIUE 10} pepl soyduizy uouizeig ‘Naa ‘vorpeleW anoge se sjeyayew aug anoge se sjeuajew ewes ‘anoge se sjeuiarew owes qourz ‘ajozpuagenn ‘qazoouew. qouew ‘ueides “|Awousg uomperew ‘uouzeip ‘Naa ‘aleweques ‘Arequeg «P85 oplonseg s6nq Ajeou sioasu! ajeog, anoge se saseasip pue sisad owes ‘anoge se saseasip pue sised awes anoge se saseasip pue sisad awes qeog ssousesyUYy siai0q diy. siaddoy o6uey, aseasiqfaesu) Pinoys Aaup asoyouaun “vou {5 patidde aq pinous apioiBuny ayy “aauay “pasoney aq Aews asousesy qwaus -dojanap ynsy quaw -dojanap unig Gumes ung Buysamoly Buramol4 ipmoig jo seg (se8eig BuNMI.1 01 SuIWOOIg) ‘Saobuey 40 saseasiq pue seg TOleW JO foNUCD 40) zepuajen BulABidg “shep Autes pobuojosd Bung (v) 29ye shep GL-OL ,,’Aeuds Wala (e) eye skep GL-OL ‘Aesds yuunoy (2) saye skep oz-at ‘Aeds pau (Ly saye shep OL-L ‘Aesds puosog uonewoy png jexoy gaye shep { ‘Avids ysit4 ‘ainpeysg BulAeidg 24 MANGO “6 pue ‘g ‘2 sajqed u! UaNI6 aie sisad jo jonUOD ay 02 sapinG jesausH “ueder 0} soobuEW odxe 0} Bujpusru! si¢moiB Aq pamojjoy aq Pinoys pue zuawUseA0D osoueder oy Aq porInbas Ajjealsioads $1 anpayos Acids sIy 6 1 2un}-9n9 pue joUeBns [AYIA JO asn snONuUD aya SAjORUE anbluyoar ays “uoneindod Aytinys ay ssaiddns s2y.4n} 01 anbyuysar UONeLYJUUe BfeUs YLIM paresBoiU! aq Pinoys AeAdS 11eq aresAIOIPAY UlOI0s4 4, anoge se | yarew awes anoge se sjeyiarew awes axa OJ010Ip ‘UoRR “PIN yum) Aesds eq aIesAJOIPAY ULa}OIg = op - quawudojenap ani shep Oz-GL ‘heads uysig (9) save = op — auauidojanap ang shep O-GL ‘Aesds yluanag (g) s9ye sauna, quawidojanap nig shep Oz-GL ‘Aesds Wixi BeeSIGNTOT TBROID Fo wy aTNPATPS BUIRETG :910N 9 25 MANGO The dosage of the pesticides are as follows: Common Name Brand Na Dosage (100 gallons) Carbary! Sevin 85S 500 gms. Carbin 85S 500 gms. Vetox 85. 500 gms. Diazinon Basudin 20 500 ce Endosulfan Thiodan 35 500 ce Carbamate Etrofolan 50 500 gms. Hytox 500 gms. Mipcin 50 500 gms. Tsumacide 50 500 gms. Malathion Malathion E-57 500 ce Azinphosmethyl Gusathion EC 500 cc Fungicides: Benomyl Benlate Ye Wb. Captan Captex 2 Ibs. Copper oxychloride Vitigran blue 4 Ibs. Cupravit 4 Ibs. Maneb Manzate 1.5 Ibs Mancozeb Dithane M45 2 Ibs. Thibendazole Tecto-90 1.12 Ibs. Zineb Dithane 2-78 1.5 Ibs Parzate C 1.5 Ibs, The protein-hydrolysate-insecticide bait spray is sprayed in strips in the mango areas. The fiber board impreg- nated with either methyl eugenol or cue-lure mixed with insecticide (i.e. naled, dipterex, malathion) are distri- buted all year round in the orchards at 50 to 100 meters apart. Methyl euge- nol and cue-lure impregnated blocks attract and kill only male of mango 26 fruit fly and melon fly, respectively, while protein hydrolysate bait spray attracks and kills both male and female of the fruit flies. To obtain better coverage and ad- hesion, a wetting agent or spreader sticker should be added to the spray solution (i.e. Tenac, citowitt, Agral 90). Weather condition and the uniform- ity of flowering affect the efficacy of the pesticides. Prolonged rainy days shorten the residual effect of the pesti- cides and favor development of the isease. In this case, a weekly spraying should be followed. Flowering of a mango tree is some- times erratic that is, one side of the tree bears flowers first and form fruits MANGO before the floral buds open in the other side. When this happens, spot spraying should be resorted to. In other ‘cases, however, the flowers are formed intermittently on the tree so that spot spraying becomes impractical. There fore, the spraying schedule should be shifted to which it gives the heaviest crop. Of course, if possible, all the flowers should be protected. 27 MANGO anuyuerseyins yw ZL yon -njos Aeids 0} ppe ‘suoneoridde ZL 40 [e101 e 40 asaniey e104q POE MUN ys uNy Lye A) -twuou! anunuos ‘6u0} wo g a1 sojolued uaym Bursuauwos ‘aan anig nesdng sanity 2g ynoge ye “as aney apixoupAy Ava "LOL apigoy) sun ye jHUN Apiaam Alddy vz oudno ‘UI g 10} Uornjos ajozepuag ajozepuagenn yaw 0601981 2 (Dq HG) 104 UI SUNY dig L (vou) 350} s! s01sny 41 xem ul dip pue sini, Alp ‘un g 404 uonnnjos jAWOUag BuNeINd!19 [Awouaq Wd '3HS ‘dna areluag — (Dg $5 01 pg) TOY UF StINY dig L (oy) ysonsey, 8109q P OF {NUN Jas UN Joye AmuoW anunucs ‘Wo g or p d1e sajaiued vay Bulsuaw0D raanysani| ZG inoge Ye “19s aney Wid ‘3HS ‘ana aiejuag —StiMy Je UN Apyeam Addy £0 Wwousq asousesyiue sioanquasip uoneidde pareoipur se yeoqwrays pue soweu apent jo 20 Aydde or ” aseasig stoamoeynuew awog —_jo sajdwex3 poyyow pue oui, anyy1e°B auieu uouuog “saseasip oBuew 40 jonnu0d jea!uay9 405 opin parsebGng “7 a1qeL 2 a MANGO AV ‘30H ‘3HS 3HS ‘vid ‘OVW YM ‘3HS ‘Tv ‘OWN ‘AVE 1d '3OH ‘Sv ‘dnd Ava ‘vid ‘dna ‘sv8 ‘anig uesbni, W 1098U07 a104 ‘Gg arezuew “Sb W ovemig ‘avezuew iuog ng ‘0g qeunuelg “W wresAjog ‘t-wauenig Jo2eu0y "BL-Z suena ‘9 arezieg 1uog ng ‘Z weisjog aioyaq 4M E SUNY UO Aiddy anyfiuerseyins IW E70 YOHN|os AeIds or ppe Aseney aiojoq ym € hun sun -uo9 ‘suado samo 210j9q Inq seadde sajaiued uaym BuIuaw woo sjeniaiul py 10 { 1e Aesds suoneaiidde G J 1101 & oF sjensoiw! p pL 1e anunuos ‘uado siamo fenpiaipur 10 8q 1nq Jeadde siaysnj9 Woo1q ayn ByloUaUIUIOD ‘Aressa99u 41 sreniaut (p 2) 1uanbayy 1e Aesds, suonearidde g 0 e101 € 01 sleniaiut p pl 1e anunuod ‘uado si@moy (enpinipul a10¥aq_anq seadde siaisnjo woolg uaym 6uID uaUiUuod ‘Aressadou j! sieArevUt (PZ) qwanbay ye yay Aeadg. ez saddoo qezoouews qouew qouz siomnquasip pue siaumpesnuew awog soureu open yo sojduiexg uoneaydde yo pouiaws pue outs povesipur se 40 Ajdde 0 an jeoqweys 40. aueu uowwog aseasiq, “210d, 29 MANGO AVE ‘Wid ‘dnd ‘Sv Zz Pq FUIZ (2p ZG) OY UI SIM dig se qourz Z 90) Hae1aNs “aug uaeideg ‘apiot6ung saddog aug 92175 wi €°0 UONINJOS Azuds 01 apLHO]YoAxo (ya '30H'3HS —“9nig 4e6:\ pe ctsamiey s1049q 4m E Alddy Bz yaddoo 201 pus-wars annpuerey ans Au 2°9 0} Z'Q WORN|OS Aesds O} Ope sLONeDIidde 3 40 yeI0r e 02 siealalut p pL 1 anunuos ‘wade saucy, jenpiaipur a0}aq (anpoud 2D ayners pareinusoy) AHO OVIN 9G FPHDOWR. oe verdes (ie 0 1104 nR.a=3 so1oiBung uerdepNs IW EO -8ddog jjSUg —_UOLUNIOS aids OF DOE ASARIeY apuiayyoAxo soanquasip uoneoydde peveaipul se reowaya ue soureu apes; yo 40 Aydde oy yo aseasig sraimigeynuew awiog —_ jo sayduiex powraus ue ous enuyre® — aweu uouwog Pauog “Z age 8 MANGO wg or 1p ase sajoiued uaym Bursuawuios aan/sai} 2g Inoge 18 125 aney Wid ‘3HS ‘ana ayejuag —suiny Je [RUN Apjoam Aiddy £0 1Awousq “PZL Josteasaiuy ye sown sno 40 y95 nay Jaye SHI (p pue “uayqey aney sajonad vaya (9 ‘suado 4ning —_aisnja a104aq ashi tq ‘papued 3HS IGENAM — xa aney suaisnja JoMOWy Yay Tiv ‘Ow ‘3NZ ‘AVE “anying —(e “ey/sa.1 OOS Z Inoge Alddy 6 anyins — mapyiw Asapmod W j092u07 ‘a104 anyjpuer (onpoid “qaezueW —-sesns jw ¢°Q UO!INIOs Aesds OF pareinusioy) 3HS 'V1d ‘OVW “Gp WaueWIG — pe ‘ysaniey a1oyaq 4m € Alddy ve gazoouew ysng 4addog ysonsey, aeyins 909 ‘1eddog —aioyaq ym gE aMoge jHUN aim apHiojyoAxo dAN ‘OWS "VIN IeP!IOIICD eYdng — ew o1 uibaq siinay uayM heads ge saddoa Jooeuoy ‘at-2 auemig "9 arezieg og ng ‘UIW g 40} uoRN|os sioinquasip uonestdde paveorpur se reowaya pue soweu apen jo 40 Ajdde ov 40 aseasig sioimoeynuew swiog —_—4jo saydusexg poysaw pue auny ‘aureu uowog gaia 31 MANGO “(GG6L) a14aMY “(LZEL) PIBW-19 Pue 12yseD “(Z261) UOLBaNsbed ‘(L6L) “Ie 39 NIed “(GELSL) VEINWOW “(PEZEL) UI 1e 18 sqoser "(gg6L) #24 pue UeWZI/OH (2961) 40AeWIEA “(BGEL) 2A “(ELGL) WeAUeWeIgns “(ZZ61) 4paey pue BUIPjeds WOW “(EL6L) (L261) P1D42H pue eID1eD “(yGEL) “Ie 38 EMIAAYD “(LZ61) Y'UPOIg WO} paydwOD Ww 3HS ‘OVW '3NZ ‘AVE anying woorg tiny ye readas ‘uoneisayur yo UbIs ysily 1e Addy seadde siamoyy uaym BursuaUII0D 29n/5% Sy'0 snp unjins HOY HOW "JY == GM aueMerey —‘Sjenvaiu p Gy 1 sown 9 Aesdg < asvo desoulp rer Aq pamorjoy 41 Bunisnp readas

    You might also like